{"id":30504,"date":"2025-07-18T12:38:57","date_gmt":"2025-07-18T17:38:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sr-research.com\/?page_id=30504"},"modified":"2025-09-04T11:04:41","modified_gmt":"2025-09-04T16:04:41","slug":"pupillary-manifolds-and-eye-tracking","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.sr-research.com\/zh\/case-studies\/pupillary-manifolds-and-eye-tracking\/","title":{"rendered":"\u77b3\u5b54\u6b67\u7ba1\u548c\u773c\u52a8\u8ffd\u8e2a"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sr-research.com\/case-studies\/pupillary-manifolds-and-the-role-of-eyelink-eye-trackers\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-column.kb-section-dir-horizontal > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kt-info-box30504_02bb12-f0 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap{max-width:unset;}.kt-info-box30504_02bb12-f0 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap{border-top:0px solid #ffffff;border-right:0px solid #ffffff;border-bottom:0px solid #ffffff;border-left:0px solid #ffffff;border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;background:#ffffff;padding-top:0px;padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);}.kt-info-box30504_02bb12-f0 .kadence-info-box-icon-container .kt-info-svg-icon, .kt-info-box30504_02bb12-f0 .kt-info-svg-icon-flip, .kt-info-box30504_02bb12-f0 .kt-blocks-info-box-number{font-size:50px;}.kt-info-box30504_02bb12-f0 .kt-blocks-info-box-media{color:#006cff;border-radius:200px;overflow:hidden;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;padding-top:20px;padding-right:20px;padding-bottom:20px;padding-left:20px;margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:-40px;}.kt-info-box30504_02bb12-f0 .kt-blocks-info-box-media .kadence-info-box-image-intrisic img{border-radius:200px;}.kt-info-box30504_02bb12-f0 .kt-infobox-textcontent h2.kt-blocks-info-box-title{padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;margin-top:5px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:10px;margin-left:0px;}.kt-info-box30504_02bb12-f0 .kt-blocks-info-box-learnmore{background:transparent;border-width:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-top:4px;padding-right:8px;padding-bottom:4px;padding-left:8px;margin-top:10px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:10px;margin-left:0px;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-info-box30504_02bb12-f0 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap{border-top:0px solid #ffffff;border-right:0px solid #ffffff;border-bottom:0px solid #ffffff;border-left:0px solid #ffffff;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kt-info-box30504_02bb12-f0 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap{border-top:0px solid #ffffff;border-right:0px solid #ffffff;border-bottom:0px solid #ffffff;border-left:0px solid #ffffff;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-infobox kt-info-box30504_02bb12-f0\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap info-box-link kt-blocks-info-box-media-align-left kt-info-halign-left\"><div class=\"kt-blocks-info-box-media-container\"><div class=\"kt-blocks-info-box-media kt-info-media-animate-none\"><div class=\"kadence-info-box-icon-container kt-info-icon-animate-none\"><div class=\"kadence-info-box-icon-inner-container\"><span class=\"kb-svg-icon-wrap kb-svg-icon-fe_bookOpen kt-info-svg-icon\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"  fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"  aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M2 3h6a4 4 0 0 1 4 4v14a3 3 0 0 0-3-3H2z\"\/><path d=\"M22 3h-6a4 4 0 0 0-4 4v14a3 3 0 0 1 3-3h7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kt-infobox-textcontent\"><h2 class=\"kt-blocks-info-box-title\">CASE STUDY: Latent Geometrical Structures Behind Phasic Changes in Pupil Size<\/h2><p class=\"kt-blocks-info-box-text\"><\/p><\/div><\/span><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kb-image30504_ca46fb-c8 .kb-image-has-overlay:after{opacity:0.3;}.kb-image30504_ca46fb-c8 img.kb-img, .kb-image30504_ca46fb-c8 .kb-img img{box-shadow:0px 0px 14px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-image kb-image30504_ca46fb-c8\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"853\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sr-research.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/pupillometry-eye-tracking-1.0-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Pupillometry, Pupil Size and Eye Tracking\" class=\"kb-img wp-image-30522\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sr-research.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/pupillometry-eye-tracking-1.0-18x6.jpg 18w, https:\/\/www.sr-research.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/pupillometry-eye-tracking-1.0-300x100.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.sr-research.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/pupillometry-eye-tracking-1.0-768x256.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.sr-research.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/pupillometry-eye-tracking-1.0-1024x341.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.sr-research.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/pupillometry-eye-tracking-1.0-1536x512.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.sr-research.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/pupillometry-eye-tracking-1.0-2048x683.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.sr-research.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/pupillometry-eye-tracking-1.0-scaled.jpg 2560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The research paper &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-78772-x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Pupillary manifolds: Uncovering the latent geometrical structures behind phasic changes in pupil size<\/strong><\/a>&#8221; by Blini, Arrighi, and Anobile examines the underlying physiological structures governing changes in pupil size.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Generally, a pupillary manifold refers to the underlying geometric structure that captures how the pupil changes size rapidly\u2014known as phasic changes\u2014across various cognitive and physiological conditions. A pupillary manifold is supposed to serve as a low-dimensional representation, like a simplified map, that reveals consistent patterns in pupil responses regardless of the specific task or stimulus. Note, &#8220;pupillary&#8221; pertains to the pupil and its behavior, while &#8220;manifold&#8221; is a mathematical term for a smooth, often curved surface that simplifies complex, high-dimensional data into a more manageable form.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The core research question in the Blini, Arrighi, and Anobile study revolves around whether functionally distinct pupillary signatures can be mapped onto a low-dimensional space, and if this space reflects task-specific functions or rather unspecific physiological constraints. This inquiry addresses two significant limitations in current pupillometry research: the lack of analytical consensus and the challenge of discerning distinct sources of observed effects from an integrated pupillometry readout.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has--font-size\" id=\"h-pupillometry-eye-tracking-methodology\">Pupillometry Eye-Tracking Methodology<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The authors utilized dimensionality reduction techniques, primarily Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and promax-rotated PCA (rPCA), to unveil these latent processes. They conducted three experiments: mapping pupillary responses to luminance changes (Pupillary Light Reflex &#8211; PLR), mapping responses to varying Working Memory Load (WML), and a combined task manipulating both luminance and memory load.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The study employed a remote infrared-based eye-tracker, the SR Research <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sr-research.com\/eyelink-1000-plus\/\">EyeLink 1000<\/a><\/strong> eye tracker, as a crucial tool in data collection. The EyeLink 1000 was set to continuously monitor participants&#8217; pupil size at a 500 Hz sampling rate, ensuring high-fidelity data acquisition. This precision was vital for capturing the subtle, dynamic changes in pupil size that formed the basis of the research. Furthermore, the system allowed the researchers to identify and discard pupil size measurements during blinks and saccades.<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading30504_ea3805-00, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading30504_ea3805-00[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading30504_ea3805-00\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading30504_ea3805-00 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading30504_ea3805-00[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading30504_ea3805-00\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading30504_ea3805-00 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading30504_ea3805-00[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading30504_ea3805-00\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h2 class=\"kt-adv-heading30504_ea3805-00 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading30504_ea3805-00\">Phasic Changes in Pupil Size are Low-Dimension<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The key finding is that phasic changes in pupil size are inherently low-dimensional, with modes that are highly consistent across behavioral tasks of very different natures. This suggests that these changes occur along &#8220;pupillary manifolds&#8221; that are highly constrained by underlying physiological structures, such as the relative balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity, rather than specific functions.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With promax-rotated PCA, three remarkably similar components were recovered across all three tasks, accounting for over 87% of the total phasic pupillary dynamics. Critically, these components were found to track both light reflexes and mental effort, indicating a common underlying structure. One component (RC3) was specific to luminance changes but not cognitive load, loading on the earliest time points and possibly reflecting a parasympathetic component. The consistency of these latent structures across diverse tasks points to fundamental physiological constraints shaping pupillary responses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;The robust and accurate pupillometric data provided by the EyeLink system was critical in enabling the researchers to effectively apply sophisticated dimensionality reduction techniques, ultimately uncovering the low-dimensional pupillary manifolds and advancing the understanding of how pupil size reflects physiological and cognitive processes.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-spacer.kt-block-spacer-30504_a96a2b-71 .kt-block-spacer{height:60px;}.wp-block-kadence-spacer.kt-block-spacer-30504_a96a2b-71 .kt-divider{border-top-width:1px;height:1px;border-top-color:#eee;width:50%;border-top-style:solid;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-spacer aligncenter kt-block-spacer-30504_a96a2b-71\"><div class=\"kt-block-spacer kt-block-spacer-halign-center\"><hr class=\"kt-divider\"\/><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading30504_5f63f6-09, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading30504_5f63f6-09[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading30504_5f63f6-09\"]{text-align:center;font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading30504_5f63f6-09 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading30504_5f63f6-09[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading30504_5f63f6-09\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading30504_5f63f6-09 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading30504_5f63f6-09[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading30504_5f63f6-09\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<p class=\"kt-adv-heading30504_5f63f6-09 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading30504_5f63f6-09\">For information regarding how eye tracking can help your research, check out our solutions and product pages or contact us. We are happy to help!<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"mai-columns has-xl-margin-top has-xl-margin-bottom\"><div class=\"mai-columns-wrap has-columns\" style=\"--column-gap:var(--spacing-xl);--row-gap:var(--spacing-xl);--align-columns:start;--align-columns-vertical:initial;\">\n<div class=\"mai-column is-column\" style=\"--columns-xs:1\/1;--flex-xs:0 0 var(--flex-basis);--columns-sm:1\/1;--flex-sm:0 0 var(--flex-basis);--columns-md:1\/3;--flex-md:0 0 var(--flex-basis);--columns-lg:1\/3;--flex-lg:0 0 var(--flex-basis);--justify-content:start;\">\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-16018d1d wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button aligncenter\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link button button-secondary wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sr-research.com\/solutions\/\">Solutions<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"mai-column is-column\" style=\"--columns-xs:1\/1;--flex-xs:0 0 var(--flex-basis);--columns-sm:1\/1;--flex-sm:0 0 var(--flex-basis);--columns-md:1\/3;--flex-md:0 0 var(--flex-basis);--columns-lg:1\/3;--flex-lg:0 0 var(--flex-basis);--justify-content:start;\">\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-16018d1d wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button aligncenter\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link button button-secondary wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sr-research.com\/hardware\/\">Products<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"mai-column is-column\" style=\"--columns-xs:1\/1;--flex-xs:0 0 var(--flex-basis);--columns-sm:1\/1;--flex-sm:0 0 var(--flex-basis);--columns-md:1\/3;--flex-md:0 0 var(--flex-basis);--columns-lg:1\/3;--flex-lg:0 0 var(--flex-basis);--justify-content:start;\">\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-16018d1d wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button aligncenter\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link button button-secondary wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sr-research.com\/get-in-touch\/\">Get in Touch<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The research paper &#8220;Pupillary manifolds: Uncovering the latent geometrical structures behind phasic changes in pupil size&#8221; by Blini, Arrighi, and Anobile examines the underlying physiological structures governing changes in pupil size. Generally, a pupillary manifold refers to the underlying geometric structure that captures how the pupil changes size rapidly\u2014known as phasic changes\u2014across various cognitive and &hellip;<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":30161,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":{"1":"page","2":"type-page","5":"entry"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.3 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Pupillary Manifolds and Eye Tracking - Fast, Accurate, Reliable Eye Tracking<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Pupillary manifolds and eye tracking advance the understanding of how pupil size reflects physiological and cognitive processes.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sr-research.com\/zh\/case-studies\/pupillary-manifolds-and-eye-tracking\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Pupillary Manifolds and Eye Tracking\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Pupillary manifolds and eye tracking advance the understanding of how pupil size reflects physiological and cognitive processes.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.sr-research.com\/zh\/case-studies\/pupillary-manifolds-and-eye-tracking\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Fast, Accurate, Reliable Eye Tracking\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/SR-Research-Ltd-640093842854433\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-09-04T16:04:41+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.sr-research.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/pupillometry-eye-tracking-1.0-scaled.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@SRResearchLtd\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u9884\u8ba1\u9605\u8bfb\u65f6\u95f4\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"3 \u5206\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.sr-research.com\\\/case-studies\\\/pupillary-manifolds-and-eye-tracking\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.sr-research.com\\\/case-studies\\\/pupillary-manifolds-and-eye-tracking\\\/\",\"name\":\"Pupillary Manifolds and Eye Tracking - 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