发展出版物中的EyeLink眼动仪

@article{Bennetts2017,

title = {Super-recognition in development: A case study of an adolescent with extraordinary face recognition skills},

author = {Rachel J. Bennetts and Joseph A. Mole and Sarah Bate},

doi = {10.1080/02643294.2017.1402755},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Cognitive Neuropsychology},

volume = {34},

number = {6},

pages = {357–376},

abstract = {Face recognition abilities vary widely. While face recognition deficits have been reported in children, it is unclear whether superior face recognition skills can be encountered during development. This paper presents O.B., a 14-year-old female with extraordinary face recognition skills: a “super-recognizer” (SR). O.B. demonstrated exceptional face-processing skills across multiple tasks, with a level of performance that is comparable to adult SRs. Her superior abilities appear to be specific to face identity: She showed an exaggerated face inversion effect and her superior abilities did not extend to object processing or non-identity aspects of face recognition. Finally, an eye-movement task demonstrated that O.B. spent more time than controls examining the nose - a pattern previously reported in adult SRs. O.B. is therefore particularly skilled at extracting and using identity-specific facial cues, indicating that face and object recognition are dissociable during development, and that super recognition can be detected in adolescence.},

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@article{Bergelson2017,

title = {Nature and origins of the lexicon in 6-mo-olds},

author = {Elika Bergelson and Richard N. Aslin},

doi = {10.1073/pnas.1712966114},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},

volume = {114},

number = {49},

pages = {12916–12921},

abstract = {Recent research reported the surprising finding that even 6-mo-olds understand common nouns [Bergelson E, Swingley D (2012) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:3253-3258]. However, is their early lexicon structured and acquired like older learners? We test 6-mo-olds for a hallmark of the mature lexicon: cross-word relations. We also examine whether properties of the home environment that have been linked with lexical knowledge in older children are detectable in the initial stage of comprehension. We use a new dataset, which includes in-lab comprehension and home measures from the same infants. We find evidence for cross-word structure: On seeing two images of common nouns, infants looked significantly more at named target images when the competitor images were semantically unrelated (e.g., milk and foot) than when they were related (e.g., milk and juice), just as older learners do. We further find initial evidence for home-lab links: common noun "copresence" (i.e., whether words' referents were present and attended to in home recordings) correlated with in-lab comprehension. These findings suggest that, even in neophyte word learners, cross-word relations are formed early and the home learning environment measurably helps shape the lexicon from the outset.},

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@article{Buttelmann2017,

title = {Infants' and adults' looking behavior does not indicate perceptual distraction for constrained modelled actions − An eye-tracking study},

author = {David Buttelmann and Andy Schieler and Nicole Wetzel and Andreas Widmann},

doi = {10.1016/j.infbeh.2017.04.001},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Infant Behavior and Development},

volume = {47},

pages = {103–111},

publisher = {Elsevier},

abstract = {When observing a novel action, infants pay attention to the model's constraints when deciding whether to imitate this action or not. Gergely et al. (2002) found that more 14-month-olds copied a model's use of her head to operate a lamp when she used her head while her hands were free than when she had to use this means because it was the only means available to her (i.e., her hands were occupied). The perceptional distraction account (Beisert et al., 2012) claims that differences between conditions in terms of the amount of attention infants paid to the modeled action caused the differences in infants' performance between conditions. In order to investigate this assumption we presented 14-month-olds (N = 34) with an eye-tracking paradigm and analyzed their looking behavior when observing the head-touch demonstration in the two original conditions. Subsequently, they had the chance to operate the apparatus themselves, and we measured their imitative responses. In order to explore the perceptional processes taking place in this paradigm in adulthood, we also presented adults (N = 31) with the same task. Apart from the fact that we did not replicate the findings in imitation with our participants, the eye-tracking results do not support the perceptional distraction account: infants did not statistically differ − not even tendentially − in their amount of looking at the modeled action in both conditions. Adults also did not statistically differ in their looking at the relevant action components. However, both groups predominantly observed the relevant head action. Consequently, infants and adults do not seem to attend differently to constrained and unconstrained modelled actions.},

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@article{Cacciamani2017,

title = {Age-related changes in perirhinal cortex sensitivity to configuration and part familiarity and connectivity to visual cortex},

author = {Laura Cacciamani and Erica Wager and Mary A. Peterson and Paige E. Scalf},

doi = {10.3389/fnagi.2017.00291},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience},

volume = {9},

pages = {291},

abstract = {The perirhinal cortex (PRC) is a medial temporal lobe (MTL) structure known to be involved in assessing whether an object is familiar (i.e., meaningful) or novel. Recent evidence shows that the PRC is sensitive to the familiarity of both whole object configurations and their parts, and suggests the PRC may modulate part familiarity responses in V2. Here, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we investigated age-related decline in the PRC's sensitivity to part/configuration familiarity and assessed its functional connectivity to visual cortex in young and older adults. Participants categorized peripherally presented silhouettes as familiar ("real-world") or novel. Part/configuration familiarity was manipulated via three silhouette configurations: Familiar (parts/configurations familiar), Control Novel (parts/configurations novel), and Part-Rearranged Novel (parts familiar, configurations novel). "Real-world" judgments were less accurate than "novel" judgments, although accuracy did not differ between age groups. The fMRI data revealed differential neural activity, however: In young adults, a linear pattern of activation was observed in left hemisphere (LH) PRC, with Familiar > Control Novel > Part-Rearranged Novel. Older adults did not show this pattern, indicating age-related decline in the PRC's sensitivity to part/configuration familiarity. A functional connectivity analysis revealed a significant coupling between the PRC and V2 in the LH in young adults only. Older adults showed a linear pattern of activation in the temporopolar cortex (TPC), but no evidence of TPC-V2 connectivity. This is the first study to demonstrate age-related decline in the PRC's representations of part/configuration familiarity and its covariance with visual cortex.},

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}

@article{Chien2017,

title = {Higher contrast requirement for letter recognition and macular RGC+ layer thinning in glaucoma patients and older adults},

author = {Lillian Chien and Rong Liu and Christopher Girkin and Miyoung Kwon},

doi = {10.1167/iovs.17-22621},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},

volume = {58},

number = {14},

pages = {6221–6231},

abstract = {Purpose: Growing evidence suggests the involvement of the macula even in early stages of glaucoma. However, little is known about the impact of glaucomatous macular damage on central pattern vision. Here we examine the contrast requirement for letter recognition and its relationship with retinal thickness in the macular region. Methods: A total of 40 participants were recruited: 13 patients with glaucoma (mean age = 65.6 +/- 6.6 years), 14 age-similar normally sighted adults (59.1 +/- 9.1 years), and 13 young normally sighted adults (21.0 +/- 2.0 years). For each participant, letter-recognition contrast thresholds were obtained using a letter recognition task in which participants identified English letters presented at varying retinal locations across the central 12 degrees visual field, including the fovea. The macular retinal ganglion cell plus inner plexiform (RGC+) layer thickness was also evaluated using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Results: Compared to age-similar normal controls, glaucoma patients exhibited a significant increase in letter-recognition contrast thresholds (by 236%, P < 0.001) and a significant decrease in RGC+ layer thickness (by 17%, P < 0.001) even after controlling for age, pupil diameter, and visual acuity. Compared to normal young adults, older adults showed a significant increase in letter-recognition contrast thresholds and a significant decrease in RGC+ layer thickness. Across all subjects, the thickness of macular RGC+ layer was significantly correlated with letter-recognition contrast thresholds, even after correcting for pupil diameter and visual acuity (r = -0.65, P < 0.001). Conclusions: Our results show that both glaucoma and normal aging likely bring about a thinning of the macular RGC+ layer; the macular RGC+ layer thickness appears to be associated with the contrast requirements for letter recognition in central vision.},

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pubstate = {published},

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}

@article{Choi2017,

title = {Effects of word predictability and preview lexicality on eye movements during reading: A comparison between young and older adults},

author = {Wonil Choi and Matthew W. Lowder and Fernanda Ferreira and Tamara Y. Swaab and John M. Henderson},

doi = {10.1037/pag0000160},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Psychology and Aging},

volume = {32},

number = {3},

pages = {232–242},

abstract = {Previous eye-tracking research has characterized older adults' reading patterns as "risky," arguing that compared to young adults, older adults skip more words, have longer saccades, and are more likely to regress to previous portions of the text. In the present eye-tracking study, we reexamined the claim that older adults adopt a risky reading strategy, utilizing the boundary paradigm to manipulate parafoveal preview and contextual predictability of a target word. Results showed that older adults had longer fixation durations compared to young adults; however, there were no age differences in skipping rates, saccade length, or proportion of regressions. In addition, readers showed higher skipping rates of the target word if the preview string was a word than if it was a nonword, regardless of age. Finally, the effect of predictability in reading times on the target word was larger for older adults than for young adults. These results suggest that older adults' reading strategies are not as risky as was previously claimed. Instead, we propose that older adults can effectively combine top-down information from the sentence context with bottom-up information from the parafovea to optimize their reading strategies.},

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}

@article{Alahyane2016,

title = {Development and learning of saccadic eye movements in 7- to 42-month-old children},

author = {Nadia Alahyane and Christelle Lemoine-Lardennois and Coline Tailhefer and Thérèse Collins and Jacqueline Fagard and Karine Doré-Mazars},

doi = {10.1167/16.1.6},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {16},

number = {1},

pages = {1–12},

abstract = {From birth, infants move their eyes to explore their environment, interact with it, and progressively develop a multitude of motor and cognitive abilities. The characteristics and development of oculomotor control in early childhood remain poorly understood today. Here, we examined reaction time and amplitude of saccadic eye movements in 93 7- to 42-month-old children while they oriented toward visual animated cartoon characters appearing at unpredictable locations on a computer screen over 140 trials. Results revealed that saccade performance is immature in children compared to a group of adults: Saccade reaction times were longer, and saccade amplitude relative to target location (10° eccentricity) was shorter. Results also indicated that performance is flexible in children. Although saccade reaction time decreased as age increased, suggesting developmental improvements in saccade control, saccade amplitude gradually improved over trials. Moreover, similar to adults, children were able to modify saccade amplitude based on the visual error made in the previous trial. This second set of results suggests that short visual experience and/or rapid sensorimotor learning are functional in children and can also affect saccade performance.},

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@article{Behnke2016,

title = {How textbook design may influence learning with geography textbooks},

author = {Yvonne Behnke},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Nordidactica – Journal of Humanities and Social Science Education},

volume = {1},

pages = {38–62},

abstract = {This paper investigates how textbook design may influence students' visual attention to graphics, photos and text in current geography textbooks. Eye tracking, a visual method of data collection and analysis, was utilised to precisely monitor students' eye movements while observing geography textbook spreads. In an exploratory study utilising random sampling, the eye movements of 20 students (secondary school students 15–17 years of age and university students 20–24 years of age) were recorded. The research entities were double- page spreads of current German geography textbooks covering an identical topic, taken from five separate textbooks. A two-stage test was developed. Each participant was given the task of first looking at the entire textbook spread to determine what was being explained on the pages. In the second stage, participants solved one of the tasks from the exercise section. Overall, each participant studied five different textbook spreads and completed five set tasks. After the eye tracking study, each participant completed a questionnaire. The results may verify textbook design as one crucial factor for successful knowledge acquisition from textbooks. Based on the eye tracking documentation, learning-related challenges posed by images and complex image-text structures in textbooks are elucidated and related to educational psychology insights and findings from visual communication and textbook analysis.},

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}

@article{Bolhuis2016,

title = {Looking in the eyes to discriminate: Linking infants' habituation speed to looking behaviour using faces},

author = {Jantina Bolhuis and Thorsten Kolling and Monika Knopf},

doi = {10.1177/0165025414564094},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Behavioral Development},

volume = {40},

number = {3},

pages = {243–252},

abstract = {Studies showed that individual differences in encoding speed as well as looking behaviour during the encoding of facial stimuli can relate to differences in subsequent face discrimination. Nevertheless, a direct linkage between encoding speed and looking behaviour during the encoding of facial stimuli and the role of these encoding characteristics for subsequent discrimination has not been investigated yet. In the present habituation study, an eye-tracker was used to investigate how individual differences in encoding speed (number of habituation trials) relate to individual differences in looking behaviour on faces and the internal facial features (eyes, nose, and mouth) during encoding as well as discrimination. Forty infants habituated to a photograph of a female face. In a subsequent dishabituation phase, a new face was followed by the familiar one. As expected, the results showed that most of the infants were able to habituate to the face and that they managed to discriminate between the new and the familiar face. Furthermore, correlations and analyses of variance showed that individual differences in encoding during habituation related to differences in looking behaviour during habituation as well as dishabituation. Slower-habituating infants could better discriminate between the new and the familiar face and showed a higher interest in the eyes during habi-tuation as well as dishabituation than faster-habituating infants. These data underline that individual differences in encoding speed relate to individual differences in looking behaviour and that increased looking behaviour to important social cues might help subsequent discrimination.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Borovsky2016,

title = {Lexical leverage: Category knowledge boosts real-time novel word recognition in 2-year-olds},

author = {Arielle Borovsky and Erica M. Ellis and Julia L. Evans and Jeffrey L. Elman},

doi = {10.1111/desc.12343},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Developmental Science},

volume = {19},

number = {6},

pages = {918–932},

abstract = {Recent research suggests that infants tend to add words to their vocabulary that are semantically related to other known words, though it is not clear why this pattern emerges. In this paper, we explore whether infants leverage their existing vocabulary and semantic knowledge when interpreting novel label-object mappings in real time. We initially identified categorical domains for which individual 24-month-old infants have relatively higher and lower levels of knowledge, irrespective of overall vocabulary size. Next, we taught infants novel words in these higher and lower knowledge domains and then asked if their subsequent real-time recognition of these items varied as a function of their category knowledge. While our participants successfully acquired the novel label-object mappings in our task, there were important differences in the way infants recognized these words in real time. Namely, infants showed more robust recognition of high (vs. low) domain knowledge words. These findings suggest that dense semantic structure facilitates early word learning and real-time novel word recognition.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Borovsky2016a,

title = {Semantic structure in vocabulary knowledge interacts with lexical and sentence processing in infancy},

author = {Arielle Borovsky and Erica M. Ellis and Julia L. Evans and Jeffrey L. Elman},

doi = {10.1111/cdev.12554},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Child Development},

volume = {87},

number = {6},

pages = {1893–1908},

abstract = {Although the size of a child's vocabulary associates with language-processing skills, little is understoodregarding how this relation emerges. This investigation asks whether and how the structure of vocabularyknowledge affects language processing in English-learning 24-month-old children (N = 32; 18 F, 14 M). Paren-tal vocabulary report was used to calculate semantic density in several early-acquired semantic categories.Performance on two language-processing tasks (lexical recognition and sentence processing) was compared asa function of semantic density. In both tasks, real-time comprehension was facilitated for higher density items,whereas lower density items experienced more interference. The findings indicate that language-processingskills develop heterogeneously and are influenced by the semantic network surrounding a known word.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Carminati2016,

title = {Priming younger and older adults' sentence comprehension: Insights from dynamic emotional facial expressions and pupil pize measures},

author = {Maria Nella Carminati and Pia Knoeferle},

doi = {10.2174/1874350101609010129},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {The Open Psychology Journal},

volume = {9},

number = {1},

pages = {129–148},

abstract = {Background: Prior visual-world research has demonstrated that emotional priming of spoken sentence processing is rapidly modulated by age. Older and younger participants saw two photographs of a positive and of a negative event side-by-side and listened to a spoken sentence about one of these events. Older adults' fixations to the mentioned (positive) event were enhanced when the still photograph of a previously-inspected positive-valence speaker face was (vs. wasn't) emotionally congruent with the event/sentence. By contrast, the younger adults exhibited such an enhancement with negative stimuli only. Objective: The first aim of the current study was to assess the replicability of these findings with dynamic face stimuli (unfolding from neutral to happy or sad). A second goal was to assess a key prediction made by socio-emotional selectivity theory, viz. that the positivity effect (a preference for positive information) displayed by older adults involves cognitive effort. Method: We conducted an eye-tracking visual-world experiment. Results: Most priming and age effects, including the positivity effects, replicated. However, against our expectations, the positive gaze preference in older adults did not co-vary with a standard measure of cognitive effort - increased pupil dilation. Instead, pupil size was significantly bigger when (both younger and older) adults processed negative than positive stimuli. Conclusion: These findings are in line with previous research on the relationship between positive gaze preferences and pupil dilation. We discuss both theoretical and methodological implications of these results.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Salvato2016,

title = {Apolipoprotein E4 breaks the association between declarative long-term memory and memory-based orienting of spatial attention in middle-aged individuals},

author = {Gerardo Salvato and Eva Z. Patai and Tayla Mccloud and Anna C. Nobre},

doi = {10.1016/j.cortex.2016.06.002},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Cortex},

volume = {82},

pages = {206–216},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Apolipoprotein (APOE) ɛ4 genotype has been identified as a risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD). The memory system is mostly involved in AD, and memory deficits represent its key feature. A growing body of studies has focused on the earlier identification of cognitive dysfunctions in younger and older APOE ɛ4 carriers, but investigation on middle-aged individuals remains rare. Here we sought to investigate if the APOE ɛ4 genotype modulates declarative memory and its influences on perception in the middle of the life span. We tested 60 middle-aged individuals recruited according to their APOE allele variants (ɛ3/ɛ3, ɛ3/ɛ4, ɛ4/ɛ4) on a long-term memory-based orienting of attention task. Results showed that the APOE ɛ4 genotype impaired neither explicit memory nor memory-based orienting of spatial attention. Interestingly, however, we found that the possession of the ɛ4 allele broke the relationship between declarative long-term memory and memory-guided orienting of visuo-spatial attention, suggesting an earlier modulation exerted by pure genetic characteristics on cognition. These findings are discussed in light of possible accelerated brain ageing in middle-aged ɛ4-carriers, and earlier structural changes in the brain occurring at this stage of the lifespan.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Salvato2016a,

title = {Preserved memory-based orienting of attention with impaired explicit memory in healthy ageing},

author = {Gerardo Salvato and Eva Z. Patai and Anna C. Nobre},

doi = {10.1016/j.cortex.2015.10.019},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Cortex},

volume = {74},

pages = {67–78},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {It is increasingly recognised that spatial contextual long-term memory (LTM) prepares neural activity for guiding visuo-spatial attention in a proactive manner. In the current study, we investigated whether the decline in explicit memory observed in healthy ageing would compromise this mechanism. We compared the behavioural performance of younger and older participants on learning new contextual memories, on orienting visual attention based on these learnt contextual associations, and on explicit recall of contextual memories. We found a striking dissociation between older versus younger participants in the relationship between the ability to retrieve contextual memories versus the ability to use these to guide attention to enhance performance on a target-detection task. Older participants showed significant deficits in the explicit retrieval task, but their behavioural benefits from memory-based orienting of attention were equivalent to those in young participants. Furthermore, memory-based orienting correlated significantly with explicit contextual LTM in younger adults but not in older adults. These results suggest that explicit memory deficits in ageing might not compromise initial perception and encoding of events. Importantly, the results also shed light on the mechanisms of memory-guided attention, suggesting that explicit contextual memories are not necessary.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Schmidt2016,

title = {Visual attentional bias for food in adolescents with binge-eating disorder},

author = {Ricarda Schmidt and Patrick Lüthold and Rebekka Kittel and Anne Tetzlaff and Anja Hilbert},

doi = {10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.05.016},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Psychiatric Research},

volume = {80},

pages = {22–29},

abstract = {Evidence suggests that adults with binge-eating disorder (BED) are prone of having their attention interfered by food cues, and that food-related attentional biases are associated with calorie intake and eating disorder psychopathology. For adolescents with BED experimental evidence on attentional processing of food cues is lacking. Using eye-tracking and a visual search task, the present study examined visual orienting and disengagement processes of food in youth with BED. Eye-movement data and reaction times were recorded in 25 adolescents (12-20 years) with BED and 25 controls (CG) individually matched for sex, age, body mass index, and socio-economic status. During a free exploration paradigm, the BED group showed a greater gaze duration bias for food images than the CG. Groups did not differ in gaze direction biases. In a visual search task, the BED group showed a greater detection bias for food targets than the CG. Group differences were more pronounced for personally attractive than unattractive food images. Regarding clinical associations, only in the BED group the gaze duration bias for food was associated with increased hunger and lower body mass index, and the detection bias for food targets was associated with greater reward sensitivity. The study provided first evidence of an attentional bias to food in adolescents with BED. However, more research is needed for further specifying disengagement and orienting processes in adolescent BED, including overt and covert attention, and their prospective associations with binge-eating behaviors and associated psychopathology.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Sperlich2016,

title = {Development of the perceptual span in reading: A longitudinal study},

author = {Anja Sperlich and Johannes Meixner and Jochen Laubrock},

doi = {10.1016/j.jecp.2016.02.007},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Child Psychology},

volume = {146},

pages = {181–201},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {The perceptual span is a standard measure of parafoveal processing, which is considered highly important for efficient reading. Is the perceptual span a stable indicator of reading performance? What drives its development? Do initially slower and faster readers converge or diverge over development? Here we present the first longitudinal data on the development of the perceptual span in elementary school children. Using the moving window technique, eye movements of 127 German children in three age groups (Grades 1, 2, and 3 in Year 1) were recorded at two time points (T1 and T2) 1 year apart. Introducing a new measure of the perceptual span, nonlinear mixed-effects modeling was used to separate window size effects from asymptotic reading performance. Cross-sectional differences were well replicated longitudinally. Asymptotic reading rate increased monotonously with grade, but in a decelerating fashion. A significant change in the perceptual span was observed only between Grades 2 and 3. Together with results from a cross-lagged panel model, this suggests that the perceptual span increases as a consequence of relatively well-established word reading. Stabilities of observed and predicted reading rates were high after Grade 1, whereas the perceptual span was only moderately stable for all grades. Comparing faster and slower readers as assessed at T1, in general, a pattern of stable between-group differences emerged rather than a compensatory pattern; second and third graders even showed a Matthew effect in reading rate and the perceptual span, respectively.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{TroopGordon2016,

title = {Visual attention to dynamic scenes of ambiguous provocation and children's aggressive behavior},

author = {Wendy Troop-Gordon and Robert D. Gordon and Laura Vogel-Ciernia and Elizabeth Ewing Lee and Kari J. Visconti},

doi = {10.1080/15374416.2016.1138412},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology},

pages = {1–16},

publisher = {Routledge},

abstract = {Research on biases in attention related to children's aggression has yielded mixed results. Some research suggests that inattention to social cues and reliance on maladaptive social schemas underlie aggression. Other research suggests that maladaptive social schemas lead aggressive individuals to attend to nonhostile cues. The primary objective of this study was to test the proposition that aggression is related to delayed attention to cues followed by selective attention to nonhostile cues after the provocation has occurred. A second objective was to test whether these biases are associated with aggression only when children hold negative social schemas. The eye fixations of70 children (34 boys, 36 girls; Mage = 11.71 years) were monitored with an eye tracker as they watched video clips of child actors portraying scenes of ambiguous provocation. Aggression was measured using peer-, teacher-, and parent-reports, and children completed a measure ofantisocial and prosocial peer beliefs. Aggressive behavior was associated with greater time until fixation on the provocateur among youth who held antisocial peer beliefs. Aggression was also associated with greater time until fixation on an actor displaying empathy for the victim among children reporting low levels of prosocial peer beliefs. After the provocation, aggression was associated with suppressed attention to an amused peer among children who held negative peer beliefs. Increasing attention to cues in a scene ofambiguous provocation, in conjunction with fostering more positive beliefs about peers, may be effective in reducing hostile responding among aggressive youth.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Renswoude2016,

title = {Do infants have the horizontal bias?},

author = {Daan R. Renswoude and S. P. Johnson and Maartje E. J. Raijmakers and Ingmar Visser},

doi = {10.1016/j.infbeh.2016.05.005},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Infant Behavior and Development},

volume = {44},

pages = {38–48},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {A robust set of studies show that adults make more horizontal than vertical and oblique saccades, while scanning real-world scenes. In this paper we study the horizontal bias in infants. The directions of eye movements were calculated for 41 infants (M = 8.40 months},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Connolly2016,

title = {Saccade adaptation in young people diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Combined Type},

author = {Amanda J. Connolly and Nicole J. Rinehart and Joanne Fielding},

doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.06.053},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Neuroscience},

volume = {333},

pages = {27–34},

publisher = {IBRO},

abstract = {Growing evidence suggests Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) often co-occurs with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and a better understanding of the nature of their overlap, including at a neurobiological level, is needed. Research has implicated cerebellar-networks as part of the neural-circuitry disrupted in ASD, but little research has been carried out to investigate this in ADHD. We investigated cerebellar integrity using a double-step saccade adaptation paradigm in a group of male children age 8–15 (n = 12) diagnosed with ADHD-Combined Type (-CT). Their performance was compared to a group of age and IQ-matched typically developing (TD) controls (n = 12). Parent reported symptoms of ADHD-CT and ASD were measured, along with motor proficiency (Movement ABC-2). We found, on average, the adaptation of saccade gain was reduced for the ADHD-CT group compared to the TD group. Greater saccadic gain change (adaptation) was also positively correlated with higher Movement ABC-2 total and balance scores among the ADHD-CT participants. These differences suggest cerebellar networks underlying saccade adaptation may be disrupted in young people with ADHD-CT. Though our findings require further replication with larger samples, they suggest further research into cerebellar dysfunction in ADHD-CT, and as a point of neurobiological overlap with ASD, may be warranted.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Creel2016,

title = {Effects of contextual support on preschoolers' accented speech comprehension},

author = {Sarah C. Creel and Dolly P. Rojo and Angelica Nicolle Paullada},

doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2016.01.018},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Child Psychology},

volume = {146},

pages = {156–180},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {Young children often hear speech in unfamiliar accents, but relatively little research characterizes their comprehension capacity. The current study tested preschoolers' comprehension of familiar-accented versus unfamiliar-accented speech with varying levels of contextual support from sentence frames (full sentences vs. isolated words) and from visual context (four salient pictured alternatives vs. the absence of salient visual referents). The familiar accent advantage was more robust when visual context was absent, suggesting that previous findings of good accent comprehension in infants and young children may result from ceiling effects in easier tasks (e.g., picture fixation, picture selection) relative to the more difficult tasks often used with older children and adults. In contrast to prior work on mispronunciations, where most errors were novel object responses, children in the current study did not select novel object referents above chance levels. This suggests that some property of accented speech may dissuade children from inferring that an unrecognized familiar-but-accented word has a novel referent. Finally, children showed detectable accent processing difficulty despite presumed incidental community exposure. Results suggest that preschoolers' accented speech comprehension is still developing, consistent with theories of protracted development of speech processing. Copyright ©2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Carvalho2016,

title = {Preschoolers use phrasal prosody online to constrain syntactic analysis},

author = {Alex Carvalho and Isabelle Dautriche and Anne Christophe},

doi = {10.1111/desc.12300},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Developmental Science},

volume = {19},

number = {2},

pages = {235–250},

abstract = {Two experiments were conducted to investigate whether young children are able to take into account phrasal prosody when computing the syntactic structure of a sentence. Pairs of French noun/verb homophones were selected to create locally ambiguous sentences ([la petite ferme] [est tr? es jolie] ‘the small farm is very nice' vs. [la petite] [ferme la fen^ etre] ‘the little girl closes the window' – brackets indicate prosodic boundaries). Although these sentences start with the same three words, ferme is a noun (farm) in the former but a verb (to close) in the latter case. The only difference between these sentence beginnings is the prosodic structure, that reflects the syntactic structure (with a prosodic boundary just before the criticalwordwhen it is a verb, and just after it when it is a noun). Crucially, all words following the homophone were masked, such that prosodic cues were the only disambiguating information. Children successfully exploited prosodic information to assign the appropriate syntactic category to the target word, in both an oral completion task (4.5-year-olds, Experiment 1) and in a preferential looking paradigm with an eye- tracker (3.5-year-olds and 4.5-year-olds, Experiment 2). These results show that both groups of children exploit the position of a word within the prosodic structure when computing its syntactic category. In other words, even younger children of 3.5 years old exploit phrasal prosody online to constrain their syntactic analysis. This ability to exploit phrasal prosody to compute syntactic structure may help children parse sentences containing unknown words, and facilitate the acquisition of word meanings.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{DellOsso2016,

title = {Effects of augmented tenotomy and reattachment in the infantile nystagmus syndrome},

author = {Louis F. Dell'Osso and Faruk H. Orge and Jonathan B. Jacobs},

doi = {10.5693/djo.01.2016.01.002},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Digital Journal of Opthalmology},

volume = {22},

number = {1},

pages = {12–24},

abstract = {PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that augmented tenotomy and reattachment surgery (AT-R), which involves placing an additional suture in each distal tendon during the 4-muscle tenotomy and reattachment (T-R) or other infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS) procedures, could increase the beneficial effects of many types of extraocular muscle (EOM) surgery to treat INS. METHODS: Both infrared reflection and high-speed digital video systems were used to record the eye movements in 4 patients with INS before and after AT-R surgery. Data were analyzed using the eXpanded Nystagmus Acuity Function (NAFX) that is part of the OMtools software. RESULTS: Placement of the augmentation suture did not interfere with Kestenbaum, Anderson, bilateral medial rectus muscle recession, or T-R surgeries. The therapeutic effects of AT-R were similar to but not equal to those from the traditional single-suture surgeries (ie, broadening longest foveation domain [LFD] but no improvement of NAFX peak). The average of the NAFX percent improvements after AT-R was within 31% of those estimated from NAFX values before T-R; the average of the percent broadenings of the LFD values after AT-R was within 16%. CONCLUSIONS: The AT-R does not improve the foveation quality in INS above the traditional T-R surgery. It is not improved by an additional suture; indeed, some improvements may be diminished by the added suture. The hypothesized augmented-tendon suture technique (sans tenotomy) has been modified and remains to be tested.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ding2016a,

title = {Selective impairments in covert shifts of attention in Chinese dyslexic children},

author = {Yun Ding and Jing Zhao and Tao He and Yufei Tan and Lingshuang Zheng and Zhiguo Wang},

doi = {10.1002/dys.1541},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Dyslexia},

volume = {22},

number = {4},

pages = {362–378},

abstract = {Reading depends heavily on the efficient shift of attention. Mounting evidence has suggested that dyslexics have deficits in covert attentional shift. However, it remains unclear whether dyslexics also have deficits in overt attentional shift. With the majority of relevant studies carried out in alphabetic writing systems, it is also unknown whether the attentional deficits observed in dyslexics are restricted to a particular writing system. The present study examined inhibition of return (IOR)-a major driving force of attentional shifts-in dyslexic children learning to read a logographic script (i.e., Chinese). Robust IOR effects were observed in both covert and overt attentional tasks in two groups of typically developing children, who were age- or reading ability-matched to the dyslexic children. In contrast, the dyslexic children showed IOR in the overt but not in the covert attentional task. We conclude that covert attentional shift is selectively impaired in dyslexic children. This impairment is not restricted to alphabetic writing systems, and it could be a significant contributor to the difficulties encountered by children learning to read.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ego2016a,

title = {Development of internal models and predictive abilities for visual tracking during childhood},

author = {Caroline Ego and Demet Yüksel and Jean-Jacques Orban de Xivry and Philippe Lefèvre},

doi = {10.1152/jn.00534.2015},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},

volume = {115},

number = {1},

pages = {301–309},

abstract = {The prediction of the consequences of our own actions through internal models is an essential component of motor control. Previous studies showed improvement of anticipatory behaviors with age for grasping, drawing, and postural control. Since these actions require visual and proprioceptive feedback, these improvements might reflect both the development of internal models and the feedback control. In contrast, visual tracking of a temporarily invisible target gives specific markers of prediction and internal models for eye movements. Therefore, we recorded eye movements in 50 children (aged 5-19 yr) and in 10 adults, who were asked to pursue a visual target that is temporarily blanked. Results show that the youngest children (5-7 yr) have a general oculomotor behavior in this task, qualitatively similar to the one observed in adults. However, the overall performance of older subjects in terms of accuracy at target reappearance and variability in their behavior was much better than the youngest children. This late maturation of predictive mechanisms with age was reflected into the development of the accuracy of the internal models governing the synergy between the saccadic and pursuit systems with age. Altogether, we hypothesize that the maturation of the interaction between smooth pursuit and saccades that relies on internal models of the eye and target displacement is related to the continuous maturation of the cerebellum.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Freebody2016,

title = {Own-age biases in adults' and children's joint attention: Biased face prioritization, but not gaze following!},

author = {Susannah F. Freebody and Gustav Kuhn},

doi = {10.1080/17470218.2016.1247899},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology},

volume = {71},

number = {2},

pages = {372–379},

publisher = {Taylor & Francis},

abstract = {Previous studies have reported own-age biases in younger and older adults in gaze following. We investigated own-age biases in social attentional processes between adults and children by focusing on two aspects of the joint attention process; the extent to which people attend towards an individual's face, and the extent to which they fixate objects that are looked at by this person (i.e., gaze following). Participants viewed images that always contained a child and an adult who either looked towards each other or each looked at objects located to their side. Observers consistently, and rapidly fixated the actor's faces, though the children were faster to fixate the child's face than the adult's faces, whilst the adults were faster to fixate on the adult's face than the child's face. The children also spent significantly more time fixating the child's face than the adult's face, and the opposite pattern of results was found for the adults. Whilst both adults and children prioritized objects when they were looked at by the actor, both groups showed equivalent levels of gaze following, and there was no own-age bias for gaze following. Our results show an own-age bias for prioritizing faces, but not gaze following.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Gonzalez2016b,

title = {Cognitive control of saccadic eye movements in children with developmental coordination disorder},

author = {Claudia C. Gonzalez and Mark Mon-Williams and Siobhan Burke and Melanie R. Burke},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0165380},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {11},

number = {11},

pages = {e0165380},

abstract = {The ability to use advance information to prepare and execute a movement requires cognitive control of behaviour (e.g., anticipation and inhibition). Our aim was to explore the integrity of saccadic eye movement control in developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and typically developing (TD) children (8–12 years) and assess how these children plan and inhibit saccadic responses, the principal mechanisms within visual attention control. Eye movements and touch responses were measured (separately and concurrently) in Cued and Non-Cued conditions. We found that children with DCD had similar saccade kinematics to the TD group during saccade initiation. Advance information decreased hand movement duration in both groups during Cued trials, but decrements in accuracy were significantly worse in the DCD group. In addition, children with DCD exhibited greater inhibitory errors and inaccurate fixation during the Cued trials. Thus, children with DCD were reasonably proficient in executing saccades during reflexive (Non-Cued) conditions, but showed deficits in more complex control processes involving prediction and inhibition. These findings have implications for our understanding of motor control in children with DCD.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Gregory2016,

title = {The developmental trajectory of attentional orienting to socio-biological cues},

author = {Nicola J. Gregory and Frouke Hermens and Rebecca Facey and Timothy L. Hodgson},

doi = {10.1007/s00221-016-4627-3},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Experimental Brain Research},

volume = {234},

number = {6},

pages = {1351–1362},

publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},

abstract = {It has been proposed that the orienting of attention in the same direction as another's point of gaze relies on innate brain mechanisms which are present from birth, but direct evidence relating to the influence of eye gaze cues on attentional orienting in young children is limited. In two experiments, 137 children aged 3–10 years old performed an adapted pro-saccade task with centrally presented uninformative eye gaze, finger pointing and arrow pre-cues which were either congruent or incongruent with the direction of target presentations. When the central cue overlapped with presentation of the peripheral target (Experiment 1), children up to 5 years old had difficulty disengaging fixation from central fixation in order to saccade to the target. This effect was found to be particularly marked for eye gaze cues. When central cues were extinguished simultaneously with peripheral target onset (Experiment 2), this effect was greatly reduced. In both experiments finger pointing cues (image of pointing index finger presented at fixation) exerted a strong influence on saccade reaction time to the peripheral stimulus for the youngest group of children (<5 years). Overall the results suggest that although young children are strongly engaged by centrally presented eye gaze cues, the directional influence of such cues on overt attentional orienting is only present in older children, meaning that the effect is unlikely to be dependent upon an innate brain module. Instead, the results are consistent with the existence of stimulus–response associations which develop with age and environmental experience.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Haeikioe2016,

title = {The hyphen as a syllabification cue in reading bisyllabic and multisyllabic words among Finnish 1st and 2nd graders},

author = {Tuomo Häikiö and Raymond Bertram and Jukka Hyönä},

doi = {10.1007/s11145-015-9584-x},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Reading and Writing},

volume = {29},

number = {1},

pages = {159–182},

abstract = {Finnish ABC books present words with hyphens inserted at syllable boundaries. Syllabification by hyphens is abandoned in the 2nd grade for bisyllabic words, but continues for words with three or more syllables. The current eye movement study investigated how and to what extent syllable hyphens in bisyllabic (kah-vi ?cof-fee?) and multisyllabic words (haa-ruk-ka ?fork?, ap-pel-sii-ni ?orange?) affect eye movement behavior and reading speed of Finnish 1st and 2nd graders. Experiment 1 showed that 2nd graders had longer gaze durations, needed more fixations and had longer selective regression path durations for hyphenated than concatenated words. This implies that hyphenated words were difficult to process when first encountered, but also hard to integrate with prior sentence context. The effects were modified by number of syllables and reading skill. That is, the hyphenation effects were larger for multisyllabic than bisyllabic words and larger for more than less proficient readers. Experiment 2 showed the same hyphenation effect for 1st graders reading long multisyllabic words, even with a hyphen that was smaller in size and hence visually less salient. We argue that syllable hyphens prevent reasonably proficient readers from using the most efficient processing route for bi- and multisyllabic words and discuss the possible implications of the results for early Finnish reading instruction.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Helo2016,

title = {Eye movement patterns and visual attention during scene viewing in 3-to 12-month-olds},

author = {Andrea Helo and Pia Rämä and Sebastian Pannasch and David Meary},

doi = {10.1017/S0952523816000110},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Visual Neuroscience},

volume = {33},

pages = {e014},

abstract = {Recently, two attentional modes have been associated with specific eye movement patterns during scene processing. Ambient mode, characterized by short fixations and long saccades during early scene inspection, is associated with localization of objects. Focal mode, characterized by longer fixations, is associated with more detailed object feature processing during later inspection phase. The aim of the present study was to investigate the development of these attentional modes. More specifically, we examined whether indications of ambient and focal attention modes are similar in infants and adults. Therefore, we measured eye movements in 3-to 12-months-old infants while exploring visual scenes. Our results show that both adults and 12-month-olds had shorter fixation durations within the first 1.5 s of scene viewing compared with later time phases (>2.5 s); indicating that there was a transition from ambient to focal processing during image inspection. In younger infants, fixation durations between two viewing phases did not differ. Our results suggest that at the end of the first year of life, infants have developed an adult-like scene viewing behavior. The evidence for the existence of distinct attentional processing mechanisms during early infancy furthermore underlines the importance of the concept of the two modes.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Huettig2016,

title = {Individual differences in working memory and processing speed predict anticipatory spoken language processing in the visual world},

author = {Falk Huettig and Esther Janse},

doi = {10.1080/23273798.2015.1047459},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Language, Cognition and Neuroscience},

volume = {31},

number = {1},

pages = {80–93},

abstract = {Several mechanisms of predictive language processing have been proposed. The possible influence of mediating factors such as working memory and processing speed, however, has largely been ignored. We sought to find evidence for such an influence using an individual differences approach. 105 participants from 32–77 years of age received spoken instructions (e.g. “Kijk naar deCOM afgebeelde pianoCOM”– look at the displayed piano) while viewing 4 objects. Articles (Dutch “het” or “de”) were gender-marked such that the article agreed in gender only with the target. Participants could thus use article gender information to predict the target. Multiple regression analyses showed that enhanced working memory abilities and faster processing speed predicted anticipatory eye movements. Models of predictive language processing therefore must take mediating factors into account. More generally, our results are consistent with the notion that working memory grounds language in space and time, linking linguistic and visual–spatial representations.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Huurneman2016,

title = {Perceptual learning in children with infantile Nystagmus: Effects on 2D oculomotor behavior},

author = {Bianca Huurneman and F. Nienke Boonstra and Jeroen Goossens},

doi = {10.1167/iovs.16-19555},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},

volume = {57},

number = {10},

pages = {4229–4238},

abstract = {PURPOSE: To determine changes in oculomotor behavior after 10 sessions of perceptual learning on a letter discrimination task in children with infantile nystagmus (IN). METHODS: Children with IN (18 children with idiopathic IN and 18 with oculocutaneous albinism accompanied by IN) aged 6 to 11 years were divided into two training groups matched on diagnosis: an uncrowded training group (n = 18) and a crowded training group (n = 18). Target letters always appeared briefly (500 ms) at an eccentric location, forcing subjects to quickly redirect their gaze. Training occurred twice per week for 5 consecutive weeks (3500 trials total). Norm data and test-retest values were collected from children with normal vision (n = 11). Outcome measures were: nystagmus characteristics (amplitude, frequency, intensity, and the expanded nystagmus acuity function); fixation stability (the bivariate contour ellipse area and foveation time); and saccadic eye movements (latencies and accuracy) made during a simple saccade task and a crowded letter-identification task. RESULTS: After training, saccadic responses of children with IN improved on the saccade task (latencies decreased by 14 ± 4 ms and gains increased by 0.03 ± 0.01), but not on the crowded letter task. There were also no training-induced changes in nystagmus characteristics and fixation stability. Although children with normal vision had shorter latencies in the saccade task (47 ± 14 ms at baseline), test-retest changes in their saccade gains and latencies were almost equal to the training effects observed in children with IN. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the improvement in visual performance after perceptual learning in children with IN is primarily due to improved sensory processing rather than improved two-dimensional oculomotor behavior.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Jared2016,

title = {Phonological activation of word meanings in grade 5 readers},

author = {Debra Jared and Jane Ashby and Stephen J. Agauas and Betty Ann Levy},

doi = {10.1037/xlm0000184},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition},

volume = {42},

number = {4},

pages = {524–541},

abstract = {Three experiments examined the role of phonology in the activation of word meanings in Grade 5 students. In Experiment 1, homophone and spelling control errors were embedded in a story context and participants performed a proofreading task as they read for meaning. For both good and poor readers, more homophone errors went undetected than spelling control errors. In Experiments 2 and 3, homophone and spelling control errors were in sentence contexts. Experiment 2 used an online sentence verification task, and found that both good and poor readers were less accurate when sentences contained a homophone error than a spelling control error. Furthermore, a difference between the 2 types of sentences was observed even when participants were concurrently performing an articulation task. In Experiment 3, initial reading times were shorter on homophone errors than on spelling controls, and participants were less likely to make a regression from homophone errors than spelling controls. These experiments provide clear evidence that phonology makes an important contribution to the activation of word meanings in Grade 5 readers.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Jian2016,

title = {Fourth graders' cognitive processes and learning strategies for reading illustrated biology texts: Eye movement measurements},

author = {Yu-Cin Jian},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Reading Research Quarterly},

volume = {51},

number = {1},

pages = {93–109},

abstract = {Previous research suggests that multiple representations can improve sci- ence reading comprehension. This facilitation effect is premised on the observation that readers can efficiently integrate information in text and diagram formats; however, this effect in young readers is still contested. Using eye- tracking technology and sequential analysis, this study investi- gated students' reading strategies and comprehension of illustrated biology texts in relation to adult readers' performance. The target population was fourth- grade students with high reading ability, and the control group was university students. All participants read a biology article from an elemen- tary school science textbook containing two illustrations, one representa- tional and one decorative. After the reading task, participants answered questions on recognition, textual, and illustration items. Unsurprisingly, the university students outperformed the younger students on all tests; how- ever, more interestingly, eye movement patterns differed across the two groups. The adult readers demonstrated bidirectional reading pathways for both text and illustrations, whereas the fourth graders' eye fixations only went back and forth within paragraphs in the text and between the illustrations, but made fewer references to both text and illustration. This suggests that regardless of their high reading ability, fourth-grade students' visual literacy is not mature enough to perceive connections between corresponding features of different representations crucial to reading comprehension. Despite differences in cognitive processes between adult readers and young readers, high-ability young readers still have certain capabilities in reading comprehension. The results of sequential analysis showed that they looked back to previous paragraphs frequently, indicating that they were monitoring their comprehension.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kasisopa2016,

title = {Child readers' eye movements in reading Thai},

author = {Benjawan Kasisopa and Ronan G. Reilly and Sudaporn Luksaneeyanawin and Denis Burnham},

doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2015.07.009},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Vision Research},

volume = {123},

pages = {8–19},

abstract = {It has recently been found that adult native readers of Thai, an alphabetic scriptio continua language, engage similar oculomotor patterns as readers of languages written with spaces between words; despite the lack of inter-word spaces, first and last characters of a word appear to guide optimal placement of Thai readers' eye movements, just to the left of word-centre. The issue addressed by the research described here is whether eye movements of Thai children also show these oculomotor patterns. Here the effect of first and last character frequency and word frequency on the eye movements of 18 Thai children when silently reading normal unspaced and spaced text was investigated. Linear mixed-effects model analyses of viewing time measures (first fixation duration, single fixation duration, and gaze duration) and of landing site location revealed that Thai children's eye movement patterns were similar to their adult counterparts. Both first character frequency and word frequency played important roles in Thai children's landing sites; children tended to land their eyes further into words, close to the word centre, if the word began with higher frequency first characters, and this effect was facilitated in higher frequency words. Spacing also facilitated more effective use of first character frequency and it also assisted in decreasing children's viewing time. The use of last-character frequency appeared to be a later development, affecting mainly single fixation duration and gaze duration. In general, Thai children use the same oculomotor control mechanisms in reading spaced and unspaced texts as Thai adults, who in turn have similar oculomotor control as readers of spaced texts. Thus, it appears that eye movements in reading converge on the optimal landing site using whatever cues are available to guide such placement.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kelly2016,

title = {Congenitally impaired disparity vergence in children with infantile Esotropia},

author = {Krista R. Kelly and Joost Felius and Santoshi Ramachandran and Blesson A. John and Reed M. Jost and Eileen E. Birch},

doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.15-18606},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},

volume = {57},

number = {6},

pages = {2545–2551},

abstract = {PURPOSE. We examined whether congenital impairment of disparity vergence in infantile esotropia (ET) exists in children with short duration ET (<=3 months) compared with longduration ET and healthy controls. A short duration of misalignment would allow for a substantial amount of balanced binocular input during the critical period of binocular disparity development. METHODS. A total of 19 children aged 5 to 12 years and treated for infantile ET with a short (<=3 months; n = 10) or long (>=5 months; n = 9) duration of constant misalignment before alignment were enrolled. A total of 22 healthy control children were enrolled as a comparison group. Eye movements during disparity vergence and accommodative vergence were recorded using an EyeLink 1000 binocular eye tracker. Mean response gain was compared between and within groups to determine the effect of duration of misalignment and viewing condition. RESULTS. Compared with controls, children with short (P = 0.002) and long (P <0.001) duration infantile ET had reduced response gains for disparity vergence, but not for accommodative vergence (P = 0.19). CONCLUSIONS. Regardless of duration of misalignment, children with infantile ET had reduced disparity vergence, consistent with a congenital impairment of disparity vergence in infantile ET. Although early correction of misalignment increases the likelihood that some level of binocular disparity sensitivity will be present, normal levels may never be achieved.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{West2016,

title = {The development of inhibitory saccadic trajectory deviations correlates with measures of antisaccadic inhibition},

author = {Gregory L. West and Sarah Lippé},

doi = {10.1097/WNR.0000000000000672},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {NeuroReport},

volume = {27},

pages = {1196–1201},

abstract = {Chronological age is related positively to a participant's ability to inhibit distracting information. Inhibition can be measured using the trajectory deviation of a saccade. Saccadic curvature away from distracting visual information is controlled through top–down inhibition mediated by the frontal eye fields. In the present study, we aimed to further test the saccadic trajectory deviation paradigm's sensitivity to the development of frontal inhibitory procuresses by comparing its measure of saccadic inhibition with that of a widely used paradigm, namely, the antisaccade task. We show that the later ‘inhibition' phase of the trajectory deviation function correlated strongly with the measure of antisaccadic inhibition obtained in the same individuals. As expected, the earlier ‘capture' phase of the trajectory deviation function, which does not represent the involvement of frontal structures, did not correlate with antisaccadic inhibition. Further, both measures of frontal inhibition increased with chronological age.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wetzel2016,

title = {Infant and adult pupil dilation in response to unexpected sounds},

author = {Nicole Wetzel and David Buttelmann and Andy Schieler and Andreas Widmann},

doi = {10.1002/dev.21377},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Developmental Psychobiology},

volume = {58},

number = {3},

pages = {382–392},

abstract = {Surprisingly occurring sounds outside the focus of attention can involuntarily capture attention. This study focuses on the impact of deviant sounds on the pupil size as a marker of auditory involuntary attention in infants. We presented an oddball paradigm including four types of deviant sounds within a sequence of repeated standard sounds to 14-month-old infants and to adults. Environmental and noise deviant sounds elicited a strong pupil dilation response (PDR) in both age groups. In contrast, moderate frequency deviants elicited a significant PDR in adults only. Moreover, a principal component analysis revealed two components underlying the PDR. Component scores differ, depending on deviant types, between age groups. Results indicate age effects of parasympathetic inhibition and sympathetic activation of the pupil size caused by deviant sounds with a high arousing potential. Results demonstrate that the PDR is a sensitive tool for the investigation of involuntary attention to sounds in preverbal children.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Williams2016,

title = {Perceptual bias, more than age, impacts on eye movements during face processing},

author = {Louise R. Williams and Madeleine A. Grealy and Steve W. Kelly and Iona Henderson and Stephen H. Butler},

doi = {10.1016/j.actpsy.2015.12.012},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Acta Psychologica},

volume = {164},

pages = {127–135},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Consistent with the right hemispheric dominance for face processing, a left perceptual bias (LPB) is typically demonstrated by younger adults viewing faces and a left eye movement bias has also been revealed. Hemispheric asymmetry is predicted to reduce with age and older adults have demonstrated a weaker LPB, particularly when viewing time is restricted. What is currently unclear is whether age also weakens the left eye movement bias. Additionally, a right perceptual bias (RPB) for facial judgments has less frequently been demonstrated, but whether this is accompanied by a right eye movement bias has not been investigated. To address these issues older and younger adults' eye movements and gender judgments of chimeric faces were recorded in two time conditions. Age did not significantly weaken the LPB or eye movement bias; both groups looked initially to the left side of the face and made more fixations when the gender judgment was based on the left side. A positive association was found between LPB and initial saccades in the freeview condition and with all eye movements (initial saccades, number and duration of fixations) when time was restricted. The accompanying eye movement bias revealed by LPB participants contrasted with RPB participants who demonstrated no eye movement bias in either time condition. Consequently, increased age is not clearly associated with weakened perceptual and eye movement biases. Instead an eye movement bias accompanies an LPB (particularly under restricted viewing time conditions) but not an RPB.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wonnacott2016,

title = {Is children's reading “good enough”? Links between online processing and comprehension as children read syntactically ambiguous sentences},

author = {Elizabeth Wonnacott and Holly S. S. L. Joseph and James S. Adelman and Kate Nation},

doi = {10.1080/17470218.2015.1011176},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology},

volume = {69},

number = {5},

pages = {855–879},

abstract = {We monitored 8- and 10-year-old children's eye movements as they read sentences containing a temporary syntactic ambiguity to obtain a detailed record of their online processing. Children showed the classic garden-path effect in online processing. Their reading was disrupted following disambiguation, relative to control sentences containing a comma to block the ambiguity, although the disruption occurred somewhat later than would be expected for mature readers. We also asked children questions to probe their comprehension of the syntactic ambiguity offline. They made more errors following ambiguous sentences than following control sentences, demonstrating that the initial incorrect parse of the garden-path sentence influenced offline comprehension. These findings are consistent with "good enough" processing effects seen in adults. While faster reading times and more regressions were generally associated with better comprehension, spending longer reading the question predicted comprehension success specifically in the ambiguous condition. This suggests that reading the question prompted children to reconstruct the sentence and engage in some form of processing, which in turn increased the likelihood of comprehension success. Older children were more sensitive to the syntactic function of commas, and, overall, they were faster and more accurate than younger children.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Yeung2016,

title = {Infants' looking to surprising events: When eye-tracking reveals more than looking time},

author = {H. Henny Yeung and Stephanie Denison and Scott P. Johnson},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0164277},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {11},

number = {12},

pages = {e0164277},

abstract = {Research on infants' reasoning abilities often rely on looking times, which are longer to surprising and unexpected visual scenes compared to unsurprising and expected ones. Few researchers have examined more precise visual scanning patterns in these scenes, and so, here, we recorded 8- to 11-month-olds' gaze with an eye tracker as we presented a sampling event whose outcome was either surprising, neutral, or unsurprising: A red (or yellow) ball was drawn from one of three visible containers populated 0%, 50%, or 100% with identically colored balls. When measuring looking time to the whole scene, infants were insensitive to the likelihood of the sampling event, replicating failures in similar paradigms. Nevertheless, a new analysis of visual scanning showed that infants did spend more time fixating specific areas-of-interest as a function of the event likelihood. The drawn ball and its associated container attracted more looking than the other containers in the 0% condition, but this pattern was weaker in the 50% condition, and even less strong in the 100% condition. Results suggest that measuring where infants look may be more sensitive than simply how much looking there is to the whole scene. The advantages of eye tracking measures over traditional looking measures are discussed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Zamuner2016,

title = {Toddlers' sensitivity to within-word coarticulation during spoken word recognition: Developmental differences in lexical competition},

author = {Tania S. Zamuner and Charlotte Moore and Félix Desmeules-Trudel},

doi = {10.1016/j.jecp.2016.07.012},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Child Psychology},

volume = {152},

pages = {136–148},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {To understand speech, listeners need to be able to decode the speech stream into meaningful units. However, coarticulation causes phonemes to differ based on their context. Because coarticulation is an ever-present component of the speech stream, it follows that listeners may exploit this source of information for cues to the identity of the words being spoken. This research investigates the development of listeners' sensitivity to coarticulation cues below the level of the phoneme in spoken word recognition. Using a looking-while-listening paradigm, adults and 2- and 3-year-old children were tested on coarticulation cues that either matched or mismatched the target. Both adults and children predicted upcoming phonemes based on anticipatory coarticulation to make decisions about word identity. The overall results demonstrate that coarticulation cues are a fundamental component of children's spoken word recognition system. However, children did not show the same resolution as adults of the mismatching coarticulation cues and competitor inhibition, indicating that children's processing systems are still developing.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Zang2016a,

title = {Effects of word frequency and visual complexity on eye movements of young and older Chinese readers},

author = {Chuanli Zang and Manman Zhang and Xuejun Bai and Guoli Yan and Kevin B. Paterson and Simon P. Liversedge},

doi = {10.1080/17470218.2015.1083594},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology},

volume = {69},

number = {7},

pages = {1409–1425},

publisher = {Taylor & Francis},

abstract = {Research using alphabetic languages shows that, compared to young adults, older adults employ a risky reading strategy in which they are more likely to guess word identities and skip words to compensate for their slower processing of text. However, little is known about how ageing affects reading behaviour for naturally unspaced, logographic languages like Chinese. Accordingly, to assess the generality of age-related changes in reading strategy across different writing systems we undertook an eye movement investigation of adult age differences in Chinese reading. Participants read sentences containing a target word (a single Chinese character) that had a high or low frequency of usage and was constructed from either few or many character strokes, and so either visually simple or complex. Frequency and complexity produced similar patterns of influence for both age groups on skipping rates and fixation times for target words. Both groups therefore demonstrated sensitivity to these manipulations. But compared to the young adults, the older adults made more and longer fixations and more forward and backward eye movements overall. They also fixated the target words for longer, especially when these were visually complex. Crucially, the older adults skipped words less and made shorter progressive saccades. Therefore, in contrast with findings for alphabetic languages, older Chinese readers appear to use a careful reading strategy according to which they move their eyes cautiously along lines of text and skip words infrequently. We propose they use this more careful reading strategy to compensate for increased difficulty processing word boundaries in Chinese.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Nardini2016,

title = {Integration of audio-visual information for spatial decisions in children and adults},

author = {Marko Nardini and Jennifer Bales and Denis Mareschal},

doi = {10.1111/desc.12327},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Developmental Science},

volume = {19},

number = {5},

pages = {803–816},

abstract = {In adults, decisions based on multisensory information can be faster and/or more accurate than those relying on a single sense. However, this finding varies significantly across development. Here we studied speeded responding to audio-visual targets, a key multisensory function whose development remains unclear. We found that when judging the locations of targets, children aged 4 to 12 years and adults had faster and less variable response times given auditory and visual information together compared with either alone. Comparison of response time distributions with model predictions indicated that children at all ages were integrating (pooling) sensory information to make decisions but that both the overall speed and the efficiency of sensory integration improved with age. The evidence for pooling comes from comparison with the predictions of Miller's seminal ‘race model', as well as with a major recent extension of this model and a comparable ‘pooling' (coactivation) model. The findings and analyses can reconcile results from previous audio-visual studies, in which infants showed speed gains exceeding race model predictions in a spatial orienting task (Neil et al., 2006) but children below 7 years did not in speeded reaction time tasks (e.g. Barutchu et al., 2009). Our results provide new evidence for early and sustained abilities to integrate visual and auditory signals for spatial localization from a young age.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Oberwelland2016,

title = {Look into my eyes: Investigating joint attention using interactive eye-tracking and fMRI in a developmental sample},

author = {E. Oberwelland and Leonhard Schilbach and I. Barisic and Sarah C. Krall and K. Vogeley and Gereon R. Fink and B. Herpertz-Dahlmann and Kerstin Konrad and Martin Schulte-Rüther},

doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.02.026},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {NeuroImage},

volume = {130},

pages = {248–260},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {Joint attention, the shared attentional focus of at least two people on a third significant object, is one of the earliest steps in social development and an essential aspect of reciprocal interaction. However, the neural basis of joint attention (JA) in the course of development is completely unknown. The present study made use of an interactive eye-tracking paradigm in order to examine the developmental trajectories of JA and the influence of a familiar interaction partner during the social encounter. Our results show that across children and adolescents JA elicits a similar network of "social brain" areas as well as attention and motor control associated areas as in adults. While other-initiated JA particularly recruited visual, attention and social processing areas, self-initiated JA specifically activated areas related to social cognition, decision-making, emotions and motivational/reward processes highlighting the rewarding character of self-initiated JA. Activation was further enhanced during self-initiated JA with a familiar interaction partner. With respect to developmental effects, activation of the precuneus declined from childhood to adolescence and additionally shifted from a general involvement in JA towards a more specific involvement for self-initiated JA. Similarly, the temporoparietal junction (TPJ) was broadly involved in JA in children and more specialized for self-initiated JA in adolescents. Taken together, this study provides first-time data on the developmental trajectories of JA and the effect of a familiar interaction partner incorporating the interactive character of JA, its reciprocity and motivational aspects.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Pagan2016a,

title = {Parafoveal preprocessing of word initial trigrams during reading in adults and children},

author = {Ascensión Pagán and Hazel I. Blythe and Simon P. Liversedge},

doi = {10.1037/xlm0000175},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition},

volume = {42},

number = {3},

pages = {411–432},

abstract = {Although previous research has shown that letter position information for the first letter of a parafoveal word is encoded less flexibly than internal word beginning letters (Johnson, Perea & Rayner, 2007; White et al., 2008), it is not clear how positional encoding operates over the initial trigram in English. This experiment explored the preprocessing of letter identity and position information of a parafoveal word's initial trigram by adults and children using the boundary paradigm during normal sentence reading. Seven previews were generated: Identity (captain); transposed letter and substituted letter nonwords in Positions 1 and 2 (acptain-imptain); 1 and 3 (pactain-gartain), and 2 and 3 (cpatain-cgotain). Results showed a transposed letter effect (TLE) in Position 13 for gaze duration in the pretarget word; and TLE in Positions 12 and 23 but not in Position 13 in the target word for both adults and children. These findings suggest that children, similar to adults, extract letter identity and position information flexibly using a spatial coding mechanism; supporting isolated word recognition models such as SOLAR (Davis, 1999, 2010) and SERIOL (Whitney, 2001) models.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Paolozza2016,

title = {Immediate neural plasticity involving reaction time in a saccadic eye movement task is intact in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder},

author = {Angelina Paolozza and Douglas P. Munoz and Donald Brien and James N. Reynolds},

doi = {10.1111/acer.13224},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research},

volume = {40},

number = {11},

pages = {2351–2358},

abstract = {Background: Saccades are rapid eye movements that bring an image of interest onto the retina. Previous research has found that in healthy individuals performing eye movement tasks, the location of a previous visual target can influence performance of the saccade on the next trial. This rapid behavioral adaptation represents a form of immediate neural plasticity within the saccadic circuitry. Our studies have shown that children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) are impaired on multiple saccade measures. We therefore investigated these previous trial effects in typically developing children and children with FASD to measure sensory neural plasticity and how these effects vary with age and pathology. Methods: Both typically developing control children (n = 102; mean age = 10.54 +/- 3.25; 48 males) and children with FASD (n = 66; mean age = 11.85 +/- 3.42; 35 males) were recruited from 5 sites across Canada. Each child performed a visually guided saccade task. Reaction time and saccade amplitude were analyzed and then assessed based on the previous trial. Results: There was a robust previous trial effect for both reaction time and amplitude, with both the control and FASD groups displaying faster reaction times and smaller saccades during alternation trials (visual target presented on the opposite side to the previous trial). Children with FASD exhibited smaller overall mean amplitude and smaller amplitude selectively on alternation trials compared with controls. The effect of the previous trial on reaction time and amplitude did not differ across childhood and adolescent development. Conclusions: Children with FASD did not display any significant reaction time differences, despite exhibiting numerous deficits in motor and higher level cognitive control over saccades in other studies. These results suggest that this form of immediate neural plasticity in response to sensory information before saccade initiation remains intact in children with FASD. In contrast, the previous trial effect on amplitude suggests that the motor component of saccades may be affected, signifying differential vulnerability to prenatal alcohol exposure.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Pavlou2016,

title = {Exploring links between neuroticism and psychoticism personality traits, attentional biases to threat and friendship quality in 9-11-year-olds},

author = {Katerina Pavlou and Valerie Benson and Julie A. Hadwin},

doi = {10.5127/jep.055316},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychopathology},

volume = {7},

number = {3},

pages = {437–450},

abstract = {The current study used an eye-movement Remote Distractor Paradigm (RDP) to explore attention to threat and considered associations with personality traits (neuroticism and psychoticism) and self-reported friendship quality in children aged 9-11 years. The RDP asked children to look at and identify a target presented on a computer display in the presence or absence of a central, parafoveal or peripheral visual distractor (an angry, happy or neutral face). The results showed that symptoms of neuroticism were associated with hypervigilance for threat (i.e., slower latencies to initiate eye movements to the target in the presence of angry versus happy or neutral faces). In addition, when distractors were presented centrally, this relationship was most evident in children who reported lower levels of attentional control. Psychoticism traits were associated with increased selective attention to all distractors (as measured by directional errors to face stimuli) and to child reported lower friendship quality. Moreover, the negative relationship between psychoticism and friendship characteristics associated with companionship was mediated via attentional capture of threat (i.e., a greater proportion of directional errors to angry distractors). The findings have potential to inform the development of translational research, to reduce symptoms of psychopathology and address attentional biases to threat with an aim to improve peer relationships in late childhood.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Raetsep2016,

title = {Impact of preeclampsia on cognitive function in the offspring},

author = {Matthew T. Rätsep and Andrew F. Hickman and Brandon Maser and Jessica Pudwell and Graeme N. Smith and Donald Brien and Patrick W. Stroman and Michael A. Adams and James N. Reynolds and B. Anne Croy and Angelina Paolozza},

doi = {10.1016/j.bbr.2016.01.030},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Behavioural Brain Research},

volume = {302},

pages = {175–181},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Preeclampsia (PE) is a significant clinical disorder occurring in 3-5% of all human pregnancies. Offspring of PE pregnancies (PE-F1s) are reported to exhibit greater cognitive impairment than offspring from uncomplicated pregnancies. Previous studies of PE-F1 cognitive ability used tests with bias that do not assess specific cognitive domains. To improve cognitive impairment classification in PE-F1s we used standardized clinical psychometric testing and eye tracking studies of saccadic eye movements. PE-F1s ( n= 10) and sex/age matched control participants ( n= 41 for psychometrics; n= 59 for eye-tracking) were recruited from the PE-NET study or extracted from the NeuroDevNet study databases. Participants completed a selected array of psychometric tests which assessed executive function, working memory, attention, inhibition, visuospatial processing, reading, and math skills. Eye-tracking studies included the prosaccade, antisaccade, and memory-guided tasks. Psychometric testing revealed an impairment in working memory among PE-F1s. Eye-tracking studies revealed numerous impairments among PE-F1s including additional saccades required to reach the target, poor endpoint accuracy, and slower reaction time. However, PE-F1s made faster saccades than controls, and fewer sequence errors in the memory-guided task. Our study provides a comprehensive assessment of cognitive function among PE-F1s. The development of PE may be seen as an early predictor of reduced cognitive function in children, specifically in working memory and oculomotor control. Future studies should extended to a larger study populations, and may be valuable for early studies of children born to pregnancies complicated by other disorders, such as gestational diabetes or intrauterine growth restriction.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Rau2016,

title = {Same same, but different: Word and sentence reading in German and English},

author = {Anne K. Rau and Kristina Moll and Korbinian Moeller and Stefan Huber and Margaret J. Snowling and Karin Landerl},

doi = {10.1080/10888438.2015.1136913},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Scientific Studies of Reading},

volume = {20},

number = {3},

pages = {203–219},

publisher = {Routledge},

abstract = {The current study compared eye fixation patterns during word and sentence processing in a consistent and an inconsistent alphabetic orthography. German and English children as well as adults matched on word reading ability read matched sentences while their eye fixation behavior was recorded. Results indicated that German children read in a more small-unit plodder-like style with more diligent first-pass reading and less rereading. In contrast, English children read in a more large-unit explorer-like style with a greater tendency to skip words, and more regressions. It is important that these cross-linguistic processing differences largely persisted in the adult readers. Orthographic consistency thus influences both local word recognition and global sentence processing in developing and skilled readers.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Koch2016,

title = {Speech rate effects on the processing of conversational speech across the adult life span},

author = {Xaver Koch and Esther Janse},

doi = {10.1121/1.4944032},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},

volume = {139},

number = {4},

pages = {1618–1636},

abstract = {This study investigates the effect of speech r ate on spoken word recognition across the adult life span. Contrary to previous studies, convers ational materials with a natural variation in speech rate were used rather than lab-recorded stimuli that are subseque ntly artificially time-compressed. It was investigated whether older adults' speech recognition is more adversely affected by increased speech rate compared to younger and middle-aged adults, and which individual listener characteristics (e.g., hearing, fluid cognitive processi ng ability) predict the size of the speech rate effect on recognition performance. In an eye-trac king experiment, par-ticipants indicated with a mous e-click which visually presented words they recognized in a conversational fragment. Click response times , gaze, and pupil size data were analyzed. As expected, click response times and gaze behavi or were affected by speech rate, indicating that word recognition is more difficult if speec h rate is faster. Contrary to earlier findings, increased speech rate affecte d the age groups to the same extent. Fluid cognitive processing ability predicted general re cognition performance, but did not modulate the speech rate effect. These findings emphasize that earlier results of age by speech rate interactions mainly obtained with artificially speeded materials ma y not generalize to speech rate variation as encountered in conversational speech.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Legrand2016,

title = {Interference between oculomotor and postural tasks in 7–8-year-old children and adults},

author = {Agathe Legrand and Karine Doré-Mazars and Christelle Lemoine and Vincent Nougier and Isabelle Olivier},

doi = {10.1007/s00221-016-4565-0},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Experimental Brain Research},

volume = {234},

number = {6},

pages = {1667–1677},

publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},

abstract = {Several studies in adults having observed the effect of eye movements on postural control provided contradictory results. In the present study, we explored the effect of various oculomotor tasks on postural control and the effect of different postural tasks on eye movements in eleven children (7.8 ± 0.5 years) and nine adults (30.4 ± 6.3 years). To vary the difficulty of the oculomotor task, three conditions were tested: fixation, prosaccades (reactive saccades made toward the target) and antisaccades (voluntary saccades made in the direction opposite to the visual target). To vary the difficulty of postural control, two postural tasks were tested: Standard Romberg (SR) and Tandem Romberg (TR). Postural difficulty did not affect oculomotor behavior, except by lengthening adults' latencies in the prosaccade task. For both groups, postural control was altered in the antisaccade task as compared to fixation and prosaccade tasks. Moreover, a ceiling effect was found in the more complex postural task. This study highlighted a cortical interference between oculomotor and postural control systems.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{LemoineLardennois2016,

title = {Saccadic adaptation in 10–41 month-old children},

author = {Christelle Lemoine-Lardennois and Nadia Alahyane and Coline Tailhefer and Thérèse Collins and Jacqueline Fagard and Karine Doré-Mazars},

doi = {10.3389/fnhum.2016.00241},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},

volume = {10},

pages = {241},

abstract = {When saccade amplitude becomes systematically inaccurate, adaptation mechanisms gradually decrease or increase it until accurate saccade targeting is recovered. Adaptive shortening and adaptive lengthening of saccade amplitude rely on separate mechanisms in adults. When these adaptation mechanisms emerge during development is poorly known except that adaptive shortening processes are functional in children above 8 years of age. Yet, saccades in infants are consistently inaccurate (hypometric) as if adaptation mechanisms were not fully functional in early childhood. Here, we tested reactive saccade adaptation in 10–41 month-old children compared to a group of 20–30 year-old adults. A visual target representing a cartoon character appeared at successive and unpredictable locations 10◦ apart on a computer screen. During the eye movement toward the target, it systematically stepped in the direction opposite to the saccade to induce an adaptive shortening of saccade amplitude (Experiment 1). In Experiment 2, the target stepped in the same direction as the ongoing saccade to induce an adaptive lengthening of saccade amplitude. In both backward and forward adaptation experiments, saccade adaptation was compared to a control condition where there was no intrasaccadic target step. Analysis of baseline performance revealed both longer saccade reaction times and hypometric saccades in children compared to adults. In both experiments, children on average showed gradual changes in saccade amplitude consistent with the systematic intrasaccadic target steps. Moreover, the amount of amplitude change was similar between children and adults for both backward and forward adaptation. Finally, adaptation abilities in our child group were not related to age. Overall the results suggest that the neural mechanisms underlying reactive saccade adaptation are in place early during development.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lucas2016,

title = {Relational memory and self-efficacy measures reveal distinct profiles of subjective memory concerns in older adults},

author = {Heather D. Lucas and Jim M. Monti and Edward McAuley and Patrick D. Watson and Arthur F. Kramer and Neal J. Cohen},

doi = {10.1037/neu0000275},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Neuropsychology},

volume = {30},

number = {5},

pages = {568–578},

abstract = {Objective: Subjective memory concerns (SMCs) in healthy older adults are associated with future decline and can indicate preclinical dementia. However, SMCs may be multiply determined, and often correlate with affective or psychosocial variables rather than with performance on memory tests. Our objective was to identify sensitive and selective methods to disentangle the underlying causes of SMCs. Method: Because preclinical dementia pathology targets the hippocampus, we hypothesized that performance on hippocampally dependent relational memory tests would correlate with SMCs. We thus administered a series of memory tasks with varying dependence on relational memory processing to 91 older adults, along with questionnaires assessing depression, anxiety, and memory self-efficacy. We used correla-tional, regression, and mediation analyses to compare the variance in SMCs accounted for by these measures. Results: Performance on the task most dependent on relational memory processing showed a stronger negative association with SMCs than did other memory performance metrics. SMCs were also negatively associated with memory self-efficacy. These 2 measures, along with age and education, accounted for 40% of the variance in SMCs. Self-efficacy and relational memory were uncorrelated and independent predictors of SMCs. Moreover, self-efficacy statistically mediated the relationship between SMCs and depression and anxiety, which can be detrimental to cognitive aging. Conclusions: These data identify multiple mechanisms that can contribute to SMCs, and suggest that SMCs can both cause and be caused by age-related cognitive decline. Relational memory measures may be effective assays of objective memory difficulties, while assessing self-efficacy could identify detrimental affective responses to cognitive aging.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lunn2016,

title = {Saccadic eye movement abnormalities in children with epilepsy},

author = {Judith Lunn and Tim Donovan and Damien Litchfield and Charlie Lewis and Robert Davies and Trevor J. Crawford},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0160508},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {11},

number = {8},

pages = {e0160508},

abstract = {Childhood onset epilepsy is associated with disrupted developmental integration of sensorimotor and cognitive functions that contribute to persistent neurobehavioural comorbidities. The role of epilepsy and its treatment on the development of functional integration of motor and cognitive domains is unclear. Oculomotor tasks can probe neurophysiological and neurocognitive mechanisms vulnerable to developmental disruptions by epilepsy-related factors. The study involved 26 patients and 48 typically developing children aged 8–18 years old who performed a prosaccade and an antisaccade task. Analyses compared medicated chronic epilepsy patients and unmedicated controlled epilepsy patients to healthy control children on saccade latency, accuracy and dynamics, errors and correction rate, and express saccades. Patients with medicated chronic epilepsy had impaired and more variable processing speed, reduced accuracy, increased peak velocity and a greater number of inhibitory errors, younger unmedicated patients also showed deficits in error monitoring. Deficits were related to reported behavioural problems in patients. Epilepsy factors were significant predictors of oculomotor functions. An earlier age at onset predicted reduced latency of prosaccades and increased express saccades, and the typical relationship between express saccades and inhibitory errors was absent in chronic patients, indicating a persistent reduction in tonic cortical inhibition and aberrant cortical connectivity. In contrast, onset in later childhood predicted altered antisaccade dynamics indicating disrupted neurotransmission in frontoparietal and oculomotor networks with greater demand on inhibitory control. The observed saccadic abnormalities are consistent with a dysmaturation of subcortical-cortical functional connectivity and aberrant neurotransmission. Eye movements could be used to monitor the impact of epilepsy on neurocognitive development and help assess the risk for poor neurobehavioural outcomes.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Marian2016,

title = {Auditory word recognition across the lifespan: Links between linguistic and nonlinguistic inhibitory control in bilinguals and monolinguals},

author = {Viorica Marian and Henrike K. Blumenfeld and Max R. Freeman and Scott R. Schroeder and Susan C. Bobb},

doi = {10.1075/lab.14030.blu},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism},

volume = {6},

number = {1-2},

pages = {119–146},

abstract = {Recent research suggests that bilingual experience reconfigures linguistic and nonlinguistic cognitive processes. We examined the relationship between linguistic competition resolution and nonlinguistic cognitive control in younger and older adults who were either bilingual or monolingual. Participants heard words in English and identified the referent among four pictures while eye-movements were recorded. Target pictures (e.g., cab ) appeared with a phonological competitor picture (e.g., cat ) and two filler pictures. After each eye-tracking trial, priming probes assessed residual activation and inhibition of target and competitor words. When accounting for processing speed, results revealed that age-related changes in activation and inhibition are smaller in bilinguals than in monolinguals. Moreover, younger and older bilinguals, but not monolinguals, recruited similar inhibition mechanisms during word identification and during a nonlinguistic Stroop task. Results suggest that, during lexical access, bilinguals show more consistent competition resolution and recruitment of cognitive control across the lifespan than monolinguals.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Marx2016,

title = {On the development of parafoveal preprocessing: Evidence from the incremental boundary paradigm},

author = {Christina Marx and Florian Hutzler and Sarah Schuster and Stefan Hawelka},

doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00514},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},

volume = {7},

pages = {514},

abstract = {Parafoveal preprocessing of upcoming words and the resultant preview benefit are key aspects of fluent reading. Evidence regarding the development of parafoveal preprocessing during reading acquisition, however, is scarce. The present developmental (cross-sectional) eye tracking study estimated the magnitude of parafoveal preprocessing of beginning readers with a novel variant of the classical boundary paradigm. Additionally, we assessed the association of parafoveal preprocessing with several reading-related psychometric measures. The participants were children learning to read the regular German orthography with about 1, 3, and 5 years of formal reading instruction (Grade 2, 4, and 6, respectively). We found evidence of parafoveal preprocessing in each Grade. However, an effective use of parafoveal information was related to the individual reading fluency of the participants (i.e., the reading rate expressed as words-per-minute) which substantially overlapped between the Grades. The size of the preview benefit was furthermore associated with the children's performance in rapid naming tasks and with their performance in a pseudoword reading task. The latter task assessed the children's efficiency in phonological decoding and our findings show that the best decoders exhibited the largest preview benefit.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{McMurray2016,

title = {The effect of residual acoustic hearing and adaptation to uncertainty on speech perception in cochlear implant users: Evidence from eye-tracking},

author = {Bob McMurray and Ashley Farris-Trimble and Michael Seedorff and Hannah Rigler},

doi = {10.1097/AUD.0000000000000207},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Ear & Hearing},

volume = {37},

number = {1},

pages = {e37–e51},

abstract = {OBJECTIVES: While outcomes with cochlear implants (CIs) are generally good, performance can be fragile. The authors examined two factors that are crucial for good CI performance. First, while there is a clear benefit for adding residual acoustic hearing to CI stimulation (typically in low frequencies), it is unclear whether this contributes directly to phonetic categorization. Thus, the authors examined perception of voicing (which uses low-frequency acoustic cues) and fricative place of articulation (s/ʃ, which does not) in CI users with and without residual acoustic hearing. Second, in speech categorization experiments, CI users typically show shallower identification functions. These are typically interpreted as deriving from noisy encoding of the signal. However, psycholinguistic work suggests shallow slopes may also be a useful way to adapt to uncertainty. The authors thus employed an eye-tracking paradigm to examine this in CI users. DESIGN: Participants were 30 CI users (with a variety of configurations) and 22 age-matched normal hearing (NH) controls. Participants heard tokens from six b/p and six s/ʃ continua (eight steps) spanning real words (e.g., beach/peach, sip/ship). Participants selected the picture corresponding to the word they heard from a screen containing four items (a b-, p-, s- and ʃ-initial item). Eye movements to each object were monitored as a measure of how strongly they were considering each interpretation in the moments leading up to their final percept. RESULTS: Mouse-click results (analogous to phoneme identification) for voicing showed a shallower slope for CI users than NH listeners, but no differences between CI users with and without residual acoustic hearing. For fricatives, CI users also showed a shallower slope, but unexpectedly, acoustic + electric listeners showed an even shallower slope. Eye movements showed a gradient response to fine-grained acoustic differences for all listeners. Even considering only trials in which a participant clicked "b" (for example), and accounting for variation in the category boundary, participants made more looks to the competitor ("p") as the voice onset time neared the boundary. CI users showed a similar pattern, but looked to the competitor more than NH listeners, and this was not different at different continuum steps. CONCLUSION: Residual acoustic hearing did not improve voicing categorization suggesting it may not help identify these phonetic cues. The fact that acoustic + electric users showed poorer performance on fricatives was unexpected as they usually show a benefit in standardized perception measures, and as sibilants contain little energy in the low-frequency (acoustic) range. The authors hypothesize that these listeners may overweight acoustic input, and have problems when this is not available (in fricatives). Thus, the benefit (or cost) of acoustic hearing for phonetic categorization may be complex. Eye movements suggest that in both CI and NH listeners, phoneme categorization is not a process of mapping continuous cues to discrete categories. Rather listeners preserve gradiency as a way to deal with uncertainty. CI listeners appear to adapt to their implant (in part) by amplifying competitor activation to preserve their flexibility in the face of potential misperceptions.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Michal2016,

title = {Visual routines for extracting magnitude relations},

author = {Audrey L. Michal and David Uttal and Priti Shah and Steven L. Franconeri},

doi = {10.3758/s13423-016-1047-0},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Psychonomic Bulletin & Review},

volume = {23},

number = {6},

pages = {1802–1809},

publisher = {Psychonomic Bulletin & Review},

abstract = {Linking relations described in text with relations in visualizations is often difficult. We used eye tracking to measure the optimal way to extract such relations in graphs, college students, and young children (6- and 8-year-olds). Participants compared relational statements ("Are there more blueberries than oranges?") with simple graphs, and two systematic patterns emerged: eye movements that followed the verbal order of the question (inspecting the "blueberry" value first) versus those that followed a left-first bias (regardless of the left value's identity). Question-order patterns led substantially to faster responses and increased in prevalence with age, whereas the left-first pattern led to far slower responses and was the dominant strategy for younger children. We argue that the optimal way to verify a verbally expressed relation'scon- sistency with visualization is for the eyes to mimic the verbal ordering but that this strategy requires executive control and coordination with language.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Mok2016,

title = {Behavioral and neural markers of flexible attention over working memory in aging},

author = {Robert M. Mok and Nicholas E. Myers and George Wallis and Anna C. Nobre},

doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhw011},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Cerebral Cortex},

volume = {26},

number = {4},

pages = {1831–1842},

abstract = {Working memory (WM) declines as we age and, because of its fundamental role in higher order cognition, this can have highly deleterious effects in daily life. We investigated whether older individuals benefit from flexible orienting of attention within WM to mitigate cognitive decline. We measured magnetoencephalography (MEG) in older adults performing a WM precision task with cues during the maintenance period that retroactively predicted the location of the relevant items for performance (retro-cues). WM performance of older adults significantly benefitted from retro-cues. Whereas WM maintenance declined with age, retro-cues conferred strong attentional benefits. A model-based analysis revealed an increase in the probability of recalling the target, a lowered probability of retrieving incorrect items or guessing, and an improvement in memory precision. MEG recordings showed that retro-cues induced a transient lateralization of alpha (8-14 Hz) and beta (15-30 Hz) oscillatory power. Interestingly, shorter durations of alpha/beta lateralization following retro-cues predicted larger cueing benefits, reinforcing recent ideas about the dynamic nature of access to WM representations. Our results suggest that older adults retain flexible control over WM, but individual differences in control correspond to differences in neural dynamics, possibly reflecting the degree of preservation of control in healthy aging.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kuhn2015,

title = {Age-related decline in the reflexive component of overt gaze following},

author = {Gustav Kuhn and Amber Pagano and Sumaya Maani and David Bunce},

doi = {10.1080/17470218.2014.975257},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology},

volume = {68},

number = {6},

pages = {1073–1081},

publisher = {Taylor & Francis},

abstract = {Previous research has found age-related declines in social perception tasks as well as the ability to engage in joint attention and orienting covert attention (i.e., absence of eye movements) in response to an eye gaze cue. We used an overt gaze following task to explore age differences in overt gaze following whilst people searched for a target. Participants were faster to detect targets appearing at the looked-at location, and although the gaze cue biased the direction in which saccades were executed, no age differences were found in overt gaze following. There were, however, age effects relating to involuntary eye movements. In the younger adults, anticipatory saccades were biased in the direction of the gaze cue, but this bias was not observed in the older group. Moreover, in the younger adults, saccades that followed the gaze were initiated more rapidly, illustrating the reflexive nature of gaze following. No such difference was observed in the older adults. Importantly, our results showed that whilst the general levels of gaze following were age invariant, there were age-related differences in the reflexive components of overt gaze following.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Liang2015,

title = {Positional character frequency and word spacing facilitate the acquisition of novel words during Chinese children's reading},

author = {Feifei Liang and Hazel I. Blythe and Chuanli Zang and Xuejun Bai and Guoli Yan and Simon P. Liversedge},

doi = {10.1080/20445911.2014.1000918},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Cognitive Psychology},

volume = {27},

number = {5},

pages = {594–608},

publisher = {Taylor & Francis},

abstract = {Children's eye movements were recorded to examine the role of word spacing and positional character frequency on the process of Chinese lexical acquisition during reading. Three types of two-character novel pseudowords were constructed: words containing characters in positions in which they frequently occurred (congruent), words containing characters in positions they do not frequently occur in (incongruent) and words containing characters that do not have a strong position bias (balanced). There were two phases within the experiment, a learning phase and a test phase. There were also two learning groups: half the children read sentences in a word-spaced format and the other half read the sentences in an unspaced format during the learning phase. All the participants read normal, unspaced text at test. A benefit of word spacing was observed in the learning phase, but not at test. Also, facilitatory effects of positional character congruency were found both in the learning and test phase; however, this benefit was greatly reduced at test. Furthermore, we did not find any interaction between word spacing and positional character frequencies, indicating that these two types of cues affect lexical acquisition independently. With respect to theoretical accounts of lexical acquisition, we argue that word spacing might facilitate the very earliest stages of word learning by clearly demarking word boundary locations. In contrast, we argue that characters' positional frequencies might affect relatively later stages of word learning.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Liu2015a,

title = {Aging and the optimal viewing position effect in Chinese},

author = {Pingping Liu and Danlu Liu and Buxin Han and Kevin B. Paterson},

doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01656},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},

volume = {6},

pages = {1656},

abstract = {Substantial evidence indicates that where readers fixate within a word affects the efficiency with which that word is recognized. Indeed, words in alphabetic languages (e.g., English, French) are recognized most efficiently when fixated at their optimal viewing position (OVP), which is near the word center. However, little is known about the effects of fixation location on word recognition in non-alphabetic languages, such as Chinese. Moreover, studies to date have not investigated if effects of fixation location vary across adult age-groups, although it is well-established that older readers experience greater difficulty recognizing words due to visual and cognitive declines. Accordingly, the present research examined OVP effects by young and older adult readers when recognizing Chinese words presented in isolation. Most words in Chinese are formed from two or more logograms called characters and so the present experiment investigated the influence of fixation location on the recognition of 2-, 3-, and 4-character words (and nonwords). The older adults experienced generally greater word recognition difficulty. But whereas the young adults recognized words most efficiently when initially fixating the first character of 2-character words and second character of 3- and 4-character words, the older adults recognized words most efficiently when initially fixating the first character for words of each length. The findings therefore reveal subtle but potentially important adult age differences in the effects of fixation location on Chinese word recognition. Moreover, the similarity in effects for words and nonwords implies a more general age-related change in oculomotor strategy when processing Chinese character-strings.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Luke2015a,

title = {Children's eye-movements during reading reflect the quality of lexical representations: An individual differences approach},

author = {Steven G. Luke and John M. Henderson and Fernanda Ferreira},

doi = {10.1037/xlm0000133},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition},

volume = {41},

number = {6},

pages = {1675–1683},

abstract = {The lexical quality hypothesis (Perfetti & Hart, 2002) suggests that skilled reading requires high-quality lexical representations. In children, these representations are still developing, and it has been suggested that this development leads to more adult-like eye-movement behavior during the reading of connected text. To test this idea, a set of young adolescents (aged 11-13 years) completed a standardized measure of lexical quality and then participated in 3 eye-movement tasks: reading, scene search, and pseudoreading. The richness of participants' lexical representations predicted a variety of eye-movement behaviors in reading. Further, the influence of lexical quality was domain specific: Fixation durations in reading diverged from the other tasks as lexical quality increased. These findings suggest that eye movements become increasingly tuned to written language processing as lexical representations become more accurate and detailed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Mancheva2015,

title = {An analysis of reading skill development using E-Z Reader},

author = {Lyuba Mancheva and Erik D. Reichle and Benoît Lemaire and Sylviane Valdois and Jean Ecalle and Anne Guérin-Dugué},

doi = {10.1080/20445911.2015.1024255},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Cognitive Psychology},

volume = {27},

number = {5},

pages = {657–676},

publisher = {Taylor & Francis},

abstract = {Previously reported simulations using the E-Z Reader model of eye-movement control suggest that the patterns of eye movements observed with children versus adult readers reflect differences in lexical processing proficiency. However, these simulations fail to specify precisely what aspect(s) of lexical processing (e.g., orthographic processing) account for the concurrent changes in eye movements and reading skill. To examine this issue, the E-Z Reader model was first used to simulate the aggregate eye-movement data from 15 adults and 75 children to replicate the finding that gross differences in reading skill can be accounted for by differences in lexical processing proficiency. The model was then used to simulate the eye-movement data of individual children so that the best-fitting lexical processing parameters could be correlated to measures of orthographic knowledge, phonological processing skill, sentence comprehension, and general intelligence. These analyses suggest that orthographic knowledge accounts for variance in the eye-movement measures that is observed with between-individual differences in reading skill. The theoretical implications of this conclusion will be discussed in relation to computational models of reading and our understanding of reading skill development.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{McGowan2015,

title = {The effects of interword spacing on the eye movements of young and older readers},

author = {Victoria A. McGowan and Sarah J. White and Kevin B. Paterson},

doi = {10.1080/20445911.2014.988157},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Cognitive Psychology},

volume = {27},

number = {5},

pages = {609–621},

publisher = {Taylor & Francis},

abstract = {Recent evidence indicates that older adults (aged 65+) are more disrupted by removing interword spaces than young adults (aged 18–30). However, it is not known whether older readers also show greater sensitivity to the more subtle changes to this spacing that frequently occur during normal reading. In the present study the eye movements of young and older adults were examined when reading texts for which interword spacing was normal, condensed to half its normal size or expanded to 1.5 times its normal size. Although these changes in interword spacing affected eye movement behaviour, this influence did not differ between young and older adults. Furthermore, a word frequency manipulation showed that these changes did not affect word identification for either group. The results indicate that older adults can adapt their eye moment behaviour to accommodate subtle changes in the spatial layout of text equally effectively as young adults.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Christou2015,

title = {BDNF Val66Met and 5-HTTLPR Genotype are each associated with visual scanning patterns of faces in young children},

author = {Antonios I. Christou and Yvonne Wallis and Hayley Bair and Hayley Crawford and Steven Frisson and Maurice P. Zeegers and Joseph P. McCleery},

doi = {10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00175},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience},

volume = {9},

pages = {175},

abstract = {Previous studies have documented both neuroplasticity-related BDNF VaI(66)Met and emotion regulation-related 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms as genetic variants that contribute to the processing of emotions from faces. More specifically, research has shown the BDNF Met allele and the 5-HTTLPR Short allele to be associated with mechanisms of negative affectivity that relate to susceptibility for psychopathology. We examined visual scanning pathways in response to angry, happy, and neutral faces in relation to BDNF VaI(66)Met and 5-HTTLPR genotyping in 49 children aged 4-7 years. Analyses revealed that variations in the visual processing of facial expressions of anger interacted with BDNF VaI(66)Met genotype, such that children who carried at least one low neuroplasticity Met allele exhibited a vigilance avoidance pattern of visual scanning compared to homozygotes for the high neuroplasticity Val allele. In a separate investigation of eye gaze towards the eye versus mouth regions of neutral faces, we observed that short allele 5-HTTLPR carriers exhibited reduced looking at the eye region compared with those with the higher serotonin uptake Long allele. Together, these findings suggest that genetic mechanisms early in life may influence the establishment of patterns of visual scanning of environmental stressors, which in conjunction with other factors such as negative life events, may lead to psychological difficulties and disorders in the later adolescent and adult years.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Constantinescu2015,

title = {Pseudo-monocular nystagmus associated with Duanes Syndrome: Report of two aases},

author = {Simona E. Constantinescu and Rebecca J. McLean and James Innes and Irene Gottlob},

doi = {10.3109/09273972.2015.1068347},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Strabismus},

volume = {23},

number = {3},

pages = {132–134},

abstract = {PURPOSE: To present clinical findings and eye movement recordings of two children who had clinically apparent monocular nystagmus.METHODS: Full orthoptic and ophthalmological examination and eye movement recordings. RESULTSAn 8-year-old girl (patient 1) and a 13-month-old girl (patient 2) presented with right monocular nystagmus and right esotropia. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the brain obtained previously had been unremarkable for patient 2. Patient 1 had right amblyopia with visual acuity (VA) reduced to 20/400. Both patients had left abduction deficit and left palpebral fissure narrowing on adduction indicative of Duane's retraction syndrome. Patient 2 also had mild enophthalmos. Both patients had constant horizontal nystagmus in the right eye and very fine nystagmus in the left eye, which could only be detected on video and eye movement recordings. CONCLUSION: The existence of Duane's syndrome in both patients was masking the presence of nystagmus in the left eye, highlighting that detailed examination in this case can eliminate the need for neuroimaging. Interestingly, the dominant eye of both patients was on the side which was affected by Duane's syndrome, as there was less nystagmus in this eye.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Dautriche2015,

title = {Learning novel phonological neighbors: Syntactic category matters},

author = {Isabelle Dautriche and Daniel Swingley and Anne Christophe},

doi = {10.1016/j.cognition.2015.06.003},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Cognition},

volume = {143},

pages = {77–86},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Novel words (like tog) that sound like well-known words (dog) are hard for toddlers to learn, even though children can hear the difference between them (Swingley & Aslin, 2002, 2007). One possibility is that phonological competition alone is the problem. Another is that a broader set of probabilistic considerations is responsible: toddlers may resist considering tog as a novel object label because its neighbor dog is also an object. In three experiments, French 18-month-olds were taught novel words whose word forms were phonologically similar to familiar nouns (noun-neighbors), to familiar verbs (verb-neighbors) or to nothing (no-neighbors). Toddlers successfully learned the no-neighbors and verb-neighbors but failed to learn the noun-neighbors, although both novel neighbors had a familiar phonological neighbor in the toddlers' lexicon. We conclude that when creating a novel lexical entry, toddlers' evaluation of similarity in the lexicon is multidimensional, incorporating both phonological and semantic or syntactic features.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{DeLoss2015,

title = {Improving vision among older adults: Behavioral training to improve sight},

author = {Denton J. DeLoss and Takeo Watanabe and George J. Andersen},

doi = {10.1177/0956797614567510},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Psychological Science},

volume = {26},

number = {4},

pages = {456–466},

abstract = {A major problem for the rapidly growing population of older adults (age 65 and over) is age-related declines in vision, which have been associated with increased risk of falls and vehicle crashes. Research suggests that this increased risk is associated with declines in contrast sensitivity and visual acuity. We examined whether a perceptual-learning task could be used to improve age-related declines in contrast sensitivity. Older and younger adults were trained over 7 days using a forced-choice orientation-discrimination task with stimuli that varied in contrast with multiple levels of additive noise. Older adults performed as well after training as did college-age younger adults prior to training. Improvements transferred to performance for an untrained stimulus orientation and were not associated with changes in retinal illuminance. Improvements in far acuity in younger adults and in near acuity in older adults were also found. These findings indicate that behavioral interventions can greatly improve visual performance for older adults.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Dodd2015,

title = {Anxiety and attentional bias in preschool-aged children: An eyetracking study},

author = {Helen F. Dodd and Jennifer L. Hudson and Tracey A. Williams and Talia Morris and Rebecca S. Lazarus and Yulisha Byrow},

doi = {10.1007/s10802-014-9962-x},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology},

volume = {43},

number = {6},

pages = {1055–1065},

abstract = {Extensive research has examined attentional bias for threat in anxious adults and school-aged children but it is unclear when this anxiety-related bias is first established. This study uses eyetracking technology to assess attentional bias in a sample of 83 children aged 3 or 4 years. Of these, 37 (19 female) met criteria for an anxiety disorder and 46 (30 female) did not. Gaze was recorded during a free-viewing task with angry-neutral face pairs presented for 1250 ms. There was no indication of between-group differences in threat bias, with both anxious and non-anxious groups showing vigilance for angry faces as well as longer dwell times to angry over neutral faces. Importantly, however, the anxious participants spent significantly less time looking at the faces overall, when compared to the non-anxious group. The results suggest that both anxious and non-anxious preschool-aged children preferentially attend to threat but that anxious children may be more avoidant of faces than non-anxious children.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ego2015,

title = {Spontaneous improvement in oculomotor function of children with cerebral palsy},

author = {Caroline Ego and Jean-Jacques Orban de Xivry and Marie-Cécile Nassogne and Demet Yüksel and Philippe Lefèvre and Philippe Lefe},

doi = {10.1016/j.ridd.2014.10.025},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Research in Developmental Disabilities},

volume = {36},

pages = {630–644},

abstract = {Eye movements are essential to get a clear vision of moving objects. In the present study, we assessed quantitatively the oculomotor deficits of children with cerebral palsy (CP). We recorded eye movements of 51 children with cerebral palsy (aged 5-16 years) with relatively mild motor impairment and compared their performance with age-matched control and premature children. Overall eye movements of children with CP are unexpectedly close to those of controls even though some oculomotor parameters are biased by the side of hemiplegia. Importantly, the difference in performance between children with CP and controls decreases with age, demonstrating that the oculomotor function of children with CP develops as fast as or even faster than controls for some visual tracking parameters. That is, oculomotor function spontaneously improves over the course of childhood. This evolution highlights the ability of lesioned brain of children with CP to compensate for impaired motor function beyond what would be achieved by normal development on its own.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ellis2015,

title = {Novel word learning: An eye-tracking study. Are 18-month-old late talkers really different from their typical peers?},

author = {Erica M. Ellis and Arielle Borovsky and Jeffrey L. Elman and Julia L. Evans},

doi = {10.1016/j.jcomdis.2015.06.011},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Communication Disorders},

volume = {58},

pages = {43–157},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {Infants, 18-24 months old who have difficulty learning words compared to their peers are often referred to as "late talkers" (LTs). These children are at risk for continued language delays as they grow older. One critical question is how to best identify which LTs will have language disorders, such as Specific Language Impairment (SLI) at school age, in order to maximize the opportunity for early and appropriate intervention and support. Recent research suggests that LTs are not only slower to learn and speak words than their peers, but are also slower to recognize and interpret known words in real time. This investigation examined online moment-by-moment processing of novel word learning in 18-month-olds. A low vocabulary, late talking group (LT},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Foxe2015,

title = {Severe multisensory speech integration deficits in high-functioning school-aged children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and their resolution during early adolescence},

author = {John J. Foxe and Sophie Molholm and Victor A. Del Bene and Hans Peter Frey and Natalie N. Russo and Daniella Blanco and Dave Saint-Amour and Lars A. Ross},

doi = {10.1093/cercor/bht213},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Cerebral Cortex},

volume = {25},

number = {2},

pages = {298–312},

abstract = {Under noisy listening conditions, visualizing a speaker's articulations substantially improves speech intelligibility. This multisensory speech integration ability is crucial to effective communication, and the appropriate development of this capacity greatly impacts a child's ability to successfully navigate educational and social settings. Research shows that multisensory integration abilities continue developing late into childhood. The primary aim here was to track the development of these abilities in children with autism, since multisensory deficits are increasingly recognized as a component of the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) phenotype. The abilities of high-functioning ASD children (n = 84) to integrate seen and heard speech were assessed cross-sectionally, while environmental noise levels were systematically manipulated, comparing them with age-matched neurotypical children (n = 142). Severe integration deficits were uncovered in ASD, which were increasingly pronounced as background noise increased. These deficits were evident in school-aged ASD children (5–12 year olds), but were fully ameliorated in ASD children entering adolescence (13–15 year olds). The severity of multisensory deficits uncovered has important implications for educators and clinicians working in ASD. We consider the observation that the multisensory speech system recovers substantially in adolescence as an indication that it is likely amenable to intervention during earlier childhood, with potentially profound implications for the development of social communication abilities in ASD children.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Gagl2015,

title = {On sources of the word length effect in uoung readers},

author = {Benjamin Gagl and Stefan Hawelka and Heinz Wimmer},

doi = {10.1080/10888438.2015.1026969},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Scientific Studies of Reading},

volume = {19},

number = {4},

pages = {289–306},

publisher = {Routledge},

abstract = {We investigated how letter length, phoneme length, and consonant clusters contribute to the word length effect in 2nd- and 4th-grade children. They read words from three different conditions: In one condition, letter length increased but phoneme length did not due to multiletter graphemes (Haus-Bauch-Schach). In the remaining conditions, phoneme length increased in correspondence with letter length. One presented monosyllabic words with consonant clusters (Herbst); the other presented disyllabic words without consonant clusters (Kö.nig). Phoneme and letter length contributed to the length effect in naming latencies. Words with consonant clusters elicited the largest length effect. We interpreted this finding as reflecting difficulties of young readers with accessing the output phonology of the tightly coarticulated consonant clusters from the separate phonemes delivered from serial grapheme-to-phoneme conversions. Moreover, eye-movement data indicated that increased reading speed, accompanied with decreased word length effects, is due to more efficient grapheme-to-phoneme conversions rather than the emergence of whole-word recognition.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Gampe2015,

title = {Intra-individual variability and continuity of action and perception measures in infants},

author = {Anja Gampe and Anne Keitel and Moritz M. Daum},

doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00327},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},

volume = {6},

pages = {327},

abstract = {The development of action and perception, and their relation in infancy is a central research area in socio-cognitive sciences. In this Perspective Article, we focus on the developmental variability and continuity of action and perception. At group level, these skills have been shown to consistently improve with age. We would like to raise awareness for the issue that, at individual level, development might be subject to more variable changes. We present data from a longitudinal study on the perception and production of contralateral reaching skills of infants aged 7, 8, 9, and 12 months. Our findings suggest that individual development does not increase linearly for action or for perception, but instead changes dynamically. These non-continuous changes substantially affect the relation between action and perception at each measuring point and the respective direction of causality. This suggests that research on the development of action and perception and their interrelations needs to take into account individual variability and continuity more progressively.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Goldenberg2015,

title = {Category generalization in a new context: The role of visual attention},

author = {Elizabeth R. Goldenberg and Scott P. Johnson},

doi = {10.1016/j.infbeh.2014.12.001},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Infant Behavior and Development},

volume = {38},

pages = {49–56},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {Infants and children have difficulty categorizing objects in new contexts. However, learning in both same and varied contexts can help young word learners overcome contextual learning difficulties. We examined the relation between infants' visual attention to the category member and background context during learning and their ability to generalize a new category member in a new context. Of particular interest is how this relation is affected by learning in various contextual conditions. Infants (16-20 months; n= 48) were presented with eight novel noun categories in one of three contextual conditions (same context, varied context, or a combination of same and varied contexts), and tested for their generalization ability in a new context. Context was defined as the colored and patterned fabric upon which the object was presented. Results suggest that visual attention during learning is associated with category generalization ability in a new context only for infants whose learning took place in a combination of same and varied background contexts. The results are discussed in terms of the mechanisms by which context affects generalization.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Gonzalez2015,

title = {Children and older adults exhibit distinct sub-optimal cost-benefit functions when preparing to move their eyes and hands},

author = {Claudia C. Gonzalez and Mark Mon-Williams and Melanie R. Burke},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0117783},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {10},

number = {2},

pages = {e0117783},

abstract = {Numerous activities require an individual to respond quickly to the correct stimulus. The pro-vision of advance information allows response priming but heightened responses can cause errors (responding too early or reacting to the wrong stimulus). Thus, a balance is re-quired between the online cognitive mechanisms (inhibitory and anticipatory) used to pre-pare and execute a motor response at the appropriate time. We investigated the use of advance information in 71 participants across four different age groups: (i) children, (ii) young adults, (iii) middle-aged adults, and (iv) older adults. We implemented 'cued' and 'non-cued' conditions to assess age-related changes in saccadic and touch responses to targets in three movement conditions: (a) Eyes only; (b) Hands only; (c) Eyes and Hand. Children made less saccade errors compared to young adults, but they also exhibited lon-ger response times in cued versus non-cued conditions. In contrast, older adults showed faster responses in cued conditions but exhibited more errors. The results indicate that young adults (18–25 years) achieve an optimal balance between anticipation and execu-tion. In contrast, children show benefits (few errors) and costs (slow responses) of good in-hibition when preparing a motor response based on advance information; whilst older adults show the benefits and costs associated with a prospective response strategy (i.e., good anticipation).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Bi2015,

title = {Age-related differences in attention and memory toward emotional stimuli},

author = {Dandan Bi and Buxin Han},

doi = {10.1002/pchj.99},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {PsyCh Journal},

volume = {4},

number = {3},

pages = {155–159},

abstract = {From the perspectives of time perception and motivation, socioemotional selectivity theory (SST) postulates that in comparison with younger adults, older adults tend to prefer positive stimuli and avoid negative stimuli. Currently the cross-cultural consistency of this positivity effect (PE) is still not clear. While empirical evidence for Western populations is accumulating, the validation of the PE in Asians is still rare. The current study compared 28 younger and 24 older Chinese adults in the processing of emotional information. Eye-tracking and recognition data of participants in processing pictures with positive, negative, or neutral emotional information sampled from the International Affection Picture System were collected. The results showed less negative bias for emotional attention in older adults than in younger adults, whereas for emotional recognition, only younger adults showed a negative bias while older adults showed no bias between negative and positive emotional information. Overall, compared with younger adults, emotional processing was more positive in older adults. It was concluded that Chinese older adults show a PE.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Blythe2015,

title = {Beyond decoding: Phonological processing during silent reading in beginning readers},

author = {Hazel I. Blythe and Ascensión Pagán and Megan Dodd},

doi = {10.1037/xlm0000080},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition},

volume = {41},

number = {4},

pages = {1244–1252},

abstract = {In this experiment, the extent to which beginning readers process phonology during lexical identification in silent sentence reading was investigated. The eye movements of children aged seven to nine years and adults were recorded as they read sentences containing either a correctly spelled target word (e.g., girl), a pseudohomophone (e.g., gerl), or a spelling control (e.g., garl). Both children and adults showed a benefit from the valid phonology of the pseudohomophone, compared to the spelling control during reading. This indicates that children as young as seven years old exhibit relatively skilled phonological processing during reading, despite having moved past the use of overt phonological decoding strategies. In addition, in comparison to adults, children's lexical processing was more disrupted by the presence of spelling errors, suggesting a developmental change in the relative dependence upon phonological and orthographic processing in lexical identification during silent sentence reading.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Bowling2015,

title = {Saccadic eye movements as indicators of cognitive function in older adults},

author = {Alison C. Bowling and Peter Lindsay and Belinda G. Smith and Kerri Storok},

doi = {10.1080/13825585.2014.901290},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition},

volume = {22},

number = {2},

pages = {201–219},

abstract = {Older adults appear to have greater difficulty ignoring distractions during day-to-day activities than younger adults. To assess these effects of age, the ability of adults aged between 50 and 80 years to ignore distracting stimuli was measured using the antisaccade and oculomotor capture tasks. In the antisaccade task, observers are instructed to look away from a visual cue, whereas in the oculomotor capture task, observers are instructed to look toward a colored singleton in the presence of a concurrent onset distractor. Index scores of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) were compared with capture errors, and with prosaccade errors on the antisaccade task. A higher percentage of capture errors were made on the oculomotor capture tasks by the older members of the cohort compared to the younger members. There was a weak relationship between the attention index and capture errors, but the visuospatial/constructional index was the strongest predictor of prosaccade error rate in the antisaccade task. The saccade reaction times (SRTs) of correct initial saccades in the oculomotor capture task were poorly correlated with age, and with the neurospsychological tests, but prosaccade SRTs in both tasks moderately correlated with antisaccade error rate. These results were interpreted in terms of a competitive integration (or race) model. Any variable that reduces the strength of the top-down neural signal to produce a voluntary saccade, or that increases saccade speed, will enhance the likelihood that a reflexive saccade to a stimulus with an abrupt onset will occur.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Burke2015,

title = {Age-related deficits in visuospatial memory are due to changes in preparatory set and eye-hand coordination},

author = {Melanie R. Burke and Charlotte Poyser and Ingo Schiessl},

doi = {10.1093/geronb/gbu027},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences},

volume = {70},

number = {5},

pages = {682–690},

abstract = {Objectives. Healthy aging is associated with a decline in visuospatial working memory. The nature of the changes leading to this decline in response of the eye and/or hand is still under debate. This study aims to establish whether impairments observed in performance on cognitive tasks are due to actual cognitive effects or are caused by motor-related eye–hand coordination. Methods. We implemented a computerized version of the Corsi span task. The eye and touch responses of healthy young and older adults were recorded to a series of remembered targets on a screen. Results. Results revealed differences in fixation strategies between the young and the old with increasing cognitive demand, which resulted in higher error rates in the older group. We observed increasing reaction times and durations between fixations and touches to targets, with increasing memory load and delays in both the eye and the hand in the older adults. Discussion. Our results show that older adults have difficulty maintaining a " preparatory set " for durations longer than 5 s and with increases in memory load. Attentional differences cannot account for our results, and differences in age groups appear to be principally memory related. Older adults reveal poorer eye–hand coordination, which is further confounded by increasing delay and complexity.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{RoyCharland2015,

title = {If I point, do they look?: The impact of attention-orientation strategies on text exploration during shared book reading},

author = {Annie Roy-Charland and Melanie Perron and Jessica Boulard and Justin Chamberland and Nichola Hoffman},

doi = {10.1007/s11145-015-9571-2},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Reading and Writing},

volume = {28},

number = {9},

pages = {1285–1305},

publisher = {Springer Netherlands},

abstract = {The current study examined the effect of pointing to the words and using highlighted text by examining eye movements when children in preschool, Grade 1 and 2 were read storybooks of two levels of difficulty. For all children, pointing to and highlighting the text was observed to increase the amount of time and number of fixations on the printed text than when there was no intervention. Furthermore, with difficult text, an increased amount of time and number of fixations was observed when the text was pointed to than when it was highlighted. For preschoolers, even with the increased attention on the text from pointing to and highlighting the words, the fixations did not match the narration. First and second graders, with the difficult book, made more matching fixations both when the printed text was pointed to and highlighted than when no intervention was done. Additionally, more matching fixations were made when the printed text was highlighted than when pointed to. Future research is required to examine the effects of attention-orienting strategies on reading related outcomes.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{RoyCharland2015a,

title = {The confusion of fear and surprise: A developmental study of the perceptual-attentional limitation hypothesis using eye movements},

author = {Annie Roy-Charland and Melanie Perron and Cheryl Young and Jessica Boulard and Justin A. Chamberland},

doi = {10.1080/00221325.2015.1066301},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {The Journal of Genetic Psychology},

volume = {176},

number = {5},

pages = {281–298},

abstract = {The goal of the present study was to test the Perceptual-Attentional Limitation Hypothesis in children and adults by manipulating the distinctiveness between expressions and recording eye movements. Children 3-5 and 9-11 years old as well as adults were presented pairs of expressions and required to identify a target emotion. Children 3-5 years old were less accurate than those 9-11 years old and adults. All children viewed pictures longer than adults but did not spend more time attending to the relevant cues. For all participants, accuracy for the recognition of fear was lower than for surprise when the distinctive cue was in the brow only. They also took longer and spent more time in both the mouth and brow zones than when a cue was in the mouth or both areas. Adults and children 9-11 years old made more comparisons between the expressions when fear comprised a single distinctive cue in the brow than when the distinctive cue was in the mouth only or when both cues were present. Children 3-5 years old made more comparisons for brow only than both. The results of the present study extend on the Perceptual-Attentional Limitation Hypothesis showing an importance of both decoder and stimuli, and an interaction between decoder and stimuli characteristics.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{TiffinRichards2015,

title = {Children's and adults' parafoveal processes in German: Phonological and orthographic effects},

author = {Simon P. Tiffin-Richards and Sascha Schroeder},

doi = {10.1080/20445911.2014.999076},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Cognitive Psychology},

volume = {27},

number = {5},

pages = {531–548},

publisher = {Taylor & Francis},

abstract = {Phonological and orthographic information has been shown to play an important role in parafoveal processing in skilled adult reading in English. In the present study, we investigated whether similar parafoveal effects can be found in children using the boundary eye tracking method. Children and adults read sentences in German with embedded target nouns which were presented in original, pseudohomophone (PsH), transposed-letter (TL), lower-case and control conditions to assess phonological and orthographic preview effects. We found evidence of PsH preview benefit effects for children. We also found TL preview benefit effects for adults, while children only showed these effects under specific conditions. Results are consistent with the developmental view that reading initially depends on phonological processes and that orthographic processes become increasingly important.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{TiffinRichards2015a,

title = {Word length and frequency effects on children's eye movements during silent reading},

author = {Simon P. Tiffin-Richards and Sascha Schroeder},

doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2015.05.008},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Vision Research},

volume = {113},

pages = {33–43},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {In the present study we measured the eye movements of a large sample of 2nd grade German speaking children and a control group of adults during a silent reading task. To be able to directly investigate the interaction of word length and frequency effects we employed controlled sentence frames with embedded target words in an experimental design in which length and frequency were manipulated independently of one another. Unlike previous studies which have investigated the interaction of word length and frequency effects in children, we used age-appropriate word frequencies for children. We found significant effects of word length and frequency for both children and adults while effects were generally greater for children. The interaction of word length and frequency was significant for children in gaze duration and total viewing time eye movement measures but not for adults. Our results suggest that children rely on sublexical decoding of infrequent words, leading to greater length effects for infrequent than frequent words while adults do not show this effect when reading children's reading materials.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wang2015d,

title = {The 'Positive Effect' is present in older Chinese adults: Evidence from an eye tracking study},

author = {Jingxin Wang and Liyuan He and Liping Jia and Jing Tian and Valerie Benson},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0121372},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {10},

number = {4},

pages = {e0121372},

abstract = {The 'Positive Effect' is defined as the phenomenon of preferential cognitive processing of positive affective information, and avoidance or dismissal of negative affective information in the social environment. The ‘Positive Effect' is found for older people compared with younger people in western societies and is believed to reflect a preference for positive emotional regulation in older adults. It is not known whether such an effect is Universal, and in East Asian cultures, there is a highly controversial debate concerning this question. In the current experiment we explored whether Chinese older participants showed a 'Positive Effect' when they inspected picture pairs that were either a positive or a negative picture presented with a neutral picture, or a positive and negative picture paired together. The results indicated that both groups of participants showed an attentional bias to both pleasant (more processing of) and unpleasant pictures (initial orienting to) when these were paired with neutral pictures. When pleasant and unpleasant pictures were paired together both groups showed an initial orientation bias for the pleasant picture, but the older participants showed this bias for initial orienting and increased processing measures, providing evidence of a ‘Positive Effect' in older Chinese adults.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Rau2015,

title = {Effects of orthographic consistency on eye movement behavior: German and English children and adults process the same words differently},

author = {Anne K. Rau and Kristina Moll and Margaret J. Snowling and Karin Landerl},

doi = {10.1016/j.jecp.2014.09.012},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Child Psychology},

volume = {130},

pages = {92–105},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {The current study investigated the time course of cross-linguistic differences in word recognition. We recorded eye movements of German and English children and adults while reading closely matched sentences, each including a target word manipulated for length and frequency. Results showed differential word recognition processes for both developing and skilled readers. Children of the two orthographies did not differ in terms of total word processing time, but this equal outcome was achieved quite differently. Whereas German children relied on small-unit processing early in word recognition, English children applied small-unit decoding only upon rereading-possibly when experiencing difficulties in integrating an unfamiliar word into the sentence context. Rather unexpectedly, cross-linguistic differences were also found in adults in that English adults showed longer processing times than German adults for nonwords. Thus, although orthographic consistency does play a major role in reading development, cross-linguistic differences are detectable even in skilled adult readers.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Rigler2015,

title = {The slow developmental time course of real-time spoken word recognition},

author = {Hannah Rigler and Ashley Farris-Trimble and Lea Greiner and Jessica Walker and J. Bruce Tomblin and Bob McMurray},

doi = {10.1037/dev0000044},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Developmental Psychology},

volume = {51},

number = {12},

pages = {1690–1703},

abstract = {This study investigated the developmental time course of spoken word recognition in older children using eye tracking to assess how the real-time processing dynamics of word recognition change over development. We found that 9-year-olds were slower to activate the target words and showed more early competition from competitor words than 16-year-olds; however, both age groups ultimately fixated targets to the same degree. This contrasts with a prior study of adolescents with language impairment (McMurray, Samelson, Lee, & Tomblin, 2010) that showed a different pattern of real-time processes. These findings suggest that the dynamics of word recognition are still developing even at these late ages, and developmental changes may derive from different sources than individual differences in relative language ability.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ross2015,

title = {Sex differences in multisensory speech processing in both typically developing children and those on the autism spectrum},

author = {Lars A. Ross and Victor A. Del Bene and Sophie Molholm and Hans Peter Frey and John J. Foxe},

doi = {10.3389/fnins.2015.00185},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Neuroscience},

volume = {9},

pages = {185},

abstract = {Background: Previous work has revealed sizeable deficits in the abilities of children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to integrate auditory and visual speech signals, with clear implications for social communication in this population. There is a strong male preponderance in ASD, with approximately four affected males for every female. The presence of sex differences in ASD symptoms suggests a sexual dimorphism in the ASD phenotype, and raises the question of whether this dimorphism extends to ASD traits in the neurotypical population. Here, we investigated possible sexual dimorphism in multisensory speech integration in both ASD and neurotypical individuals. Methods: We assessed whether males and females differed in their ability to benefit from visual speech when target words were presented under varying levels of signal-to-noise, in samples of neurotypical children and adults, and in children diagnosed with an ASD. Results: In typically developing (TD) children and children with ASD, females (n= 47 and n=15 respectively) were significantly superior in their ability to recognize words under audiovisual listening conditions compared to males (n= 55 and n=58 respectively). This sex difference was absent in our sample of neurotypical adults (n= 28 females; n= 28 males). Conclusions: We propose that the development of audiovisual integration is delayed in male relative to female children, a delay that is also observed in ASD. In neurotypicals, these sex differences disappear in early adulthood when females approach their performance maximum and males “catch up”. Our findings underline the importance of considering sex differences in the search for autism endophenotypes and strongly encourage increased efforts to study the underrepresented population of females within ASD.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Haeikioe2015,

title = {The role of syllables in word recognition among beginning Finnish readers: Evidence from eye movements during reading},

author = {Tuomo Häikiö and Jukka Hyönä and Raymond Bertram},

doi = {10.1080/20445911.2014.982126},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Cognitive Psychology},

volume = {27},

number = {5},

pages = {562–577},

publisher = {Taylor & Francis},

abstract = {The eye movements of Finnish first and second graders were monitored as they read sentences where polysyllabic words were either hyphenated at syllable boundaries, alternatingly coloured (every second syllable black, every second red) or had no explicit syllable boundary cues (e.g., ta-lo vs. talo vs. talo = “house”). The results showed that hyphenation at syllable boundaries slows down reading of first and second graders even though syllabification by hyphens is very common in Finnish reading instruction, as all first-grade textbooks include hyphens at syllable boundaries. When hyphens were positioned within a syllable (t-alo vs. ta-lo), beginning readers were even more disrupted. Alternate colouring did not affect reading speed, no matter whether colours signalled syllable structure or not. The results show that beginning Finnish readers prefer to process polysyllabic words via syllables rather than letter by letter. At the same time they imply that hyphenation encourages sequential syllable processing, which slows down the reading of children, who are already capable of parallel syllable processing or recognising words directly via the whole-word route.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Haworth2015,

title = {Measuring attentional bias in children with prominent ears: A prospective eye-tracking study},

author = {Rebecca Haworth and Stephanie Sobey and Jill M. Chorney and Michael Bezuhly and Paul Hong},

doi = {10.1016/j.bjps.2015.08.009},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery},

volume = {68},

number = {12},

pages = {1662–1666},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Background and aim: When observing new faces, most people focus their attention on the central triangle of the face containing the eyes, nose and mouth. When viewing faces with prominent ears, observers may divert their attention from the central triangle. The objective of this study was to determine whether there was an objective attentional bias to prominent ears in comparison to non-prominent ears. Methods: A total of 24 naïve participants (13 female; mean age 22.88 years) viewed 15 photographs of children with bilateral prominent ears, unilateral prominent ears and non-prominent ears. Both pre- and post-otoplasty photographs of two patients were included. The eye movements of participants were recorded using the EyeLink 1000, a table-mounted eye-tracking device. Results: Overall, the participants spent more time looking at the ear regions for faces with prominent ears in comparison to faces without prominent ears (p = 0.007},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{He2015a,

title = {Face processing in the brains of pre-school aged children measured with MEG},

author = {Wei He and Jon Brock and Blake W. Johnson},

doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.11.029},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {NeuroImage},

volume = {106},

pages = {317–327},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {There are two competing theories concerning the development of face perception: a late maturation account and an early maturation account. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) neuroimaging holds promise for adjudicating between the two opposing accounts by providing objective neurophysiological measures of face processing, with sufficient temporal resolution to isolate face-specific brain responses from those associated with other sensory, cognitive and motor processes. The current study used a customized child MEG system to measure M100 and M170 brain responses in 15 children aged three to six years while they viewed faces, cars and their phase-scrambled counterparts. Compared to adults tested using the same stimuli in a conventional MEG system, children showed significantly larger and later M100 responses. Children's M170 responses, derived by subtracting the responses to phase-scrambled images from the corresponding images (faces or cars) were delayed in latency but otherwise resembled the adult M170. This component has not been obtained in previous studies of young children tested using conventional adult MEG systems. However children did show a markedly reduced M170 response to cars in comparison to adults. This may reflect children's lack of expertise with cars relative to faces. Taken together, these data are in accord with recent behavioural and neuroimaging data that support early maturation of the basic face processing functions.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{He2015b,

title = {Development of effective connectivity in the core network for face perception},

author = {Wei He and Marta I. Garrido and Paul F. Sowman and Jon Brock and Blake W. Johnson},

doi = {10.1002/hbm.22762},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Human Brain Mapping},

volume = {36},

number = {6},

pages = {2161–2173},

abstract = {This study measured effective connectivity within the core face network in young children using a paediatric magnetoencephalograph (MEG). Dynamic casual modeling (DCM) of brain responses was performed in a group of adults (N = 14) and a group of young children aged from 3 to 6 years (N = 15). Three candidate DCM models were tested, and the fits of the MEG data to the three models were compared at both individual and group levels. The results show that the connectivity structure of the core face network differs significantly between adults and children. Further, the relative strengths of face network connections were differentially modulated by experimental conditions in the two groups. These results support the interpretation that the core face network undergoes significant structural configuration and functional specialization between four years of age and adulthood.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Joseph2015,

title = {Working memory, reading ability and the effects of distance and typicality on anaphor resolution in children},

author = {Holly S. S. L. Joseph and Georgina Bremner and Simon P. Liversedge and Kate Nation},

doi = {10.1080/20445911.2015.1005095},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Cognitive Psychology},

volume = {27},

number = {5},

pages = {622–639},

publisher = {Taylor & Francis},

abstract = {We investigated the time course of anaphor resolution in children and whether this is modulated by individual differences in working memory and reading skill. The eye movements of 30 children (10–11 years) were monitored as they read short paragraphs in which (1) the semantic typicality of an antecedent and (2) its distance in relation to an anaphor were orthogonally manipulated. Children showed effects of distance and typicality on the anaphor itself and also on the word to the right of the anaphor, suggesting that anaphoric processing begins immediately but continues after the eyes have left the anaphor. Furthermore, children showed no evidence of resolving anaphors in the most difficult condition (distant atypical antecedent), suggesting that anaphoric processing that is demanding may not occur online in children of this age. Finally, working memory capacity and reading comprehension skill affect the magnitude and time course of typicality and distance effects during anaphoric processing.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kaakinen2015,

title = {The influence of a reading task on children's eye movements during reading},

author = {Johanna K. Kaakinen and Annika Lehtola and Satu Paattilammi},

doi = {10.1080/20445911.2015.1005623},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Cognitive Psychology},

volume = {27},

number = {5},

pages = {640–656},

publisher = {Taylor & Francis},

abstract = {In the present study, second graders (n= 23), fourth graders (n= 16), sixth graders (n= 24) and adults (n= 21) read texts adopted from children's science textbooks either with the task to answer a “why” question presented as the title of the text or for comprehension when their eye movements were recorded. Immediately after reading, readers answered a text memory and an integration question. Second graders showed an effect of questions as increased processing during first-pass reading, whereas older readers showed the effect in later look-backs. For adult readers, questions also facilitated first-pass reading. Text memory or integration question-answering was not influenced by the reading task. The results indicate that questions increase the standards of coherence for text information and that already young readers do modify their reading behaviour according to task demands.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Khan2015a,

title = {Central adiposity is negatively associated with hippocampal-dependent relational memory among overweight and obese children},

author = {Naiman A. Khan and Carol L. Baym and Jim M. Monti and Lauren B. Raine and Eric S. Drollette and Mark R. Scudder and R. Davis Moore and Arthur F. Kramer and Charles H. Hillman and Neal J. Cohen},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Pediatrics},

volume = {166},

number = {2},

pages = {302–308},

abstract = {Objective—To assess associations between adiposity and hippocampal-dependent and hippocampal-independent memory forms among prepubertal children. Study design—Prepubertal children (7–9-year-olds},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Werthmann2015,

title = {Food through the child's eye: An eye-tracking study on attentional bias for food in healthy-weight children and children with obesity.},

author = {Jessica Werthmann and Anita Jansen and Anita C. E. Vreugdenhil and Chantal Nederkoorn and Ghislaine Schyns and Anne Roefs},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Health Psychology},

volume = {34},

number = {12},

pages = {1123–1132},

abstract = {Objective: Obesity prevalence among children is high and knowledge on cognitive factors that contribute to children's reactivity to the "obesogenic" food environment could help to design effective treatment and prevention campaigns. Empirical studies in adults suggest that attention bias for food could be a risk factor for overeating. Accordingly, the current study tested if children with obesity have an elevated attention bias for food when compared to healthy-weight children. Another aim was to explore whether attention biases for food predicted weight-change after 3 and 6 months in obese children. Method: Obese children (n = 34) were recruited from an intervention program and tested prior to the start of this intervention. Healthy-weight children (n = 36) were recruited from local schools. First, attention biases for food were compared between children with obesity (n = 30) and matched healthy-weight children (n = 30). Second, regression analyses were conducted to test if food-related attention biases predicted weight changes after 3 and 6 months in children with obesity following a weight loss lifestyle intervention. Results: Results showed that obese children did not differ from healthy-weight children in their attention bias to food. Yet automatically directing attention toward food (i.e., initial orientation bias) was related to a reduced weight loss (R2 = .14},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wright2015c,

title = {The impact of red light running camera flashes on younger and older drivers' attention and oculomotor control},

author = {Timothy J. Wright and Thomas Vitale and Walter R. Boot and Neil Charness},

doi = {10.1037/pag0000052},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Psychology and Aging},

volume = {30},

number = {4},

pages = {755–767},

abstract = {Recent empirical evidence suggests that the flashes associated with red light running cameras (RLRCs) distract younger drivers, pulling attention away from the roadway and delaying processing of safety-relevant events. Considering the perceptual and attentional declines that occur with age, older drivers may be especially susceptible to the distracting effects of RLRC flashes, particularly in situations in which the flash is more salient (a bright flash at night compared to the day). The current study examined how age and situational factors potentially influence attention capture by RLRC flashes using covert (cuing effects) and overt (eye movement) indices of capture. We manipulated the salience of the flash by varying its luminance and contrast with respect to the background of the driving scene (either day or night scenes). Results of two experiments suggest that simulated RLRC flashes capture observers' attention, but, surprisingly, no age differences in capture were observed. However, an analysis examining early and late eye movements revealed that older adults may have been strategically delaying their eye movements in order to avoid capture. Additionally, older adults took longer to disengage attention following capture, suggesting at least one age-related disadvantage in capture situations. Findings have theoretical implications for understanding age differences in attention capture, especially with respect to capture in real-world scenes, and inform future work that should examine how the distracting effects of RLRC flashes influence driver behavior.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Zawoyski2015,

title = {Using eye tracking to observe differential effects of repeated readings for second-grade students as a function of achievement level},

author = {Andrea M. Zawoyski and Scott P. Ardoin and Katherine S. Binder},

doi = {10.1002/rrq.91},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Reading Research Quarterly},

volume = {50},

number = {2},

pages = {171–184},

abstract = {Repeated readings (RR) is an evidence-based instructional technique in which students read the same text multiple times. Currently, little is known about how effects of RR may differ based on students' achievement levels. Eye tracking provides a means for closely examining instructional effects because it permits measurement of subtle changes that occur during RR. The current study measured changes in the reading behavior of second-grade students who were divided into two groups of 22 students each based on their reading achievement levels. Participants read a grade-level passage embedded with low-and high-frequency target words four times in a single session while their eye movements were recorded. Findings replicated those of previous research, suggesting that RR facilitated reading for students in both groups, particularly on low-frequency target words. Results indicated both similarities and differences in patterns of performance between lower and higher performing readers. Additionally, results implied that effects were greater for lower performing readers because they made greater improvements on high-frequency target words, whereas effects were diminished for higher performing readers. The findings have implications for improving future eye movement research investigating young students' reading and the efficiency of RR in the classroom.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ziaei2015,

title = {Are age effects in positivity influenced by the valence of distractors?},

author = {Maryam Ziaei and William Hippel and Julie D. Henry and Stefanie I. Becker},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0137604},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {10},

number = {9},

pages = {e0137604},

abstract = {An age-related ‘positivity' effect has been identified, in which older adults show an information- processing bias towards positive emotional items in attention and memory. In the present study, we examined this positivity bias by using a novel paradigm in which emotional and neutral distractors were presented along with emotionally valenced targets. Thirty-five older and 37 younger adults were asked during encoding to attend to emotional targets paired with distractors that were either neutral or opposite in valence to the target. Pupillary responses were recorded during initial encoding as well as a later incidental recognition task. Memory and pupillary responses for negative items were not affected by the valence of distractors, suggesting that positive distractors did not automatically attract older adults' attention while they were encoding negative targets. Additionally, the pupil dilation to negative items mediated the relation between age and positivity in memory. Overall, memory and pupillary responses provide converging support for a cognitive control account of positivity effects in late adulthood and suggest a link between attentional processes and the memory positivity effect.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}