高速、精准和可靠的眼动追踪解决方案

eye tracking research

如何判断某人是否在撒谎

How to tell if someone is lying

预计阅读时间： 9 分钟

人们撒谎。有些人撒谎大量且熟练地。鉴于这一令人不安（有些不足为奇）的事实，我们可以通过一种客观的方法来知道一个人何时在撒谎，这对我们所有人都有好处。尽管有人声称朝着特定的方向看（例如向右看）是一个人撒谎的信号，这些断言被认为是 被揭穿（以及此处）。那么，有没有可靠的迹象表明有人在撒谎？

The scientific literature suggests that in fact the eyes can give away a lie, but it is pupil size, not gaze direction, that is most revealing. Research has shown that people tend to have larger pupils when deceiving compared to telling the truth in a range of scenarios. The differences are quite subtle, and scientists generally use sensitive eye-tracking equipment to measure pupil size, so it is unlikely that a casual observer would be able to detect any difference. In addition, most experimental research is a comparison between groups, and what is true for a group as a whole may not necessarily be true for every individual in that group.

在下面的部分中，我们来看看一些探索瞳孔大小与说谎之间关系的研究。

瞳孔扩张与说谎

模拟犯罪研究

在一个早期模拟犯罪研究，发表于1943年，“有罪”和“无辜”的参与者发现自己在大学演讲厅。有罪的参与者被告知拿走座位下剩下的一些钱（很少超过一角钱）然后对所有将他们与这一罪行联系起来的后续问题撒谎。与此同时，无辜的参与者被要求离开演讲厅，如实回答所有问题。与模拟犯罪有关的关键问题如下：

  • 你刚才在演讲厅吗？
  • 你拿了钱吗？
  • 你告诉我真相了吗？

描述性结果表明，有罪的参与者在做出欺骗性反应时表现出瞳孔扩张，然后迅速收缩。相比之下，这种瞳孔反应只在少数诚实的受访者中明显。

A more recent mock crime study that compared the pupil size between guilty and innocent participants also showed a similar pattern, with a larger pupillary diameter when answering deceptively as opposed to truthfully. Other researchers have shown that this relative increase in pupil size can be observed when answering computer-administered questions as well as when viewing pictures related to the crime.

简单谎言研究

Unlike mock crime studies, some studies focus on people intentionally providing information that is either truthful or deceptive, without the necessity of a crime. This is exemplified in Ira Heilveil’s simple

general facts or non-personal episodes, on a questionnaire assessing a teacher, in an economic game to a co-player, and about a witnessed crime – whether interrogated by a human or robot.

机器人应用

在最近一项有趣的欺骗和瞳孔测量研究中，一组研究人员描述了 具有测谎能力的机器人 使用瞳孔信息。尽管人们很难分辨出某人在撒谎，但“机器视觉”可以快速使用当前的、精细的信息，根据微小的差异做出判断。

In one study examining the robot’s human interaction with truthful and deceptive humans, each participant wore an eye tracker, resulting in a continuous feed of pupil information from the participant to the robot. For the task, participants described the pictures on a series of six cards either accurately (for five cards) or deceptively (for one card). The photo below shows the robot and five cards from the deck, one is in a person’s hand and four are on the right side.

Robot Lie Detection

在第一部分中，机器人猜测了一个人欺骗性地描述的六张牌中的哪一张。机器人通过计算每张卡片描述期间的平均瞳孔扩张，然后选择扩张度最高的卡片，成功地以88%的准确率检测到了欺骗性描述的卡片。

对于第二部分，在每张卡片描述之后，机器人将描述分为真实或虚假，然后要求确认。通过将平均瞳孔直径与第一部分的信息进行比较，机器人的分类准确率为71%。然而，如果机器人在每次互动后更新信息，准确率将提高到78%。

瞳孔扩张与认知负荷

Why do our pupils dilate when telling a lie? There are a number of theories, but the one getting the most play over the last few decades is cognitive load theory (see our comprehensive blog on this topic).

Cognitive load refers to the amount of resources that tasks such as lying demand from working memory – a scratchpad that holds information temporarily, controls attention, plans, and interfaces with sensory and long-term memory. Because working memory is severely limited in terms of how much information it can hold, as well as for how long, a high cognitive load on working memory will have cascading effects on other systems. Pupil diameter is a well-established physiological marker of cognitive load. As cognitive load increases so does pupil diameter.

According to cognitive load theory, to create a lie, a cognitive load is imposed on working memory as it organizes and holds information about the lie and searches long-term memory for information to construct it. For most people, telling a spontaneous on-the-spot lie is harder than telling a planned lie, and telling the truth is easier than lying altogether. Because telling a lie generally imposes a higher cognitive load and because a higher cognitive load is associated with increased pupil diameter, pupils tend to dilate more when a person is lying compared to telling the truth.

It is worth pointing out that while telling a lie may be more cognitively demanding than telling the truth for most people, this is not necessarily the case for everyone. Highly practiced and efficient liars may not necessarily have increased pupil sizes when actively deceiving, so we are still some way off from having a true lie detector.

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参考资料和图像信用

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Cook，A.E.、Hacker，D.J.、Webb，A.K.、Osher，D.、Kristjansson，S.D.、Woltz，D.J.和Kircher，J.C.（2012）。莱恩的眼睛：阅读的眼动测量揭示了欺骗。 Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 18(3), 301–313. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028307

Debey，E.、De Schryver，M.、Logan，G.D.、Suchotzki，K.和Verschuere，B.（2015）。从大三到大四，匹诺曹：欺骗的横断面寿命调查。 Acta Psychologica, 160, 58–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2015.06.007

Dionisio，D.P.、Granholm，E.、Hillix，W.A.和Perrine，W.F.（2001）。瞳孔反应作为认知加工指标的欺骗鉴别。 Psychophysiology 38, 205–211. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-8986.3820205

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1.页眉照片 3803658 – Pixabay Content License.

2.机器人通过 Dario Pasquali, Jonas Gonzalez-Billandon, Alexander Mois Aroyo, Giulio Sandini, Alessandra Sciutti, and Francesco Rea published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

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关于 Ljiljana Velisavljevic

Lily第一次使用眼动跟踪器是在20世纪90年代，当时她使用的是闪亮、圆滑、超现代的眼线I。现在，她在SR Research工作，为眼线创建软件图标和营销材料，试图避开社交媒体，为网站设计和创建内容，包括撰写科学文章等，但都没有成功。Lily拥有心理学博士学位，专门研究大脑、行为和认知，以及教育心理学硕士学位，她致力于涉及记忆、认知、视觉和教育的眼球追踪研究。