认知出版物中的EyeLink眼动仪

@article{Smith2025c,

title = {Spontaneous alpha-band lateralization extends persistence of visual information in iconic memory by modulating cortical excitability},

author = {Paul Justin Connor Smith and Niko A. Busch},

doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2117-24.2025},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},

volume = {45},

number = {48},

pages = {1–10},

abstract = {Pre-stimulus alpha oscillations in the visual cortex modulate neuronal excitability, influencing sensory processing and decision-making. While this relationship has been demonstrated mostly in detection tasks with low visibility stimuli, interpretations of such effects can be ambiguous due to biases, making it difficult to clearly distinguish between perception-related and decision-related effects. In this study, we investigated how spontaneous fluctuations in pre-stimulus alpha power affect iconic memory, a high-capacity, ultra-short visual memory store. Data from 49 healthy adults (34 female and 15 male) was analyzed. We employed a partial report task, where a brief display of six stimuli was followed by a report cue indicating the target stimulus. In this paradigm, accuracy at short stimulus-cue onset asynchronies (SOAs) is typically high, reflecting the initial availability of sensory information, but it rapidly declines at intermediate SOAs due to the decay of the iconic memory trace, stabilizing at a low asymptote at long SOAs, representing the limited capacity of short-term memory. Crucially, performance in this task is constrained by the temporal persistence of sensory information, not by low visibility or response bias. We found that strong pre-stimulus alpha power enhanced performance by amplifying initial stimulus availability without affecting the speed of iconic decay. This effect partially reflects stronger pre-stimulus alpha power in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the to-be-reported target, likely suppressing neuronal excitability of neurons coding irrelevant stimuli. Our findings underscore the role of alpha oscillations in modulating neuronal excitability and visual perception, independent of decision-making strategies implicated in prior studies.},

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@article{Sieber2025,

title = {The relation between goal-predictive gaze behavior and imitation—A live eye-tracking study in 12-month-olds},

author = {Franziska Sieber and Jan Czarnomski and Moritz M. Daum and Norbert Zmyj},

doi = {10.1111/infa.70050},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Infancy},

volume = {30},

number = {6},

pages = {1–11},

publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Inc},

abstract = {Children learn from others by imitating observed behavior. According to some theorists, to imitate an agent's action, infants need to identify the agent's action goal. To test this assumption, goal-predictive gaze shifts of 104 German 12-month-olds (57 female) were measured using live eye-tracking. These goal-predictive gaze shifts were related to their imitation of an action performed by a live model. This relationship was controlled for in terms of cognitive developmental status. We used one task of the imitation battery FIT 12 and analyzed the infants' imitation and goal-predictive gaze shifts. The infants showed goal-predictive gaze shifts to actions presented at a realistic speed. Furthermore, imitation was related to their goal-predictive gaze shifts. This association was partially explained by cognitive-developmental status, which should be considered an important factor in the development of imitation.},

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@article{Shackman2025,

title = {Blunted ventral striatal reactivity to social reward is associated with more severe motivation and pleasure deficits in psychosis},

author = {Alexander J. Shackman and Jason F. Smith and Ryan D. Orth and Christina L. G. Savage and Paige R. Didier and Julie M. McCarthy and Melanie E. Bennett and Jack J. Blanchard},

doi = {10.1093/schbul/sbae221},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},

volume = {51},

number = {6},

pages = {1620–1636},

publisher = {Oxford University Press},

abstract = {Background and Hypothesis: Among individuals living with psychotic disorders, social impairment is common, debilitating, and challenging to treat. While the roots of this impairment are undoubtedly complex, converging lines of evidence suggest that social motivation and pleasure (MAP) deficits play a central role. Yet most neuroimaging studies have focused on monetary rewards, precluding decisive inferences. Study Design: Here we leveraged parallel social and monetary incentive delay functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigms to test whether blunted reactivity to social incentives in the ventral striatum - a key component of the distributed neural circuit mediating appetitive motivation and hedonic pleasure - is associated with more severe MAP symptoms in a transdiagnostic adult sample enriched for psychosis. To maximize ecological validity and translational relevance, we capitalized on naturalistic audiovisual clips of an established social partner expressing positive feedback. Study Results: Although both paradigms robustly engaged the ventral striatum, only reactivity to social incentives was associated with clinician-rated MAP deficits. This association remained significant when controlling for other symptoms, binary diagnostic status, or striatal reactivity to monetary incentives. Follow-up analyses suggested that this association predominantly reflects diminished activation during the presentation of social reward. Conclusions These observations provide a neurobiologically grounded framework for conceptualizing the social-anhedonia symptoms and social impairments that characterize many individuals living with psychotic disorders and underscore the need to develop targeted intervention strategies.},

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@article{Sapkota2025,

title = {A comparative analysis of eye movement accuracy for locating items held in visual short-term memory among young healthy adults, older adults with normal cognition, and older adults indicative of mild cognitive impairment},

author = {Raju Sapkota and Monika McAtarsney-Kovacs and Ian Linde and Shahina Pardhan},

doi = {10.1002/brb3.71021},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Brain and Behavior},

volume = {15},

number = {11},

pages = {1–11},

publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Ltd},

abstract = {Background: We compared the accuracy of eye movements in locating an item stored in visual short-term memory between young healthy adults, normally aging older adults, and older adults with mild cognitive impairment as indicated by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment or Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-III test. Methods: Thirty-three young healthy adults, 38 normally aging older adults, and 17 older adults indicative of MCI completed two experiments requiring object-location binding. In Experiment 1, participants viewed 2–4 memory items displayed sequentially at random screen locations. Following a 900 ms interval, eye movements were recorded while participants moved their eyes to the location of the memory item corresponding to a displayed cue. In Experiment 2 (control), participants indicated whether or not the test item was shown at its original location using a yes/no response. Results: MCI-indicative participants exhibited greater saccadic error (spatial deviation of saccadic endpoint from the remembered target location) than normally aging older (p = 0.002) and young (p < 0.001) participants at low memory load only. At higher memory load, the saccadic error distance was greater for all groups (p < 0.001). Moreover, in Experiment 2, MCI-indicative participants exhibited significantly poorer memory performance than normally aging older adults, but only at lower memory load (p = 0.02). Conclusion: Saccadic accuracy declined with memory load for all groups. The MCI-indicative group showed lower saccadic accuracy versus normally aging older and young adults at low memory load. The findings offer important insights into our understanding of saccadic eye movement as a potential behavioral marker for MCI.},

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@article{Putkinen2025,

title = {Sex differences in gaze patterns while viewing dynamic and static sexual scenes},

author = {Vesa Putkinen and Elina Lewandowski and Severi Santavirta and Lauri Nummenmaa},

doi = {10.1016/j.maturitas.2025.108714},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Maturitas},

volume = {202},

pages = {1–7},

publisher = {Elsevier Ireland Ltd},

abstract = {Objectives: Faces and bodies serve as important cues of physical attractiveness and reproductive fitness. Previous studies indicate that there are sex-related differences in the visual processing of erotic stimuli. We investigated gaze patterns and sex differences during sexual perception. Study design: We measured the eye movements of 43 male and 67 female subjects while viewing sexual scenes (intercourse; Experiment 1) and static erotic stimuli (nude and clothed men and women; Experiment 2) in a cross-sectional study. Main outcome measures: For each region of interest (ROI; face, chest, genitals, back) we computed mean pupil size, gaze duration, first fixation latency and first fixation duration. Intersubject correlation of eye movements (eISC) was computed to assess similarity of gaze patterns across viewers. Results: Dwell times were the longest for faces and faces were the most likely to be looked at first. In Experiment 1, males looked more at female chest, buttocks, and genital areas while female participants looked more at male faces. In Experiment 2, faces received more fixations for clothed stimuli, whereas chest and genital areas received more fixations for nude stimuli. Conclusions: Sex differences during sexual perception are larger for static versus dynamic stimuli. Faces are prioritized over sexual signals, and visibility of sexual cues increases saliency of the sexually relevant body regions. The preference for faces even when viewing sexual intercourse may reflect both the importance of facial characteristics in mate selection as well as the role of facial expressions in evaluating partner satisfaction while having sex.},

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@article{Parrella2025,

title = {Luminance matching in cognitive pupillometry is not enough: The curious case of orientation},

author = {Matthew A. Parrella and Isshori Gurung and Michael A. Grubb},

doi = {10.1523/ENEURO.0238-25.2025},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {eNeuro},

volume = {12},

number = {11},

pages = {1–10},

publisher = {Society for Neuroscience},

abstract = {Abrupt onsets reflexively shift covert spatial attention. Recent work demonstrated that trial-to-trial information about the probability of a peripheral onset modulated the magnitude of the attentional cueing effect (low probability > high probability). Although onsets were physically identical, pupil responses could have been modulated by information about the probability of the onset's appearance. Specifically, anticipatory constrictions may have preceded high-probability onsets. Here, we tested this hypothesis using centrally presented, luminance-matched onset-probability signals. For half the participants, vertical signaled high probability (0.8) of onset appearance, while horizontal signaled low probability (0.2). Contingencies were reversed for the other half. Participants fixated the onset-probability signal for 2,000 ms before the onset was briefly presented or omitted, in line with the signaled probability. To maintain engagement, participants completed a simple localization task. Preliminary evidence for an anticipatory reduction in the pupil area was obtained in Experiment 1. However, this effect disappeared in Experiment 2 with a larger replication sample. Exploratory analyses uncovered a violation of a fundamental methodological assumption: despite being task-irrelevant and perfectly luminance-matched, vertical onset-probability signals consistently generated smaller pupil areas, relative to horizontal signals in both Experiments 1 and 2. Interestingly, this “orientation effect” was stronger in the second half of the experimental session, and in a third experiment, we significantly reduced its magnitude by changing the locations of the task-relevant stimuli. In short, across three experiments (self-reported gender, 52 females, 26 males, 1 nonbinary), we show that even with perfect luminance matching, unforeseen changes in cognitive state can modulate pupillometric measurements.},

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@article{Oxner2025,

title = {A flash in the pan? Distractor suppression cannot be inferred from the early lateralized positivity},

author = {Matt Oxner and Dirk Moorselaar and Matthias M. Müller and Jan Theeuwes},

doi = {10.1162/JOCN.a.57},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience},

volume = {37},

number = {11},

pages = {2351–2369},

publisher = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology},

abstract = {Humans excel at avoiding distraction in visual environments, successfully filtering out repeated salient distractors that could otherwise capture attention. A recent theoretical perspective posits a mechanism whereby such distractors can be proactively suppressed, reducing their impact on attentional deployment. Electrophysiological evidence for this view comes from the distractor positivity (PD), a neural component associated with distractor handling. The PD has been observed at early latencies (< 200 msec) following distractor appearance, a timing interpreted as reflecting distractor suppression before attentional capture. However, the relationship between this “early PD” and distractor suppression remains fundamentally correlational. This raises critical questions about the extent to which this neural marker exclusively indexes mechanisms of suppression, as opposed to being driven by other factors confounded with distractor presence, such as stimulus salience. We tested the specificity of this early positivity to distractor handling across three experiments employing visual search tasks. Participants were presented with unique color singletons serving as distractors, targets, or task-irrelevant items. The early lateralized positivity was elicited by salient color distractors, but also appeared in response to all other salient singletons, including those that could not be proactively suppressed. Our findings indicate that the early positivity is not unique to suppressed distractors—instead, it likely reflects sensory imbalance between visual hemifields or salience tagging in response to lateralized stimuli. Consequently, we argue that the “early PD” does not provide definitive evidence for proactive distractor suppression, as its association with distractor presence appears to be incidental rather than causal.},

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@article{Moore2025a,

title = {Expectation dynamically modulates the representational time course of objects and locations},

author = {Margaret Jane Moore and Amanda K. Robinson and Jason B. Mattingley},

doi = {10.1162/IMAG.a.999},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Imaging Neuroscience},

volume = {3},

pages = {1–16},

publisher = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology},

abstract = {Past work has demonstrated that predictive information modulates how the brain responds to visual stimuli, but it is not yet clear how the brain integrates different types of predictive information to facilitate efficient perception. Here, we aim to explore how expectations about upcoming stimulus identities (“what” information) and upcoming stimulus locations (“where” information) modulate the directionality and occurrence of prediction effects in brain activity. Participants (n = 40) viewed real-world object images in rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) streams which were predictable in terms of both object identity and stimulus location. Multivariate pattern analyses of electroencephalography (EEG) data were used to quantify and compare the degree of information represented in neural activity when stimuli were random (unpredictable), expected, or unexpected in terms of identity and location. Decoding accuracy for expected locations was significantly reduced relative to random locations between 160 and 238 ms post-onset. However, this effect subsequently reversed with decoding accuracy for expected locations becoming higher than accuracy for random locations between 273 and 430 ms. This temporally dynamic effect was not replicated within analyses decoding object identity. However, consistent evidence for reduced decoding of unexpected relative to random stimuli in later time windows (>250 ms) post-onset was identified across both stimulus types (e.g. objects and locations). These results are critically important when considered in the context of predictive coding research as they highlight important complexities in how predictability modulates neural responses.},

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@article{Markevich2025,

title = {The influence of text genre on eye movement patterns during reading},

author = {Maksim Markevich and Anastasiia Streltsova},

doi = {10.3390/jemr18060060},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Journal of Eye Movement Research},

volume = {18},

number = {6},

pages = {1–22},

publisher = {MDPI AG},

abstract = {Successful reading comprehension depends on many factors, including text genre. Eye-tracking studies indicate that genre shapes eye movement patterns at a local level. Although the reading of expository and narrative texts by adolescents has been described in the literature, the reading of poetry by adolescents remains understudied. In this study, we used scanpath analysis to examine how genre and comprehension level influence global eye movement strategies in adolescents (N = 44). Thus, the novelty of this study lies in the use of scanpath analysis to measure global eye movement strategies employed by adolescents while reading narrative, expository, and poetic texts. Two distinct reading patterns emerged: a forward reading pattern (linear progression) and a regressive reading pattern (frequent lookbacks). Readers tended to use regressive patterns more often with expository and poetic texts, while forward patterns were more common with a narrative text. Comprehension level also played a significant role, with readers with a higher level of comprehension relying more on regressive patterns for expository and poetic texts. The results of this experiment suggest that scanpaths effectively capture genre-driven differences in reading strategies, underscoring how genre expectations may shape visual processing during reading.},

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@article{Maiello2025,

title = {Fixation termination during visual search with simulated visual impairments},

author = {Guido Maiello and Arezoo Pooresmaeili and Jayne Morriss and Lois Howsley and Emma Deverill and Haden Dewis and Hayward J. Godwin},

doi = {10.1080/20445911.2025.2586787},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Journal of Cognitive Psychology},

pages = {1–11},

abstract = {Everyday tasks such as finding a friend in a crowd rely on efficient visual search, a process that heavily relies on efficiently executing eye movements. But how does our visual system adapt eye movement behavior when visual input is degraded? Here, we investigated whether eye movement behaviour during visual search adjusts to simulated visual impairments. Participants performed a visual search task whilst their eye movement behaviour was recorded under three conditions: normal vision (control), monocular vision (with an eye patch over the dominant eye), and low-contrast vision (with reduced stimulus contrast). Overall, we found that search was slowed under conditions of simulated visual impairments, with increases in RTs, fixation durations, and time to fixate the target compared with a control condition. Our results provide further support for mixed-control models of fixation termination and have implications for understanding eye movement control under visual impairments.},

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@article{Li2025e,

title = {The immediate post-viewing effects of animated fantastical events on the executive function of Chinese kindergarteners with high and low fantasy orientations},

author = {Hui Li and Yeh Hsueh and Xiaozhuo Zheng and Haoxue Yu},

doi = {10.1111/bjdp.12558},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {British Journal of Developmental Psychology},

volume = {43},

number = {4},

pages = {860–872},

publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Ltd},

abstract = {Children with high fantasy orientation (HFO) can quickly switch between reality and fantasy, facilitating their processing of fantastical information. This study examined the effects of viewing a high fantastical video (HFV) and a low fantastical video (LFV) on the executive function (EF) of 102 Chinese kindergarteners at the ages of 5 and 6 by their fantasy orientation level (HFO vs. LFO). Each child's viewing was recorded by an eye tracker. Results showed that after viewing the HFV, HFO group demonstrated a significantly shorter inhibitory control reaction time than LFO group, whereas, after watching the LFV programme, HFO group's inhibitory control was significantly less accurate than the LFO group. The average pupil size of the HFO group was significantly larger than that of the LFO group, regardless of the fantastical video type. This study is the first to assess the effects of viewing two types of fantastical videos on Chinese children's EF by their FO level. It provides direct behavioural and physiological evidence associated with the post-viewing EF changes.},

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@article{Lehet2025,

title = {Altered effective connectivity within a thalamocortical corollary discharge network in individuals with schizophrenia},

author = {Matthew Lehet and Beier Yao and Ivy F. Tso and Vaibhav A. Diwadkar and Jessica Fattal and Jacqueline Bao and Katharine N. Thakkar},

doi = {10.1093/schbul/sbae232},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},

volume = {51},

number = {6},

pages = {1637–1650},

publisher = {Oxford University Press},

abstract = {Study Design: Here, we modeled fMRI data using dy- namic causal modeling (DCM) to examine patient-control differences in effective connectivity evoked by a double-step (DS) task (30 SZ, 29 HC). The interrogated network was formed from a combination of (1) functionally identified FEF and IPS regions that robustly responded on DS trials and (2) anatomically identified thalamic regions involved in CD transmission. We also examined the relationship between clinical symptoms and effective connectivity parameters associated with task modulation of network pathways. Study Results: Network connectivity was indeed modulated by the DS task, which involves CD transmission. More importantly, we found reduced effective connectivity from thalamus to IPS in SZ, which was further correlated with passivity symptom severity. Conclusions: These results reaffirm the importance of IPS and thalamocortical connections in oculomotor CD signaling and provide mechanistic insights into CD alterations and consequently agency disturbances in schizophrenia.},

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@article{Lapteva2025,

title = {Bore me (not): Boredom impairs recognition memory but not the pupil old/new effect},

author = {Alexandra Lapteva and Sarah Schnyder and Wanja Wolff and Corinna S. Martarelli},

doi = {10.1177/17470218251329255},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology},

volume = {78},

number = {12},

pages = {2594–2609},

publisher = {SAGE Publications Ltd},

abstract = {Mind-wandering and boredom are common phenomena, characterized by shifts in attention and difficulties in sustaining focus. Despite extensive research on the costs and benefits of these states, our understanding of the relationship between mind-wandering, boredom, attention, and memory remains limited. In the current study, we examined the impact that mind-wandering and boredom during encoding have on recognition. In particular, we investigated what impact mind-wandering and boredom have during the encoding of visual stimuli on the pupil old/new effect during recognition. We used an incidental memory task and measured mind-wandering and boredom with thought probes during encoding. Furthermore, we used the pupil old/new effect, assessed via eye-tracking, as a measure of recognition memory. We found a significant effect of boredom on recognition memory and observed the pupil old/new effect in participants regardless of instances of mind-wandering or boredom during encoding. Our findings point toward different mechanisms that underlie mind-wandering and boredom's obstruction of attention during stimuli encoding and their effects on stimuli processing. In addition, these findings reinforce the idea of the pupil old/new effect as a reliable measure of recognition memory as it remained consistent irrespective of attentional lapses due to mind-wandering and boredom.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

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@article{Kirtley2025,

title = {Coming up next: The extent of the perceptual window in comic reading},

author = {Clare Kirtley and Christopher Murray and Phillip B. Vaughan and Benjamin W. Tatler},

doi = {10.1111/cogs.70142},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Cognitive Science},

volume = {49},

number = {11},

pages = {1–31},

publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Inc},

abstract = {Recent models of sequential narratives suggest that readers form predictions about upcoming panels as they read. However, previous work has considered these predictions only in terms of currently viewed information. In the current studies, we investigate to what extent readers are using information from un-fixated panels in comic stories. Using the moving-window paradigm, we studied whether reading behavior was disrupted when upcoming panels were unavailable to the reader, in short comic strips (Experiment 1) and multipage comics (Experiment 2). Both studies showed the greatest disruption to reading when all peripheral information was removed, but such changes persisted when only partial peripheral information was available. The results indicate that readers are making use of information from at least two panels ahead of the current fixation location. We consider these findings in relation to the PINS model of comic reading, and how the role of peripheral information might be further explored.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ibrahimi2025,

title = {Sociotechnical imaginaries of autonomous vehicles: Comparing laboratory and online eye-tracking methods},

author = {Mergime Ibrahimi and Anu Masso and Mauro Bellone},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0335672},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {PLoS One},

volume = {20},

pages = {1–24},

publisher = {Public Library of Science},

abstract = {This study investigates sociotechnical imaginaries of autonomous vehicles (AVs) using a dual approach: in-lab and online eye-tracking experiments. We examine how cognitive engagement varies across hypothetical decision-making scenarios involving algorithmic failure of AVs. In comparison with non-AV scenarios. This article highlights the characteristics, advantages, and limitations of methods, emphasizing their complementary contributions to understanding how individuals perceive and engage with emerging technologies. The in-lab experiment revealed high-quality and precise data from a homogeneous sample, while the online experiment enabled us to scale the research and explore diverse sociotechnical imaginaries from a global sample through crowd-sourced platforms. Key findings show that both in-lab and online participants exhibited longer gaze durations at one point, predominantly longer in AV scenarios. However, a deeper analysis of overall cognitive engagement revealed that in-lab participants, with more concentrated sociotechnical imaginaries, were more focused on non-AV scenarios, indicating a stronger emphasis on human decision-making. In contrast, online participants, whose imaginaries may be shaped by global perspectives and diverse experiences with data and algorithms, displayed increased attention toward AV scenarios, with significant visual variations among participants, reflecting global interest or concern over high-stakes algorithmic decisions. These findings contribute to our understanding of how perception of AVs differs globally and offer insights into emerging concerns around algorithmic decision-making in everyday life.},

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tppubtype = {article}

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@article{Hunter2025,

title = {Relating infant fixations to adult cortical activation patterns using the natural scenes dataset},

author = {Brianna K. Hunter and John E. Kiat and Steven J. Luck and Lisa M. Oakes},

doi = {10.1111/desc.70076},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Developmental Science},

volume = {28},

number = {6},

pages = {1–14},

publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Inc},

abstract = {Visual attention develops rapidly across the first postnatal year, from reflexive eye movements driven by low-level stimulus properties to increasingly voluntary eye movements influenced by higher-order factors. To test the hypothesis that development reflects guidance by increasingly abstract features, we used representational similarity analysis to evaluate the representational link between gaze patterns (N = 47 5–7-month-old infants},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Guez2025,

title = {Preemptive gain control in primary visual cortex},

author = {Jon S. Guez and Bart Krekelberg},

doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2025.09.028},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Current Biology},

volume = {35},

number = {21},

pages = {5230–5237},

abstract = {Neurons continuously adapt their response properties to their environment. In the visual cortex, this includes gain control processes such as contrast normalization, which matches neurons' limited dynamic response range to the prevailing contrasts. Contrast normalization converges to a state that is optimal for processing the current visual input but not for the new, unknown input that impinges on the retina after each eye movement. We hypothesized that this conflict between current (pre-saccadic) and future (post-saccadic) needs could be resolved by a preemptive reset of the contrast response function with every saccade. We investigated this hypothesis using multi-electrode array recordings in the primary visual cortex of the macaque monkey. As expected, exposure to high contrast during steady fixation led to reduced gain and a compressed contrast response function. In support of our preemptive gain control hypothesis, these gain changes were partially reversed during saccades, resulting in a contrast response function with a higher gain and a broader, more linear response range. Post-saccadic gain increases were accompanied by pre-saccadic gain decreases, which were anticorrelated, suggesting that a common mechanism underlies both changes. Our findings indicate that the ubiquitous biphasic peri-saccadic neural response is a signature of a pause-rebound mechanism that prepares for unknown future visual inputs by resetting the contrast response function. At the perceptual level, this leads us to reinterpret the pre-saccadic reduction in visual sensitivity (i.e., saccadic suppression) as a side effect of the beneficial signal-processing strategy of preemptive gain control.},

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tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Fabio2025,

title = {Mixed evidence for the rhythmicity of auditory perceptual judgements in humans},

author = {Cécile Fabio and Christoph Kayser},

doi = {10.7554/elife.105734},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {eLife},

volume = {14},

pages = {1–24},

publisher = {eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd},

abstract = {Numerous studies advocate for a rhythmic mode of perception. However, the evidence in the context of hearing remains inconsistent. We propose that the divergent conclusions drawn from previous work stem from conceptual and methodological issues. These include ambiguous assumptions regarding the origin of rhythmicity, variations in tasks and attentional demands, and differing analytical approaches for statistical testing. To address these points, we conducted a series of experiments in which human participants performed auditory tasks involving monaural targets presented against binaural white noise backgrounds, while also recording eye movements. These experiments varied in whether stimuli were presented randomly or required motor initialisation, the necessity of memory across trials, and the manipulation of attentional demands. Our findings challenge the notion of universal rhythmicity in hearing, but support the existence of paradigm- and ear-specific fluctuations in sensitivity and biases at multiple frequencies. The rhythmicity for sounds in the left and right ears appears independent among participants, and the rhythmicity in performance is possibly linked to oculomotor activity and attentional requirements. Overall, these results may help to resolve conflicting conclusions drawn in previous work and provide specific avenues for further studies into the rhythmicity of auditory perception.},

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@article{Dra̧zyk2025,

title = {What is the difference between an impulsive and a timed anticipatory movement?},

author = {Dominika Drcażyk and Anissa Rida and Marcus Missal},

doi = {10.1523/ENEURO.0322-25.2025},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {eNeuro},

volume = {12},

number = {11},

pages = {1–11},

abstract = {Imagine yourself in a car race waiting for the traffic light to go green. Impulsivity could push you to accelerate when the light is still red. In contrast, temporally guided anticipation could lead you to accelerate at the time the light goes green. Whether these two types of early responses rely on the same or different neural processes is an open question. This question was investigated using an oculomotor task where the delay between a warning and an imperative visual stimuli was predictable. The spatial uncertainty of the "go" signal was also varied. On average, 10% of experimental trials were associated with a response before the "go" signal ("early saccade"). After the offset of the warning stimulus, the latency distribution of early saccades was bimodal, with a first mode peaking after 200 ms (1st mode saccades) and a second one starting to build-up after 375 ms (2nd mode saccades). With increasing delay duration: the number of 1st mode responses decreased whereas the number of 2nd mode responses remained approximately constant; the latency and variance of 2nd mode saccades increased; the maximum velocity of 2nd mode responses decreased. In general, the amplitude of 2nd mode responses was larger. These results show that there are probably two independent processes taking place before an expected event: an unintentional release of inhibition evoking an impulsive 1st mode saccade and an anticipatory process leading to a 2nd mode saccade.},

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tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Dankner2025,

title = {Keeping an eye on attentive listening: Task-evoked pupil size unveils fluctuations in auditory sustained attention},

author = {Yarden Dankner and Lilach Shalev and Shlomit Yuval-Greenberg},

doi = {10.1016/j.biopsycho.2025.109165},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Biological Psychology},

volume = {202},

pages = {1–12},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Sustained attention is essential for effective cognitive performance in daily life, yet it remains challenging to monitor continuously in real time. This study examined whether pupil-based physiological markers - specifically task-evoked pupil dilation (TEPD) and baseline pupil size (BPS) - reflect fluctuations in sustained attention and alertness during a prolonged auditory continuous performance task (A-CPT). In two experiments (total N = 54), participants listened to a stream of spoken syllables and responded to a predefined target while their pupil size was continuously recorded. Intra-individual variability in reaction time served as an index of sustained attention, with higher variability reflecting poorer sustained attention. Across both experiments, a consistent positive linear relationship was found between TEPD and intra-individual varability: smaller TEPD values were associated with greater response consistency, indicating higher sustained attention. Additionally, TEPD was positively correlated with self-reported ADHD symptoms across participants, and contributed to their prediction above and beyond the behavioral task performance. This suggests that TEPD reflects inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity symptoms across neurotypical individuals. In contrast, BPS showed a less consistent relationship with sustained attention: while it was positively associated with intra-individual varability in one experiment, this effect did not replicate in the second. These findings suggest that pupil size can serve as a continuous, implicit marker of sustained attention and a predictor of ADHD symptoms. By capturing moment-to-moment fluctuations in attentional state, pupil size offers a promising, non-invasive index of attention in real-world listening environments.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Cui2025a,

title = {Cross-modal semantic and non-semantic distraction impairs auditory working memory: Behavioral and ERP evidence},

author = {Jiahong Cui and Nianqiu Shen and Hongjun Chen and Hongyu Zhou and Lei Hu and Wenbo Yu and Zhihan Liu and Daisuke Sawamura and Yuxuan Wang and Fengyu Cong},

doi = {10.1016/j.biopsycho.2025.109154},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Biological Psychology},

volume = {202},

pages = {1–10},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Visual distraction often disrupts auditory working memory, but it remains unclear whether semantic and non-semantic distractors interfere through similar or distinct neural mechanisms. This study used event-related potentials (ERPs) to examine the neural dynamics of semantic and non-semantic visual distractors during an auditory working memory task. Thirty nine healthy adults performed a paced auditory serial addition task (PASAT) while exposed to either semantic (digits) or non-semantic (abstract symbols) visual distractors. Behavioral results showed that both distractor types impaired accuracy, with semantic distractors producing longer reaction times and higher omission rates. ERP analyses revealed that both distractor types elicited enhanced P200 amplitudes and prolonged N200 and P300 latencies, reflecting shared early attentional capture and delayed stimulus evaluation. Semantic distractors further induced stronger N200 negativity at frontal sites and shortened P200 latencies, suggesting rapid semantic access and increased conflict detection demands, whereas only non-semantic distractors reduced P300 amplitudes, indicating reactive resource reallocation. Importantly, greater reductions in P300 amplitude were associated with slower responses in the semantic distractor condition. These findings demonstrate that semantic and non-semantic distractors engage partially overlapping but functionally distinct neural processes, emphasizing the importance of distractor content and processing stage in models of cross-modal cognitive control.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Conti2025,

title = {The effect of congruency on visual exploration and episodic memory performance in Alzheimer's disease and semantic dementia},

author = {Federica Conti and Hashim El-Omar and Her Teng and Rebekah M. Ahmed and Olivier Piguet and Muireann Irish},

doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2025.109250},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Neuropsychologia},

volume = {218},

pages = {1–13},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Mounting evidence points to the role of semantic knowledge in modulating how we perceive, and subsequently remember, experiences. In healthy aging, prior knowledge becomes increasingly important to guide visual exploration during episodic encoding and retrieval and can hinder performance when incongruous with to-be-learned information. It remains unclear, however, how the dynamic integration of visual information and prior knowledge is altered in neurodegenerative disorders, and whether this impacts oculomotor behaviour. Here, we explored how degradation of the conceptual knowledge base in semantic dementia (SD) impacts the acquisition and retrieval of new information, and how such changes relate to oculomotor behaviour. Ten well-characterised cases of SD were compared to 12 disease-matched cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 24 healthy older Controls. Participants completed a visual search task followed by a surprise memory task where target objects were displayed in either semantically congruent or semantically incongruent locations. Oculomotor performance was evaluated by measuring the time participants spent exploring target congruent areas in each condition. Relative to Controls, visual search and memory performance was significantly compromised in AD, as indexed by slower response times, reduced task accuracy, and more extensive visual exploration directed towards target congruent areas. In contrast, SD patients scored in line with Controls for all behavioural and oculomotor measures on the visual search task when target objects were displayed in semantically incongruent locations. Overall, our findings suggest that degradation of the semantic and episodic memory systems in dementia differentially impacts visual exploration and memory retrieval depending on stimulus congruency.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Comay2025,

title = {Iconic versus working memory metacognition to evaluate the richness of perception: A registered report},

author = {Nicolás Alejandro Comay and Guillermo Solovey and Pablo Barttfeld},

doi = {10.1098/rsos.231805},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Royal Society Open Science},

volume = {12},

number = {11},

pages = {1–20},

publisher = {Royal Society Publishing},

abstract = {The high capacity of human iconic memory (IM) has been taken as evidence that visual experience is rich and detailed, as introspection suggests. Opponents to this view argue instead that this impression is illusory, with conscious access being mostly limited to what we can attend to. To provide evidence of either view, in this registered report we compared metacognitive sensitivity levels between IM and working memory (WM) representations. The rationale was that, if pre-attentive IM information is as consciously accessible as attention-bounded WM information, metacognitive sensitivity should be comparable across the two memory systems. Replicating classic findings, our results showed that IM capacity exceeded WM capacity. Nevertheless, and despite matched performance, metacognitive sensitivity was higher in WM. We further examined whether reduced metacognition in IM could be explained by inflation—the tendency to overestimate perceptual richness—by comparing confidence levels across the two memory conditions. Pre-registered analyses showed no evidence of inflation, as IM was associated with lower confidence. Our findings suggest that IM supports identification with less consciously accessible information than WM, challenging rich-view interpretations of conscious perception.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Chen2025i,

title = {Spatio-temporal bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory-based category decoding of natural dynamic facial expression stimuli from visual functional magnetic resonance imaging data},

author = {Panpan Chen and Chi Zhang and Bao Li and Li Tong and Long Cao and Ziya Yu and Bin Yan},

doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhaf232},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Cerebral Cortex},

volume = {35},

number = {11},

pages = {1–11},

publisher = {Oxford University Press},

abstract = {Visual perceptual decoding of facial expressions is a key focus in affective neuroscience. Developing a mapping model between visual content and signals is crucial for decoding. Most previous visual decoding models focused on brain responses to static images, neglecting temporal-dynamic feature modeling. Additionally, they input all visual cortices as a whole into the model, overlooking that visual information flows bidirectionally between the lower and higher visual cortices based on bottom-up and top-down visual mechanisms, thus hard to capture bidirectional information between visual regions located in different spatial positions. Here, we present a spatio-temporal bidirectional long short-term memory-based model to decode 3 categories of facial expressions from multi-time functional magnetic resonance imaging data. Specifically, we used the spatio-temporal bidirectional long short-term memory module with the ability to simulate time series to grasp the temporal-dependence from visual cortices, and its forward and backward directions simulate bidirectional information flow between visual cortices to capture the bidirectional spatial information. Experimental outcomes indicate that the mean decoding accuracy employing beta estimates of multi-time response signals (Repetition TimesTR1-6 1 to 6) from 5 participants is significantly higher than that of other time points signals, unidirectional connections, and publicly available models. These results reveal that our model captures temporal-dependencies and bidirectional spatial information from the visual cortices, enhancing decoding performance.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Buechli2025,

title = {The sensitivity of psychophysiological measures to changes in mental workload},

author = {Adrian Büchli and Stefan J. Troche},

doi = {10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2025.113262},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {International Journal of Psychophysiology},

volume = {217},

pages = {1–10},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Mental Workload (MWL) quantifies the subjectively experienced mental strain imposed by any task and poses interesting avenues in machine or system optimization. Thus, the psychophysiological measurement of MWL has been of large interest, but despite multiple decades of research, sensitivity to changes in MWL remains inconclusive (Ayres et al., 2021; Charles & Nixon, 2019; Tao et al., 2019). This study therefore re-evaluates sensitivity of six psychophysiological measures to changes in MWL, namely in their ability to distinguish levels of MWL. With increasing MWL, heart rate (HR), blink rate (BR), pupil dilation (PD), skin conductance responses (SCR), and skin conductance level (SCL) were expected to increase, whereas heart rate variability (HRV) was expected to decrease. For MWL induction, an adaptation of the Swaps task (Stankov & Crawford, 1993) was employed, with the aim of inducing four distinct levels of demand. MWL manipulation was successful, as in the sample of 74 university students response times significantly increased with each level, while accuracy decreased. Subjective ratings of MWL in the NASA-Task Load Index (Hart & Staveland, 1988) reflected this pattern. BR and PD were highly sensitive, increasing with each level, while HR and HRV were sensitive but less able to differentiate fine-grained changes, with the inability being more pronounced for HRV. SCR were sufficiently sensitive, except for very high levels, and SCL showed no sensitivity. These findings provide further basis for research and application of psychophysiological responses to MWL, to represent task demands more comprehensively as well as mental strain in machine-operator relations.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Bognar2025,

title = {Effects of partial occlusion on response dynamics and interregional processing within primate superior temporal sulcus},

author = {Anna Bognár and Ghazaleh Ghamkhari Nejad and Rufin Vogels},

doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0979-25.2025},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},

volume = {45},

number = {47},

pages = {1–15},

abstract = {Recognizing partially occluded objects is a critical visual function that primates perform with ease, yet the underlying neural mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Previous studies in the macaque inferotemporal cortex have reported mixed results on whether occlusion delays and reduces responses to partially occluded objects. To address this, we recorded single-unit activity from body-responsive regions of the middle and anterior superior temporal sulcus (STS) in male macaques while presenting body stimuli with varying levels of occlusion using a dot pattern. Occlusion reduced response strength and increased onset latency in both regions, and even low occlusion levels altered response dynamics by increasing the difference between the response trough and second peak. While body selectivity was preserved, body decoding accuracy declined and was delayed as occlusion increased. In contrast to some prior reports, we found no consistent enhancement of body decoding during the late response phase. By controlling for information loss and clutter introduced by the occluder, we found that reductions in response strength were partly due to the deletion of body features, whereas changes in response dynamics primarily reflected interactions between the occluder and the remaining body features. Occlusion delayed the first but not the second response peak, suggesting distinct mechanisms for these phases. Peak decoding at high occlusion levels emerged later in anterior than middle STS, indicating a feedforward component. However, representational similarity analysis combined with Granger causality suggested enhanced feedback from anterior to middle STS under high occlusion. Together, these results highlight the response dynamics supporting robust recognition under occlusion.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Bennetts2025,

title = {Consistent eye movement patterns in static and dynamic face recognition: A hidden Markov model study},

author = {Rachel J. Bennetts and Natalie Butcher and Karen Lander},

doi = {10.3390/brainsci15111173},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Brain Sciences},

volume = {15},

number = {11},

pages = {1–24},

publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)},

abstract = {Background/Objectives: Eye movements provide important insights into face processing. Hidden Markov models of eye movements (EMHMMs) are a relatively new approach that identifies common patterns across observers, moving beyond region-of-interest analyses. Prior EMHMM studies with static faces have typically revealed two strategies: a central “holistic” style and a feature-based “analytical” style. However, it is unknown whether such patterns extend to dynamic faces, which more closely reflect real-world viewing. This study is the first to apply EMHMMs to dynamic face recognition. Methods: Participants completed a face learning task in which half of the identities were presented as static images and half as dynamic videos. Eye movements were analysed using EMHMMs during both learning and recognition phases. Results: Two consistent patterns emerged across conditions: Central-focused and Eye-focused. A small subgroup displayed a third, central-plus-right-eye pattern when learning static faces. Eye movement patterns were largely stable across static and dynamic conditions, with only 16–27% of participants switching between them. Patterns were generally unrelated to recognition accuracy; however, participants adopting Eye-focused patterns during static learning performed better on static recognition. Conclusions: EMHMM-identified patterns generalise from static to dynamic faces, indicating strong stability in face-viewing behaviour across stimulus types. This finding contrasts with previous region-of-interest analyses suggesting greater differences between static and dynamic faces. By extending EMHMMs to dynamic faces, this study underscores the value of diverse analytical approaches for capturing eye movement behaviour and advancing understanding in face processing.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Abdoljabbari2025,

title = {Neuron-type-specific contributions to dynamic coding during flexible sensorimotor decisions in frontoparietal cortex},

author = {Hamidreza Abdoljabbari and Fatemeh Balapour and Scott L. Brincat and Constantin Nicolai and Markus Siegel and Earl K. Miller and Mohammad Reza Daliri},

doi = {10.1162/JOCN.a.54},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience},

volume = {37},

number = {11},

pages = {2295–2312},

publisher = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology},

abstract = {Neocortical circuits consist of multiple neuronal cell types, each likely playing distinct roles in flexible behavior. However, studies of decision-making have often overlooked these cell types, limiting our understanding of their specific contributions to local circuit functions. To address this, we simultaneously recorded neuronal activity from the frontal eye field (FEF), lateral PFC, and lateral intraparietal area (LIP) in a macaque monkey performing a visuomotor decision-making task. We used extracellular spike waveforms to reliably identify two functional classes of neurons: broad-spiking (BS) putative pyramidal cells and narrow-spiking (NS) putative interneurons. These cell types exhibited distinct response dynamics and choice-related information encoding across cortical regions. NS neurons in LIP and PFC showed higher choice-related activity and contributed to early encoding of decisions, whereas in FEF, NS neurons demonstrated dynamic encoding patterns, with BS neurons exhibiting significantly more stable encoding. Our findings reveal that choice information is represented differently across cell types and cortical regions, with NS neurons favoring early population coding in PFC and LIP and BS neurons exhibiting more static encoding in FEF. This heterogeneous coding strategy suggests that decision-related dynamics in the frontoparietal network are shaped by interactions between these distinct neuronal populations. The results provide new insights into cortical circuit dynamics and cell-type-specific contributions to decision-making.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Zhou2025b,

title = {Distractor suppression driven by statistical regularities of target could occur only for larger search arrays},

author = {Xing Zhou and Yun Sun and Qi Zhang and Feifei Cui},

doi = {10.3758/s13414-025-03099-2},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics},

volume = {87},

number = {7},

pages = {2069–2084},

publisher = {Springer},

abstract = {A number of studies have suggested that biasing the probability by which distractors appear at locations in visual space may lead to attentional suppression of high-probability distractor locations. It effectively reduces capture by a distractor but also impairs target selection at this location. Recently, there is still debate on whether the distractor processing could be affected by the statistical regularities of the target location. In the current study, through four experiments, we manipulated search array size (the number of the elements on the display – four, six, ten, 12). In each experiment, we manipulated spatial regularities of the target including one low-probability target location and other high-probability target locations. We found that statistical regularities of the target location could affect the distractor processing, but this occurred only for larger search array sizes (e.g., ten and 12 elements). Our new finding provided the evidence for whether statistical regularities regarding the target could affect distractor processing. We concluded that search array size was a potential and critical factor for determining whether distractor suppression could be driven by statistical regularities of target location.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Zheng2025d,

title = {Spatiotemporal evidence accumulation through saccadic sampling for object recognition},

author = {Zhihao Zheng and Jiaqi Hu and Gouki Okazawa},

doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2453-24.2025},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},

volume = {45},

number = {44},

pages = {1–18},

abstract = {Visual object recognition has been extensively studied under fixation conditions, but our natural viewing involves frequent saccadic eye movements that scan multiple local informative features within an object (e.g., eyes and mouth in a face image). These saccades would contribute to object recognition by subserving the integration of sensory information across local features, but mechanistic models underlying this process have yet to be established due to the presumed complexity of the interactions between the visual and oculomotor systems. Here, we employ a framework of perceptual decision making and show that human object categorization behavior with saccades can be quantitatively explained by a model that simply accumulates the sensory evidence available at each moment. Human participants of both sexes performed face and object categorization while they were allowed to freely make saccades to scan local features. Our model could successfully fit the data even during such a free viewing condition, departing from past studies that required controlled eye movements to test trans-saccadic integration. Moreover, further experimental results confirmed that active saccade commands (efference copy) do not substantially contribute to evidence accumulation. Therefore, we propose that object recognition with saccades can be approximated by a parsimonious decision-making model without assuming complex interactions between the visual and oculomotor systems.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Yang2025b,

title = {More fixations in static facial regions during emotion recognition among TLE patients with severe depression},

author = {Haojun Yang and Qiong Zhang and Kailing Huang and Li Feng},

doi = {10.1111/cns.70636},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {CNS Neuroscience and Therapeutics},

volume = {31},

number = {10},

pages = {1–8},

publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Inc},

abstract = {Aim: To explore the emotion recognition (ER) abilities among temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients with different levels of depression. Methods: This observational study was conducted during December 2021 and November 2022, including 71 healthy controls (HCs) and 93 TLE patients. Based on the scores of the Beck Depression Index, the patients were divided into four groups (no/mild/moderate/severe depression). All participants finished the Faux pas task (FPT), watched the dynamic facial expression task and recognized the emotion (anger, disgust, happiness, or sadness) with the recording of eye movements. The accuracy of ER was recorded. The percentage of fixation in interested areas (IA) and fixation counts in IA were selected and analyzed. Results: TLE patients without depression had significantly lower FPT scores (p = 0.001) and accuracy ratios of dynamic facial ER (p = 0.039) than HCs. Patients with severe depression had significantly more fixation percentages and fixation counts in the nose than patients with no/mild/moderate depression (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The recording of eye movement provides more accurate and objective biobehavioral indicators for distinguishing TLE patients with severe depression, which has great practical significance for early monitoring and intervention.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Xue2025c,

title = {Neither exogenous, nor endogenous: Evidence for a distinct role of negative emotion during attentional control},

author = {Xiaojuan Xue and Gilles Pourtois},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0319888},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {PLoS One},

volume = {20},

number = {10},

pages = {1–21},

publisher = {Public Library of Science},

abstract = {Negative or threatening stimuli capture attention. However, it remains unclear whether this phenomenon is best conceived as bottom-up (i.e., salience-driven) or top-down (i.e., goal-directed) instead. To address this question, we conducted two experiments using a previously validated dot-probe task (DPT) where physical salience (i.e., abrupt luminance change) and negative emotion (i.e., fearful face) competed with one another for attention selection (Experiment 1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wilcockson2025a,

title = {Saccadic eye movements differentiate functional cognitive disorder from mild cognitive impairment},

author = {Thomas D. W. Wilcockson and Sankanika Roy and Trevor J. Crawford},

doi = {10.1177/03010066251359215},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Perception},

volume = {54},

number = {10},

pages = {768–779},

publisher = {SAGE Publications Ltd},

abstract = {Functional Cognitive Disorder (“FCD”) is a type of Functional Neurological Disorder characterised by subjective cognitive complaints not fully attributable to brain injury, disease, or other neuropathological or psychiatric conditions. FCD is a cognitive impairment but does not necessarily “convert” to cognitive decline. However, FCD is common in Memory Clinics worldwide, and currently there is a lack of tests to objectively assess FCD. Establishing whether memory complaints are functional or not is vital for clinicians and objective tests are required. Previous research indicates that early-stage Alzheimer's disease can be differentiated from healthy individuals by antisaccade eye-movement. Therefore, eye movements may be able to objectively ascertain whether self-reported memory complaints are functional in nature. In this study, FCD participants were Memory Clinic patients who self-reported memory complaints but showed internal inconsistency regarding memory issues on memory tests. Participants with FCD were compared to Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) patients and healthy controls (HC) on antisaccadic and prosaccade eye movement tasks. The parameters obtained were reaction-time (RT) mean and SD and antisaccade error rate. MCI differed significantly from HC in antisaccade RT-mean, RT-SD, error-rate, and from FCD antisaccade RT-mean, RT-SD, and error-rate. FCD did not differ significantly from HC for antisaccade parameters. However, FCD differed significantly from HC for prosaccade RT-mean and RT-SD. MCI did not differ significantly from HC or FCD in prosaccade parameters. These results indicate that eye movement tasks could ultimately aid clinicians in the diagnosis of FCD. With additional research into sensitivity and specificity, eye movement tasks could become an important feature of memory clinics.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wienholz2025,

title = {Tracking effects of age of sign language acquisition and phonology in American Sign Language sentence processing},

author = {Anne Wienholz and Amy M. Lieberman},

doi = {10.3758/s13421-025-01695-z},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Memory & Cognition},

volume = {53},

number = {7},

pages = {2009–2027},

publisher = {Springer},

abstract = {Processing sign language involves activation of phonological features of signs. Previous research provides evidence for effects of age of sign language acquisition as well as amount and type of phonological relatedness during processing of single signs, but it is unknown how these factors affect sentence-level sign processing. This paper presents a phonological priming eye tracking study of American Sign Language (ASL) processing, in which we systematically vary the degree and type of phonological relatedness in prime-target sign pairs embedded in ASL sentences. We tested degree of relatedness by using sign pairs sharing either one or two out of three phonological parameters. We tested type of relatedness by using signs that were phonologically related in all possible combinations of the parameters handshape, location, and movement. Participants were exposed to sign language either early (before the age of five years) or late (after the age of five years), allowing us to explore how age of sign language acquisition impacts activation of phonological features of signs. Late signers were more affected by the degree of relatedness than early signers; primes that shared any information with the target led to increased time to identify the target, regardless of the specific parameter(s) that overlapped. There was a high degree of variability for type of relatedness, but sign pairs that shared location were particularly salient. Group differences suggested varying sensitivities to phonological information in early and late signers. Our study emphasizes that phonological relatedness should be carefully controlled when examining sign processing in signers differing in their language backgrounds.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wang2025c,

title = {The integration of auditory and textual input in vocabulary learning from subtitled viewing: An eye-tracking study},

author = {Andi Wang},

doi = {10.64152/10125/73648},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Language Learning & Technology},

volume = {29},

number = {3},

pages = {70–91},

publisher = {National Foreign Language Resource Center},

abstract = {Numerous studies have documented the benefits of watching audio-visual materials with on-screen text for L2 vocabulary learning (Montero Perez, 2022). The provision of both auditory and textual input allows learners to link auditory and written forms (or L1 meanings) of unknown words during viewing, which could potentially facilitate vocabulary learning. However, little is known about the dynamics of text-audio synchrony in subtitled viewing and how the processing of written words in relation to the audio may lead to vocabulary learning. Eighty-one intermediate-to-advanced Chinese learners of English watched an English documentary with one of three on-screen texts (i.e., captions, L1 subtitles, and bilingual subtitles), while their eye movements were monitored. Participants' awareness of 17 unknown words and vocabulary learning gains were assessed via stimulated recalls and three vocabulary tests. Results revealed that captions facilitated text-audio synchronisation, whereas L1 subtitles generally led to reading ahead and skipping. Bilingual subtitles enabled synchronisation of L1 translations with L2 audio but often resulted in skipping L2 forms. Most text-audio processing behaviours led to moderate predicted probabilities of vocabulary learning and participants' reported awareness, with no significant within-group difference, except for the processing of L2 unknown words in bilingual subtitles.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Koch2025a,

title = {Differential gaze disengagement from friendly and disdainful facial expressions predicts reliable increase of depressive symptoms following euthymia: Reliminary evidence from an eye-tracking study at 6-month follow-up},

author = {Lara Koch and Benedikt Reuter and Norbert Kathmann},

doi = {10.1007/s10608-025-10586-1},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Cognitive Therapy and Research},

volume = {49},

number = {5},

pages = {1031–1044},

publisher = {Springer},

abstract = {Background: Attentional biases to emotional information are assumed to play a crucial role in the onset and maintenance of depression. Moreover, recent studies show that biases may remain present in previously affected individuals during non-symptomatic stages even after acute depression has fully subsided. For example, in an investigation probing attentional disengagement from facial expressions of happiness, sadness, and disgust, never-depressed individuals showed speeded disengagement from disgusted expressions in comparison to happy faces, but this differential processing pattern was absent in currently euthymic individuals with a history of major depression. Purpose: Building on these findings, the present follow-up study aimed to explore the predictive power of that previously described disengagement bias by assessing depressive symptoms in 63 initially euthymic individuals six months after they had participated in a gaze-contingent eye tracking task. Methods: Each participants' mean difference in saccade latency to initiate eye movements away from facial expressions of happiness and disgust was assessed at baseline, and tested for associations with self-reported depressive symptom gains six months later. Results: The individual's difference between these two emotion conditions when performing attentional disengagement (ADΔhappiness-disgust) significantly predicted the occurrence of a reliable increase in depressive symptom severity at six months follow-up. This effect remained significant when controlling for baseline symptom severity and lifetime history of depression. Conversely, dimensional change in depressive symptom severity was not predicted by the ADΔhappiness-disgust score. Conclusions: We suggest that an individual difference score reflecting the ability to disengage attention from facial expressions of disgust versus happiness may be particularly useful in identifying individuals prone to experiencing reliable increases in depressive symptoms.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Moorselaar2025,

title = {Alpha-band activity tracks reflexive changes in the breadth of the zoom lens of attention},

author = {Dirk Moorselaar and Jan Theeuwes and Stefan Van der Stigchel},

doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0706-25.2025},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},

volume = {45},

number = {44},

pages = {1–11},

abstract = {Spatial attention is often conceptualized as a flexible "zoom lens" that can dynamically adjust its focus, but most evidence stems from studies of voluntary attention. Our study investigates whether involuntary, reflexive attention exhibits similar adaptability in attentional scope. Using behavioral and electroencephalographic (EEG) experiments with exogenous cues of varying spatial extent, we examined how attentional gradients dynamically adjust when attention is involuntarily captured. Male and female human participants performed visual search tasks preceded by narrow- or broad-cue displays at different onset asynchronies. We applied inverted encoding models to alpha-band neural activity to precisely track the locus and breadth of attentional tuning. Across experiments, we found that reflexive attentional gradients flexibly adapt to match cue characteristics. Behaviorally, narrow cues yielded progressively sharper attentional gradients compared with broad cues, with differences emerging over time. Critically, EEG analyses revealed that alpha-band activity tracked these dynamic adjustments, with differences in spatial selectivity emerging rapidly (±200 ms postcue) and continuing to evolve. Contrary to previous suggestions that involuntary attention primarily influences response efficiency, our results demonstrate that exogenous cues modulate attentional resources across the visual field at early processing stages.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Tuzcu2025,

title = {The effects of input modality on novel L2 vocabulary processing during reading: A closer look into attention and awareness},

author = {Aysen Tuzcu},

doi = {10.64152/10125/73646},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Language Learning & Technology},

volume = {29},

number = {3},

pages = {30–48},

publisher = {National Foreign Language Resource Center},

abstract = {Digital tools such as audiobooks enable language learners to read and listen to a text simultaneously. Access to such bimodal input has been argued to enhance L2 vocabulary learning from reading by directing learners' attention to novel words and facilitating the development of form-meaning links (Long, 2017). However, research on the cognitive processes underlying vocabulary learning from bimodal input remains limited. This study compared L2 readers' attention and awareness levels of novel words under reading-only (RO) and reading-while-listening (RWL) conditions. Sixty-three L2 English speakers were randomly assigned to RO and RWL groups and read a 9500-word text containing 24 target pseudowords over two days while their eye movements were recorded. Attention was assessed through eye-tracking data, while awareness levels and learning of the target pseudowords were assessed using retrospective verbal reports and a form recognition test. Results indicated similar levels of attention and awareness across both groups. However, a positive relationship between attention and awareness emerged only in the RO group. These results suggest that while bimodal input may not significantly affect L2 readers' attention or awareness levels, it influences the relationship between these constructs. Additionally, both attention and awareness predicted word form learning, indicating their importance in vocabulary learning.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Timmerman2025,

title = {Visual performance fields in saccadic suppression of image displacement},

author = {Rosanne H. Timmerman and Antimo Buonocore and Alessio Fracasso},

doi = {10.1007/s00221-025-07152-2},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Experimental Brain Research},

volume = {243},

number = {10},

pages = {1–17},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH},

abstract = {Visual perception is not homogeneous throughout the visual field. Performance is generally better along the horizontal meridian compared to the vertical meridian, and in the lower compared to the upper visual field. These asymmetries in visual performance are reflected in structural asymmetries in early visual cortex. When exploring a visual scene, eye movements occur continuously, with visual perception resulting from a tight interplay between the visual as well as the oculomotor systems. Literature on visual performance across visual fields during saccades is limited, but existing studies show that perceptual performance during saccades is indistinguishable between the upper and the lower visual fields, or altogether better in the upper visual field compared to lower. In the current exploratory study, we asked participants to detect the direction of target displacement across visual fields, while performing a saccade as well as at fixation. During fixation and saccade viewing conditions, performance on the task was better along the horizontal compared to the vertical meridian. However, we did not observe a robust difference in performance between the lower and upper visual field, neither at fixation nor when participants were requested to perform saccades. We interpret our results based on known behavioural and neural anisotropies, as well as considering evolutionary approaches to the perception–action cycle.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Tan2025a,

title = {Reward history alters priority map based on spatial relationship, but not absolute location},

author = {Qingsong Tan and Oudeng Jia and Brian A. Anderson and Ke Jia and Mengyuan Gong},

doi = {10.3758/s13423-025-02682-w},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Psychonomic Bulletin & Review},

volume = {32},

number = {5},

pages = {2259–2271},

publisher = {Springer},

abstract = {Attention is rapidly directed to stimuli associated with rewards in past experience, independent of current task goals and physical salience of stimuli. However, despite the robust attentional priority given to reward-associated features, studies often indicate negligible priority toward previously rewarded locations. Here, we propose a relational account of value-driven attention, a mechanism that relies on spatial relationship between items to achieve value-guided selections. In three experiments (N = 124), participants were trained to associate specific locations with rewards (e.g., high-reward: top-left; low-reward: top-right). They then performed an orientation-discrimination task where the target's absolute location (top-left or top-right) or spatial relationship (“left of” or “right of”) had previously predicted reward. Performance was superior when the target's spatial relationship matched high-reward than low-reward, irrespective of absolute locations. Conversely, the impact of reward was absent when the target matched the absolute location but not the spatial relationship associated with high reward. Our findings challenge the default assumption of location specificity in value-driven attention, demonstrating a generalizable mechanism that humans adopted to integrate value and spatial information into priority maps for adaptive behavior.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Suplica2025,

title = {Neural evidence for modality-independent storage in working memory},

author = {Darius Suplica and Henry M. Jones and Gisella K. Diaz and John P. Veillette and Howard C. Nusbaum and Edward Awh},

doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2025.08.007},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Current Biology},

volume = {35},

number = {19},

pages = {1–11},

publisher = {Cell Press},

abstract = {Working memory (WM) is a core component of intellectual ability. Traditional behavioral accounts have argued that there remain distinct memory systems based on the type and sensory modality of information being stored. However, more recent work has provided evidence for a class of neural activity that indexes the number of visual items stored in a content-independent fashion. Here, across 2 electroencephalogram (EEG) experiments, we demonstrate an item-based signature of WM storage that generalizes across visual and auditory sensory modalities. Using multivariate techniques, we observed parallel but separate neural patterns that independently track stimulus modality, the number of items stored in WM (regardless of modality), and the number of spatially attended positions. We propose that these load signals reflect a modality-independent process for binding item representations to context, reinforcing accounts arguing for a distinction between the maintenance of the content of one's thoughts and the manipulation and gating of those thoughts.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Smith2025,

title = {Neural correlates of the deployment of spatial attention, and their modulation by repetitive movements},

author = {Cameron Smith and Daniel H. Baker},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0332583},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {PLoS One},

volume = {20},

pages = {1–18},

publisher = {Public Library of Science},

abstract = {The deployment of spatial attention generates distinct neural signatures that can be detected at the scalp. Here, we use multivariate pattern analysis of EEG data to decode the deployment of spatial attention, and ask if this is modulated by repetitive movements. ‘Stimming' movements (also known as repetitive stereotypies), are widely reported in autism, but also present in some neurotypical individuals. Stimming has historically been viewed as a problematic behaviour, but many individuals claim that stimming benefits attention. We first validated our paradigm (a Posner-style cueing design), demonstrating above-chance classification of cue direction from around 300 ms post-cue onset. We then investigated whether stimming modulates decoding accuracy and task performance. Our results, consisting of data primarily from neurotypical participants, do not suggest that stimming has a negative impact on an individual's ability to attend, unless the individual does not typically engage in stimming behaviours. This suggests interventions aiming to reduce stimming behaviours are not necessarily warranted and highlights the need for further research into the potential benefits of stimming specifically within the autistic population. Future research might also consider the potential overlap between autistic stimming and the fidgeting behaviours which are characteristic of ADHD, to help understand the significant overlaps between the characteristics of the two conditions.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Rolland2025,

title = {Using eye tracking to evaluate cognitive and visual outcomes of early life phenol exposure},

author = {Matthieu Rolland and Sadia Khan and Sarah Lyon-Caen and Cathrine Thomsen and Amrit K. Sakhi and Séverine Valmary-Degano and Azemira Sabaredzovic and Sam Bayat and Rémy Slama and David Méary and Claire Philippat},

doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2025.122067},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Environmental Research},

volume = {282},

pages = {1–10},

publisher = {Academic Press Inc.},

abstract = {Introduction: Studies on behavioral effects of synthetic phenols have often relied on parent-reported questionnaires and primarily focused on prenatal exposure. Aims: We examined associations between prenatal and infancy phenol exposures and objective measures of child visual behavior and cognitive function at 2 years of age. Methods: At age 2, 151 children from the SEPAGES mother-child cohort completed eye-tracking tasks assessing four indicators: fixation duration (attentional control), novelty preference (visual recognition memory), time spent looking at eyes (social attention), and reaction time (processing speed).Phenol concentrations (two bisphenols, three parabens, benzophenone-3, triclosan) were measured in multiple urine samples collected from mothers (second and third trimesters; median: 42 samples per woman) and infants (2 and 12 months; median: 7 samples). Results: No associations were found with ∑parabens. However, individual parabens showed significant associations: ethylparaben at third trimester (T3) and 12 months (M12) was linked to shorter reaction time; at 2 months (M2), it was associated with reduced time spent looking at eyes. Propylparaben at T2 and T3 correlated with increased time spent looking at a novel face, especially in boys. Bisphenol S at T2 was associated with reduced reaction time; at M12, infants with detectable bisphenol S was linked to more time spent looking at eyes. Conclusion: Several associations observed indicate that increased phenol exposure sometimes correlated with improved eye-tracking scores. These findings align with prior literature on phenol exposure and ASD symptoms, which highlight variability by exposure window and phenol type.Given limited research and typically small sample sizes, further studies using objective markers and clinical assessments are necessary.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ramey2025,

title = {Episodic memory and semantic knowledge interact to guide eye movements during visual search in scenes: Distinct effects of conscious and unconscious memory},

author = {Michelle M. Ramey and John M. Henderson and Andrew P. Yonelinas},

doi = {10.3758/s13423-025-02686-6},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Psychonomic Bulletin & Review},

volume = {32},

number = {5},

pages = {2395–2409},

publisher = {Springer},

abstract = {Episodic memory and semantic knowledge can each exert strong influences on visual attention when we search through real-world scenes. However, there is debate surrounding how they interact when both are present; specifically, results conflict as to whether memory consistently improves visual search when semantic knowledge is available to guide search. These conflicting results could be driven by distinct effects of different types of episodic memory, but this possibility has not been examined. To test this, we tracked participants' eyes while they searched for objects in semantically congruent and incongruent locations within scenes during a study and test phase. In the test phase containing studied and new scenes, participants gave confidence-based recognition memory judgments that indexed different types of episodic memory (i.e., recollection, familiarity, unconscious memory) for the background scenes, then they searched for the target. We found that semantic knowledge consistently influenced both early and late eye movements, but the influence of memory depended on the type of memory involved. Recollection improved first saccade accuracy in terms of heading towards the target in both congruent and incongruent scenes. In contrast, unconscious memory gradually improved scanpath efficiency over the course of search, but only when semantic knowledge was relatively ineffective (i.e., incongruent scenes). Together, these findings indicate that episodic memory and semantic knowledge are rationally integrated to optimize attentional guidance, such that the most precise or effective forms of information available – which depends on the type of episodic memory available – are prioritized.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Plank2025,

title = {Are prediction error modifications domain specific in autism but domain general in ADHD?},

author = {Irene S. Plank and Anna Yurova and Alexandra Pior and Julia Nowak and Afton M. Bierlich and Boris Papazov and Zhuanghua Shi and Christine M. Falter-Wagner},

doi = {10.1162/IMAG.a.942},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Imaging Neuroscience},

volume = {3},

pages = {1–16},

publisher = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology},

abstract = {In the last decade, several theories have proposed explanations of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) based on the Bayesian Brain hypothesis. Research on repetition suppression suggests that neural correlates of prediction errors in ASD might be domain specific with larger differences for faces than for objects. Contrastingly, research assessing mismatch negativity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) indicates domain-generally modified prediction errors. Therefore, we captured neural correlates of prediction errors to colours and emotions in adults with ADHD or ASD to assess domain specificity of prediction error modifications. We used a multi-feature roving paradigm where we assessed predictive processes regarding unattended, task-irrelevant faces. We extracted task specific precision-weighted prediction errors and prediction strength for emotions and colours of the faces separately using a generative model, specifically a Hierarchical Gaussian Filter. While we found neural correlates of colour precision-weighted prediction errors and prediction strength as well as emotion prediction strength in the pooled sample regardless of group, we did not find any differences in neural correlates of emotion or colour precision-weighted prediction errors or prediction strength between our groups. These results suggest preserved neural correlates of precision-weighted prediction errors in ASD and ADHD for low-level visual features and potentially complex social information.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Paranko2025,

title = {Exposure to bullying engages social distress circuits in the adolescent and adult brain},

author = {Birgitta Paranko and Claire F. Garandeau and Kerttu Seppälä and Vesa Putkinen and Severi Santavirta and Jussi Hirvonen and Christina Salmivalli and Lauri Nummenmaa},

doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0738-25.2025},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},

volume = {45},

number = {44},

pages = {1–11},

abstract = {Despite advances in understanding the psychological and social consequences of peer victimization, the immediate effects of bullying on the central nervous system remain elusive. Here we mapped the neural, affective, and attentional responses to simulated bullying in adolescents and adults and tested whether these responses are associated with real-life victimization experiences. Fifty-one adolescents (29 females, 22 males) aged 11-14 years and 47 adults (29 females, 18 males) underwent a functional MRI (fMRI) while watching first-person videos of bullying (victimization) in the school environment, as well as neutral and positive social interactions in a similar setting. Additionally, 57 adults (36 females, 21 males) watched the same videos during an eye tracking experiment. Exposure to bullying versus positive social interaction engaged the socioemotional and threat response systems, as well as regions related to social cognition, sensory and interoceptive processing, and motor control. These responses were consistent across adolescents and adults and were associated with the current and past victimization experiences of the participants. This large-scale activation of neural systems subserving socioemotional, somatosensory, and interoceptive processing was in line with the amplified emotional and attentional responses revealed by larger pupil size and higher fixation frequency during simulated bullying in the eye tracking experiment. Altogether these results highlight how peer victimization evokes a state of stress and alarm in the central nervous system.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Paire2025,

title = {Vertical shifts of visuospatial attention, not (eye) movements, affect auditory pitch discrimination},

author = {Adrien Paire and Dorine Vergilino-Perez and Céline Paeye},

doi = {10.1167/jov.25.12.6},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {25},

number = {12},

pages = {1–13},

publisher = {Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Inc.},

abstract = {Preparing an ocular saccade is known to affect not only the perception of various visual features, such as orientation, contrast, and numerosity, but also sound localization. In the present study, we tested whether saccade preparation influences the perception of other auditory features, such as the pitch of a tone played before eye movement. We also examined whether pitch could influence saccade characteristics, as an instance of response compatibility effects. At the beginning of each trial, a visual cue indicated that a disk would appear above or below fixation. Participants were then presented with a tone of varying frequency and were instructed either to make a saccade toward the peripheral disk after the tone ended or to maintain fixation on the center of the screen. Pitch was consistently overestimated when the disk appeared in the upper visual field compared with the lower visual field. However, we found no evidence that saccade preparation affected pitch perception and no evidence of response compatibility effects. These findings suggest that vertical shifts of visuospatial attention are sufficient to impact pitch discrimination, likely through the activation of the spatial representation inherent to pitch.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Liu2025f,

title = {The superficial layers of the primary visual cortex create a saliency map that feeds forward to the parietal cortex},

author = {Chen Liu and Chengwen Liu and Laurentius Huber and Li Zhaoping and Peng Zhang},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.3003159},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {PLoS biology},

volume = {23},

number = {10},

pages = {1–20},

abstract = {A salient visual object with a distinct feature from the surrounding environment automatically captures attention. While the saliency signals have been found in many brain regions, their source remains highly controversial. Here, we investigated the neural origin of visual saliency using cortical layer-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of cerebral blood volume (CBV) at 7 Tesla. Behaviorally, human observers were better at detecting salient foreground bars with a larger orientation contrast from uniformly oriented background bars. Saliency-sensitive signals were strongest in the superficial layers of the primary visual cortex (V1) and in the middle layers of the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) of the parietal cortex. Layer-dependent effective connectivity revealed the transmission of saliency signals along the feedforward pathway from V1 to IPS. Furthermore, behavioral sensitivity to the foreground stimulus correlated significantly with the fMRI response in the superficial layers of V1. Our findings provide mesoscale evidence that a visual saliency map is created by iso-feature suppression through lateral inhibition in the superficial layers of V1, and then feeds forward to attentional control brain regions to guide attention and eye movements.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Laurin2025,

title = {Influence of aging on visual attention and peripheral perception},

author = {Anne Sophie Laurin and Noémie Redureau and Julie Ouerfelli-Ethier and Christine Gao and Georgiana Tolan and Daria Balan and Amine Rafai and Laure Pisella and Aarlenne Zein Khan},

doi = {10.1167/jov.25.12.1},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {25},

number = {12},

pages = {1–18},

publisher = {Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Inc.},

abstract = {During visual search, our attention extends around each fixation. It has been suggested that, in aging, there is a reduced attentional field, leading to visual function declines. To investigate the attentional field, 30 younger and 20 older adults performed a pop-out visual search task. We estimated each participant's attentional field size based on their search times in the presence of different sizes of gaze-contingent visible windows (25°, 20°, and 15° around fixation). Further, we tested whether performance in the visual search task was related to peripheral visual function. Participants performed a contrast discrimination task and two motion perception tasks (local and global motion perception). In these tasks, stimuli were presented at two different peripheral eccentricities (5° and 10°). Overall, older adults took longer than younger adults to report the presence of the target in the control full-view pop-out search task. Compared to younger participants, they also had a significantly smaller attentional field. In addition, irrespective of eccentricity, older adults had higher peripheral contrast discrimination thresholds and a higher threshold in global motion perception, but not local. We also found negative correlations between attentional field size and thresholds for contrast discrimination and for global motion perception for older adults. In conclusion, we observed reduced attentional fields in aging, which were associated with lowered contrast and lowered global motion perception. These results highlight the importance of spatial covert attention in peripheral visual function and support the notion of a decline in the functions of the dorsal visual network in aging.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lanfranchi2025,

title = {A compressed hierarchy for visual form processing in the tree shrew},

author = {Frank F. Lanfranchi and Joseph Wekselblatt and Daniel A. Wagenaar and Doris Y. Tsao},

doi = {10.1038/s41586-025-09441-w},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Nature},

volume = {646},

number = {8086},

pages = {872–882},

publisher = {Nature Research},

abstract = {Our knowledge of the brain processes that govern vision is largely derived from studying primates, whose hierarchically organized visual system1 inspired the architecture of deep neural networks2. This raises questions about the universality of such hierarchical structures. Here we examined the large-scale functional organization for vision in one of the closest living relatives to primates, the tree shrew. We performed Neuropixels recordings3,4 across many cortical and thalamic areas spanning the tree shrew ventral visual system while presenting a large battery of visual stimuli in awake tree shrews. We found that receptive field size, response latency and selectivity for naturalistic textures, compared with spectrally matched noise5, all increased moving anteriorly along the tree shrew visual pathway, consistent with a primate-like hierarchical organization6,7. However, tree shrew area V2 already harboured a high-level representation of complex objects. First, V2 encoded a complete representation of a high-level object space8. Second, V2 activity supported the most accurate object decoding and reconstruction among all tree shrew visual areas. In fact, object decoding accuracy from tree shrew V2 was comparable to that in macaque posterior IT and substantially higher than that in macaque V2. Finally, starting in V2, we found strongly face-selective cells resembling those reported in macaque inferotemporal cortex9. Overall, these findings show how core computational principles of visual form processing found in primates are conserved, yet hierarchically compressed, in a small but highly visual mammal.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Laamerad2025,

title = {Inactivation of primate cortex reveals inductive biases in visual learning},

author = {Pooya Laamerad and Matthew R. Krause and Daniel Guitton and Christopher C. Pack},

doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2025.08.027},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Current Biology},

volume = {35},

number = {19},

pages = {4699–4713},

publisher = {Cell Press},

abstract = {Humans and other primates are capable of learning to recognize new visual stimuli throughout their lifetimes. Most theoretical models assume that such learning occurs through the adjustment of the large number of synaptic weights connecting the visual cortex to downstream decision-making areas. While this approach to learning can optimize performance on behavioral tasks, it can also be costly in terms of time and energy. An alternative hypothesis is that the brain favors simpler learning rules that do not necessarily optimize the readout of information from visual cortical neurons. Here, we have examined these hypotheses by reversibly inactivating visual area V4 in non-human primates at different stages of training on form discrimination tasks. We find that V4 inactivation generally has a behavioral effect for only a subset of the stimuli that are encoded in the V4 population activity, specifically those that can be represented efficiently in the population firing rate. As a result, neural measures of discriminability do not necessarily predict the causal contribution of V4 neurons to task performance. This pattern of results can be explained by incorporating a strong inductive bias for simpler perceptual readouts into existing theoretical frameworks. Such a simplicity bias is suboptimal in the sense that it ignores information that could theoretically be extracted from the neural population, but it has the likely advantage of facilitating efficient learning on ecologically relevant timescales.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Koevoet2025a,

title = {Effort and salience jointly drive saccade selection},

author = {Damian Koevoet and Christoph Strauch and Marnix Naber and Stefan Van der Stigchel},

doi = {10.3758/s13423-025-02701-w},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Psychonomic Bulletin & Review},

volume = {32},

number = {5},

pages = {2363–2374},

publisher = {Springer},

abstract = {Choosing where to move the eyes ('saccade selection') is one of the most frequent human decisions and fundamentally shapes perception. Currently, saccade selection is thought to be predominantly driven by the observer's goals, selection history, and by the physical salience of stimuli. Recent work demonstrates that the inherent effort associated with planning and executing saccades ('saccade costs') also drives saccade selection: participants prefer making affordable over costly saccades. Do saccade costs still affect saccade selection when other factors such as salience attract gaze? Here, we addressed if, and how, saccade costs and salience together drive saccade selection by having participants freely choose between two potential saccade targets in different directions. Saccade targets either differed in salience or not, allowing us to disentangle the effects of saccade costs and salience. We observed that salience predicted saccade selection: participants chose salient over non-salient targets. Furthermore, saccade costs predicted saccade selection when equally salient targets were presented. When the possible targets differed in salience, the effect of saccade costs on saccade selection was reduced but not eliminated. Further analyses demonstrate that saccade costs and salience jointly drive saccade selection. Together, our results are in line with an accumulating body of work, and show that the role of effort in saccade selection is robust to salience. We conclude that effort must be considered a fundamental factor that drives where the eyes are moved.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Katanska2025,

title = {Eye tracking applications in colour vision assessment},

author = {A. Katanska and E. Krasta and A. Klavinska and S. Fomins and I. Ceple and R. Truksa},

doi = {10.2478/lpts-2025-0036},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences},

volume = {62},

number = {5},

pages = {46–57},

publisher = {Sciendo},

abstract = {Traditionally, colour vision assessment relies on the patient's subjective response. The current study introduces an objective approach using eye movement analysis to explore the perception of moving chromatic stimuli. Chromatic sensitivity was assessed using Dynamic-Static Colour Vision Test (DSCVT) stimuli. A total of 20 (15 female and 5 male) participants (aged 18–28 years, 21.7 ± 2.2) were recruited for the study. During stimulus presentation, participants were instructed to focus on the chromatic stimuli and provide a subjective response at the end of the demonstration. Simultaneously, eye gaze coordinates were recorded to assess chromatic sensitivity objectively. Sensory thresholds were determined using the method of constant stimuli, with detection probabilities computed through psychometric function fitting. Smooth pursuit eye movements were analysed using algorithms developed by Larsson et al. [1] and Nyström et al. [2], enabling the objective identification of the direction in which tracking distance was the longest. Higher chromatic saturation increased smooth pursuit detection; however, inconsistencies in individual performance prevented consistent modelling of the psychometric function due to response variability. In cases where stimulus intensity exceeded threshold levels, correct responses were often given without tracking the object, limiting smooth pursuit-based assessment. Smooth pursuit movements alone were insufficient for severity classification of colour vision deficiencies; further research is needed using additional eye movement metrics.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kanatschnig2025,

title = {Expertise-driven temporal gaze dynamics during anticipation in volleyball},

author = {Thomas Kanatschnig and Živa Korda and Norbert Schrapf and Lisa Leitner and Christoph Anzengruber and Otto Lappi and Christof Körner and Markus Tilp and Silvia Erika Kober},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0334702},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {PLoS One},

volume = {20},

number = {10},

pages = {1–17},

publisher = {Public Library of Science},

abstract = {Perceptual-cognitive comparisons of experts and novices have consistently shown that experts use specific visual strategies to process visual scenes in their domain of expertise, reflected in eye movement metrics such as fixation rates and durations. We present an investigation of the gaze behavior from professional volleyball players (experts; n=14) during a volleyball anticipation task and compare them to intermediate level volleyball players (amateurs; n=25) and individuals with only basic volleyball experience (novices; n=19). The task consisted of the observation of videos, which were recorded during official national level volleyball matches, each showing unique setting situations. Our results replicate previous findings showing lower fixation rates as well as longer fixation durations in relation to higher expertise. Yet, this trend was only present in the later phase of video observation, i.e., during the course of the rally. In the early phase, i.e., during players' preparation before the service, experts did not differ from amateurs on all fixation metrics, while novices performed comparatively higher rates of fixations. Our findings emphasize the importance of investigating temporal dynamics, as well as using a comprehensive operationalization of perceptual-cognitive processes related to expertise.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Jana2025,

title = {Energy constraints determine the selection of reaching movement trajectories in macaque monkeys},

author = {Shrabasti Jana and Lucio Condro and Frédéric V. Barthélemy and Junji Ito and Alexa Riehle and Sonja Grün and Thomas Brochier},

doi = {10.1523/ENEURO.0385-24.2025},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {eNeuro},

volume = {12},

number = {10},

pages = {1–16},

publisher = {Society for Neuroscience},

abstract = {Reaching movements, while seemingly simple, involve complex motor control mechanisms that select specific trajectories from infinite possibilities. Despite inherent variability in volitional movements, both humans and monkeys frequently exhibit stereotyped trajectories. The literature has offered numerous explanations for invariant trajectory shapes, including a common planning space in hand space or joint space, as well as factors like kinetic energy (KE) minimization and sensory feedback. However, since most studies have relied on single-session data, crucial insights into the motor principles guiding trajectory selection and their evolution through extended practice remain underexplored. This study fills this gap by investigating how specific trajectories are selected and evolve with practice across multiple sessions, using data from two rhesus monkeys (one male, one female) performing a reaching task in a biomechanically constrained 2D setup. Our behavioral study challenges the idea of a common planning space, revealing instead a significant influence of KE on trajectory shapes. Through a novel biomechanical modeling, we quantified KE for a wide range of trajectory shapes. We discovered that trajectory selection and evolution are not simply about minimizing KE or achieving straight paths. Instead, the monkeys' motor systems appear to prioritize maintaining a “safe KE range,” where slight changes in trajectory shapes have minimal impact on energy expenditure. These findings provide new insights into the adaptive motor control strategies, suggesting that trajectory selection involves balancing energy efficiency and flexibility. Our study enhances the understanding of trajectory selection principles, with implications for rehabilitation strategies, robotics, and broader study of motor control mechanisms.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Horstmann2025,

title = {Eye movements during gaze perception},

author = {Gernot Horstmann},

doi = {10.1167/jov.25.12.3},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Journal of vision},

volume = {25},

number = {12},

pages = {1–17},

abstract = {The gaze of other people is of interest to human observers, particularly in cases of direct gaze, that is, when it targets the observer. Gaze direction research has successfully clarified some of the mechanisms underlying gaze perception, but little is known about the active perception of direct gaze. Three eye-tracking experiments were conducted in which fixations and scan paths were recorded during the task to judge direct gaze. Somewhat surprisingly, judgments were issued after a single eye fixation only in a minority of trials. In most cases, observers fixated both eyes of a looker model, sometimes even scanning them repeatedly. Fixation duration showed a consistent pattern, where first fixations were longer when the task response followed immediately, and second fixations were shorter just before the response. A direct-gaze bias was tested but was not found: visiting the second eye was even more likely when the first fixation was on a straight-gazing rather than an averted eye. There was no systematic pattern in the final fixation, contradicting the expectation that it would fall on the abducting (leading) eye. It is argued that overt looking behavior during direct gaze judgments reflects a cumulative decision process that spans over consecutive fixations. Several factors may contribute to the high incidence of multiple-eye scans, including vergence and angle kappa. Vergence, in particular, is considered an important candidate, because the depth of fixation is ambiguous when only one eye is visible, but can be limited by probing the gaze direction of both eyes.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Himmelberg2025,

title = {Unpacking the V1 map: Differential covariation of preferred spatial frequency and cortical magnification across spatial dimensions},

author = {Marc M. Himmelberg and Yuna Kwak and Marisa Carrasco and Jonathan Winawer},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013599},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {PLoS Computational Biology},

volume = {21},

number = {10},

pages = {1–27},

abstract = {Primary visual cortex (V1) has long served as a model system for understanding cortical organization. Although its structural and functional properties vary markedly across its surface, patterns of covariation suggest possible underlying constancies. Such constancies would imply that V1 is composed of multiple identical units whose visual properties differ only due to differences in their inputs. To test this, we used fMRI to investigate how V1 cortical magnification and preferred spatial frequency covary with eccentricity and polar angle, measured in 40 observers. V1 cortical magnification and preferred spatial frequency were strongly correlated across eccentricity and around polar angle, however their relation differed between these dimensions: they were proportional across eccentricity but not polar angle. The constant ratio of cortical magnification to preferred spatial frequency when measured as a function of eccentricity suggests a shared underlying cause of variation in the two properties, e.g., the gradient of retinal ganglion cell density across eccentricity. In contrast, the deviation from proportionality around polar angle implies that cortical variation differs from that in retina along this dimension. Thus, a constancy hypothesis is supported for one of the two spatial dimensions of V1, highlighting the importance of examining the full 2D-map to understand how V1 is organized.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Haile2025,

title = {A single bout of intermittent hypoxia increases cerebral blood flow and supports an executive function benefit},

author = {Denait Haile and Nasimi A. Guluzade and Antonio Mendes and Daniel A. Keir and Matthew Heath},

doi = {10.1111/psyp.70161},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Psychophysiology},

volume = {62},

number = {10},

pages = {1–15},

publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Inc},

abstract = {Alternating between brief normoxic and hypoxic intervals (i.e., intermittent hypoxia: IH) increases cerebrovascular dilation, cerebral blood flow (CBF), and O2 extraction. Some work has shown that the physiological adaptations arising from multiple IH sessions improve brain health and executive function (EF)—a finding linked to a post-intervention improvement in cortical hemodynamics. Here, we provide a first demonstration of whether the physiological changes associated with a single IH session provide a transient post-intervention EF benefit. Healthy young adults (N = 24) completed an IH protocol entailing 12 alternating 5-min normoxic (PETO2 = 100 mmHg) and hypoxic (PETO2 = 50 mmHg) intervals that were normocapnic and isocapnic, and on a separate day completed a time-matched normoxic control protocol. Prior to (T0), and immediately (T1) and 30 min (T2) following each protocol, EF was assessed via the antisaccade task. Antisaccades require a goal-directed eye movement (i.e., saccade) mirror-symmetrical to a target and provide the resolution to detect subtle EF changes. As expected, hypoxic intervals decreased arterial and cerebral tissue O2 saturation and increased CBF as estimated via near-infrared spectroscopy and transcranial Doppler ultrasound (ps < 0.001). In turn, antisaccade reaction times (RT) did not differ between T0 and T1 (p = 0.29); however, at T2 a reliable RT reduction was observed (p = 0.004). Notably, cortical hemodynamic changes during the hypoxic intervals did not correlate with the antisaccade RT benefit observed at T2 (ps > 0.17). Thus, a single bout of IH provided a transient post-intervention EF “boost” that was not linked to a unitary physiological adaptation to a reduced O2 environment.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Guan2025,

title = {Investigating multiple-text reading process under high and low topic familiarity using eye-tracking technology: Which task instruction is more effective?},

author = {Zheng Hong Guan and Sunny S. J. Lin and Ying Chih Chen},

doi = {10.30191/ETS.202510_28(4).RP11},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Educational Technology and Society},

volume = {28},

number = {4},

pages = {183–204},

publisher = {International Forum of Educational Technology and Society,National Taiwan Normal University},

abstract = {Information literacy is crucial in learning from multiple digital texts. Understanding when and how cognitive processes are taxed in developing information literacy is urgent. Previous research mainly used log data, think-aloud protocols, or note-taking to explore digital reading processes, but fine-grained cognitive processes need further investigation. This study combines eye-tracking technology, click times, and essay writing to examine in-depth multiple-text reading. Forty post-secondary novices read multiple history texts and wrote essays expressing their opinions. They read two topics—one familiar and one unfamiliar—and were instructed to write either an argument or a summary. Each topic had four texts connected through hyperlinks, including three paragraphs: background, source, and content. Eye-movement data revealed that during early reading, novices allocated attention to different paragraphs depending on the task instruction. For the familiar topic, the argument group selectively reread content paragraphs longer for integration, while the summary group evenly distributed rereading time across paragraphs. Both groups had more source-content back-and-forth saccade counts. The argument group had more click times for hyperlink selection than the summary group. In their essays, the argument group produced more text-based inferences and higher-quality writing for both topics. Conversely, the summary group demonstrated the poorest comprehension quality for the familiar topic. This study provides educators with guidance on selecting appropriate reading materials for diverse students. Educators may assign argumentative tasks for familiar topics to deepen comprehension, and summary tasks for unfamiliar topics to reduce cognitive load and support learning. These insights contribute to cultivating information literacy through multiple-text reading.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Gu2025a,

title = {Attractor dynamics of working memory explain a concurrent evolution of stimulus-specific and decision-consistent biases in visual estimation},

author = {Hyunwoo Gu and Joonwon Lee and Sungje Kim and Jaeseob Lim and Hyang Jung Lee and Heeseung Lee and Min Jin Choe and Dong Yoo and Jun Hwan (Joshua) Ryu and Sukbin Lim and Sang Hun Lee},

doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2025.07.003},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Neuron},

volume = {113},

number = {20},

pages = {3476–3490},

publisher = {Cell Press},

abstract = {Sensory evidence tends to be fleeting, often unavailable when we categorize or estimate world features. To overcome this, our brains sustain sensory information in working memory (WM). Although keeping that information accurate while acting on it is vital, humans display two canonical biases: estimates are biased toward a few stimuli (“stimulus-specific bias”) and prior decisions (“decision-consistent bias”). Integrative—especially neural mechanistic—accounts of these biases remain scarce. Here, we identify drift dynamics toward discrete attractors as a common source of both biases in orientation estimation, with decisions further steering memory states. Behavior and neuroimaging data reveal how these biases co-evolve through the decision-steered attractor dynamics. Task-optimized recurrent neural networks suggest neural mechanisms that enable categorical decisions to emerge from WM for continuous stimuli while updating their trajectory, warping decision-consistent biases under stimulus-specific drift.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ganea2025,

title = {Covert attention modulates the SSVEP in a paradigm suitable for infants and young children},

author = {Natasa Ganea and Richard N. Aslin and David J. Lewkowicz},

doi = {10.3758/s13414-025-03097-4},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics},

volume = {87},

number = {7},

pages = {2085–2104},

publisher = {Springer},

abstract = {Attention and visual gaze are usually tightly linked. Sometimes, however, we attend covertly to peripheral events without redirecting our gaze from the event that first attracted our overt attention. Despite evidence in adults that the steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) varies with modulation of covert attention, paradigms used with adults are not suitable for use with infants and young children who cannot be instructed to perform tasks that dissociate overt from covert attention. Here, we provide evidence from a paradigm suitable for infants and young children that when gaze remains fixed on a central flickering visual stimulus while covert attention is directed briefly to the peripheral visual field, the SSVEP response undergoes significant attenuation. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and intertrial coherence (ITC) measures of the SSVEP response to the central stimulus were lower when participants covertly deployed their attention to the peripheral stimulus than when central gaze and attention were aligned. Crucially, SNR was a more robust measure of attentional modulation than ITC, even though both measures were significantly correlated. Moreover, a 6 Hz flicker of the central stimulus resulted in a more reliable measure of attentional modulation than 12 Hz, and the inclusion of higher harmonics did not improve the reliability of either the SNR or the ITC measures. Our paradigm is unique in that it relies on short (2 s) response epochs, validates eye position during rapid shifts of covert attention, and makes it possible to obtain SSVEP measures of covert attention from infants, young children, and special populations.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{FrancisPester2025,

title = {Age-related vulnerability to sleep deprivation is task dependent and influenced by large inter-individual differences in younger adults},

author = {Elly Francis-Pester and Jessica E. Manousakis and Anna W. T. Cai and Jinny Collet and Clare Anderson},

doi = {10.1093/sleep/zsaf144},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Sleep},

volume = {48},

number = {10},

pages = {1–13},

publisher = {Oxford University Press},

abstract = {Study Objectives: Healthy older adults appear more resilient to sleep loss relative to younger adults, particularly with respect to the likelihood of falling asleep. We examined task-dependent differences in age-related vulnerability to sleep deprivation focusing on outcomes reflecting sleep-initiation (microsleep, slow eye movements [SEMs], electroencephalography [EEG] delta power, and long lapses > 3 s) versus other non-sleep-initiation aspects of impairment (adjusted mean RT/lapses, reflexive attention, and inhibitory control). Methods: Seventeen younger (M = 24.5 ± 3.2 years [range 21–33 years], 10 males) and 17 older (M = 57.3 ± 5.2 years [range 50–65 years], 9 males) healthy adults underwent 26 h of sleep deprivation. Test batteries (psychomotor vigilance test [PVT], Karolinska drowsiness test, and ocular motor paradigms) with simultaneous EEG were administered at regular intervals throughout. Results: During sleep deprivation, younger adults had significantly more sleep-initiation events relative to older adults (p < .031) including EEG microsleep (average 4.4 vs. 1.1), SEMs (10.7 vs. 4.9), and relative delta power (38.1 vs. 24.2%). For non-sleep-initiation outcomes, interaction effects were not observed. Both younger and older groups had slower reflexive attention (4.2 and 3.1 ms, respectively) and poorer inhibitory control (8.6% and 9% more errors) during sleep deprivation relative to when well-rested (p < .001), with older adults being more impaired than younger adults overall (p < .001). Large inter-individual differences in sleep-initiation events were observed for younger adults. Preliminary results suggest women exhibited age-related differences in all sleep-initiation events (Hedges' g = 0.73 to 1.64), while men did not (g = 0.12 to 0.34). Conclusions: Younger adults are more likely to fall asleep during sleep deprivation, particularly women, while older adults may be more likely to exhibit attentional control difficulties.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Distefano2025,

title = {Gaze-guided contrastive unsupervised representations learning},

author = {Joseph P. Distefano and Hemanth Manjunatha and Chaithanya Thammineni and Kristian Dalland and Ehsan T. Esfahani},

doi = {10.1007/s00521-025-11526-6},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Neural Computing and Applications},

volume = {37},

number = {28},

pages = {23381–23393},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH},

abstract = {This study explores the integration of information-rich prior knowledge, specifically human gaze data, to enhance representation learning through contrastive methods. We propose gaze-guided contrastive unsupervised representation learning, a novel framework harnessing human gaze data to guide the selection of positive and negative samples for contrastive learning. By leveraging human gaze information, we capture meaningful patterns in visual task dynamics, enabling the agent to acquire effective strategies from demonstrations and achieve superior performance. Our findings demonstrate significant improvements over baseline algorithms, highlighting the value of gaze-guided representation learning in reducing data requirements and accelerating learning. This approach offers broad applicability to vision-based tasks, emphasizing the critical role of human gaze in improving task efficiency and generalization.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ding2025b,

title = {Sleep-related disruptions potentially synergistically exacerbate attentional impairments in temporal lobe epilepsy, especially the alerting network},

author = {Yiting Ding and Weiting Tang and Zengzhen Yin and Zhongling Wu and Haojun Yang},

doi = {10.1016/j.sleep.2025.106731},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Sleep Medicine},

volume = {134},

pages = {1–8},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Aim: To explore the potential synergistic effect of sleep-related disruptions (SRD) on attention dysfunction in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), focusing on how SRD impacts specific attention networks, including alertness, orientation, and executive control. Methods: Ninety-three patients with TLE and matched healthy controls participated. Attention was assessed using the Attention Network Test (ANT) and eye-tracking data, while SRD severity was determined via the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Participants were categorized based on SRD severity, and attention performance across the three networks was evaluated. Results: Patients with TLE demonstrated significant attention impairments, predominantly affecting the alertness and executive control networks. SRD aggravated these deficits, particularly in the alertness network, with more severe SRD correlating with greater dysfunction. Moderate to severe SRD led to significant declines in alertness, while minimal SRD showed no substantial impact on attention performance. Conclusion: SRD exacerbates attention dysfunction in patients with TLE, particularly within the alertness network. These findings highlight the critical role of sleep quality in managing cognitive function in TLE and suggest early intervention for patients with significant SRD to improve outcomes.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Dsouza2025,

title = {Topographic organization of saccade-related response field properties in the marmoset posterior parietal cortex},

author = {Joanita F. D'souza and Jessima M. Rich and Shaun L. Cloherty and Nicholas S. C. Price and Maureen A. Hagan},

doi = {10.1523/ENEURO.0287-25.2025},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {eNeuro},

volume = {12},

number = {10},

pages = {1–12},

publisher = {Society for Neuroscience},

abstract = {Despite various histological, electrophysiological, and imaging studies, the topographic organization of saccade-related activity in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) has been notoriously difficult to characterize. In part, this is because areas of interest in PPC are often embedded deep in sulci in macaques and humans. Understanding the extent of topographic organization in PPC can provide insights into the computation contributions of PPC. The lissencephalic cortex of the common marmoset offers a unique opportunity to investigate fine-scale topographic organization in PPC. Recordings were obtained from the PPC of two male marmosets performing a visually guided center-out saccade task with 8 or 36 peripheral targets using multichannel electrode arrays with 100 μm spacing. By plotting the pattern of saccade direction tuning preferences across all penetrations and cortical depths, we uncovered topographic organizational features within the PPC. Like other primates, multiunits in marmoset PPC tend to prefer saccade targets in the contralateral visual field. The results detail how preference for saccadic direction changes in a systematic manner across cortical distance, such that response units closer in proximity tend to show systematic changes in their tuning preferences. Across cortical distance, the visual field was also systematically encoded but reversals in direction varied across penetrations. The analysis highlights the likelihood of multiple representations of the visual field for saccade direction preference across PPC. These novel findings suggest a possible functional organization of saccade-related activity in marmoset PPC, giving insights into the computational capacity of the PPC.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Cui2025c,

title = {The effect of emotional congruency on multimedia learning: An eye movement study},

author = {Lei Cui and Yuwei Zheng and Xiaoyu Song and Junfei Wang and Chengwei Liu and Ziyi Wang and Xiaofeng Zhang and Tingzhen Wang},

doi = {10.3390/bs15101330},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Behavioral Sciences},

volume = {15},

number = {10},

pages = {1–22},

publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)},

abstract = {This study employed eye-tracking technology to examine the emotional congruency effect of multimedia learning. The emotional congruency refers to the congruency of emotional valence between learning material and the emotional design in multimedia learning. With the internal emotional design, conducted positive and negative emotional designs for both positive and negative learning materials, thereby manipulating the emotional congruency between the emotional valence of learning material and the emotional design. Experiment 1 adopted positive learning materials and Experiment 2 adopted negative learning materials. The results showed that the congruent condition exhibited superior learning outcomes and eye-tracking performance compared to the incongruent condition, no matter whether the learning materials were emotionally positive or negative, and provided empirical evidence for the Cognitive-Affective Theory of Multimedia Learning and the emotional congruency effect. However, this results pattern did not appear regarding subjective perception. The emotional congruency effect and its implications to educational practice were discussed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Chen2025n,

title = {Dual-format attentional template during preparation in human visual cortex},

author = {Yilin Chen and Taosheng Liu and Ke Jia and Jan Theeuwes and Mengyuan Gong},

doi = {10.7554/elife.103425},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {eLife},

volume = {13},

pages = {1–25},

publisher = {eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd},

abstract = {Goal-directed attention relies on forming internal templates of key information relevant for guiding behavior, particularly when preparing for upcoming sensory inputs. However, evidence on how these attentional templates are represented during preparation remains controversial. Here, we combine functional magnetic resonance imaging with an orientation cueing task to isolate preparatory activity from stimulus-evoked responses. Using multivariate pattern analysis, we found decodable information about the to-be-attended orientation during preparation; yet preparatory activity patterns were different from those evoked when actual orientations were perceived. When perturbing the neural activity by means of a visual impulse (‘pinging' technique), the preparatory activity patterns in visual cortex resembled those associated with perceiving these orientations. The observed differential patterns with and without the impulse perturbation suggest a predominantly non-sensory format and a latent, sensory-like format of representation during preparation. Furthermore, the emergence of the sensory-like template coincided with enhanced information connectivity between V1 and frontoparietal areas and was associated with improved behavioral performance. By engaging this dual-format mechanism during preparation, the brain is able to encode both abstract, non-sensory information and more detailed, sensory information, potentially providing advantages for adaptive attentional control. For example, consistent with recent theories of visual search, a predominantly non-sensory template can support the initial guidance and a latent sensory-like format can support prospective stimulus processing.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Chen2025m,

title = {The role of working memory in structural priming during language comprehension: Evidence from a visual-world paradigm},

author = {Xuemei Chen and Xiaoyang Qiu and Suiping Wang},

doi = {10.3758/s13423-025-02711-8},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Psychonomic Bulletin & Review},

volume = {32},

number = {5},

pages = {2375–2388},

publisher = {Springer},

abstract = {Many studies found that structural priming in production relied on cognitive resources (e.g., working memory), suggesting a resource-constrained mechanism of syntactic processing. To investigate the mechanism of structural priming in comprehension (automatic vs. resource-constrained), we constructed two eye-tracking experiments to test the role of working memory (i.e., a number series recall task between prime and target exerting high or low working memory load) in structural priming during visual-world comprehension. The priming effect is evaluated by the proportion of looks to predicted referents for two critical time windows in target sentence processing: the target verb and the first syllable of the first postverbal noun. When prime and target involved different verbs (Experiment 1), structural priming in both time windows was similar between the high- and low-load conditions. When prime and target involved same verbs (Experiment 2), structural priming in the time window of the first syllable of the first noun phrase was weaker in the high-load than in the low-load condition. Within the time window of the first syllable of the first noun phrase, a lexical boost effect occurred in the low-load condition but not in the high-low condition. Overall, structural priming in comprehension is partially automatic, while lexically mediated structural priming is modulated by working memory, supporting the implicit learning theory.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Chen2025l,

title = {Information search patterns in intertemporal choice do not always reflect decision strategies: An eye-tracking study},

author = {Weina Chen and Junyi Dai},

doi = {10.1002/bdm.70045},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Journal of Behavioral Decision Making},

volume = {38},

number = {4},

pages = {1–15},

publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Ltd},

abstract = {People usually use either alternative-based or attribute-based decision strategies to make intertemporal choices. While it is appealing to infer such decision strategies from information search patterns, whether the latter can always reflect the former remains unclear. This research examined the potential correspondence between information search patterns and decision strategies in intertemporal choices under three decision conditions. Two of the conditions involved explicit instructions on whether an alternative-based or an attribute-based strategy should be implemented, whereas under the third, free condition, participants were asked to choose solely according to their true preferences. For each condition, alternative- and attribute-based information search patterns were identified based on the numbers of alternative-based and attribute-based transitions in eye movements. For the free condition, decision strategies were inferred by comparing the fitting performance of relevant dynamic models. A clear correspondence was found between information search patterns and decision strategies under the instructed conditions, but this correspondence was apparently lacking in the free condition. These results call into question the general practice of inferring decision strategies from process tracing data. Potential reasons for the revealed dissociation and further research to improve understanding of the correspondence between information search patterns and decision strategies are discussed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Chan2025a,

title = {Eye on ambiguity: Effects of valence and valence ambiguity on silent word reading and surprise memory recall using pupillometry},

author = {Yuen Lai Chan and Xi Cheng and Chi Shing Tse},

doi = {10.3758/s13423-025-02685-7},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Psychonomic Bulletin & Review},

volume = {32},

number = {5},

pages = {2158–2166},

publisher = {Springer},

abstract = {This study investigates the impact of valence and valence ambiguity on silent word reading and memory recall using pupillometry. While emotional stimuli are found to influence pupil dilation, there have been mixed findings for the effects of valence in the literature. This study aimed to examine this effect by controlling for extraneous lexical variables (e.g., word and character frequency) and considering valence ambiguity as a distinct factor in linear mixed effects modelling analyses. Native Cantonese-speaking university students (N = 94) engaged in a silent reading task of 90 two-character Chinese words, with their pupillary responses being recorded, followed by a surprise memory recall test. The words varied in valence (negative, neutral, positive) and valence ambiguity (high, low). Analyses revealed that valence ambiguity increased pupil dilation, providing support for the deeper and more elaborated processing associated with words with higher valence ambiguity. While there was no significant effect of valence on pupil dilation, the valence × valence ambiguity interaction showed that negative words with higher ambiguity elicited greater pupil dilation than those with lower ambiguity. Memory recall performance was enhanced by valence ambiguity, independent of word valence, indicating that words with higher valence ambiguity foster more elaborated memory encoding even when it is incidental. These findings further our understanding of pupil dilation in emotional processing during silent word reading and the role of valence ambiguity during memory encoding.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Broschard2025,

title = {Evidence for an active handoff between hemispheres during target tracking},

author = {Matthew B. Broschard and Jefferson E. Roy and Scott L. Brincat and Meredith K. Mahnke and Earl K. Miller},

doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0841-25.2025},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},

volume = {45},

number = {44},

pages = {1–11},

abstract = {The brain has somewhat separate cognitive resources for the left and right sides of our visual field. Despite this lateralization, we have a smooth and unified perception of our environment. This raises the question of how the cerebral hemispheres are coordinated to transfer information between them. We recorded neural activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex, bilaterally, as two male nonhuman primates covertly tracked a target that moved from one visual hemifield (i.e., from one hemisphere) to the other. Beta (15-30 Hz) power, gamma (30-80 Hz) power, and spiking information reflected sensory processing of the target. In contrast, alpha (10-15 Hz) power, theta (4-10 Hz) power, and spiking information seemed to reflect an active handoff of attention as target information was transferred between hemispheres. Specifically, alpha power and spiking information ramped up in anticipation of the hemifield cross. Theta power peaked after the cross, signaling its completion. Our results support an active handoff of information between hemispheres. This "handshaking" operation may be critical for minimizing information loss, much like how mobile towers handshake when transferring calls between them.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Brascamp2025,

title = {Fixational saccade inhibition and pupil dilation during self-paced limb movement preparation},

author = {Jan W. Brascamp and Bobicheng Zhang and Vasili Marshev},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0335504},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {PLoS One},

volume = {20},

pages = {1–17},

publisher = {Public Library of Science},

abstract = {Fixational saccades are modulated in anticipation of several kinds of stimuli and motor actions, suggesting that they can form an overt marker of preparatory state. However, no existing work has studied fixational saccades ahead of spontaneous limb movements in the absence of sensory stimuli, in order to isolate motor preparation from other anticipatory processes (e.g., those related to stimulus processing). Here we examined fixational saccades while participants made self-paced hand and foot movements. We observed that fixational saccade rate steadily dropped prior to either kind of motor action, and recovered immediately after. To examine the relation between this fixational saccade rate signal and other known signals that precede volitional action, we analyzed how this signal related to anticipatory pupil size changes in the same dataset. Replicating previous work, we found steady pupil dilation ahead of limb movements, followed by rapid re-constriction. The amplitude of this pupil signal covaried across individual limb movements with that of the fixational saccade rate signal. The pupil modulations, moreover, followed too shortly after the accompanying fixational saccade rate modulations to be caused by saccade-induced changes in visual input. Together, these observations suggest a joint neural factor influencing both fixational saccade rate and pupil size ahead of limb movements. We discuss possible interpretations of our findings, both specific ones that center on processes of motor planning or temporal expectation, and more general ones that are in terms effort.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{BenBaruch2025,

title = {Look fear in the eyes: The influence of emotion regulation on spider size estimation—a pupillometry study},

author = {Yahel Dror Ben-Baruch and Noga Cohen},

doi = {10.1111/psyp.70165},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Psychophysiology},

volume = {62},

number = {10},

pages = {1–16},

publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Inc},

abstract = {The link between perceptual biases and fear has been extensively documented in recent years. For example, the size of spiders is overestimated among people with a high fear of them. While emotion regulation processes are known to reduce fear, it is yet unknown whether emotion regulation can also reduce fear-related perceptual biases. This study examined the behavioral and physiological influence of cognitive reappraisal, an adaptive emotion regulation strategy, on spider size estimation among women with a high fear of spiders. Forty women with a high fear of spiders completed a trial-by-trial task with three conditions: (1) reappraising a negative image (reappraise-negative), (2) passively viewing a negative image (watch-negative), and (3) passively viewing a neutral image (watch-neutral). Following each condition, participants estimated the size of either a spider or a butterfly depicted in a picture. Pupil size was tracked to assess arousal and regulation-related processes. Results showed that reappraisal was associated with greater pupil dilation, reflecting heightened cognitive effort. Following reappraisal, participants reported the animals as smaller. Pupil size during the reappraisal assignment did not mediate the effect of condition on size ratings, suggesting that cognitive effort during the regulation did not predict the perceptual bias. Together, the findings suggest that instructed reappraisal can reduce perceptual biases associated with fearful stimuli, and that pupil dilation can serve as a physiological marker of emotion regulation. We discuss the implications of the findings for the understanding of the links between emotion regulation and perceptual biases.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Bachtoula2025,

title = {Multiple mechanisms of response suppression to self-induced sensation during pursuit eye movements},

author = {Omar Bachtoula and Mel Ellul Miraval and Ignacio Serrano-Pedraza and David Souto},

doi = {10.1098/rsos.250967},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Royal Society Open Science},

volume = {12},

number = {10},

pages = {1–14},

publisher = {Royal Society Publishing},

abstract = {Eye movements generate a perceptual challenge, that of distinguishing self-induced sensations from movement in the world. We ask about the mechanisms involved in suppressing eye movements towards self-induced sensation, ensuring visual stability. When tracking with the eyes an object moving against a textured background, the background retinal image moves in the opposite direction to the smooth pursuit eye movement. Optokinetic responses, such as optokinetic nystagmus or ocular tracking to this reafferent signal, must be suppressed to sustain the pursuit of the object of interest. We varied the contrast of a brief background motion signal to tell apart two plausible accounts of the suppression of optokinesis during pursuit; a visuomotor gain modulation account, which predicts that ocular tracking of background motion is suppressed in the same proportion irrespective of contrast, and a sensory attenuation account, which predicts that larger contrasts are needed to elicit the same response. Unexpectedly, neither account fit ocular tracking in the reafferent signal direction. The combination of contrast-dependent gating, with maximal suppression observed with higher contrasts, and either contrast gain or visuomotor gain modulation, provides a good fit for most observers' data. Contrast-dependent gating promotes visuomotor stability in response to most salient signals, as a likely adaptation to the statistics of the environment.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Antipov2025,

title = {Dynamics of oculomotor patterns during prolonged visual processing},

author = {Vladimir Antipov},

doi = {10.1140/epjs/s11734-025-01590-3},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {European Physical Journal: Special Topics},

volume = {234},

number = {15},

pages = {4357–4364},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH},

abstract = {This study examines the dynamics of behavioral and physiological responses during prolonged engagement with an ambiguous visual stimulus. Over the course of the experiment, which involved the presentation of the Necker cube, participants demonstrated a reduction in error rate and reaction time, indicating a learning effect despite increasing fatigue levels, as revealed by subjective assessments. Analysis of eye-tracking data showed that fixation duration significantly correlated with error rate, suggesting shifts in cognitive processing strategies throughout the experiment. Additionally, pupil size was found to be larger during incorrect interpretations, which may indicate the predominance of an insight-based strategy in error-prone trials. These findings provide further insight into the adaptive mechanisms of perceptual decision-making under conditions of ambiguity.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Agrawal2025a,

title = {Eyes wide open: Object-scene congruency and the pupillary response},

author = {Annika Agrawal and Antje Nuthmann},

doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2025.109203},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Neuropsychologia},

volume = {217},

pages = {1–11},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {The pupil response has long been considered a robust marker of cognitive load. In the context of semantic processing, research has demonstrated that the pupil dilates in response to stimuli which violate contextual expectations (e.g. events presented out of chronological order). However, the scope of this relationship has yet to be fully elucidated. For example, incongruent object-scene relationships, while comprehensively explored by eye-tracking and electrophysiology research, have yet to be investigated via pupillometry. In this study, we measured pupil size in response to an object-scene congruency task. Participants were presented with a photorealistic background scene and instructed to fixate their gaze on a cued point within the scene. Upon recovery of pupil size to baseline, a congruent object (i.e. an object which fit into the overall meaning of the scene) or an incongruent object appeared at the cued fixation point for the remainder of each trial. We hypothesized that incongruent objects would result in greater mean pupil dilation from baseline than congruent objects, due to the increase in cognitive effort required for semantic processing of incongruent objects within a scene. Yet, in opposition to our hypothesis, the results of a time-course analysis revealed that pupil size was significantly greater for the congruent condition than the incongruent condition. The resulting implications for understanding pupil dilation as a physiological marker, both independently and in comparison to other markers, for high-level cognitive processes such as semantic integration are discussed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Zhou2025,

title = {Attentional disengagement differences in young children with autism: A comparative eye-movement study using static and dynamic stimuli},

author = {Li Zhou and Valerie Benson},

doi = {10.1016/j.reia.2025.202686},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-09-01},

journal = {Research in Autism},

volume = {127},

pages = {1–13},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Weak attentional disengagement represents a crucial concern in children with Autism Spectrum Condition (ASC). Failure to disengage from attended stimuli has obvious consequences for the development of everyday communication skills, and in the real world, stimuli are often dynamic as well as static. In this study, we recorded eye movements and investigated attentional disengagement in young Chinese children with and without ASC for static and dynamic stimuli. Our approach employed the gap-overlap paradigm (GOP) with stimuli consisting of static (Experiment 1: 44 ASC, 47 typically developing (TD)) or dynamic (Experiment 2: 26 ASC, 26 TD) geometric figures. Basic oculomotor function was intact in both groups. No significant group differences were observed for reflexive saccades and attentional orienting between ASC and TD children using the classic GOP. However, young children with ASC consistently exhibited prolonged voluntary disengagement (longer saccade latencies) in a modified-overlap task across both stimulus types. Furthermore, ASC children demonstrated more delayed disengagement when presented with dynamic foveal stimuli consisting of repetitive motion compared to random motion, and this effect was absent in TD children. These findings reflect how attentional biases to both static and repetitive dynamic stimuli impact upon visual disengagement, and hence have the potential to influence future development of social cognition in individuals with ASC.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Yamamoto2025,

title = {Emergence of human-like attention and distinct head clusters in self-supervised vision transformers: A comparative eye-tracking study},

author = {Takuto Yamamoto and Hirosato Akahoshi and Shigeru Kitazawa},

doi = {10.1016/j.neunet.2025.107595},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-09-01},

journal = {Neural Networks},

volume = {189},

pages = {1–13},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Visual attention models aim to predict human gaze behavior, yet traditional saliency models and deep gaze prediction networks face limitations. Saliency models rely on handcrafted low-level visual features, often failing to capture human gaze dynamics, while deep learning-based gaze prediction models lack biological plausibility. Vision Transformers (ViTs), which use self-attention mechanisms, offer an alternative, but when trained with conventional supervised learning, their attention patterns tend to be dispersed and unfocused. This study demonstrates that ViTs trained with self-supervised DINO (self-Distillation with NO labels) develop structured attention that closely aligns with human gaze behavior when viewing videos. Our analysis reveals that self-attention heads in later layers of DINO-trained ViTs autonomously differentiate into three distinct clusters: (1) G1 heads (20%), which focus on key points within figures (e.g., the eyes of the main character) and resemble human gaze; (2) G2 heads (60%), which distribute attention over entire figures with sharp contours (e.g., the bodies of all characters); and (3) G3 heads (20%), which primarily attend to the background. These findings provide insights into how human overt attention and figure-ground segregation emerge in visual perception. Our work suggests that self-supervised learning enables ViTs to develop attention mechanisms that are more aligned with biological vision than traditional supervised training.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wu2025a,

title = {Nonlinear feedback modulation contributes to the optimization of flexible decision-making},

author = {Xuanyu Wu and Yang Zhou},

doi = {10.7554/elife.96402},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-09-01},

journal = {eLife},

volume = {13},

pages = {1–25},

publisher = {eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd},

abstract = {Neural activity in the primate brain correlates with both sensory evaluation and action selection aspects of decision-making. However, the intricate interaction between these distinct neural processes and their impact on decision behaviors remains unexplored. Here, we examined the interplay of these decision processes in posterior parietal cortex (PPC) when monkeys performed a flexible decision task. We found that the PPC activity related to monkeys' abstract decisions about visual stimuli was nonlinearly modulated by monkeys' following saccade choices directed outside each neuron's response field. Recurrent neural network modeling indicated that the feedback connections, matching the learned stimuli-response associations during the task, might mediate such feedback modulation. Further analysis on network dynamics revealed that selectivity-specific feedback connectivity intensified the attractor basins of population activity underlying saccade choices, thereby increasing the reliability of flexible decisions. These results highlight an iterative computation between different decision processes, mediated primarily by precise feedback connectivity, contributing to the optimization of flexible decision-making.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wang2025p,

title = {Enhancing vocabulary acquisition through multimodal annotation: An eye-tracking study with chinese learners' dictionaries},

author = {Yiying Wang and Guiping Xu},

doi = {10.1093/ijl/ecaf014},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-09-01},

journal = {International Journal of Lexicography},

volume = {38},

number = {3},

pages = {199–218},

publisher = {Oxford University Press},

abstract = {This research investigates how multimodal annotation in Chinese learners' dictionaries affects vocabulary learning for intermediate-level Chinese L2 learners. Using eye-tracking technology, 40 participants were exposed to 18 new words presented in three annotation formats: text-only, text+picture, and text+picture+audio, while their eye movements were recorded to assess engagement with each modality. Immediate and delayed posttests showed that vocabulary acquisition was significantly improved in the text+picture and text+picture+audio conditions compared to text-only. Eye-tracking data revealed that multimodal annotation reduced both dwell time and fixation count, indicating a more efficient and cohesive learning process. While audio did not notably boost learning results beyond text and pictures, it did offer additional support in specific scenarios. This study underscores the role of annotation modalities in Chinese vocabulary learning, emphasizing the benefits of multimodal tools in facilitating language acquisition.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wang2025h,

title = {Aesthetic comparison between Chinese landscape painting and figure epainting: An exploration based on information acquisition},

author = {Ping Wang and Tinghu Kang},

doi = {10.1093/llc/fqaf051},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-09-01},

journal = {Digital Scholarship in the Humanities},

volume = {40},

number = {3},

pages = {969–985},

publisher = {Oxford University Press},

abstract = {Chinese painting is renowned for its unique artistic expression, and includes distinct types such as landscape painting and figure painting, each with a unique compositional style. Landscape painting emphasizes natural scenery, while figure painting centers on human characters. While both genres reflect profound cultural values, their aesthetic experiences may differ due to differences in information processing. This study investigates how processing fluency influences aesthetic experiences for the Chinese painting using eye-movement experiments. In Experiment 1, compared with figure painting, landscape painting lacks clear focal stimuli, and more attention resources need to be dispersed for visual exploration, resulting in lower processing fluency and lower aesthetic experience score. In Experiment 2, the eye-movement hot-spot map showed that the figure paintings caused participants to pay more attention to the figure, supporting the Western concept of “figure priority” in attentional allocation. Experiment 2 further manipulated processing fluency by comparing landscape paintings, figure paintings with background, and figure paintings without background. The results showed that artworks with higher visual complexity (e.g. landscapes paintings) imposed greater cognitive load, resulting in lower processing fluency and poorer aesthetic experience score. Conversely, simplified compositions (e.g. figure paintings without background) enhanced fluency and aesthetic experience. These findings underscore processing fluency as a critical factor in aesthetic experiences, highlighting the impact of compositional complexity on aesthetics. The study bridges Western cognitive theories and Eastern artistic traditions, offering insights into the universality and specificity of aesthetic perception.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wang王思思2025,

title = {Looking into working memory to verify potential search targets},

author = {Sisi Wang 王思思 and Freek Ede},

doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0091-25.2025},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-09-01},

journal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},

volume = {45},

number = {39},

pages = {1–14},

abstract = {Finding what you are looking for is a ubiquitous task in everyday life that relies on a two-way comparison between what is currently viewed and internal search goals held in memory. Despite a wealth of studies tracking visual verification among external contents of perception, complementary verification processes among internal contents of memory remain elusive. Building on a recently established gaze marker of internal visual focusing in working memory, we uncover the internal inspection process associated with confirming or dismissing potential search targets. We show how male and female human participants "look back" into working memory when faced with external stimuli that are perceived as potential targets and link such internal inspection to the time needed for visual verification. A direct comparison between visual verification among the contents of working memory or perception further revealed how verification in both domains engages frontal theta activity in scalp electroencephalography but also how mnemonic verification is slower to deploy than perceptual verification. This establishes internal verification as an integral component of visual search and provides new ways to look into this underexplored component of human search behavior.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wan2025,

title = {Enhancing cognitive performance with fronto-parietal transcranial alternating current stimulation},

author = {Qiannong Wan and Sanne Ten Oever and Alexander T. Sack and Teresa Schuhmann},

doi = {10.1016/j.biopsycho.2025.109111},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-09-01},

journal = {Biological Psychology},

volume = {200},

pages = {1–11},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Executive cognitive functions are essential for human life, and their age- or disease-related decline significantly impacts quality of life. Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) targeting the multiple-demand or fronto-parietal network (FPN) has emerged as a promising intervention for enhancing various executive cognitive functions. However, variations in cognitive tasks and stimulation protocols across studies led to mixed results, rendering findings and conclusions incomparable. In this study, we synchronized oscillations over two main areas of the frontoparietal cognitive network, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (rDLPFC) and right posterior parietal cortex (rPPC), using high-definition (HD) dual-channel in-phase transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) at various stimulation frequencies (6 Hz, 40 Hz, sham). Participants completed a spatial attention task, a 3-back memory task, and a flanker cognitive control task while receiving tACS stimulation. Results revealed that gamma-band (40 Hz) stimulation improved response speed in the spatial attention task among younger participants but impaired response speed in the flanker task. Contrary to our initial expectations, theta-band stimulation did not affect cognition significantly. These findings highlight the specificity of cognitive enhancement through tACS and suggest that optimal stimulation targets may vary across cognitive domains, providing clinical implications for using tACS in treating cognitive deficits.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Valsecchi2025,

title = {Is mind wandering reflected in microsaccade dynamics?},

author = {Matteo Valsecchi and Mario Dalmaso and Luigi Castelli and Eleonora Baldini and Giovanni Galfano},

doi = {10.1016/j.biopsycho.2025.109109},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-09-01},

journal = {Biological Psychology},

volume = {200},

pages = {1–15},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Mind wandering is a state in which our mental processes are directed towards task-unrelated thoughts. This phenomenon has been shown to underlie attentional lapses and represents a common experience in everyday life. Previous studies have found an association between mind wandering and eye-related indices. In the present study, we addressed for the first time whether the rate of microsaccades—miniaturised saccades that we spontaneously produce during prolonged fixation—is sensitive to the occurrence of mind wandering. Participants performed the Sustained Attention to Response Task, a go/no-go task highly vulnerable to mind wandering. The analyses focused on possible differences in microsaccade rate emerging from the comparison of time intervals preceding commission errors and time intervals preceding correct target withholds, under the assumption that a commission error would reflect a mind wandering episode. The results showed that microsaccadic rate was consistently reduced in time windows preceding a target trial in which participants produced a commission error as compared to when they correctly inhibited the tendency to manually respond. Cluster-based analyses established that this pattern was robust. Because microsaccades are known to occur involuntarily and a reduction in their frequency has been associated with higher mental effort, the present findings provide new insights as regards the relevance of mind wandering and lend support to the idea that during mind wandering our mind is far from being idle and is absorbed and committed to effortful activities instead.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Trinquet2025,

title = {Uncovering the characteristics of pupil cycle time (PCT) in neuropathies and retinopathies},

author = {Laure Trinquet and Suzon Ajasse and Frédéric Chavane and Richard Legras and Frédéric Matonti and José Alain Sahel and Catherine Vignal-Clermont and Jean Lorenceau},

doi = {10.3390/vision9030051},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-09-01},

journal = {Vision},

volume = {9},

number = {3},

pages = {1–22},

publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)},

abstract = {Pupil cycle time (PCT) estimates the dynamics of a biofeedback loop established between pupil size and stimulus luminance, size or colour. The PCT is useful for probing the functional integrity of the retinopupillary circuits, and is therefore potentially applicable for assessing the effects of damage due to retinopathies or neuropathies. In previous studies, PCT was measured by manually counting the number of pupil oscillations during a fixed period to calculate the PCT. This method is scarce, requires a good expertise and cannot be used to estimate several PCT parameters, such as the oscillation amplitude or variability. We have developed a computerised setup based on eye-tracking that expands the possibilities of characterising PCT along several dimensions: oscillation frequency and regularity, amplitude and variability, which can be used with a large palette of stimuli (different colours, sizes, shapes or locations), and further allows measuring blinking frequency and eye movements. We used this method to characterise the PCT in young control participants as well as in patients with several pathologies, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), retinitis pigmentosa (RP), Stargardt disease (SD), and Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). We found that PCT is very regular and stable in young healthy participants, with little inter-individual variability. In contrast, several PCT features are altered in older healthy participants as well as in ocular diseases, including slower dynamics, irregular oscillations, and reduced oscillation amplitude. The distinction between patients and healthy participants based on the calculation of the area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristics (AUC of ROC) were dependent on the pathologies and stimuli (0.7 < AUC < 1). PCT nevertheless provides relevant complementary information to assess the physiopathology of ocular diseases and to probe the functioning of retino-pupillary circuits.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Toosi2025,

title = {The spatial frequency representation predicts category coding in the inferior temporal cortex},

author = {Ramin Toosi and Behnam Karami and Roxana Koushki and Farideh Shakerian and Jalaledin Noroozi and Ehsan Rezayat and Abdol-Hossein Vahabie and Mohammad Ali Akhaee and Mohammad-Reza A. Dehaqani},

doi = {10.7554/elife.93589},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-09-01},

journal = {eLife},

volume = {13},

pages = {1–28},

publisher = {eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd},

abstract = {Understanding the neural representation of spatial frequency (SF) in the primate cortex is vital for unraveling visual processing in object recognition. While many studies focus on SF in the primary visual cortex, the characteristics and interaction of SF with category representation remain unclear. To explore SF representation in the inferior temporal (IT) cortex of macaques, we conducted extracellular recordings with complex stimuli systematically filtered by SF. Our findings reveal explicit SF coding at both single-neuron and population levels. Temporal dynamics analysis of SF representation reveals that low SF (LSF) is decoded faster than high SF (HSF), and the SF preference dynamically shifts from LSF to HSF over time. Additionally, the SF representation for each neuron forms a profile that predicts category selectivity at the population level. IT neurons cluster into four groups based on SF preference, each with distinct category coding behaviors. Notably, HSF-preferring neurons show the highest category decoding for faces. Despite the existing connection between SF and category coding, we have identified uncorrelated representations of SF and category. Unlike category coding, SF is more sparsely represented and depends more on individual neurons. These findings dissociate SF and category representations, underscoring SF's pivotal role in object recognition.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Teodorini2025,

title = {The cognitive performance of unmedicated off-prescription users of modafinil and methylphenidate},

author = {Rachel D. Teodorini and James H. Smith-Spark and Nicola Rycroft},

doi = {10.1007/s41465-025-00330-8},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-09-01},

journal = {Journal of Cognitive Enhancement},

volume = {9},

number = {3},

pages = {310–321},

publisher = {Springer Nature},

abstract = {Studies suggest that poorer self-reported cognitive functions motivate the off-prescription use of cognitive-enhancing drugs. However, such self-reports may indicate perceived, rather than actual, poorer cognitive performance. To explore this issue, in the current study, we tested the unmedicated cognitive performance of cognitive-enhancing drug (CED) users and non-users using objective and subjective measures. Ninety participants completed the lab-based study, of whom 43 were not CED users, and 47 were CED users. All participants completed demographics and drug use questions, the antisaccade task, the flanker task, and the Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function–Adult Version. The results indicated that CED use was associated with faster and equally accurate automatic responding and faster time to correct errors on objective tests of performance. Being a CED user was not associated with any self-report measures of executive function. These findings suggest that the participants who were CED users did not have poorer cognitive functions for which they may be self-medicating. Instead, these participants may be enhancing their existing healthy cognitive functions. The data reported here suggest that some CED use may be motivated by optimisation of function and not self-medication of problems, perceived or otherwise, with the endogenous control of attention. Cognitive-enhancing drug users are not, therefore, a homogenous group, and the heterogeneity found in the current study has implications for policy or publicity materials aimed at reducing risks associated with this type of drug use.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Tang2025,

title = {Sustaining attention to positive while early vigilance for negative environmental information: Evidence from eye movements},

author = {Jie Tang and Li Wang and Buxin Han and Pingping Liu},

doi = {10.1016/j.jenvp.2025.102717},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-09-01},

journal = {Journal of Environmental Psychology},

volume = {106},

pages = {1–13},

publisher = {Academic Press},

abstract = {Exploring how emotional environmental information in public spaces effectively attracts individual attention is crucial, as attention is the primary cognitive stage influencing perception and pro-environmental behavior change. Here, for the first time, we conducted two experiments using the dot-probe task and eye-tracking technology to investigate attentional bias toward emotional environmental stimuli and to examine the relationship between attentional processes and pro-environmental behavior. Results showed that individuals sustained attention toward positive stimuli while exhibiting early vigilance for negative stimuli. At early stages of information processing, participants automatically allocated more attention (less first fixation latency, more fixation locations, and larger pupil size) toward negative images compared to positive images. However, the overall results demonstrated that participants spent more time (longer fixation duration and total dwell time) on positive images than negative images. Furthermore, longer duration of fixations on positive images may be associated with increased environmental communication, whereas longer fixation on negative images may be linked to a greener lifestyle. These results reveal the underlying mechanism of dynamic attentional processing to emotional environmental information. The current research not only advances understanding of environmental behavior change but also lays the groundwork for developing effective publicity strategies and promoting sustainable behavior.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Srivastava2025,

title = {Multi-model fusion of Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process and RNN-XGBoost for biometric person identification using eye movement patterns},

author = {Vivek Srivastava and Sakshi Patel},

doi = {10.1016/j.compbiomed.2025.110725},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-09-01},

journal = {Computers in Biology and Medicine},

volume = {196},

pages = {1–12},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {This paper introduces a novel framework for biometric person identification based on distinctive eye movement patterns. Grounded in foraging theory, the approach leverages the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (O–U) process to model the dynamics of visual exploration and exploitation during gaze behavior. Eye movement data, including fixations and saccades, is analyzed using Bayesian estimation of a stochastic differential equation to extract individual-specific features. The extracted features are subsequently classified using a hybrid model combining Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) and XGBoost. This multi-model fusion enhances robustness and discriminative capability. The method is evaluated using the publicly available FIFA eye-tracking dataset, achieving an average accuracy of 94%, F1-score of 94.03%, and an Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC) of 98.97%, with a corresponding Equal Error Rate (EER) of 4.0%.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Soylemez2025,

title = {Examining disgust learning through category conditioning: Evidence from trial-unique presentations and oculomotor avoidance},

author = {Sinem Söylemez and Aycan Kapucu},

doi = {10.3758/s13420-025-00669-0},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-09-01},

journal = {Learning and Behavior},

volume = {53},

number = {3},

pages = {275–287},

publisher = {Springer},

abstract = {Disgust is a basic emotion that motivates avoidance behaviors to protect organisms from pathogens. Objects of disgust are acquired through classical conditioning mechanisms. Oculomotor avoidance serves as an objective marker of disgust, yet previous studies have relied on repeated presentations to establish disgust conditioning. This study aimed to adapt the category-conditioning paradigm (Dunsmoor et al., Cerebral Cortex, 24, 2859-2872, 2014) for disgust learning by employing trial-unique presentations, offering a novel tool for future research. In our experiment, items of two categories – furniture and vehicles – were paired with either disgusting or neutral scenes. Participants' eye movements were tracked, and self-reported measures were collected. The results demonstrated that the category-conditioning task with trial-unique stimuli effectively induced oculomotor avoidance. Participants exhibited both unconditioned avoidance responses to disgusting scenes and conditioned avoidance responses to category items associated with disgust. Eye-tracking data further revealed that disgust-associated stimuli motivated avoidance beyond their role as mere predictors of an aversive stimulus. Interestingly, participants initially exhibited a tendency to view the disgusting image before engaging in avoidance behavior. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the adapted category-conditioning paradigm successfully elicits conditioned responses using trial-unique stimuli. We believe that this paradigm will provide a valuable tool for future research on disgust learning.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Soldado-Magraner2025,

title = {Robustness of working memory to prefrontal cortex microstimulation},

author = {Joana Soldado-Magraner and Yuki Minai and Byron M. Yu and Matthew A. Smith},

doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2197-24.2025},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-09-01},

journal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},

volume = {45},

number = {37},

pages = {1–15},

publisher = {Society for Neuroscience},

abstract = {Delay period activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) has been linked to the maintenance and control of sensory information in working memory. The stability of working memory-related signals found in such delay period activity is believed to support robust memory-guided behavior during sensory perturbations, such as distractors. Here, we directly probed dlPFC's delay period activity with a diverse set of activity perturbations and measured their consequences on neural activity and behavior. We applied patterned microstimulation to the dlPFC of two male rhesus macaques implanted with multielectrode arrays by electrically stimulating different electrodes in the array while they performed a memory-guided saccade task. We found that the microstimulation perturbations affected spatial working memory-related signals in individual dlPFC neurons. However, task performance remained largely unaffected. These apparently contradictory observations could be understood by examining different dimensions of the dlPFC population activity. In dimensions where working memory-related signals naturally evolved over time, microstimulation impacted neural activity. In contrast, in dimensions containing working memory-related signals that were stable over time, microstimulation minimally impacted neural activity. This dissociation could explain how working memory-related information may be stably maintained in dlPFC despite the activity changes induced by microstimulation. Thus, working memory processes are robust to a variety of activity perturbations in the dlPFC.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Shi2025b,

title = {The effects of task repetition on the processing and acquisition of technical vocabulary through video-lecture-based tasks: A mixed-methods study},

author = {Danni Shi and Andrea Révész and Ana Pellicer-Sánchez},

doi = {10.1111/lang.12679},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-09-01},

journal = {Language Learning},

volume = {75},

number = {3},

pages = {702–734},

publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Inc},

abstract = {This study investigated how repeating a video-lecture-based task affects second language (L2) learners' processing and incidental acquisition of technical vocabulary as well as the relationship between processing and lexical gains. The participants were 75 Chinese learners of L2 English. Thirty participants performed the task once (control group), whereas another 30 participants did the same task three times (repetition group). The two groups then completed unannounced vocabulary posttests. The remaining participants engaged in stimulated recall after performing the task once, twice, or three times. The repetition group made greater gains in vocabulary knowledge than the control group, and the repetition group's visual attention to the target words declined during repeated viewing. The amount of attention to the target words emerged as a predictor of delayed meaning recall, with task repetition decreasing the strength of this relationship. Stimulated-recall participants repeating the task reported increased awareness of specific aspects of the target words.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{She2025,

title = {Unfolding the cognitive process underlying computer-based scientific conceptual change with eye tracker: Behavioral performance and sequential analysis of attention},

author = {Hsiao-Ching She and Meng-Jun Chen and Li-Yu Huang and Ching-Ying Hsueh},

doi = {10.1007/s10639-025-13577-7},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-09-01},

journal = {Education and Information Technologies},

volume = {30},

number = {14},

pages = {20157–20181},

publisher = {Springer},

abstract = {Despite the recognized link between scientific reasoning, mental sets, and conceptual change, the cognitive mechanisms underlying successful conceptual change remain unclear. To explore this, we developed computer-based reasoning programs with and without mental set support to examine their effects on conceptual change in tasks of varying difficulty. Additionally, we used an eye tracker to simultaneously capture students' attention and its sequential patterns during the conceptual change process, aiming to uncover the cognitive processes involved. Students were randomly assigned to either a computer-based reasoning program with mental set support or one without. We found that students in the reasoning group with mental set outperformed those without it in achieving scientific conceptual change. Furthermore, both groups demonstrated higher conceptual change success, along with longer fixation durations and rereading times, in low-difficulty tasks compared to high-difficulty tasks. Students who successfully achieved conceptual change exhibited more fixation points within areas of interest (AOIs) and significantly greater bidirectional connections between them. In contrast, students who failed to revise their alternative conceptions allocated fewer fixation points to AOIs and displayed significantly more unidirectional connections between them. Generalized estimating equation analysis identified the number of fixations as the most critical predictor of both conceptual change success and task difficulty. These findings provide new insights into the interactions between eye movement and underlying cognitive processes, highlighting how visual attention contributes to achieving successful conceptual change.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Sharma2025b,

title = {Machine learning-driven analysis of temporal pupil dynamics for interpretable ADHD diagnosis},

author = {Swati Sharma and Mrinmoy Chakrabarty and Sonia Baloni Ray and Jainendra Shukla},

doi = {10.1016/j.compbiomed.2025.110878},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-09-01},

journal = {Computers in Biology and Medicine},

volume = {196},

pages = {1–16},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention and hyperactivity. Current diagnostic methods rely on bias-prone subjective assessments, such as clinical interviews and behavior rating scales. Objective biomarkers remain elusive hindering standardized ADHD diagnosis. Pupillometry, measuring pupil responses linked to cognition and attention, offers a promising, objective alternative. However, prior work often overlooks clinically relevant features and lacks interpretability, limiting clinical adoption. We introduce an interpretable machine-learning framework leveraging temporal pupil dynamics to classify ADHD and control groups. The primary novelty of our work lies in identifying and statistically validating task-aligned features-specifically, novel dynamic pupil dilation and constriction rates extracted in block-wise temporal segments-which capture subtle attentional fluctuations overlooked by prior models. We analyzed published pupillometry data from 49 participants (21 controls, 28 ADHD, 17 assessed on and off medication) during a visuospatial working memory task. Candidate features were identified through statistical analyses using mixed analysis of variance. Classification models were trained to prioritize interpretability by utilizing statistically significant, literature-supported features. Model transparency was enhanced with heatmaps and feature-importance charts. The models demonstrated strong classification performance: using pupil features alone yielded 84.4% accuracy (area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) 88.6%). Including task performance improved accuracy to 86.7% (AUROC 91.5%). Final integration of reaction time metrics achieved 88.9% accuracy (AUROC 90.8%), with 97.8% sensitivity and 82.2% specificity. By leveraging interpretable, dynamic pupil metrics, our approach advances objective, reproducible ADHD diagnosis and supports clinical deployment.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Schroeer2025,

title = {Directional sensitivity of the auriculomotor system to transient central and lateralized auditory stimuli},

author = {Andreas Schroeer and Farah I. Corona-Strauss and Ronny Hannemann and Daniel J. Strauss},

doi = {10.1097/WNR.0000000000002194},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-09-01},

journal = {NeuroReport},

volume = {36},

number = {13},

pages = {746–753},

publisher = {Lippincott Williams and Wilkins},

abstract = {Background Electromyographic (EMG) activity of auricular muscles in humans has been shown to be sensitive to the direction of auditory stimuli. Specifically, transient auricular EMG responses are significantly influenced by the laterality (left or right) and anteriority (in or outside the visual field) of auditory stimuli. As these factors co-occurred in previous research, this study aimed to isolate their influence, specifically of anteriority. Methods EMG signals of several auricular muscles were recorded from 11 participants. Transient auditory stimuli were presented from central (0° and 180°) and lateralized positions behind the participants (±150°). Results As previously reported, ipsilateral responses were significantly larger than contralateral responses. Surprisingly, however, responses recorded when stimuli were presented from 180° were also significantly smaller than ipsilateral responses, and approximately as large as contralateral responses. Responses generated by stimuli originating from 0° were extremely small, or almost nonexistent. Conclusion The implication of these results is that the main driving force of these responses is the lateralization of the auditory stimuli, while the anteriority appears to be only a secondary, minor contributor in the absence of lateralization. This behavior of the vestigial pinna-orienting system could be interpreted as an attempt to aid sound localization when visual information is not available, by, for example, changing the frequency filter properties of the pinna or by introducing interaural level differences by reorienting one pinna. Future studies investigating the auriculomotor system should be aware that presenting transient stimuli from central locations at 0° or 180° could generate only minor responses.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ramadan2025,

title = {Computational basis of hierarchical and counterfactual information processing},

author = {Mahdi Ramadan and Cheng Tang and Nicholas Watters and Mehrdad Jazayeri},

doi = {10.1038/s41562-025-02232-3},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-09-01},

journal = {Nature Human Behaviour},

volume = {9},

number = {9},

pages = {1913–1927},

publisher = {Nature Research},

abstract = {Humans solve complex multistage decision problems using hierarchical and counterfactual strategies. Here we designed a task that reliably engages these strategies and conducted hypothesis-driven experiments to identify the computational constraints that give rise to them. We found three key constraints: a bottleneck in parallel processing that promotes hierarchical analysis, a compensatory but capacity-limited counterfactual process, and working memory noise that reduces counterfactual fidelity. To test whether these strategies are computationally rational—that is, optimal given such constraints—we trained recurrent neural networks under systematically varied limitations. Only recurrent neural networks subjected to all three constraints reproduced human-like behaviour. Further analysis revealed that hierarchical, counterfactual and postdictive strategies—typically viewed as distinct—lie along a continuum of rational adaptations. These findings suggest that human decision strategies may emerge from a shared set of computational limitations, offering a unifying framework for understanding the flexibility and efficiency of human cognition.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Qian2025a,

title = {Working memory updating in the macaque lateral prefrontal cortex},

author = {Yichen Qian and Roger Herikstad and Camilo Libedinsky},

doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1770-24.2024},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-09-01},

journal = {Journal of Neuroscience},

volume = {45},

number = {37},

pages = {1–10},

publisher = {Society for Neuroscience},

abstract = {Working memory updating is an important executive process. Here, we study the single-neuron mechanisms involved in updating versus protecting memory from distractors in the macaque prefrontal cortex. We recorded single-neuron activity from the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) and prearcuate cortex (PAC) while male monkeys performed a task that required them to update their memory of target locations while ignoring distractors. Our findings revealed that neurons in the PAC signaled updated memory locations ∼100 ms after stimulus onset, significantly faster than the ∼400 ms observed in the LPFC. Additionally, PAC neurons exhibited longer encoding of distractor information. Population decoding analyses further indicated that distractor information was maintained in orthogonal subspaces from target information in both regions, minimizing interference. These results demonstrate the distinct temporal dynamics in memory updating processes between the PAC and LPFC and highlight the interplay between robust memory maintenance and updating, suggesting that local neural mechanisms may contribute to these processes.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Paulun2025,

title = {Dissociable cortical regions represent things and stuff in the human brain},

author = {Vivian C. Paulun and Raghavendra Rao T. Pramod and Joshua B. Tenenbaum and Nancy Kanwisher},

doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2025.07.027},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-09-01},

journal = {Current Biology},

volume = {35},

pages = {1–9},

publisher = {Cell Press},

abstract = {Extensive prior work has identified regions of the human brain associated with visual perception of objects (lateral occipital complex [LOC]) and their physical properties and interactions (“frontoparietal physics network” [FPN]). However, this work has nearly exclusively tested the response of these regions to rigid objects. Deformable or nonsolid substances, or “stuff,” including liquids such as water or honey and granular materials such as sand or snow, are of similar importance in everyday life but have different physical properties and invite different actions. Little is known about the brain basis of stuff perception. Here, we scan participants with functional MRI (fMRI) while they view videos of rigid and non-rigid objects (“things”) and liquid and granular substances (stuff). We find double dissociations between the processing of things and stuff within both the ventral and dorsal visual pathways. These findings suggest that distinct mental algorithms are engaged when we perceive things and stuff, as they are in artificial physics engines.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Moore2025,

title = {Perceptual organization is limited in peripheral vision: Evidence from configural superiority},

author = {Cathleen M. Moore and Qingzi Zheng and Yelda Semizer},

doi = {10.1167/jov.25.11.16},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-09-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {25},

number = {11},

pages = {1–15},

publisher = {Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Inc.},

abstract = {Perceptual organization refers collectively to those processes by which the three-dimensional structure and material properties of surfaces are abstracted from image information. It is a critical foundation of object perception. Examples of perceptual organization include the assignment of relative depth to different contrast regions, the representation of three-dimensional shape based on two-dimensional geometry, and the representation of completed regions of occluded surfaces behind other surfaces. Perceptual organization is typically studied with stimuli at fixation, where visual acuity is high; however, stimuli in the periphery are represented with poor fidelity and may not support those processes.We tested the hypothesis that perceptual organization is limited in peripheral vision by measuring configural superiority effects for four different perceptual organization processes with stimuli in central and peripheral locations.We found configural superiority for stimuli defined by surface completion, three-dimensional shape, transparency/surface scission, and shape from closure for stimuli at fixation, providing evidence that each of these processes occurred for those stimuli. However, when the same stimuli were presented in peripheral locations, but size-scaled to compensate for acuity differences, no configural superiority occurred. This is consistent with those processes having failed for those stimuli. These results suggest that peripheral vision, unlike central vision, is not object based and that it serves a fundamentally different function.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Meziere2025a,

title = {Do eye movements reflect readers' thoughts during reading? Evidence from multidimensional experience sampling and eye movements},

author = {Diane Mézière and Johanna K. Kaakinen and Emilia Ranta and Karin Kukkonen and Jonathan Smallwood and Jaana Simola},

doi = {10.1016/j.concog.2025.103918},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-09-01},

journal = {Consciousness and Cognition},

volume = {134},

pages = {1–17},

publisher = {Academic Press Inc.},

abstract = {While reading narrative texts, readers' attention often fluctuates from the text (e.g., immersion) to text-unrelated thoughts (e.g., mind-wandering). Research on mind-wandering and immersion suggests that they influence the reading process differently. In this article, we examine the types of thoughts readers have while reading a literary text. Specifically, we investigated the effect of immersion and mind-wandering on eye-movement behaviour during reading. Fifty-six participants read extracts from a novel while their eye-movements were monitored. Participants' thoughts were probed using multidimensional experience sampling. We identified four types of thought: Immersion, Mind-wandering, Sub-Vocalization, and Social Episodic Thoughts. We then ran General Additive Mixed Models (GAMMs) to examine the relationship between these thought types and eye movements. Results show that eye movements are influenced by the types of thoughts readers experience while reading literary texts. These results have important implications for the way that mind-wandering is typically investigated, particularly in reading research.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}