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@article{Farhang2025,

title = {The impact of spatial frequency on hierarchical category representation in macaque temporal cortex},

author = {Esmaeil Farhang and Ramin Toosi and Behnam Karami and Roxana Koushki and Narges Kheirkhah and Farideh Shakerian and Jalaledin Noroozi and Ehsan Rezayat and Abdol Hossein Vahabie and Mohammad Reza A. Dehaqani},

doi = {10.1038/s42003-025-08230-5},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-12-01},

journal = {Communications Biology},

volume = {8},

number = {1},

pages = {1–15},

publisher = {Nature Research},

abstract = {Objects are recognized in three hierarchical levels: superordinate, mid-level, and subordinate. Psychophysics shows that mid-level categories and low spatial frequency (LSF) information are rapidly recognized. However, the interaction between spatial frequency (SF) and abstraction is not well understood. To address this, we examine neural responses in the inferior temporal cortex and superior temporal sulcus of two male macaque monkeys. Our findings reveal that mid-level categories are well represented at both LSF and high SF (HSF), suggesting robust mid-level boundary maps in these areas, unaffected by SF changes. Conversely, superordinate category representation depends on HSF, indicating its crucial role in encoding global category information. The absence of subordinate representation in both LSF and HSF compared to intact stimuli further implies that full SF content is essential for fine-category processing. A supporting human psychophysics task confirms that superordinate categorization relies on HSF, while subordinate object recognition requires both LSF and HSF.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ezzo2025,

title = {Eyes on hold: Motion task difficulty jointly delays microsaccade and pupil responses},

author = {Rania Ezzo and Bogeng Song and Bas Rokers and Marisa Carrasco},

doi = {10.1038/s41598-025-04748-0},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-12-01},

journal = {Scientific Reports},

volume = {15},

number = {1},

pages = {1–16},

publisher = {Nature Research},

abstract = {Microsaccades and pupil dynamics exhibit canonical temporal profiles, providing insights into perceptual and cognitive processes. Microsaccades are typically suppressed with respect to expected stimulus onset and followed by a rebound to baseline rates. Here, we investigated whether and how the temporal dynamics of microsaccades and pupil dilation vary with task difficulty for a motion perception task. We hypothesized that difficulty jointly delays the rebound of microsaccade rates and the time of peak pupil dilation when discriminating motion direction. Human observers discriminated motion direction (clockwise or counterclockwise) in a briefly presented perifoveal drifting stimulus, which varied according to two ‘easy' vs ‘hard' difficulty manipulations –cardinal vs oblique motion directions, and large vs small tilt offsets from the discriminated direction. We found that (1) increased task difficulty strengthened and prolonged microsaccade inhibition resulting in delayed rebounds, (2) peak pupillary responses were both larger in amplitude and delayed for more difficult conditions, (3) discrimination response time correlated with microsaccade rebounds and peak pupillary responses. We conclude that the delays in these microsaccade rebound and pupil responses are due to a prolonged period of sensory evidence accumulation, and that their correlated temporal dynamics support a shared neural mechanism underlying both pupil and microsaccade responses.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Entzmann2025a,

title = {Saccade endpoints reflect attentional templates in visual search: Evidence from feature distribution learning},

author = {Léa Entzmann and Árni Kristjánsson and Árni Gunnar Ásgeirsson},

doi = {10.1167/jov.25.14.18},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-12-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {25},

number = {14},

pages = {1–19},

publisher = {Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Inc.},

abstract = {In visual search, our gaze is guided by mental representations of stimulus features, known as attentional templates. These templates are thought to be probabilistic, shaped by environmental regularities. For example, participants can learn to distinguish between the shapes of different distractor color distributions in visual search. The present study assessed whether such subtle differences in distractor color distributions (Gaussian vs. uniform) are reflected in saccade endpoints. We conducted two experiments, each consisting of learning trials, designed to prime a specific distractor color distribution, and test trials, where target color varied in its distance from the mean of previously presented distractor distributions. Saccade endpoint deviations were observed through the global effect, where the saccades tended to land between two nearby stimuli. The experiments differed in difficulty, with test trials in Experiment 2 involving more distractors and colors. During test trials, reaction times and saccade endpoints were affected by target distance from the mean of the preceding distractor distribution. The farther the target color was from this mean, the less the saccade deviated from the target and the lower the reaction times. However, saccade endpoints did not reflect the shape of distractor color distributions, an effect that was observed only on reaction times in Experiment 2. Overall, color priming affects both reaction times and saccade deviations, but distractor feature distribution learning depends on search difficulty and response measures, with saccade endpoints less sensitive to subtle differences in the shape of color distributions.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Emmorey2025,

title = {Assessing the effects of sign language experience versus deafness on the leftward reading span},

author = {Karen Emmorey and Emily M. Akers and Emily Saunders and Marzieh Bannazadeh and Elizabeth Droubi and Frances G. Cooley and Elizabeth R. Schotter},

doi = {10.1111/cogs.70162},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-12-01},

journal = {Cognitive Science},

volume = {49},

number = {12},

pages = {1–21},

abstract = {Both deafness and sign language experience impact the distribution of visual attention, and either factor could affect reading span size, the area around fixation from which useful information is obtained. In contrast to the typical asymmetrical span (smaller on the left), deaf signers have a larger leftward span than skill-matched hearing readers. We investigated whether this enhanced span is due to changes in visual attention associated with early deafness or sign language experience (right-handed signs fall in the left periphery). A gaze-contingent moving-window paradigm was used to assess the leftward reading span of hearing early signers, deaf early signers, and hearing nonsigners with similar reading abilities. The size of the leftward span for deaf and hearing signers was the same (10 characters) and was larger than that of hearing nonsigners (4 characters). Thus, sign language experience appears to be at least one source of the larger leftward span in deaf signers. However, deaf signers were more efficient readers than both hearing groups (faster reading rate, more skipped words, fewer regressions), suggesting that their greater reading efficiency does not stem solely from a larger leftward span.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Duecker2025,

title = {Guided visual search is associated with target boosting and distractor suppression in early visual cortex},

author = {Katharina Duecker and Kimron L. Shapiro and Simon Hanslmayr and Benjamin J. Griffiths and Yali Pan and Jeremy M. Wolfe and Ole Jensen},

doi = {10.1038/s42003-025-08321-3},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-12-01},

journal = {Communications Biology},

volume = {8},

number = {1},

pages = {1–11},

publisher = {Nature Research},

abstract = {Visual attention paradigms have revealed that neural excitability in higher-order visual areas is modulated according to a priority map guiding attention towards task-relevant locations. Neural activity in early visual regions, however, has been argued to be modulated based on bottom-up salience. Here, we combined Magnetoencephalography (MEG) and Rapid Invisible Frequency Tagging (RIFT) in a classic visual search paradigm to study feature-guidance in early human visual cortex. Our results demonstrate evidence for both target boosting and distractor suppression when the participants were informed about the task-relevant and -irrelevant colour (guided search) compared to when they were not (unguided search). These results conceptually replicated using both a magnitude-squared coherence approach and a General Linear Model based on a single-trial measure of the RIFT response. The present findings reveal that feature-guidance in visual search affects neuronal excitability as early as primary visual cortex, possibly contributing to a priority-map-based mechanism.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Du2025,

title = {Within-individual precision mapping of brain networks exclusively using task data},

author = {Jingnan Du and Vaibhav Tripathi and Maxwell L. Elliott and Joanna Ladopoulou and Wendy Sun and Mark C. Eldaief and Randy L. Buckner},

doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2025.08.029},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-12-01},

journal = {Neuron},

volume = {113},

pages = {4069–4083},

publisher = {Elsevier BV},

abstract = {Precision mapping of brain networks within individuals prevailingly relies on functional connectivity analysis of resting-state data. Here, we explored whether networks can be estimated using only task data. Correlation matrices estimated from task data were similar to those derived from resting-state data. The largest factor affecting similarity was the amount of data. Precision networks estimated from task data showed strong spatial overlap with those derived from resting-state data and predicted the same triple functional dissociation in independent data. To illustrate novel possibilities enabled by the present methods, we mapped the detailed organization of thalamic association zones within individuals by pooling extensive resting-state and task data. We also demonstrated how task data can be used to estimate networks while simultaneously extracting task responses. Broadly, these findings suggest that there is an underlying, stable network architecture that is idiosyncratic to the individual and persists across task states.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Douze2025,

title = {Pupil responses objectively index pharmacologically altered tactile sensitivity},

author = {Bernd T. Douze and Antonia F. Ten Brink and H. Chris Dijkerman and Christoph Strauch},

doi = {10.1016/j.cortex.2025.10.001},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-12-01},

journal = {Cortex},

volume = {193},

pages = {90–104},

publisher = {Masson SpA},

abstract = {Tactile perception is a subjective experience, yet it can be physiologically quantified. This offers new avenues for studying sensory processing in contexts where verbal feedback is limited or unreliable. A growing body of research uses changes in pupil size, showing that stronger tactile stimuli lead to greater pupil dilation. Building on this, we investigated whether pupil responses could serve as an objective measure of tactile sensitivity. To explore this, we pharmacologically manipulated tactile sensitivity in healthy participants (n = 32). In separate sessions, an anaesthetic cream or a placebo cream was applied to one forearm. At the beginning and/or end of each session, Von Frey assessments and a vibrotactile detection task were conducted to confirm the efficacy of the anaesthetic cream in reducing tactile sensitivity. During each session, pupil responses to vibrotactile stimuli applied to both the cream and non-cream arms were recorded. Our results confirmed that the anaesthetic cream significantly reduced the perceived intensity of tactile stimulation, an effect that persisted throughout the session. Crucially, we observed weaker pupil dilation responses to vibrotactile stimuli applied to the anaesthetised arm compared to the placebo or non-cream arm. Exploratory analyses showed that participants for whom the anaesthetic cream was most effective in reducing tactile sensitivity also showed the weakest pupil responses when the anaesthetised arm was stimulated. Overall, these findings demonstrate that the pupil response is a reliable and objective index of tactile sensitivity, highlighting its potential for studying sensory processing in populations where verbal feedback is limited or unreliable.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Dimova2025,

title = {Brief glance, lasting effect: How pointing gestures influence the perception of paintings.},

author = {Temenuzhka Dimova and Nicolas Lapique and Raphael Rosenberg},

doi = {10.1037/aca0000835},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-12-01},

journal = {Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts},

pages = {1–21},

abstract = {Pointing fingers are among the most common hand gestures in early modern painting. Art historians have long assumed that they directly guide the viewer's gaze toward key elements. However, this assumption has never been tested empirically. To investigate how depicted pointing gestures influence eye movements, we digitally removed the pointed forefingers from 15 paintings (16th–17th century) and compared the perception of these edited versions with the originals. While pointing fingers attract few direct fixations, their fleeting perception significantly reshapes how other elements are viewed. Semantically related areas—such as the targets of pointing gestures and the faces of pointing characters—receive increased direct attention. Also, our novel areas of interest dwell time correlation method reveals that viewers establish different semantic connections between characters and objects when pointing gestures are present. In the second phase ofthe study, open-ended interviews revealed that interpretations of the original paintings differ from those of the edited versions. These results underscore the central role of depicted pointing gestures. They reshape the narrative connections between elements, ultimately leading to different interpretations. Among all the art-works we analyzed, Caravaggio's and Raphael's compositions were the most affected by the removal of pointing gestures. This confirms that the effectiveness of pointing gestures in art also depends on individual artistic approaches and the artist's mastery in guiding the viewer's attention.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Desbordes2025,

title = {Task-relevant information availability shapes eye movements and perceptual judgment confidence},

author = {Thibault J. Desbordes and Nadia Alahyane and Alain Guillaume},

doi = {10.1038/s41598-025-13814-6},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-12-01},

journal = {Scientific Reports},

volume = {15},

number = {1},

pages = {1–16},

publisher = {Nature Research},

abstract = {Humans continuously decide where to look to gather task-relevant information. While affective rewards such as money are known to bias gaze direction, it remains unclear whether non-affective informational value can similarly shape oculomotor decisions. Here, we modulated the availability of task-relevant visual information at saccade targets by probabilistically varying its presentation duration, in a perceptual judgment task performed by human participants. Results showed that participants developed implicit biases, increasingly avoiding an experimentally introduced low-information region. These learned preferences were associated with longer saccade latencies toward non-preferred regions, similar to patterns observed with affective reward learning. However, saccade peak velocity remained unchanged across locations. Perceptual accuracy was not influenced either. When participants' confidence ratings reliably distinguished correct from incorrect responses, confidence was higher for preferred regions, suggesting a dissociation between perceptual and metacognitive performance. These findings demonstrate that the probability of accessing easily usable information can be implicitly learned to guide eye movement decisions, much like reward. Moreover, subjective confidence can be linked to learned preferences, without modulation of perceptual performance. Our results highlight that informational value, independent of affective cues, shapes oculomotor decision-making and post-perceptual judgment confidence.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Boer2025,

title = {Continuous visual stimulus tracking to quantify eye motility in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3},

author = {M. J. Boer and R. A. Wasmann and J. W. R. Pott and F. W. Cornelissen and N. M. Jansonius},

doi = {10.3389/fneur.2025.1650269},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-12-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Neurology},

volume = {16},

pages = {1–12},

abstract = {Introduction: Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA) form a group of dominantly inherited neurodegenerative diseases represented by progressive cerebellar ataxia and various other neurological deficits. SCA3 is the most prevalent type globally and represents 28% of the autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias in The Netherlands. The associated oculomotor disorders, with distance esotropia as its hallmark, cause diplopia and often present early. To gain further insight into this, we examined eye movements made during a continuous visual stimulus tracking task (SONDA; Standardized Oculomotor and Neuro-Ophthalmic Disorder Assessment). Methods: Thirteen genetically confirmed SCA3 cases underwent SONDA, both monocularly and binocularly. As a reference, we used previously collected data from 36 monocularly and 13 binocularly measured healthy subjects. Results: SCA3 cases were well capable of tracking the moving stimulus, but they performed the task differently. More specifically, their eyes were not synchronized in their movements, and they made multiple small saccades in response to a large stimulus jump instead of a larger saccade followed by a small corrective saccade. The saccadic amplitude distribution shape was related to the severity of the oculomotor disorder, suggesting that the saccadic amplitude distribution could be used as a biomarker of disease severity. Conclusion: Overall, this study highlights that eye-tracking during a standardized task can give valuable insights into how eye movements are affected in SCA3 and provides suggestions for potential biomarkers for severity and the associated treatment options. Longitudinal research is needed to elaborate on these findings and validate the proposed biomarkers.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Dalmaso2025a,

title = {Uncovering everyday attention in the lab: Front-viewed heads boost overt social orienting},

author = {Mario Dalmaso and Anna Lorenzoni and Giovanni Galfano and Marta Riva and Luigi Castelli},

doi = {10.1186/s41235-025-00661-2},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-12-01},

journal = {Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications},

volume = {10},

number = {1},

pages = {1–12},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH},

abstract = {Social attention can be defined as the tendency to orient attentional resources in response to spatial cues provided by others, such as their gaze or head direction. This mechanism is essential for navigating real-world environments, where rapidly and accurately interpreting others' behaviour is often critical. Regarding head-driven orienting, research studies suggest that social attention can be enhanced when a front-facing head cue establishes eye contact (vs. no eye contact) with the observer, but also when the head cue is viewed from behind (vs. from the front), and hence, eye contact cannot be established. Across three experiments, we directly compared these two scenarios—which are highly common in everyday life—by presenting a central head cue showing either the front (establishing eye contact) or back, followed by a turn to the left or right. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants were required to manually respond to peripheral targets while ignoring the head cue, whereas in Experiment 3, oculomotor responses were recorded. Although the initial view of the head did not affect manual responses, eye movement data revealed enhanced social attention when the head was initially viewed from the front. These results suggest that eye movements provide a sensitive measure for detecting potential social modulations of attention. Moreover, eye contact confirms here its role as a powerful social signal for humans, capable of boosting overt orienting responses. Future research should explore these effects in more dynamic and ecologically valid settings, such as real social interactions.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Dake2025,

title = {Perturbing human V1 degrades the fidelity of visual working memory},

author = {Mrugank Dake and Clayton E. Curtis},

doi = {10.1038/s41467-025-57882-8},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-12-01},

journal = {Nature Communications},

volume = {16},

number = {1},

pages = {1–8},

publisher = {Nature Research},

abstract = {Decades of macaque research established the importance of prefrontal cortex for working memory. Surprisingly, recent human neuroimaging studies demonstrated that the contents of working memory can be decoded from primary visual cortex (V1). However the necessity of this mnemonic information remains unknown and contentious. Here we provide causal evidence that transcranial magnetic stimulation targeting human V1 disrupted the fidelity of visual working memory. Errors increased only for targets remembered in the portion of the visual field disrupted by stimulation. Moreover, concurrently measured electroencephalography confirmed that stimulation disrupted not only memory behavior, but neurophysiological signatures of working memory. These results change the question from whether visual cortex is necessary for working memory to what mechanisms it uses to support memory. Moreover, they point to models in which the mechanisms supporting working memory are distributed across brain regions, including sensory areas that here we show are critical for memory storage.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Corcoran2025,

title = {When your heart isn't in it anymore: Cardiac correlates of task disengagement},

author = {Andrew W. Corcoran and Arthur Le Coz and Jakob Hohwy and Thomas Andrillon},

doi = {10.1038/s42003-025-09026-3},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-12-01},

journal = {Communications Biology},

volume = {8},

number = {1},

pages = {1–16},

publisher = {Nature Research},

abstract = {Neuroscience is beginning to uncover the role of interoceptive feedback in perception, learning, and decision-making; however, the relation between spontaneous visceral and cognitive dynamics has received surprisingly little scrutiny. Here, we investigate how subjective, physiological, and behavioural indicators of arousal and attentional state vary in relation to ongoing cardiac activity and brain-heart coupling. Electroencephalogram, electrocardiogram, and pupillometric records were obtained from 65 adults during the performance of a sustained attention to response task (SART). Thought probes were intermittently administered during the SART to collect subjective reports of attentional state (on-task, mind-wandering, mind-blanking) and vigilance level (alertness vs. sleepiness). Mind-wandering and mind-blanking reports increased in frequency with time-on-task and were accompanied by decreases in alertness and pupil-linked arousal, but evinced distinct psychophysiological and behavioural profiles: While mind-wandering was associated with greater heart-rate variability and late modulation of the heartbeat-evoked potential, mind-blanking was characterised by more profound decreases in heart-rate, pupil size, and brain-heart coupling. Lower heart-rate predicted decreased vigilance and pupil size, in addition to slower, less-biased responses; increased heart-rate variability predicted more impulsive behaviour and pupil dilation. Together, these findings reveal that cardiac parameters and brain-heart connectivity measures afford complementary information about arousal states and attentional dynamics during task performance.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Clement2025,

title = {Mental images from long-term memory differ from perception: Evidence for distinct spatial formats and distinct mechanisms of spatial attention orientation},

author = {Anthony Clément and Catherine Tallon-Baudry},

doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0691-25.2025},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-12-01},

journal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},

volume = {45},

number = {49},

pages = {1–14},

abstract = {How is spatial attention deployed in mental images? Mental imagery is often assumed to share mechanisms with visual perception and visual working memory. Top-down, endogenous spatial attention in both visual perception and working memory modulates behavior and parieto-occipital alpha-band activity. However, working memory captures only a subset of mental imagery, which can also draw upon long-term memory. Here, we ask whether and how spatial attention operates in mental images derived from general knowledge in long-term memory and whether it recruits the same neural mechanisms as visual perception. We recorded EEG in 28 healthy volunteers (13 males, 15 females) as they performed two discrimination tasks with spatial cues (70% valid): one involving the mental visualization of a long-term memory map (a map of France) and the other using visual stimuli. We show that spatial attention shortens response times in both tasks, but through distinct mechanisms. Behavioral attentional benefits were uncorrelated across tasks, and spatial attention in mental imagery engaged distinct neural mechanisms, with frontal rather than posterior alpha activity modulation. We further reveal fundamental differences in the spatial structures of mental imagery and visual perception. Altogether, our results show that mental images drawn from long-term semantic memory are spatially organized and are amenable to spatial attention deployment, but the underlying neural mechanisms differ from those of visual perception. Our results thus point to marked differences between mental imagery from long-term memory and visual perception.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Chmiel2025,

title = {The impact of remote interpreting settings on interpreter experience and performance},

author = {Agnieszka Chmiel and Nicoletta Spinolo and Paweł Korpal and Christian Olalla-Soler and Paulina Rozkrut and Marta Kajzer-Wietrzny and Serena Ghiselli},

doi = {10.1075/tis.24125.chm},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-12-01},

journal = {Translation and Interpreting Studies},

volume = {20},

number = {2},

pages = {212–243},

abstract = {<p>This study investigates the effect of different remote simultaneous interpreting (RSI) settings on interpreter performance, experience, anxiety, and cognitive load. Thirty-six professional English-Polish and Spanish-Italian interpreters performed RSI in three conditions: with a co-located boothmate, a not co-located boothmate communicating via chat, and a boothmate in a virtual booth. Interpreter renditions, questionnaire responses, and eye-tracking data were analyzed. Objective accuracy and self-assessed performance were scored lowest in the not co-located setting, with little difference between the co-located and virtual conditions, suggesting that virtual booths may effectively replicate traditional booths. Unexpectedly, boothmate presence did not affect cognitive load, anxiety or user experience, demonstrating interpreters' adaptability to diverse RSI setups. Findings also suggest positive attitudes toward technology and high technological competence improve user experience and facilitate more structured visual attention. The study enhances our understanding of RSI and underscores interpreters' ability to navigate visually complex environments.</p>},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Chiu2025a,

title = {Spatiotemporal predictability of saccades modulates postsaccadic feature interference},

author = {Tzu-Yao Chiu and Isabel Jaen and Julie D. Golomb},

doi = {10.1167/jov.25.14.1},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-12-01},

journal = {Journal of vision},

volume = {25},

number = {14},

pages = {1–16},

abstract = {Spatial attention and eye movements jointly contribute to efficient sampling of visual information in the environment, but maintaining precise spatial attention across saccades becomes challenging due to the drastic retinal shifts. Previous studies have provided evidence that spatial attention may remap imperfectly across saccades, incurring systematic feature inference with ongoing perception, yet the role of saccade predictability remains largely untested. In the current study, we investigated whether spatiotemporal predictability of saccades influences postsaccadic remapping and feature perception. In two preregistered experiments, we implemented the postsaccadic feature report paradigm and manipulated spatiotemporal predictability of saccades. Experiment 1 manipulated spatial and temporal saccade predictability together, whereas Experiment 2 dissociated the roles of spatial and temporal predictability in separate conditions. In addition to spatial and temporal saccade predictability both improving general task performance, we found that spatial saccade predictability specifically modulated postsaccadic feature interference. When saccades were spatially unpredictable, "swap errors" occurred at the early postsaccadic time point, where participants misreported the retinotopic color instead of the spatiotopic target color. However, the swapping errors were reduced when saccades were made spatially predictable. These results suggest that systematic feature interference associated with postsaccadic remapping is malleable to expectations of the upcoming saccade target location, highlighting the role of predictions in maintaining perceptual stability across saccades.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Chen2025p,

title = {Abnormal eye movement, brain regional homogeneity in schizophrenia and clinical high-risk individuals and their associated gene expression profiles},

author = {Zhaobin Chen and Yangpan Ou and Yudan Ding and Ying Wang and Huabing Li and Feng Liu and Ping Li and Dongsheng Lv and Yong Liu and Bing Lang and Jingping Zhao and Wenbin Guo},

doi = {10.1038/s41537-025-00609-x},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-12-01},

journal = {Schizophrenia},

volume = {11},

number = {1},

publisher = {Nature Research},

abstract = {Clinical high-risk (CHR) is a prodromal period before psychosis characterized by attenuated, transient, or intermittent psychotic symptoms and declining functioning. They exhibit eye movement abnormalities and brain functional damage compared with schizophrenia, potentially increasing vulnerability to psychosis. This study investigates eye movement dysfunction and brain activity alterations in CHR and first-episode schizophrenia (FSZ) individuals to identify early biomarkers for psychosis progression. Twenty-seven drug-naïve FSZ, 25 CHR, and 28 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited for eye-tracking tasks and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate eye movement and regional homogeneity (ReHo) differences. Machine-learning algorithms were used to differentiate FSZ from CHR. In combination with the Allen Human Brain Atlas (AHBA), transcriptome-neuroimaging analysis was applied to identify ReHo-related gene expression profiles. FSZ exhibited a wide range of eye movement abnormalities across multiple tasks, while certain abnormalities were already present in CHR. Abnormal ReHo alterations were found in orbitofrontal gyrus, temporal gyrus, and cingulum among three groups, associated with specific eye movement parameters. These differences in eye movement and ReHo allowed for high-accuracy discrimination between them. Genetic analysis identified significant genes in FSZ and CHR, enriched in various biological functions and pathways (all corrected p < 0.05). FSZ and CHR exhibited different eye movement and ReHo patterns, indicating potential as early biomarkers. Our findings reveal correlations between these ReHo patterns and gene expression profiles using AHBA database, shedding light on possible genetic mechanisms underlying brain function in FSZ and CHR.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Chen2025k,

title = {Distinct hippocampus codes for contextual cueing: Learning contexts and their predictive associations with targets in visual search},

author = {Siyi Chen and Si Cheng and Thomas Geyer and Hermann J. Müller and Zhuanghua Shi},

doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121582},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-12-01},

journal = {NeuroImage},

volume = {323},

pages = {1–11},

publisher = {Academic Press Inc.},

abstract = {Humans can learn to exploit repeated distractor arrangements to optimize attentional selection of targets, producing contextual facilitation. The hippocampus is thought to support context representations acquired from repeatedly searching a given scene layout. However, it remains unclear whether the hippocampus primarily encodes context–target associations, in which the distractor layout directly predicts the target location, or whether it additionally encodes associations among distractors, enabling target prioritization indirectly via context suppression. To examine the neural mechanisms of contextual learning, we combined functional magnetic resonance imaging with a two-phase visual search paradigm: Phase 1 presented predictive (repeated) distractor layouts with consistent target locations, affording contextual cueing; Phase 2 rendered these layouts non-predictive by randomizing target locations, fostering context suppression. Contextual facilitation was compared against a baseline of non-repeated arrangements. We found that both context–target (Phase 1) and distractor–distractor (Phase 2) associations were reliably decoded from the hippocampus using correlation-based multi-voxel pattern analysis. A functional dissociation emerged along the hippocampal axis: anterior and posterior hippocampal regions identified in the whole-brain univariate analyses exhibited relatively greater contributions to Phase 1 context-target and Phase 2 distractor–distractor associations, respectively, indicating their stronger involvement in the corresponding memory representations. Connectivity modeling showed the temporoparietal junction (TPJ) interacted with the hippocampus in different ways depending on context predictivity. These findings indicate anatomically separable hippocampal circuits represent predictive context–target and non-predictive distractor–distractor relations, with their attentional effects gated by the TPJ. Significance Statement Although the hippocampus supports the encoding and retrieval of recurrent spatial distractor-target relations in visual search, its distinct roles in representing context-target relations (associating the target location with the configuration of distractors) versus sole-context (distractor-distractor) configurations has not been dissociated. The present study decoded both forms of contextual representation in the hippocampus: the anterior hippocampus preferentially encoded context-target associations, whereas the posterior hippocampus maintained sole-context memory. The signals generated by these distinct hippocampal regions regulate how the target is prioritized for attentional selection, with the temporoparietal junction (TPJ) dynamically adjusting the mode of prioritization in response to the learnt configural structure and how reliably it predicts the target location.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Chen2025h,

title = {The role of format familiarity and semantic transparency in Chinese reading: Evidence from eye movements},

author = {Mingjing Chen and Li Chih Wang and Sisi Liu and Duo Liu},

doi = {10.1186/s40359-025-02397-6},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-12-01},

journal = {BMC Psychology},

volume = {13},

number = {1},

pages = {1–15},

publisher = {BioMed Central Ltd},

abstract = {Unlike alphabetic language, Chinese is an ideographic language that does not contain spaces between words. Chinese readers must develop unique segmentation strategies for word recognition and reading comprehension. This study explored the role of format familiarity and semantic transparency in Chinese reading, reflecting the segmentation strategy and word processing characteristics in Chinese reading. Forty undergraduates read Chinese in familiar and unfamiliar formats, segmenting target words into semantically transparent and semantically opaque words. We used Eye Link 1000 to measure readers' eye movement index, which can reflect processing characteristics of word recognition in Chinese reading. The following findings were made: (1) Familiarity with the text format affects Chinese reading performance. The fixation time in the familiar direction is short, the skipping rate is high, and the processing efficiency is higher when the fixation point is close to the word center; (2) Semantic transparency affects the segmentation strategy and word processing in Chinese reading. Chinese readers have shorter fixation times, higher reading efficiency, and a fixation point closer to the word center when reading semantically transparent words. It supported the combined access model. (3) There is significant interaction in the early eye movement indicators, representing word processing characteristics in the early stage of Chinese reading. Specifically, the semantic-transparency effect appeared under a familiar rather than an unfamiliar format. The format familiarity effect was found in the early processing indexes of transparent words rather than opaque words. In the familiar format, since the meaning of the morpheme and the whole word of transparent words is consistent, readers tend to segment and process them as whole words. Due to the lack of reading experience, the reading difficulty increases in the unfamiliar format. To reduce the difficulty and promote comprehension, readers change their segmentation strategy and tend to segment transparent words by character. The word segmentation process slowed, and the format-familiarity effect did not show in the early indexes under unfamiliar format. More importantly, the separability of the lexical processing stages showed in the interaction of different indexes, which means that word segmentation and lexical recognition in Chinese reading may not be completely synchronized, supporting the Chinese E-Z reader model.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Chen2025f,

title = {Representational shifts from feedforward to feedback rhythms index phenomenological integration in naturalistic vision},

author = {Lixiang Chen and Radoslaw Martin Cichy and Daniel Kaiser},

doi = {10.1038/s42003-025-08011-0},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-12-01},

journal = {Communications Biology},

volume = {8},

number = {1},

pages = {1–5},

publisher = {Nature Research},

abstract = {How does the brain integrate complex and dynamic visual inputs into phenomenologically seamless percepts? Previous results demonstrate that when visual inputs are organized coherently across space and time, they are more strongly encoded in feedback-related alpha rhythms, and less strongly in feedforward-related gamma rhythms. Here, we tested whether this representational shift from feedforward to feedback rhythms is linked to the phenomenological experience of coherence. In an Electroencephalography (EEG) study, we manipulated the degree of spatiotemporal coherence by presenting two segments from the same video across visual hemifields, either synchronously or asynchronously (with a delay between segments). We asked participants whether they perceived the stimulus as coherent or incoherent. When stimuli were presented at the perceptual threshold (i.e., when the same stimulus was judged as coherent 50% of times), perception co-varied with stimulus coding across alpha and gamma rhythms: When stimuli were perceived as coherent, they were represented in alpha activity; when stimuli were perceived as incoherent, they were represented in gamma activity. Whether the same visual input is perceived as coherent or incoherent thus depends on representational shifts between feedback-related alpha and feedforward-related gamma rhythms.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Chen2025d,

title = {How quotation types shape classic novel reading in Chinese: A comparison between human eye-movements and large language models},

author = {Lijuan Chen and Wenjia Zuo and Xiaodong Xu},

doi = {10.3390/bs15121650},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-12-01},

journal = {Behavioral Sciences},

volume = {15},

number = {12},

pages = {1–21},

publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)},

abstract = {Quotations play a central role in shaping narrative perspective, as they guide readers' adoption and shifting of character and narrator viewpoints. While direct speech (DS) is often assumed to enhance vividness and emotional engagement, its cognitive demands relative to free direct speech (FDS) and free indirect speech (FIS) remain unclear, particularly in Chinese classical literature. Using eye-tracking, we investigated how Chinese readers process DS, FDS, and FIS in the Four Great Classical Novels, manipulating perspective congruency through address terms versus proper names. The results revealed two key findings. First, DS consistently incurred longer fixation times than FIS, demonstrating its higher processing cost. Second, congruency effects emerged robustly across all quotation types (including FIS) in later measures, suggesting that in the specific context of classical Chinese novels, FIS does not exhibit the dual-voice effect proposed in narrative theory for this particular manipulation. Complementary analyses with large language models (LLMs) further showed that DS yielded higher surprisal and entropy than both FDS and FIS, indicating greater contextual unpredictability. By integrating human eye-movement evidence with computational modeling, this study provides evidence about the cognitive processing of DS in Chinese classical texts and raises questions about the universality of dual-voice processing in FIS across different languages and text types.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Chang2025c,

title = {From the eye to the world: Spatial suppression is primarily coded in retinotopic coordinates but can be learned in spatiotopic coordinates},

author = {Seah Chang and Julie D. Golomb},

doi = {10.3758/s13423-025-02732-3},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-12-01},

journal = {Psychonomic Bulletin & Review},

volume = {32},

number = {6},

pages = {3009–3024},

publisher = {Springer},

abstract = {Attention is multifaceted, with evidence for distinct mechanisms of attentional facilitation and suppression processes. Interestingly, much less is known about the spatial coordinate system of suppression compared to that of facilitation. The present study examined the coordinate system of spatial suppression by manipulating gaze position and distractor regularities, asking whether suppression is coded in retinotopic (eye-centered) and/or spatiotopic (world-centered) coordinates, and if this varies with more ecological and dynamic contexts. In the current study, we demonstrate that learned spatial suppression primarily transfers across gaze position in retinotopic coordinates; however, in more dynamic contexts favoring spatiotopic information, spatial suppression can be learned in spatiotopic coordinates. These results suggest that the default coordinate system of spatial suppression is retinotopic under static contexts, but suppression can be rapidly learned in spatiotopic coordinates when a spatiotopic representation is beneficial in more naturalistic dynamic contexts.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Cenek2025,

title = {Cross-cultural analysis of eye-movement patterns in visual scene perception: A comparison of seven cultural samples},

author = {Jiří Čeněk and Daniela Halámková and Jan Caha and David Lacko and Petra Kalenská and Zdeněk Stachoň and Jie Li Tsai and Albert Ahenkan and Thomas Dresler and Jana Lüdtke and Nicol Dostálová and Alžběta Šašinková and Pavel Ugwitz and Čeněk Šašinka},

doi = {10.1038/s41598-025-12724-x},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-12-01},

journal = {Scientific Reports},

volume = {15},

number = {1},

pages = {1–14},

publisher = {Nature Research},

abstract = {This eye-tracking research investigates cross-cultural similarities and differences in visual attention in complex scenes free-viewing perception. The study utilizes 70 real-world photos with one or two focal objects as stimulus materials. The study examines the amount of time spent on focal objects, saccadic lengths, temporal changes in saccadic lengths and factors that influence these metrics. Data were collected between 2020 and 2022 from seven cultural samples in Africa, East Asia, Europe, and the Near East (N = 408). Contrary to initial hypotheses, the findings challenge the expected order of countries in terms of attention toward objects. Participants from Taiwan, assumed to exhibit holistic patterns, displayed the most holistic viewing pattern. Surprisingly, participants from Germany and Czechia did not significantly differ from those in Taiwan. Furthermore, participants from Ghana and Türkiye, expected to be moderate, showed the most analytic pattern. This challenges preconceived notions and contributes to understanding patterns of scene perception in underrepresented countries. Additional analyses explored the relationship between number and size of focal objects and dwell time, as well as the potential influence of sociodemographic variables, on dwell time.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Caziot2025,

title = {Dissociate triggering of conjunctive and disjunctive eye movements},

author = {Baptiste Caziot and Frank Bremmer},

doi = {10.1038/s41598-025-12031-5},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-12-01},

journal = {Scientific Reports},

volume = {15},

number = {1},

pages = {1–14},

publisher = {Nature Research},

abstract = {In natural behavior, our eyes must coordinate two types of movements when looking between points in space: conjunctive movements (where both eyes move together) and disjunctive movements (where the eyes move in opposite direction to change their convergence angle). Here we investigate how the initiation of these 2 different types of eye-movements is coordinated. We used the Size-Latency effect to modulate saccadic latencies. To elicit combined saccadic and vergence eye-movements, we displayed large ring targets at different vertical offsets and disparities relative to fixation. This allowed us to easily dissociate version and vergence eye-movements. We found that saccadic latencies were strongly modulated by the eccentricity of the targets as well as their hemifield, but not by the disparity of the targets. The opposite was true for vergence: vergence latencies were modulated by the disparity sign and amplitude of the targets, but not by their eccentricity or hemifield. We found a complete lack of correlation between saccadic and vergence latencies, both across and within conditions. Finally, we found that distributions of vergence latencies have a markedly reduced skewness as compared to distributions of saccadic latencies, a hallmark of evidence accumulation. Overall, our results demonstrate that the initiation mechanisms for these two types of eye-movements operate independently.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Brittenham2025,

title = {Task-evoked pupil responses during free-viewing of hierarchical figures in relation to autistic traits in adults},

author = {Chloe Brittenham and Antoinette Sabatino DiCriscio and Vanessa Troiani and Yirui Hu and Jennifer B. Wagner},

doi = {10.1038/s41598-025-92904-x},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-12-01},

journal = {Scientific Reports},

volume = {15},

number = {1},

pages = {1–15},

publisher = {Nature Research},

abstract = {Sensory processing differences, particularly within the visual domain, are common in neurodevelopmental conditions, including autism. Studies examining hierarchical processing of figures containing global (i.e., gist) and local (i.e., detail) elements are inconsistent but converge on a common theme in relation to autism: slowed global processing and a locally-oriented default. We examined behavioral and pupillary responses in adults with varying levels of autistic traits during a free-viewing hierarchical processing task. Results showed that participants were both more likely and faster to report global elements, but contrary to our hypothesis, differences in level of autistic traits were unrelated to spontaneous reporting of global vs. local elements. When examining phase-based analysis of pupillary responses, participants high on autistic traits showed more early and less later constriction within trials. Further, trajectory-based pupillary analysis revealed two trajectories, one characterized by constriction and the other dilation, and results showed that the dilation group disproportionately included low traits individuals. Findings suggest that although high and low traits groups showed similar behavioral responses, visual strategies used may differ, as indicated by pupillometry. This study advances our understanding of the relationship between autistic traits and visual processing, laying groundwork for further investigations into neurodivergent visual processing mechanisms.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Breuer2025,

title = {Antisaccade performance in spider phobia and its association with multimodal correlates of fear},

author = {Fabian Breuer and Anne Sophie Hildebrand and Johannes B. Finke and Leandra Bucher and Udo Dannlowski and Tim Klucken and Kati Roesmann and Elisabeth Johanna Leehr},

doi = {10.1016/j.janxdis.2025.103078},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-12-01},

journal = {Journal of Anxiety Disorders},

volume = {116},

pages = {1–9},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Introduction: This study explored inhibitory control in spider phobic (SP) and healthy control (HC) individuals using an emotional antisaccade task. Attentional control theory (ACT) suggests anxiety related deficits in inhibitory control, yet studies on antisaccade performance in anxiety disordered patients are sparse. This study addressed this research gap and additionally aimed to explore putative associations of antisaccade performance with multimodal measures of fear of spiders. Methods: A sample of 76 participants (41 SP, 35 HC) completed an antisaccade task, employing schematic pictures of spiders and flowers. We measured antisaccade latencies and error rates, respectively. In a free-viewing task, we obtained psychophysiological and subjective fear responses to pictures of spiders. Self-rated fear of spiders was assessed via questionnaires and avoidance behavior was assessed in a behavioral avoidance test. Results: Contrary to ACT predictions, SP exhibited shorter antisaccade latencies irrespective of stimulus category, indexing more efficient inhibitory control, while showing no differences in antisaccade error rates when compared to HC. Consistent with prior findings, SP participants showed elevated psychophysiological responding, fear ratings and avoidance behavior. No significant associations emerged between inhibitory control performance and these measures of fear. Discussion: Our findings suggest enhanced inhibitory control efficiency in SP compared to HC, contrasting impairments predicted by ACT and observed in subclinical anxiety. These findings may indicate a compensatory adaptation in anxiety disorders, enabling rapid attentional avoidance of threat. Our results also imply that inhibitory control may be differentially affected across various anxiety disorders, depending on their predisposition towards fear or anxiety, while also being independent from diverse measures of fear and anxiety.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Brannick2025,

title = {Blinking indexes dynamic attending during and after music listening},

author = {Schea Fissel Brannick and Arianna N. LaCroix},

doi = {10.1038/s41598-025-12200-6},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-12-01},

journal = {Scientific Reports},

volume = {15},

number = {1},

publisher = {Nature Research},

abstract = {Music's rhythmic and acoustic structure can shape how attention unfolds over time, but little is known about how music listening influences the temporal dynamics of attention. This study examined whether blinking, a linked marker of attention, entrains to acoustic features of music, and whether this entrainment predicts changes in attention post-listening. Fifty-seven middle-aged and older adults listened to either high dynamic (fast, perceptually complex), low dynamic (slow, perceptually stable), or no music for 10 min before and after completing the Attention Network Test (ANT). Blink probabilities were analyzed in relation to perceptual dynamics during music listening (spectral novelty) and at task-relevant timepoints during the ANT. Spectral novelty in the music predicted non-linear fluctuations in blinking, with high dynamic music eliciting early blink–music coupling and low dynamic music producing delayed, later stage entrainment. After listening, alerting effects differed by music condition: low dynamic music was associated with reduced blinking on double cue trials, suggesting greater cue-based attentional readiness, whereas high dynamic listeners showed increased blinking probabilities, possibly reflecting internally guided task preparation. The low dynamic group also showed enhanced executive control, marked by increased and earlier blinking on high-conflict trials, with greater entrainment also predicting earlier blink onsets. These results suggest that music entrainment supports flexible attentional coordination and may enhance attention in aging through distinct cognitive pathways.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Bhandari2025,

title = {Modeling eye gaze velocity trajectories using GANs with spectral loss for enhanced fidelity},

author = {Shailendra Bhandari and Pedro Lencastre and Rujeena Mathema and Alexander Szorkovszky and Anis Yazidi and Pedro G. Lind},

doi = {10.1038/s41598-025-05286-5},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-12-01},

journal = {Scientific Reports},

volume = {15},

number = {1},

pages = {1–13},

publisher = {Nature Research},

abstract = {Accurate modeling of eye gaze dynamics is essential for advancement in human-computer interaction, neurological diagnostics, and cognitive research. Traditional generative models like Markov models often fail to capture the complex temporal dependencies and distributional nuance inherent in eye gaze trajectories data. This study introduces a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) framework employing Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) generators and discriminators to generate high-fidelity synthetic eye gaze velocity trajectories. We conducted a comprehensive evaluation of four GAN architectures: CNN-CNN, LSTM-CNN, CNN-LSTM, and LSTM-LSTM–trained under two conditions: using only adversarial loss () and using a weighted combination of adversarial and spectral losses. Our findings reveal that the LSTM-CNN architecture trained with this new loss function exhibits the closest alignment to the real data distribution, effectively capturing both the distribution tails and the intricate temporal dependencies. The inclusion of spectral regularization significantly enhances the GANs' ability to replicate the spectral characteristics of eye gaze movements, leading to a more stable learning process and improved data fidelity. Comparative analysis with a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) optimized to four hidden states further highlights the advantages of the LSTM-CNN GAN. Statistical metrics show that the HMM-generated data significantly diverges from the real data in terms of mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis. In contrast, the LSTM-CNN model closely matches the real data across these statistics, affirming its capacity to model the complexity of eye gaze dynamics effectively. These results position the spectrally regularized LSTM-CNN GAN as a robust tool for generating synthetic eye gaze velocity data with high fidelity. Its ability to accurately replicate both the distributional and temporal properties of real data holds significant potential for applications in simulation environments, training systems, and the development of advanced eye-tracking technologies, ultimately contributing to more naturalistic and responsive human-computer interactions.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Berzak2025,

title = {OneStop: A 360-participant English eye tracking dataset with different reading regimes},

author = {Yevgeni Berzak and Jonathan Malmaud and Omer Shubi and Yoav Meiri and Ella Lion and Roger Levy},

doi = {10.1038/s41597-025-06272-2},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-12-01},

journal = {Scientific Data},

volume = {12},

number = {1},

pages = {1–15},

publisher = {Nature Research},

abstract = {We present OneStop Eye Movements, a large-scale corpus of eye movements in reading, in which native (L1) speakers read newswire texts in English and answer reading comprehension questions. OneStop has 152 hours of eye movement recordings from 360 participants for 2.6 million word tokens, more data than all the existing public broad coverage English L1 eye tracking datasets combined. The eye movement data was collected for extensively piloted reading comprehension materials comprising 486 reading comprehension questions and auxiliary text annotations geared towards behavioral analyses of reading comprehension. Importantly, OneStop includes multiple reading regimes: ordinary reading, information seeking, repeated reading of the same text, and reading simplified text. The combination of the unprecedented size, high-quality reading comprehension materials and multiple reading scenarios, aims to enable new research avenues in the study of reading and human language processing. It further aims to facilitate the integration of eye tracking data in Natural Language Processing (NLP), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Human Computer Interaction (HCI) and educational applications.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Bayram2025,

title = {Bayesian prior uncertainty and surprisal elicit distinct neural patterns during sound localization in dynamic environments},

author = {Burcu Bayram and David Meijer and Roberto Barumerli and Michelle Spierings and Robert Baumgartner and Ulrich Pomper},

doi = {10.1038/s41598-025-90269-9},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-12-01},

journal = {Scientific Reports},

volume = {15},

number = {1},

pages = {1–18},

publisher = {Nature Research},

abstract = {Estimating the location of a stimulus is a key function in sensory processing, and widely considered to result from the integration of prior information and sensory input according to Bayesian principles. A deviation of sensory input from the prior elicits surprisal, depending on the uncertainty of the prior. While this mechanism is increasingly understood in the visual domain, much less is known about its implementation in audition, especially regarding spatial localization. Here, we combined human EEG with computational modeling to study auditory spatial inference in a noisy, volatile environment and analyzed behavioral and neural patterns associated with prior uncertainty and surprisal. First, our results demonstrate that participants indeed used prior information during periods of stable environmental statistics, but showed evidence of surprisal and discarded prior information following environmental changes. Second, we observed distinct EEG activity patterns associated with prior uncertainty and surprisal in both the time- and time–frequency domain, which are in line with previous studies using visual tasks. Third, these EEG activity patterns were predictive of our participants' sound localization error, response uncertainty, and prior bias on a trial-by-trial basis. In summary, our work provides novel behavioral and neural evidence for Bayesian inference during dynamic auditory localization.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Baykan2025a,

title = {Eye movements do not preferentially test inferences in the blind spot},

author = {Cemre Baykan and Alexander C. Schütz},

doi = {10.1038/s41598-025-31647-1},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-12-01},

journal = {Scientific Reports},

volume = {15},

number = {1},

pages = {1–10},

publisher = {Nature Research},

abstract = {Humans make eye movements to regions of high uncertainty to maximize the information gain in their visual search. Along with veridical sensory information, there is also perceptually inferred information that arises at the gaps caused by anatomical or environmental factors. It is unclear how those inferences are treated in comparison to veridical information during search behavior. Here, in two experiments, we tested if eye movements are preferentially directed towards the blind spot as an area of high uncertainty and high information gain in a monocular visual search task. The results show that the first saccade was not directed primarily to the blind spot when “invisible” targets in the left and right blind spot occured interleaved. Only when viewing conditions were blocked, such that “invisible” targets occured always in the same blind spot side, participants learned to look preferentially at the blind spot. These results show that perceptual inferences in the blind spot are not preferentially tested by eye movements in general, but that they can be optimized by using contextual information.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Batikh2025a,

title = {The effect of spatial attention on saccadic adaptation},

author = {Ali Batikh and Éric Koun and Roméo Salemme and Alessandro Farnè and Denis Pélisson},

doi = {10.1167/jov.25.14.13},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-12-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {25},

number = {14},

pages = {1–26},

abstract = {Eye movements and spatial attention are both crucial to visual perception. Orienting gaze to objects of interest is achieved by voluntary saccades (VSs) driven by internal goals or reactive saccades (RSs) triggered automatically by sudden environmental changes. Both VSs and RSs are known to undergo plastic adjustments to maintain their accuracy throughout life, driven by saccadic adaptation processes. Spatial attention enhances visual processing within a restricted zone, and it can be shifted voluntarily following our internal goals (endogenous) or automatically in response to unexpected changes in sensory stimulation (exogenous). Despite the widely accepted notion that saccadic and attention shifts are governed by distinct but highly interconnected systems, the relationship between saccadic adaptation and spatial attention is still unclear. To address this relationship, we conducted two experiments combining modified versions of the double-step adaptation paradigm and the attention-orienting paradigm. Experiment 1 tested the effect of shifting exogenous attention by a tactile cue near or away from the saccade's target on RS adaptation. Experiment 2 also used tactile cueing but now to investigate the effect of shifting endogenous attention on VS adaptation. Although we were unable to obtain direct evidence for an effect of spatial attention on saccadic adaptation, correlation analyses indicated that both the rate and magnitude of saccadic adaptation were positively correlated with the allocation of attention toward the saccade target and negatively correlated with attention directed away from the target. Introduction},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Basel2025,

title = {Reward learning in obsessive-compulsive disorder: An attentional perspective},

author = {Dana Basel and Rotem Asher and Amit Lazarov},

doi = {10.1007/s11031-025-10167-5},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-12-01},

journal = {Motivation and Emotion},

volume = {49},

number = {6},

pages = {717–730},

publisher = {Springer},

abstract = {Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been recently associated with aberrant reward learning. In the realm of attention, a previous study using an eye-tracking version of the reward-based value modulated attentional capture (VMAC) task showed a greater interference by high-reward signaling distractors than low-reward signaling distractors among obsessive-compulsive individuals compared with controls. However, this study used individuals with high and low levels of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, restricting generalizability to clinical OCD, while also inherently confounding OCD and anxiety. The present study addressed both these limitations. The eye-tracking-based VMAC task was completed by clinically diagnosed OCD participants (n=32), participants with anxiety disorders (AN; n=30), and healthy controls (HC; n=31). Attentional capture by high and low reward-signaling distractors was assessed via number of fixations on these distractors and number of first saccades toward them. Both fixation and saccade data showed a heightened VMAC effect (i.e., higher attentional capture by high-reward signaling distractors than low-reward signaling distractors) among OCD participants, compared with both AN and HC participants. Surprisingly, the AN group showed no VMAC effect, reflecting blunted attentional reward learning. The current VMAC task did not include an extinction phase, and hence could not examine the endurance of the VMAC effect when no reward is available. Also, the study did not explore potential performance differences across different OCD subtypes.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Bao2025,

title = {The eye movement database of passage reading in vertically written traditional Mongolian},

author = {Yaqian Borogjoon Bao and Xingshan Li and Victor Kuperman},

doi = {10.1038/s41597-025-04771-w},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-12-01},

journal = {Scientific Data},

volume = {12},

number = {1},

pages = {1–12},

publisher = {Nature Research},

abstract = {This paper introduces an eye-tracking corpus of passage reading data in the vertical writing system of traditional Mongolian. This corpus extends the Multilingual Eye Movement Corpus (MECO) database and includes data from 66 native readers of traditional Mongolian script reading 12 texts comprising 99 sentences and 2,592 words. This traditional Mongolian MECO corpus aims to address the research gap in reading studies on understudied languages. As one of the very few actively used vertical writing systems, these data offer unique insights into the cognitive and visual processing demands of vertical reading. The paper provides reliability estimates for the data and reports lexical benchmark effects of word frequency and length. Additionally, the corpus provides a valuable opportunity for cross-linguistic comparisons of eye movement data, especially with horizontal writing systems, contributing to a better understanding of how reading direction influences cognitive processing.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Banire2025,

title = {Role of social competence in emotion processing among emerging adults with anxiety},

author = {Bilikis Banire and Hailey Burns and Dawson Sutherland and Youna McGowan and Sherry H. Stewart and Raymond M. Klein and Sandra Meier},

doi = {10.1038/s41598-025-20351-9},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-12-01},

journal = {Scientific Reports},

volume = {15},

number = {1},

pages = {1–14},

publisher = {Nature Research},

abstract = {Individuals with anxiety disorders tend to gravitate their attention to faces showing anger, which may reinforce fears associated with social situations and impact their social competence. Yet it is unclear whether social competence may explain differences in attention allocation to emotional faces in anxiety disorders. This study used eye-tracking to assess gaze patterns in 57 females aged 15 to 24 who viewed emotional faces (angry and neutral) on a screen. It explored whether latency to first fixation and dwell time on emotional faces (female and male) are dependent on anxiety symptoms and social competence, and if social competence accounts for the association of anxiety with attention allocation. With increasing anxiety symptoms, participants' dwell time on neutral compared to angry female faces increased, yet no effects were observed for male faces. Similarly, with decreasing social competence, participants' dwell time on neutral compared to angry female faces increased, yet no differences were observed for male faces. Contrary to the hypothesis, social competence did not account for the effects of anxiety on attention allocation. No effects were observed for latency to first fixation. Anxiety and social competence are both independently associated with attentional biases toward facial expressions in female participants. Yet, these associations seemed to depend on the gender of the face seen.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{AmirAsgari2025,

title = {Comparing postoperative reading performance and visual outcomes of a non-diffractive EDOF-IOL versus a monofocal IOL: A randomized controlled eye movement study},

author = {Sahand Amir-Asgari and Stefan Georgiev and Manuel Ruiss and Sotiris Plainis and Caroline Pilwachs and Oliver Findl},

doi = {10.1186/s12886-025-04507-9},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-12-01},

journal = {BMC Ophthalmology},

volume = {25},

number = {1},

pages = {1–10},

publisher = {BioMed Central Ltd},

abstract = {Background: To compare oculomotor behavior and reading performance along with conventional visual outcomes in patients following implantation of an enhanced depth of focus (EDOF) intraocular lens (IOL) versus a monofocal IOL. Methods: In this prospective, exploratory, randomized, clinical trial patients underwent either bilateral implantation with a non-diffractive EDOF IOL DFT015 (Acrysof IQ Vivity, Alcon, USA) or an aspheric monofocal IOL SN60WF (Acrysof IQ, Alcon, USA). 106 eyes of 53 patients with bilateral age-related cataract were evaluated (EDOF IOL group: n = 25; Monofocal IOL group n = 28). At 3 months after surgery, along with visual acuity at various distances, halometry, and patient-reported quality of vision, silent reading performance and oculomotor behavior were assessed at 66 cm with an infrared eye tracker under photopic and mesopic light levels. Data analysis included computation of reading speed and a range of oculomotor indices. Results: Median mesopic silent reading speed in words per minute (wpm) and fixation duration in milliseconds (ms) were 205 wpm and 277 ms for the EDOF group and 168 wpm (p = 0.04) and 301 ms (p = 0.02) for the monofocal control IOL group, respectively. No significant differences were observed under photopic conditions. Binocular means expressed in logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution for postoperative corrected distance, uncorrected distance, uncorrected intermediate, and uncorrected near visual acuities were − 0.04 ± 0.07, 0.00 ± 0.07, 0.12 ± 0.09, and 0.27 ± 0.13 for the EDOF group and − 0.08 ± 0.06 (p = 0.08), -0.04 ± 0.07 (p = 0.10), 0.19 ± 0.13 (p = 0.01), and 0.41 ± 0.14 (p = < 0.001) for the control group, respectively. Postoperative halo size and visual disturbances were similar in both groups. Conclusions: Silent reading speed at 66 cm distance is found improved with EDOF compared to monofocal IOLs only at mesopic light levels, mainly due to the improvement in average fixation duration. Further studies are needed to confirm these preliminary findings.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Amann2025,

title = {Visual target and task-critical feedback uncertainty impair different stages of reach planning in motor cortex},

author = {Lukas K. Amann and Virginia Casasnovas and Alexander Gail},

doi = {10.1038/s41467-025-58738-x},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-12-01},

journal = {Nature Communications},

volume = {16},

number = {1},

pages = {1–15},

publisher = {Nature Research},

abstract = {Sensory uncertainty jeopardizes accurate movement. During reaching, visual uncertainty can affect the estimation of hand position (feedback) and the desired movement endpoint (target). While impairing motor learning, it is unclear how either form of uncertainty affects cortical reach goal encoding. We show that reach trajectories vary more with higher visual uncertainty of the target, but not the feedback. Accordingly, cortical motor goal activities in male rhesus monkeys are less accurate during planning and movement initiation under target but not feedback uncertainty. Yet, when monkeys critically depend on visual feedback to conduct reaches via a brain-computer interface, then visual feedback uncertainty impairs reach accuracy and neural motor goal encoding around movement initiation. Neural state space analyses reveal a dimension that separates population activity by uncertainty level in all tested conditions. Our findings demonstrate that while both target and feedback uncertainty always reflect in neural activity, uncertain feedback only deteriorates neural reach goal information and behavior when it is task-critical, i.e., when having to rely on the sensory feedback and no other more reliable sensory modalities are available. Further, uncertain target and feedback impair reach goal encoding in a time-dependent manner, suggesting that they are integrated during different stages of reach planning.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Akiyama2025,

title = {Sustained visual signals in the primate cerebellar dentate nucleus drive associative learning},

author = {Yusuke Akiyama and Hiroshi Yamada and Masayuki Matsumoto and Jun Kunimatsu},

doi = {10.1038/s42003-025-09068-7},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-12-01},

journal = {Communications Biology},

volume = {8},

number = {1},

pages = {1–12},

publisher = {Nature Research},

abstract = {A number of studies have suggested that the cerebellum has cognitive functions; however, the underlying neuronal mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that sustained visual signals in the cerebellar dentate nucleus represent the visuomotor associative information. We recorded neuronal activity from the dentate nucleus when monkeys performed a learning task involving the association between visual objects and saccade directions. We found that sustained visual activity was greater during learning than during memory retrieval. This enhancement disappeared under the uncertain reward condition, in which the monkeys did not engage in learning behavior. Furthermore, sustained visual signals changed the response to visual objects depending on the associated saccade direction. This direction selectivity was positively correlated with modulation during learning. These results suggest that sustained visual signals in the dentate nucleus reflect learning related motivation and drive learning by increasing the strength of discrimination among visual objects.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{AbadMalo2025,

title = {The role of spontaneous eye blinks in temporal perception: An eye tracking study},

author = {Domenica Abad-Malo and Omar Alvarado-Cando and Hakan Karsilar},

doi = {10.3390/jemr18060076},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-12-01},

journal = {Journal of Eye Movement Research},

volume = {18},

number = {6},

pages = {1–10},

abstract = {Our interaction with the world depends on our ability to process temporal information, which is a key component of human cognition that directly impacts decision-making, planning, and prediction of events. Visual information plays a crucial role in shaping our subjective perception of time, and even brief interruptions, such as those caused by eye blinks, can disrupt the continuity of our perception and alter how we estimate durations. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between spontaneous eye blinks and time perception using a temporal bisection task. In particular, we focus on how blinks preceding stimulus presentation impact the perceived duration of that stimulus. The results of fitting a generalized linear mixed-effects model revealed that blinking can indeed influence the duration estimation. Specifically, the presence of a single blink before the stimulus presentation had a significant effect on subjective time perception; participants were more likely to categorize a duration as shorter compared to when they did not blink. In contrast, two or more blinks before stimulus presentation did not have a significant effect compared to not blinking. This study further elucidates the complex interaction between the momentary suppression of visual input and the perception of time.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Zinchenko2025,

title = {Eye on context: Individual differences reveal the mechanisms of statistical learning},

author = {Artyom Zinchenko and Markus Conci and Hermann J. Müller and Thomas Geyer},

doi = {10.1177/17470218251320540},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology},

volume = {78},

number = {11},

pages = {2570–2582},

publisher = {SAGE Publications Ltd},

abstract = {If a searched-for target object is consistently encountered within repeating spatial distractor arrangements, target detection becomes more efficient relative to nonrepeated, that is, random arrangements (contextual cueing [CC] effect). However, target location changes within otherwise unchanged distractor arrays substantially weaken the cueing effect. Previous studies reported substantial variations in individual participants' abilities to learn and relearn invariant contexts. Therefore, the current study examined how individual differences in attentional control and focus, as indexed by the well-established Stroop and Navon tasks, respectively, relate to CC in a learning phase/relocation phase design. During the visual search, we recorded behavioural reaction times (RTs) and fixation locations, the latter permitting us to decompose search RTs into search- and motor-related substages. We could thus evaluate the processes responsible for CC and the lack thereof after target relocation while also testing whether search and motor components of CC are different for individuals depending on their Stroop/Navon scores. Repeated contexts yielded faster RTs (and reduced fixation numbers), though there was a substantial decrease in cueing from learning to adaptation, consistent with previous studies. Critically, contextual learning, but not relearning, varied across individuals: participants with high-Stroop interference displayed overall larger CC during early target search, while a more local Navon task bias was associated with increased CC during later processes of target response decisions. Our results demonstrate that analysing individual differences can help validate the processes responsible for CC in search tasks, particularly distinguishing between early search and later response-related mechanisms.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Zheng2025,

title = {How location-based organization affects the extent of contextual cueing},

author = {Aner Zheng and Sang Chul Chong},

doi = {10.3758/s13414-025-03130-6},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics},

volume = {87},

number = {8},

pages = {2370–2387},

publisher = {Springer},

abstract = {Contextual cueing describes the phenomenon where repeated associations between stimuli facilitate visual search performance. For example, previous research has demonstrated that when 12 repeated stimuli are organized into four color-based clusters, probing only the repeated cluster containing the target alongside nine randomly generated stimuli can elicit similar contextual cueing as probing all the stimuli. This suggests that feature-based attention, when directed by color, strengthens the associations between the target and distractors within the same cluster, making it the primary contributor to contextual cueing. However, the influence of location-based organization on contextual cueing is less clear. We hypothesized that when 12 repeated stimuli are evenly divided into four quadrants, location-based attention similarly strengthens the associations between the target and distractors within the same quadrant. Consequently, probing only the target-containing quadrant may produce similar contextual cueing to probing the entire configuration, whereas probing only three repeated stimuli without quadrant organization would not. Experiments 1 and 2 confirmed this hypothesis. To further investigate the effect of location-based attention, Experiment 3 manipulated the number of stimuli attended to simultaneously (i.e., the attentional scope). We hypothesized that a larger attentional scope enhances the associations between stimuli, thereby facilitating contextual cueing. The results support this hypothesis, indicating that a broader attentional scope led to more pronounced contextual cueing. In summary, the present study demonstrates that the extent of contextual cueing depends on location-based organization.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Zhao2025e,

title = {Modulation of alerting and orienting attention on spatial suppression},

author = {Yu-Wan Zhao and Jing-Wen Xiang and Yong-Chun Cai},

doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2025.108676},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Vision Research},

volume = {236},

pages = {1–12},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Spatial suppression is a phenomenon in which, for high-contrast stimuli, larger stimuli typically elicit weaker neural responses and produce worse perceptual performance compared to smaller stimuli. This phenomenon is thought to arise from inhibitory connections between neurons. Although recent studies have suggested that feedback connections from high areas can influence these inhibitory processes, implying that attention may modulate spatial suppression, direct evidence for such modulation remains scarce. In particular, the impact of an important component of attention, alerting, has been overlooked. The present study aimed to explore the effects of two distinct components of attention—alerting and orienting—on spatial suppression. Our results indicate that alerting enhances spatial suppression. Furthermore, upon isolating the influence of orienting after controlling for alerting levels, we discovered that the influence of orienting on spatial suppression is feature-dependent. Specifically, while orienting attention to orientation enhances spatial suppression, orienting to contrast does not elicit the same effect. Our results indicate that spatial suppression is a flexible processing mechanism subject to widespread high-level cognitive modulations.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Yuan2025a,

title = {Breaking the silence: Exploring the influence of auditory singularity on visual search},

author = {Mengying Yuan and Min Gao and Xinzhong Cui and Sa Lu and Xiaoyu Tang},

doi = {10.1177/17470218251322504},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology},

volume = {78},

number = {12},

pages = {2627–2642},

publisher = {SAGE Publications Ltd},

abstract = {The pip-and-pop effect describes the phenomenon of auditory pure-tone stimuli (pip) causing simultaneously visual target to pop out. This study utilised a dynamic visual search paradigm and conducted two eye movement experiments (Experiment 1: set size = 24 items; Experiment 2: set size = 48 items) to explore the influence of auditory singularity on the Pip-and-Pop effect through single-sound condition (singularity) and multiple-sound condition (non-singularity). In Experiment 1, there were no significant differences between the no-sound, single-sound, and multiple-sound conditions in terms of reaction time, accuracy, or fixation number. In Experiment 2, compared with the no-sound condition, both the single-sound and multiple-sound conditions significantly reduced the Search time (RTs), accuracy, and fixation numbers when the target was present. Both Experiments 1 and 2 revealed that the fixation duration under the single-sound condition was significantly longer than that under the no-sound condition. These findings suggest that the singularity of auditory stimuli is not a necessary condition for the pip-and-pop effect. Audiovisual interaction is more likely to be a prerequisite for the occurrence of the pip-and-pop effect.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ye2025,

title = {Two-month antipsychotic exposure induces domain-specific eye movement alterations in clinical high-risk individuals},

author = {Aimei Ye and Dan Zhang and Xu Liu and Lihua Xu and Yanyan Wei and Huiru Cui and Wensi Zheng and Yawen Hong and Jinyang Zhao and Yingying Tang and Min Su and Yong Ye and Yingli Huang and Tianhong Zhang and Jijun Wang},

doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2025.09.024},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Schizophrenia Research},

volume = {285},

pages = {196–203},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Background: While antipsychotic-induced eye movement alterations are well-documented in schizophrenia, their effects during the clinical high-risk (CHR) phase remain uncharacterized. This study examined the effects of two-month antipsychotic treatment on eye movement parameters in CHR individuals and their association with clinical outcome. Methods: In this longitudinal cohort, 139 CHR individuals and 105 healthy controls completed baseline eye-tracking (fixation stability, free viewing, and smooth pursuit). CHR participants were reassessed at two months and followed for three years to track remission status. Linear mixed-effects models examined the effects of antipsychotic use, dose, and type on eye movement indicators, and a random forest model evaluated how changes in these indicators predicted clinical remission. Results: In the antipsychotic - treated subgroup, fixation stability featured more microsaccades, free viewing showed reduced saccade amplitude and velocity, and smooth pursuit showed increased velocity gain with reduced saccade amplitude, and these changes scaled with dose and varied by agent with the most pronounced effects for aripiprazole. A random forest classifier using two treatment-induced eye movement change values predicted 3-year clinical non-remission with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.80. Conclusions: Short-term antipsychotic exposure induced mixed eye movement alterations that were associated with non-remission at three-year follow-up. This finding provides a reference for the development of personalized risk stratification frameworks and targeted intervention strategies in CHR populations.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Yamagishi2025,

title = {Microsaccade direction reveals the variation in auditory selective attention processes},

author = {Shimpei Yamagishi and Shigeto Furukawa},

doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1623-24.2025},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},

volume = {45},

number = {45},

pages = {1–12},

abstract = {Selective spatial attention plays a critical role in perception in the daily environment where multiple sensory stimuli exist. Even covertly directing attention to a specific location facilitates the brain's information processing of stimuli at the attended location. Previous behavioral and neurophysiological studies have shown that microsaccades (MSs), tiny involuntary saccadic eye movements, reflect such a process in terms of visual space and can be a marker of spatial attention. However, it is unclear whether auditory spatial attention processes that are supposed to interact with visual attention processes influence MSs and vice versa. Here, we examine the relationship between MS direction and auditory spatial attention during dichotic oddball sound detection tasks with human participants of both sexes. The results showed that the MS direction was generally biased contralateral to the ear to which the oddball sound was presented or that to which sustained auditory attention was directed. The postoddball modulation of MS direction was associated with the behavioral performance of the detection task. The results suggest that the inhibition of stimulus-directed MSs occurs to reduce erroneous orientation of ocular responses during selective detection tasks. We also found that the correlation between MS direction and neural response to the tone originated from the auditory brainstem (frequency-following response). Overall, the present study suggests that MSs can be a marker of auditory spatial attention and that the auditory neural activity fluctuates over time with the states of attention and the oculomotor system, also involving auditory subcortical processes.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wu2025b,

title = {Eye blinks synchronize with musical beats during music listening},

author = {Yiyang Wu and Xiangbin Teng and Yi Du},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.3003456},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {PLoS Biology},

volume = {23},

number = {11},

pages = {1–26},

abstract = {Auditory-motor synchronization, the alignment of body movements with rhythmic patterns in music, is a universal human behavior, yet its full scope remains incompletely understood. Through four experiments with 123 young nonmusicians, integrating eye-tracking, neurophysiological recordings, white matter structural imaging, and behavioral analysis, we reveal a previously unrecognized form of synchronization: spontaneous eye blinks synchronize with musical beats. Blinks robustly synchronized with beats across a range of tempi and independently of melodic cues. Electroencephalogram recordings revealed a dynamic correspondence between blink timing and neural beat tracking. Blink synchronization performance was linked to white matter microstructure variation in the left superior longitudinal fasciculus, a key sensorimotor pathway. Additionally, the strength of blink synchronization reflected the modulation of dynamic auditory attention. These findings establish blink synchronization as a novel behavioral paradigm, expanding the auditory-motor synchronization repertoire and highlighting the intricate interplay between music rhythms and oculomotor activity. This discovery underscores a cross-modal active sensing mechanism, offering new insights into embodied music perception, rhythm processing, and their potential clinical applications.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wiseman2025,

title = {Objective speech measures capture depressive symptoms and associated cognitive difficulties},

author = {Micaela Wiseman and Rachel Yep and Madeline Wood Alexander and Christopher B. Pople and Lucas Perri and Georgia Gopinath and Maria Vasileiadi and Jessica Robin and Michael J. Spilka and William Simpson and Yana Yunusova and Douglas P. Munoz and Brian C. Coe and Donald Brien and Sean Nestor and Nir Lipsman and Peter Giacobbe and Jennifer S. Rabin},

doi = {10.1038/s41398-025-03728-2},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Translational Psychiatry},

pages = {1–9},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {Psychiatry lacks objective biomarkers for assessing depression, relying instead on subjective measures, such as the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17). This study examined whether speech features could serve as objective markers of depressive symptoms and its associated cognitive difficulties. Sixty-six individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 54 non-depressed control participants completed a speech assessment, responding to the prompt: “Please tell me how you are feeling today.” Linguistic (valence, emotional intensity, agency) and acoustic (pitch, pitch variance, speech rate, time spent pausing) features were derived from natural language processing. These speech features were analyzed individually and collectively as a composite score representing overall speech disturbance. A subset of participants (40 with MDD, 38 controls) also completed a validated executive function task. ANCOVA models compared speech features between groups. Linear regression models examined associations between speech features, depression severity (HAMD-17), and performance on an executive function task. Compared to controls, individuals with MDD used language that was more negatively valenced, emotionally intense, and less agentic. They also demonstrated lower pitch, slower speech rate, and more time spent pausing. The composite speech score also differed between groups. Speech features and executive function were not associated with depression severity, as measured by the HAMD-17. However, several speech features were associated with executive function. Taken together, these findings suggest that speech features may provide a scalable, objective method for detecting depressive symptoms and associated executive difficulties.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wang2025d,

title = {Exploring L2 learners' processing of unknown words during subtitled viewing through self-reports},

author = {Andi Wang and Ana Pellicer-Sánchez},

doi = {10.1515/iral-2023-0208},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching},

volume = {63},

number = {4},

pages = {2379–2408},

publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton},

abstract = {Studies have shown the benefits of subtitled viewing for incidental vocabulary learning, but the effects of different subtitling types varied across studies. The effectiveness of different types of subtitled viewing could be related to how unknown vocabulary is processed during viewing. However, no studies have investigated L2 learners' processing of unknown words in viewing beyond exploring learners' attention allocation. The present research followed a qualitative approach to explore L2 learners' processing of unknown words during subtitled viewing under three conditions (i.e., captions, L1 subtitles, and bilingual subtitles) by tapping into learners' reported awareness of the unknown words and the vocabulary processing strategies used to engage with unknown words. According to stimulated recall data (elicited by eye-tracking data) from 45 intermediate-to-advanced-level Chinese learners of English, captions led to increased awareness of the unknown words. Moreover, the types of strategies learners used to cope with unknown vocabulary were determined by subtitling type.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Trumbo2025,

title = {Using eye tracking to elucidate the mechanisms underlying stimulation-enhanced visual target detection},

author = {Michael C. S. Trumbo and Aaron P. Jones and Bradley M. Robert and Mason S. Briggs and Vincent P. Clark},

doi = {10.3390/ijcs1010002},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {International Journal of Cognitive Sciences},

volume = {1},

number = {1},

pages = {1–18},

publisher = {MDPI AG},

abstract = {Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive form of brain stimulation that involves passing a weak electrical current between electrodes on the scalp to modulate underlying neural tissue. TDCS has been shown to modulate cognition in a variety of domains, including memory, attention, and visual processing. Prior work from our laboratory has shown positive effects of tDCS on learning to detect target objects hidden in complex naturalistic visual scenes and learn rules for categorizing images, though the mechanism for these benefits remains unknown. One possibility is that tDCS optimizes visual search by modulating visual attention or via the reduction in search errors. One method of quantifying visual attention is to use eye tracking to record search patterns to determine if and how visual search is adjusted under verum stimulation conditions. Eye tracking data allows classification of errors into error types, including sampling errors (failing to look in the relevant region), recognition errors (looking at the critical portion of a scene, but failing to recognize it as such as evidenced by visual fixation), and decision-making errors (fixating on the relevant portion of a scene, but making the wrong determination). Our results indicate that the benefit tDCS confers on visual search for targets stems from the reduction in decision-making errors when targets are present (Cohen's d = 0.86). Also reported is a replication of previous findings showing a tDCS-dependent improvement in learning this task, learning score (Cohen's d = 0.88); d' (Cohen's d = 1.00). This provides support for moving tDCS into the application space by pairing it with analysts who are concerned with the type of search error that is corrected via stimulation.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Thomas2025,

title = {The human fovea is relatively horizontally elongated in infantile nystagmus},

author = {Nikita Thomas and Jennifer H. Acton and Jonathan T. Erichsen and James Fergusson and Nick White and Matt J. Dunn},

doi = {10.1167/iovs.66.14.56},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science},

volume = {66},

number = {14},

pages = {1–9},

publisher = {Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Inc.},

abstract = {PURPOSE. Infantile nystagmus (IN) is characterized by primarily horizontal, repetitive eye movements. IN develops in the first few months of life, in tandem with the postnatal development of the fovea. This study tested the hypothesis that the foveal pit is horizontally elongated in adults with IN, corresponding to the streak of the retina over which the image constantly oscillates. METHODS. In 12 adults with IN (without associated conditions known to affect the fovea) and 12 healthy controls (age, sex, and ethnicity-matched), horizontal and vertically-orientated foveal images were acquired with a long-wavelength (λc 1040 nm) optical coherence tomography system. Horizontal and vertical foveal pit diameters were measured and the ratio between them (foveal shape factor). RESULTS. Foveal shape factor (vertical/horizontal pit diameter ratio) was significantly lower (more horizontal) in participants with IN compared to controls (0.89 vs. 0.96},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Thakkar2025,

title = {Spatial separation enhances speech intelligibility but increases listening effort with session-dependent variability in pupillometric measures},

author = {Tanvi Thakkar and Jarett Knoepker and Stephen R. Dennison and Joseph P. Roche and Ruth Y. Litovsky},

doi = {10.3389/fnins.2025.1655826},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Neuroscience},

volume = {19},

pages = {1–13},

publisher = {Frontiers Media SA},

abstract = {Introduction: The current understanding of the cognitive load of listening effort has been advanced by combining speech intelligibility and pupillometry measures. However, the reliability of pupil dilation metrics in complex listening scenarios like spatial release from masking (SRM) remains uncertain. This study investigated how spatial separation of sound sources impacts listening effort (via peak pupil dilation, PPD) and speech intelligibility. Methods: Speech intelligibility and listening effort were simultaneously measured under co-located and symmetric, spatially-separated conditions at varying signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). Results: Results showed that although spatial separation improved speech intelligibility, it did not yield a corresponding reduction in listening effort. Instead, listening effort increased as SNR became more challenging. Furthermore, test–retest reliability was moderate-to-high for speech intelligibility but only moderate-to-low for PPD, with greater consistency observed at more challenging SNRs. These results suggest that obtaining stable PPD measures within an SRM paradigm may be difficult to achieve. Discussion: These findings indicate that obtaining stable PPD measures within an SRM paradigm can be challenging. Test session reliability is weak when combining SRM paradigms with measures of listening effort, which may reduce statistical power due to factors such as sample size, number of trials, and sessions tested. This is further limited by the relatively small and homogeneous sample of young, typical hearing adults. Future studies should include a larger and more diverse participant group to assess the generalizability of these results.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Szekely2025,

title = {Dynamic contrast sensitivity during human locomotion},

author = {Brian Szekely and Paul R. MacNeilage},

doi = {10.1167/jov.25.13.9},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {25},

number = {13},

pages = {1–14},

publisher = {Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Inc.},

abstract = {Locomotion poses a challenge to clear and stable vision. Reflexive head and eye movements act to stabilize the retinal image, but these do not act perfectly, so retinal image motion is increased during walking compared with standing. We nevertheless perceive the world as clear and stable during locomotion, suggesting that the visual system is well-adapted to meet the challenges posed by locomotion. To better understand these processes, we assessed dynamic contrast sensitivity during locomotion by presenting brief (24 ms) foveal Gabor targets (6°, 11 cpd) at threshold contrast to observers walking on a treadmill in an otherwise darkened room. Head and ankle motion were tracked, and presentation time was randomized, which allowed post hoc binning of responses according to stride-cycle timing to investigate how sensitivity is impacted by head motion and stride-cycle timing. Contrast sensitivity was improved during walking compared with standing over large portions of the stride cycle, except for epochs aligned with heel strikes, which drive large and unpredictable perturbations. This resulted in periodicity in contrast sensitivity at two cycles per stride, with additional oscillations observed at four and six cycles per stride. Pupil size was found to be moderately larger during walking compared with standing and also exhibited periodic fluctuations that were phase-locked to the stride cycle. Perceptual oscillations reflect the entrainment of visual processing by active behaviors. Robust contrast sensitivity during walking may be supported by action-contingent effects of locomotion on visual cortical activity that have been observed in several animal models.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Smith2025c,

title = {Spontaneous alpha-band lateralization extends persistence of visual information in iconic memory by modulating cortical excitability},

author = {Paul Justin Connor Smith and Niko A. Busch},

doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2117-24.2025},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},

volume = {45},

number = {48},

pages = {1–10},

abstract = {Pre-stimulus alpha oscillations in the visual cortex modulate neuronal excitability, influencing sensory processing and decision-making. While this relationship has been demonstrated mostly in detection tasks with low visibility stimuli, interpretations of such effects can be ambiguous due to biases, making it difficult to clearly distinguish between perception-related and decision-related effects. In this study, we investigated how spontaneous fluctuations in pre-stimulus alpha power affect iconic memory, a high-capacity, ultra-short visual memory store. Data from 49 healthy adults (34 female and 15 male) was analyzed. We employed a partial report task, where a brief display of six stimuli was followed by a report cue indicating the target stimulus. In this paradigm, accuracy at short stimulus-cue onset asynchronies (SOAs) is typically high, reflecting the initial availability of sensory information, but it rapidly declines at intermediate SOAs due to the decay of the iconic memory trace, stabilizing at a low asymptote at long SOAs, representing the limited capacity of short-term memory. Crucially, performance in this task is constrained by the temporal persistence of sensory information, not by low visibility or response bias. We found that strong pre-stimulus alpha power enhanced performance by amplifying initial stimulus availability without affecting the speed of iconic decay. This effect partially reflects stronger pre-stimulus alpha power in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the to-be-reported target, likely suppressing neuronal excitability of neurons coding irrelevant stimuli. Our findings underscore the role of alpha oscillations in modulating neuronal excitability and visual perception, independent of decision-making strategies implicated in prior studies.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Sieber2025,

title = {The relation between goal-predictive gaze behavior and imitation—A live eye-tracking study in 12-month-olds},

author = {Franziska Sieber and Jan Czarnomski and Moritz M. Daum and Norbert Zmyj},

doi = {10.1111/infa.70050},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Infancy},

volume = {30},

number = {6},

pages = {1–11},

publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Inc},

abstract = {Children learn from others by imitating observed behavior. According to some theorists, to imitate an agent's action, infants need to identify the agent's action goal. To test this assumption, goal-predictive gaze shifts of 104 German 12-month-olds (57 female) were measured using live eye-tracking. These goal-predictive gaze shifts were related to their imitation of an action performed by a live model. This relationship was controlled for in terms of cognitive developmental status. We used one task of the imitation battery FIT 12 and analyzed the infants' imitation and goal-predictive gaze shifts. The infants showed goal-predictive gaze shifts to actions presented at a realistic speed. Furthermore, imitation was related to their goal-predictive gaze shifts. This association was partially explained by cognitive-developmental status, which should be considered an important factor in the development of imitation.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Shackman2025,

title = {Blunted ventral striatal reactivity to social reward is associated with more severe motivation and pleasure deficits in psychosis},

author = {Alexander J. Shackman and Jason F. Smith and Ryan D. Orth and Christina L. G. Savage and Paige R. Didier and Julie M. McCarthy and Melanie E. Bennett and Jack J. Blanchard},

doi = {10.1093/schbul/sbae221},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},

volume = {51},

number = {6},

pages = {1620–1636},

publisher = {Oxford University Press},

abstract = {Background and Hypothesis: Among individuals living with psychotic disorders, social impairment is common, debilitating, and challenging to treat. While the roots of this impairment are undoubtedly complex, converging lines of evidence suggest that social motivation and pleasure (MAP) deficits play a central role. Yet most neuroimaging studies have focused on monetary rewards, precluding decisive inferences. Study Design: Here we leveraged parallel social and monetary incentive delay functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigms to test whether blunted reactivity to social incentives in the ventral striatum - a key component of the distributed neural circuit mediating appetitive motivation and hedonic pleasure - is associated with more severe MAP symptoms in a transdiagnostic adult sample enriched for psychosis. To maximize ecological validity and translational relevance, we capitalized on naturalistic audiovisual clips of an established social partner expressing positive feedback. Study Results: Although both paradigms robustly engaged the ventral striatum, only reactivity to social incentives was associated with clinician-rated MAP deficits. This association remained significant when controlling for other symptoms, binary diagnostic status, or striatal reactivity to monetary incentives. Follow-up analyses suggested that this association predominantly reflects diminished activation during the presentation of social reward. Conclusions These observations provide a neurobiologically grounded framework for conceptualizing the social-anhedonia symptoms and social impairments that characterize many individuals living with psychotic disorders and underscore the need to develop targeted intervention strategies.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Schwalm2025,

title = {The metrics of regressive saccades during reading in 13 written languages},

author = {Laura Schwalm and Ralph Radach and Victor Kuperman},

doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2025.108678},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Vision Research},

volume = {236},

pages = {1–12},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {A well-documented phenomenon in research on eye movement control during reading is the systematic relationship between the landing positions of forward saccades and target word characteristics. However, the behaviour of regressive saccades, which move the eyes in the opposite direction, remains less explored. This study delves into the landing positions of regressive saccades, emphasizing the distinction between intra-word and inter-word regressions, across diverse languages. Using data from the MECO L1 project, which includes eye-tracking data from 589 participants across 13 languages, we scrutinize the precise landing positions of regressions vis-à-vis forward saccades. Our analysis shows a robust effect of launch distance on landing positions for progressive saccades, with undershoots increasing as launch distance grows and overshoots with shorter launch distances. In contrast, regressive inter-word saccades show only minimal variation in landing positions, typically landing near the centre of the target word regardless of launch distance or word length. Intra-word regressions, however, display a pattern similar to progressive saccades, where the landing position is influenced by launch distance, tending to overshoot the optimal viewing position as the launch site moves away from the word's end. This pattern is consistent across all languages. These findings support the notion of cross-linguistic universality in oculomotor control mechanisms during reading, particularly the precision of regressive saccades. They align with the spatial coding hypothesis, suggesting that precise spatial memory of word positions guides regressive saccades.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Schmid2025,

title = {Broadband high-frequency activity initializes distractor suppression},

author = {Paul Schmid and Christoph Reichert and Mandy V. Bartsch and Stefan Dürschmid},

doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhaf319},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Cerebral Cortex},

volume = {35},

number = {11},

pages = {1–14},

publisher = {Oxford University Press},

abstract = {Selective attention requires fast and accurate distractor suppression. We investigated if broadband high-frequency activity (BHA; 80–150 Hz), indicative of local neuronal population dynamics in early sensory cortices, indexes rapid processing of distracting information. In a first experiment we tested whether BHA distinguishes targets from distracting information in a visual search paradigm using tilted gratings as targets and distractors. In a second experiment, we examined whether BHA distractor processing can be trained by statistical regularities. In both experiments, BHA preceded the target enhancement (NT) and distractor suppression (PD; 1–40 Hz) event-related field (ERF) components and distinguished between targets and distractors. Only the BHA but not ERF component amplitude correlated with participants' performance and was higher for lateral distractors versus lateral targets. Furthermore, BHA predicted the strength of the PD. These results indicate that BHA initiates stimulus discrimination via distractor suppression.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Sapkota2025,

title = {A comparative analysis of eye movement accuracy for locating items held in visual short-term memory among young healthy adults, older adults with normal cognition, and older adults indicative of mild cognitive impairment},

author = {Raju Sapkota and Monika McAtarsney-Kovacs and Ian Linde and Shahina Pardhan},

doi = {10.1002/brb3.71021},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Brain and Behavior},

volume = {15},

number = {11},

pages = {1–11},

publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Ltd},

abstract = {Background: We compared the accuracy of eye movements in locating an item stored in visual short-term memory between young healthy adults, normally aging older adults, and older adults with mild cognitive impairment as indicated by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment or Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-III test. Methods: Thirty-three young healthy adults, 38 normally aging older adults, and 17 older adults indicative of MCI completed two experiments requiring object-location binding. In Experiment 1, participants viewed 2–4 memory items displayed sequentially at random screen locations. Following a 900 ms interval, eye movements were recorded while participants moved their eyes to the location of the memory item corresponding to a displayed cue. In Experiment 2 (control), participants indicated whether or not the test item was shown at its original location using a yes/no response. Results: MCI-indicative participants exhibited greater saccadic error (spatial deviation of saccadic endpoint from the remembered target location) than normally aging older (p = 0.002) and young (p < 0.001) participants at low memory load only. At higher memory load, the saccadic error distance was greater for all groups (p < 0.001). Moreover, in Experiment 2, MCI-indicative participants exhibited significantly poorer memory performance than normally aging older adults, but only at lower memory load (p = 0.02). Conclusion: Saccadic accuracy declined with memory load for all groups. The MCI-indicative group showed lower saccadic accuracy versus normally aging older and young adults at low memory load. The findings offer important insights into our understanding of saccadic eye movement as a potential behavioral marker for MCI.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Reuter2025,

title = {Relative contributions of predictive vs. associative processes to infant looking behavior during language comprehension},

author = {Tracy E. Reuter and Lauren L. Emberson},

doi = {10.1017/S0305000924000102},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Journal of Child Language},

volume = {52},

number = {6},

pages = {1225–1248},

publisher = {Cambridge University Press},

abstract = {Numerous developmental findings suggest that infants and toddlers engage predictive processing during language comprehension. However, a significant limitation of this research is that associative (bottom-up) and predictive (top-down) explanations are not readily differentiated. Following adult studies that varied predictiveness relative to semantic-relatedness to differentiate associative vs. predictive processes, the present study used eye-tracking to begin to disentangle the contributions of bottom-up and top-down mechanisms to infants' real-time language processing. Replicating prior results, infants (14-19 months old) use successive semantically-related words across sentences (e.g., eat, yum, mouth) to predict upcoming nouns (e.g., cookie). However, we also provide evidence that using successive semantically-related words to predict is distinct from the bottom-up activation of the word itself. In a second experiment, we investigate the potential effects of repetition on the findings. This work is the first to reveal that infant language comprehension is affected by both associative and predictive processes.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Putkinen2025,

title = {Sex differences in gaze patterns while viewing dynamic and static sexual scenes},

author = {Vesa Putkinen and Elina Lewandowski and Severi Santavirta and Lauri Nummenmaa},

doi = {10.1016/j.maturitas.2025.108714},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Maturitas},

volume = {202},

pages = {1–7},

publisher = {Elsevier Ireland Ltd},

abstract = {Objectives: Faces and bodies serve as important cues of physical attractiveness and reproductive fitness. Previous studies indicate that there are sex-related differences in the visual processing of erotic stimuli. We investigated gaze patterns and sex differences during sexual perception. Study design: We measured the eye movements of 43 male and 67 female subjects while viewing sexual scenes (intercourse; Experiment 1) and static erotic stimuli (nude and clothed men and women; Experiment 2) in a cross-sectional study. Main outcome measures: For each region of interest (ROI; face, chest, genitals, back) we computed mean pupil size, gaze duration, first fixation latency and first fixation duration. Intersubject correlation of eye movements (eISC) was computed to assess similarity of gaze patterns across viewers. Results: Dwell times were the longest for faces and faces were the most likely to be looked at first. In Experiment 1, males looked more at female chest, buttocks, and genital areas while female participants looked more at male faces. In Experiment 2, faces received more fixations for clothed stimuli, whereas chest and genital areas received more fixations for nude stimuli. Conclusions: Sex differences during sexual perception are larger for static versus dynamic stimuli. Faces are prioritized over sexual signals, and visibility of sexual cues increases saliency of the sexually relevant body regions. The preference for faces even when viewing sexual intercourse may reflect both the importance of facial characteristics in mate selection as well as the role of facial expressions in evaluating partner satisfaction while having sex.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Parrella2025,

title = {Luminance matching in cognitive pupillometry is not enough: The curious case of orientation},

author = {Matthew A. Parrella and Isshori Gurung and Michael A. Grubb},

doi = {10.1523/ENEURO.0238-25.2025},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {eNeuro},

volume = {12},

number = {11},

pages = {1–10},

publisher = {Society for Neuroscience},

abstract = {Abrupt onsets reflexively shift covert spatial attention. Recent work demonstrated that trial-to-trial information about the probability of a peripheral onset modulated the magnitude of the attentional cueing effect (low probability > high probability). Although onsets were physically identical, pupil responses could have been modulated by information about the probability of the onset's appearance. Specifically, anticipatory constrictions may have preceded high-probability onsets. Here, we tested this hypothesis using centrally presented, luminance-matched onset-probability signals. For half the participants, vertical signaled high probability (0.8) of onset appearance, while horizontal signaled low probability (0.2). Contingencies were reversed for the other half. Participants fixated the onset-probability signal for 2,000 ms before the onset was briefly presented or omitted, in line with the signaled probability. To maintain engagement, participants completed a simple localization task. Preliminary evidence for an anticipatory reduction in the pupil area was obtained in Experiment 1. However, this effect disappeared in Experiment 2 with a larger replication sample. Exploratory analyses uncovered a violation of a fundamental methodological assumption: despite being task-irrelevant and perfectly luminance-matched, vertical onset-probability signals consistently generated smaller pupil areas, relative to horizontal signals in both Experiments 1 and 2. Interestingly, this “orientation effect” was stronger in the second half of the experimental session, and in a third experiment, we significantly reduced its magnitude by changing the locations of the task-relevant stimuli. In short, across three experiments (self-reported gender, 52 females, 26 males, 1 nonbinary), we show that even with perfect luminance matching, unforeseen changes in cognitive state can modulate pupillometric measurements.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Oxner2025,

title = {A flash in the pan? Distractor suppression cannot be inferred from the early lateralized positivity},

author = {Matt Oxner and Dirk Moorselaar and Matthias M. Müller and Jan Theeuwes},

doi = {10.1162/JOCN.a.57},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience},

volume = {37},

number = {11},

pages = {2351–2369},

publisher = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology},

abstract = {Humans excel at avoiding distraction in visual environments, successfully filtering out repeated salient distractors that could otherwise capture attention. A recent theoretical perspective posits a mechanism whereby such distractors can be proactively suppressed, reducing their impact on attentional deployment. Electrophysiological evidence for this view comes from the distractor positivity (PD), a neural component associated with distractor handling. The PD has been observed at early latencies (< 200 msec) following distractor appearance, a timing interpreted as reflecting distractor suppression before attentional capture. However, the relationship between this “early PD” and distractor suppression remains fundamentally correlational. This raises critical questions about the extent to which this neural marker exclusively indexes mechanisms of suppression, as opposed to being driven by other factors confounded with distractor presence, such as stimulus salience. We tested the specificity of this early positivity to distractor handling across three experiments employing visual search tasks. Participants were presented with unique color singletons serving as distractors, targets, or task-irrelevant items. The early lateralized positivity was elicited by salient color distractors, but also appeared in response to all other salient singletons, including those that could not be proactively suppressed. Our findings indicate that the early positivity is not unique to suppressed distractors—instead, it likely reflects sensory imbalance between visual hemifields or salience tagging in response to lateralized stimuli. Consequently, we argue that the “early PD” does not provide definitive evidence for proactive distractor suppression, as its association with distractor presence appears to be incidental rather than causal.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Moore2025a,

title = {Expectation dynamically modulates the representational time course of objects and locations},

author = {Margaret Jane Moore and Amanda K. Robinson and Jason B. Mattingley},

doi = {10.1162/IMAG.a.999},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Imaging Neuroscience},

volume = {3},

pages = {1–16},

publisher = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology},

abstract = {Past work has demonstrated that predictive information modulates how the brain responds to visual stimuli, but it is not yet clear how the brain integrates different types of predictive information to facilitate efficient perception. Here, we aim to explore how expectations about upcoming stimulus identities (“what” information) and upcoming stimulus locations (“where” information) modulate the directionality and occurrence of prediction effects in brain activity. Participants (n = 40) viewed real-world object images in rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) streams which were predictable in terms of both object identity and stimulus location. Multivariate pattern analyses of electroencephalography (EEG) data were used to quantify and compare the degree of information represented in neural activity when stimuli were random (unpredictable), expected, or unexpected in terms of identity and location. Decoding accuracy for expected locations was significantly reduced relative to random locations between 160 and 238 ms post-onset. However, this effect subsequently reversed with decoding accuracy for expected locations becoming higher than accuracy for random locations between 273 and 430 ms. This temporally dynamic effect was not replicated within analyses decoding object identity. However, consistent evidence for reduced decoding of unexpected relative to random stimuli in later time windows (>250 ms) post-onset was identified across both stimulus types (e.g. objects and locations). These results are critically important when considered in the context of predictive coding research as they highlight important complexities in how predictability modulates neural responses.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Markevich2025,

title = {The influence of text genre on eye movement patterns during reading},

author = {Maksim Markevich and Anastasiia Streltsova},

doi = {10.3390/jemr18060060},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Journal of Eye Movement Research},

volume = {18},

number = {6},

pages = {1–22},

publisher = {MDPI AG},

abstract = {Successful reading comprehension depends on many factors, including text genre. Eye-tracking studies indicate that genre shapes eye movement patterns at a local level. Although the reading of expository and narrative texts by adolescents has been described in the literature, the reading of poetry by adolescents remains understudied. In this study, we used scanpath analysis to examine how genre and comprehension level influence global eye movement strategies in adolescents (N = 44). Thus, the novelty of this study lies in the use of scanpath analysis to measure global eye movement strategies employed by adolescents while reading narrative, expository, and poetic texts. Two distinct reading patterns emerged: a forward reading pattern (linear progression) and a regressive reading pattern (frequent lookbacks). Readers tended to use regressive patterns more often with expository and poetic texts, while forward patterns were more common with a narrative text. Comprehension level also played a significant role, with readers with a higher level of comprehension relying more on regressive patterns for expository and poetic texts. The results of this experiment suggest that scanpaths effectively capture genre-driven differences in reading strategies, underscoring how genre expectations may shape visual processing during reading.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Maiello2025,

title = {Fixation termination during visual search with simulated visual impairments},

author = {Guido Maiello and Arezoo Pooresmaeili and Jayne Morriss and Lois Howsley and Emma Deverill and Haden Dewis and Hayward J. Godwin},

doi = {10.1080/20445911.2025.2586787},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Journal of Cognitive Psychology},

pages = {1–11},

abstract = {Everyday tasks such as finding a friend in a crowd rely on efficient visual search, a process that heavily relies on efficiently executing eye movements. But how does our visual system adapt eye movement behavior when visual input is degraded? Here, we investigated whether eye movement behaviour during visual search adjusts to simulated visual impairments. Participants performed a visual search task whilst their eye movement behaviour was recorded under three conditions: normal vision (control), monocular vision (with an eye patch over the dominant eye), and low-contrast vision (with reduced stimulus contrast). Overall, we found that search was slowed under conditions of simulated visual impairments, with increases in RTs, fixation durations, and time to fixate the target compared with a control condition. Our results provide further support for mixed-control models of fixation termination and have implications for understanding eye movement control under visual impairments.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Li2025e,

title = {The immediate post-viewing effects of animated fantastical events on the executive function of Chinese kindergarteners with high and low fantasy orientations},

author = {Hui Li and Yeh Hsueh and Xiaozhuo Zheng and Haoxue Yu},

doi = {10.1111/bjdp.12558},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {British Journal of Developmental Psychology},

volume = {43},

number = {4},

pages = {860–872},

publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Ltd},

abstract = {Children with high fantasy orientation (HFO) can quickly switch between reality and fantasy, facilitating their processing of fantastical information. This study examined the effects of viewing a high fantastical video (HFV) and a low fantastical video (LFV) on the executive function (EF) of 102 Chinese kindergarteners at the ages of 5 and 6 by their fantasy orientation level (HFO vs. LFO). Each child's viewing was recorded by an eye tracker. Results showed that after viewing the HFV, HFO group demonstrated a significantly shorter inhibitory control reaction time than LFO group, whereas, after watching the LFV programme, HFO group's inhibitory control was significantly less accurate than the LFO group. The average pupil size of the HFO group was significantly larger than that of the LFO group, regardless of the fantastical video type. This study is the first to assess the effects of viewing two types of fantastical videos on Chinese children's EF by their FO level. It provides direct behavioural and physiological evidence associated with the post-viewing EF changes.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lehet2025,

title = {Altered effective connectivity within a thalamocortical corollary discharge network in individuals with schizophrenia},

author = {Matthew Lehet and Beier Yao and Ivy F. Tso and Vaibhav A. Diwadkar and Jessica Fattal and Jacqueline Bao and Katharine N. Thakkar},

doi = {10.1093/schbul/sbae232},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},

volume = {51},

number = {6},

pages = {1637–1650},

publisher = {Oxford University Press},

abstract = {Study Design: Here, we modeled fMRI data using dy- namic causal modeling (DCM) to examine patient-control differences in effective connectivity evoked by a double-step (DS) task (30 SZ, 29 HC). The interrogated network was formed from a combination of (1) functionally identified FEF and IPS regions that robustly responded on DS trials and (2) anatomically identified thalamic regions involved in CD transmission. We also examined the relationship between clinical symptoms and effective connectivity parameters associated with task modulation of network pathways. Study Results: Network connectivity was indeed modulated by the DS task, which involves CD transmission. More importantly, we found reduced effective connectivity from thalamus to IPS in SZ, which was further correlated with passivity symptom severity. Conclusions: These results reaffirm the importance of IPS and thalamocortical connections in oculomotor CD signaling and provide mechanistic insights into CD alterations and consequently agency disturbances in schizophrenia.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lapteva2025,

title = {Bore me (not): Boredom impairs recognition memory but not the pupil old/new effect},

author = {Alexandra Lapteva and Sarah Schnyder and Wanja Wolff and Corinna S. Martarelli},

doi = {10.1177/17470218251329255},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology},

volume = {78},

number = {12},

pages = {2594–2609},

publisher = {SAGE Publications Ltd},

abstract = {Mind-wandering and boredom are common phenomena, characterized by shifts in attention and difficulties in sustaining focus. Despite extensive research on the costs and benefits of these states, our understanding of the relationship between mind-wandering, boredom, attention, and memory remains limited. In the current study, we examined the impact that mind-wandering and boredom during encoding have on recognition. In particular, we investigated what impact mind-wandering and boredom have during the encoding of visual stimuli on the pupil old/new effect during recognition. We used an incidental memory task and measured mind-wandering and boredom with thought probes during encoding. Furthermore, we used the pupil old/new effect, assessed via eye-tracking, as a measure of recognition memory. We found a significant effect of boredom on recognition memory and observed the pupil old/new effect in participants regardless of instances of mind-wandering or boredom during encoding. Our findings point toward different mechanisms that underlie mind-wandering and boredom's obstruction of attention during stimuli encoding and their effects on stimuli processing. In addition, these findings reinforce the idea of the pupil old/new effect as a reliable measure of recognition memory as it remained consistent irrespective of attentional lapses due to mind-wandering and boredom.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kirtley2025,

title = {Coming up next: The extent of the perceptual window in comic reading},

author = {Clare Kirtley and Christopher Murray and Phillip B. Vaughan and Benjamin W. Tatler},

doi = {10.1111/cogs.70142},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Cognitive Science},

volume = {49},

number = {11},

pages = {1–31},

publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Inc},

abstract = {Recent models of sequential narratives suggest that readers form predictions about upcoming panels as they read. However, previous work has considered these predictions only in terms of currently viewed information. In the current studies, we investigate to what extent readers are using information from un-fixated panels in comic stories. Using the moving-window paradigm, we studied whether reading behavior was disrupted when upcoming panels were unavailable to the reader, in short comic strips (Experiment 1) and multipage comics (Experiment 2). Both studies showed the greatest disruption to reading when all peripheral information was removed, but such changes persisted when only partial peripheral information was available. The results indicate that readers are making use of information from at least two panels ahead of the current fixation location. We consider these findings in relation to the PINS model of comic reading, and how the role of peripheral information might be further explored.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Khosla2025,

title = {Changes in naturalistic viewing in healthy aging and amnestic mild cognitive impairment},

author = {Anisha Khosla and Jordana S. Wynn and Arber Kacollja and Elaheh Shahmiri and Nicole D. Anderson and Kelly Shen and Jennifer D. Ryan},

doi = {10.1002/hipo.70037},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Hippocampus},

volume = {35},

number = {6},

pages = {1–8},

publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Inc},

abstract = {Visual exploration—where the eyes move and when—is guided by prior experiences. Memory-guided viewing behavior is altered in healthy aging and is further disrupted in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), a condition in which there is accelerated structural and functional decline of the hippocampus and associated medial temporal lobe structures (HC/MTL). Computational modeling has demonstrated the potential for rapid information flow from the HC/MTL to regions responsible for the cognitive control of eye movements, such that visual exploration behavior could be impacted in the moment and on an ongoing fashion. It was predicted here, then, that older adults and individuals with aMCI would show changes in naturalistic viewing compared to younger adults, even in the absence of any memory task. Multivariate analyses revealed that viewing for younger adults was characterized by larger saccade amplitudes and a larger area of exploration; the opposite pattern was reliably expressed by individuals with aMCI. Viewing patterns of healthy older adults were associated with shorter gaze durations. The entropy of viewing in older adults was associated with overall cognitive status, as determined by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, highlighting the top-down influence of cognitive function on active vision. Lower scores on the memory subtest were reliably associated with a pattern of viewing characterized by fewer fixations (with longer durations), saccades, regions explored, smaller area of exploration, and lower entropy, mimicking some of the viewing features of the aMCI group and suggesting that increasing HC/MTL decline results in less exploratory viewing patterns. These findings reveal the ongoing influence of the hippocampus and its extended system on moment-to-moment naturalistic viewing.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ibrahimi2025,

title = {Sociotechnical imaginaries of autonomous vehicles: Comparing laboratory and online eye-tracking methods},

author = {Mergime Ibrahimi and Anu Masso and Mauro Bellone},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0335672},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {PLoS One},

volume = {20},

pages = {1–24},

publisher = {Public Library of Science},

abstract = {This study investigates sociotechnical imaginaries of autonomous vehicles (AVs) using a dual approach: in-lab and online eye-tracking experiments. We examine how cognitive engagement varies across hypothetical decision-making scenarios involving algorithmic failure of AVs. In comparison with non-AV scenarios. This article highlights the characteristics, advantages, and limitations of methods, emphasizing their complementary contributions to understanding how individuals perceive and engage with emerging technologies. The in-lab experiment revealed high-quality and precise data from a homogeneous sample, while the online experiment enabled us to scale the research and explore diverse sociotechnical imaginaries from a global sample through crowd-sourced platforms. Key findings show that both in-lab and online participants exhibited longer gaze durations at one point, predominantly longer in AV scenarios. However, a deeper analysis of overall cognitive engagement revealed that in-lab participants, with more concentrated sociotechnical imaginaries, were more focused on non-AV scenarios, indicating a stronger emphasis on human decision-making. In contrast, online participants, whose imaginaries may be shaped by global perspectives and diverse experiences with data and algorithms, displayed increased attention toward AV scenarios, with significant visual variations among participants, reflecting global interest or concern over high-stakes algorithmic decisions. These findings contribute to our understanding of how perception of AVs differs globally and offer insights into emerging concerns around algorithmic decision-making in everyday life.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Hunter2025,

title = {Relating infant fixations to adult cortical activation patterns using the natural scenes dataset},

author = {Brianna K. Hunter and John E. Kiat and Steven J. Luck and Lisa M. Oakes},

doi = {10.1111/desc.70076},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Developmental Science},

volume = {28},

number = {6},

pages = {1–14},

publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Inc},

abstract = {Visual attention develops rapidly across the first postnatal year, from reflexive eye movements driven by low-level stimulus properties to increasingly voluntary eye movements influenced by higher-order factors. To test the hypothesis that development reflects guidance by increasingly abstract features, we used representational similarity analysis to evaluate the representational link between gaze patterns (N = 47 5–7-month-old infants},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Hodgins2025,

title = {Bilingual irony processing during natural reading: A within-participant look at L1 versus L2 effects using eye-movement measures},

author = {Vegas Hodgins and Mehrgol Tiv and Chaimaa El Mouslih and Karla Tarín and Naima Mansuri and Antonio Iniesta and Debra Titone},

doi = {10.3758/s13421-025-01722-z},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Memory and Cognition},

volume = {53},

pages = {2493–2508},

publisher = {Springer},

abstract = {Ironic utterances (i.e., when people intend the opposite of what they say) are often more difficult to understand than literal utterances during natural reading (reviewed in Olkoniemi & Kaakinen, Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 75, 99-106, 2021). Moreover, ironic compliments (“Good job!” spoken upon a failure) tend to be even more challenging compared to ironic criticisms (“Terrible job!” spoken upon a success) (Pexman & Olineck, Discourse Processes, 33, 199-217, 2002). Relevant here, understanding irony is thought to require mentalizing capacity, which may be impacted by bilingual language experience (Tiv et al., Memory & Cognition, 51, 253-272, 2023) and differ for first and second language reading (L1 and L2, respectively). In this study, bilingual adults read sentences containing ironic compliments, criticisms, and matched literal statements in both their L1 and their L2 (blocked and counterbalanced), enabling a rigorous within-participant evaluation of L1 versus L2 irony processing. Linear mixed-effects modelling demonstrated the increased difficulty of ironic compliments during reading but indicated no group-level, within-participant L1 versus L2 irony differences. However, a significant effect of bilingual language experience emerged, in that individual differences in how readers distribute use of their L1 and L2 (i.e., language entropy) patterned with faster go-past times for ironic sentences during L1 reading. These findings cohere with the idea that bilingual language experience may relate to mentalizing processes that underlie irony resolution (e.g., Tiv et al., Memory & Cognition, 51, 253-272, 2023).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ho2025,

title = {Reader differences in navigating English–Chinese sight interpreting/translation},

author = {Chen-En Ho and Jie Li Tsai},

doi = {10.1515/psicl-2024-0091},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics},

volume = {61},

number = {4},

pages = {457–481},

publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton},

abstract = {Reading is key in sight interpreting/translation (SiT), a task in this study involving reading and orally rendering text at one's own pace in a diplomatic interpreting scenario. However, little attention is given to how different reading processes are used. This study bridges this gap by investigating SiT reading processes, using silent reading (SR) and reading aloud (RA) for comparison to understand how reading varies between tasks and participants. Experienced interpreters, interpreting trainees, and untrained bilinguals were recruited to conduct SR, RA, and SiT. Their eye movement data underwent cluster analysis based on fixation duration and saccade length plus direction. Five distinct reading processes have been identified – skimming, rauding, two levels of problem-solving, and anchoring. While the overall reading pattern is similar, nuanced differences tell groups and tasks apart. Due to the limitation of space, this paper only reports findings centring on the participants. Significant differences exist only between the trained (i.e., interpreters and trainees combined) and untrained cohorts in three processes, namely skimming, rauding (normal reading), and problem-solving, almost exclusively in SiT. Our findings attest to the multifaceted SiT reading processes and offer an alternative account to associating fixation duration solely with cognitive load, helping us better understand SiT reading.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Helo2025,

title = {Real-time preposition comprehension in monolingual Spanish-speaking preschool children with developmental language disorder: A visual-world eye-tracking study},

author = {Andrea Helo and María Teresa Martin-Aragoneses and Ernesto Guerra and Carmen Julia Coloma},

doi = {10.1016/j.jcomdis.2025.106578},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Journal of Communication Disorders},

volume = {118},

pages = {1–14},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {This study investigated comprehension of prepositions (“con” vs “sin” and “bajo” vs “sobre”; in English: ‘with' vs ‘without' and ‘under'/‘below' vs ‘on') and prepositional locutions (“delante de” vs “detrás de” and “dentro de” vs “fuera de”; in English: ‘in front of' vs ‘behind' and ‘in'/‘inside' vs ‘out of') (hereafter, PPL) in Spanish-speaking preschoolers with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) compared to their typically developing peers. We used an experimental approach assessing visual preference in real-time through eye tracking. The results showed that both groups demonstrated comprehension of the evaluated PPL, as evidenced by their visual preference for the image matching the sentence heard. However, children with DLD took longer to identify the correct image and tended to display a weaker preference pattern, although differences were not significant. Moreover, the prepositional locutions ‘in front of' and ‘behind'—which are typically acquired later among the morphological items assessed—were particularly challenging for children with DLD, who did not show a consistent visual preference for these prepositions. These findings suggest that, with respect to prepositions, children with DLD follow a trajectory similar to that of typically developing children, though characterized by a mild developmental delay. At a practical level, subtle difficulties in processing prepositions might have meaningful effects in everyday contexts, where rapid comprehension of language input is critical for children's participation and learning at school.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Guez2025,

title = {Preemptive gain control in primary visual cortex},

author = {Jon S. Guez and Bart Krekelberg},

doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2025.09.028},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Current Biology},

volume = {35},

number = {21},

pages = {5230–5237},

abstract = {Neurons continuously adapt their response properties to their environment. In the visual cortex, this includes gain control processes such as contrast normalization, which matches neurons' limited dynamic response range to the prevailing contrasts. Contrast normalization converges to a state that is optimal for processing the current visual input but not for the new, unknown input that impinges on the retina after each eye movement. We hypothesized that this conflict between current (pre-saccadic) and future (post-saccadic) needs could be resolved by a preemptive reset of the contrast response function with every saccade. We investigated this hypothesis using multi-electrode array recordings in the primary visual cortex of the macaque monkey. As expected, exposure to high contrast during steady fixation led to reduced gain and a compressed contrast response function. In support of our preemptive gain control hypothesis, these gain changes were partially reversed during saccades, resulting in a contrast response function with a higher gain and a broader, more linear response range. Post-saccadic gain increases were accompanied by pre-saccadic gain decreases, which were anticorrelated, suggesting that a common mechanism underlies both changes. Our findings indicate that the ubiquitous biphasic peri-saccadic neural response is a signature of a pause-rebound mechanism that prepares for unknown future visual inputs by resetting the contrast response function. At the perceptual level, this leads us to reinterpret the pre-saccadic reduction in visual sensitivity (i.e., saccadic suppression) as a side effect of the beneficial signal-processing strategy of preemptive gain control.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Griffith2025,

title = {The percentile-matching technique for synthetic eye tracking signal degradation: A biometric case study},

author = {Henry Griffith and Dmytro Katrychuk and Mehedi H. Raju and Samantha Aziz and Dillon J. Lohr and Oleg V. Komogortsev},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0334605},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {PLoS One},

volume = {20},

pages = {1–16},

publisher = {Public Library of Science},

abstract = {This manuscript demonstrates an improved model-based approach for synthetic degradation of pre-recorded eye movement signals. Recordings from a high-quality eye tracking sensor are transformed to make their eye tracking signal quality resemble ones captured on a lower-quality target device. The proposed model improves the realism of the degraded signals versus prior approaches by introducing a mechanism for degrading spatial accuracy and temporal precision. Specifically, a percentile-matching technique is developed for mimicking the relative distributional structure of the target data signal quality characteristics. The model is demonstrated to improve realism on a per-feature and per-recording basis using data from EyeLink 1000 and SMI eye tracker embedded within a virtual reality platform. This study is first to show that the percentile-matching technique enables more accurate approximation of the target set using the biometric user authentication as an end task. Its mean absolute error of estimating the target set performance level is better for all three metrics considered (compared to the baseline) - a) 0.26 (versus 0.84) of d-prime; b) 12.08% (versus 31.10%) of False Rejection Rate at 1-in-10000 False Acceptance Rate; c) 3.08% (versus 4.69%) of Equal Error Rate. This paper also expands eye movement literature by suggesting an application-agnostic realism assessment workflow based on the 1 Nearest-Neighbor classifier. Our model improves the related median classification accuracy metric by 35.7% versus the benchmark model towards the ideal 50% value.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Fabio2025,

title = {Mixed evidence for the rhythmicity of auditory perceptual judgements in humans},

author = {Cécile Fabio and Christoph Kayser},

doi = {10.7554/elife.105734},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {eLife},

volume = {14},

pages = {1–24},

publisher = {eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd},

abstract = {Numerous studies advocate for a rhythmic mode of perception. However, the evidence in the context of hearing remains inconsistent. We propose that the divergent conclusions drawn from previous work stem from conceptual and methodological issues. These include ambiguous assumptions regarding the origin of rhythmicity, variations in tasks and attentional demands, and differing analytical approaches for statistical testing. To address these points, we conducted a series of experiments in which human participants performed auditory tasks involving monaural targets presented against binaural white noise backgrounds, while also recording eye movements. These experiments varied in whether stimuli were presented randomly or required motor initialisation, the necessity of memory across trials, and the manipulation of attentional demands. Our findings challenge the notion of universal rhythmicity in hearing, but support the existence of paradigm- and ear-specific fluctuations in sensitivity and biases at multiple frequencies. The rhythmicity for sounds in the left and right ears appears independent among participants, and the rhythmicity in performance is possibly linked to oculomotor activity and attentional requirements. Overall, these results may help to resolve conflicting conclusions drawn in previous work and provide specific avenues for further studies into the rhythmicity of auditory perception.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Engelen2025,

title = {Cardiac, respiratory, and gastric rhythms independently modulate motor corticospinal excitability in humans},

author = {Tahnée Engelen and Teresa Schuhmann and Alexander T. Sack and Catherine Tallon-Baudry},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.3003478},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {PLoS Biology},

volume = {23},

number = {11},

pages = {1–21},

abstract = {Interoception refers to the brain's sensing of internal body state and encompasses various bodily systems, notably the cardiac, respiratory, and gastric rhythms. Beyond their roles in physiological regulation and emotional states, each of these visceral rhythms has been shown to influence brain activity and cognition, prompting for the development of various interpretative functional frameworks. However, both experimental data and functional hypothesis leave it unclear whether and how each visceral rhythm acts simultaneously and independently on brain activity. Here, we address this question by measuring in human participants how the corticospinal excitability of the motor system varies with the phase of each of the three visceral rhythms. We applied single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the hand region in primary motor cortex to elicit Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs), whose amplitude reflects corticospinal excitability, and tested whether MEP amplitude depends on the phase of the simultaneously measured cardiac, respiratory, and gastric rhythms. All three visceral rhythms were coupled to motor excitability with similar effect sizes at the group level. However, we found no relation between coupling strengths: participants displaying high coupling with one organ did not necessarily display high coupling to the other organs. These results indicate that independent mechanisms could underly the coupling between the cardiac, respiratory, and gastric rhythms and motor excitability. We further introduce the concept of individual interoceptive profiles and show that such interoceptive profiles obtained from objective coupling strength measures were not explained by self-reported awareness of the organ. Altogether, our results call for refined specifications of the frameworks offering a functional or clinical interpretation of viscera-brain coupling taking into account both independent mechanisms and individual interoceptive profiles.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Dra̧zyk2025,

title = {What is the difference between an impulsive and a timed anticipatory movement?},

author = {Dominika Drcażyk and Anissa Rida and Marcus Missal},

doi = {10.1523/ENEURO.0322-25.2025},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {eNeuro},

volume = {12},

number = {11},

pages = {1–11},

abstract = {Imagine yourself in a car race waiting for the traffic light to go green. Impulsivity could push you to accelerate when the light is still red. In contrast, temporally guided anticipation could lead you to accelerate at the time the light goes green. Whether these two types of early responses rely on the same or different neural processes is an open question. This question was investigated using an oculomotor task where the delay between a warning and an imperative visual stimuli was predictable. The spatial uncertainty of the "go" signal was also varied. On average, 10% of experimental trials were associated with a response before the "go" signal ("early saccade"). After the offset of the warning stimulus, the latency distribution of early saccades was bimodal, with a first mode peaking after 200 ms (1st mode saccades) and a second one starting to build-up after 375 ms (2nd mode saccades). With increasing delay duration: the number of 1st mode responses decreased whereas the number of 2nd mode responses remained approximately constant; the latency and variance of 2nd mode saccades increased; the maximum velocity of 2nd mode responses decreased. In general, the amplitude of 2nd mode responses was larger. These results show that there are probably two independent processes taking place before an expected event: an unintentional release of inhibition evoking an impulsive 1st mode saccade and an anticipatory process leading to a 2nd mode saccade.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Dankner2025,

title = {Keeping an eye on attentive listening: Task-evoked pupil size unveils fluctuations in auditory sustained attention},

author = {Yarden Dankner and Lilach Shalev and Shlomit Yuval-Greenberg},

doi = {10.1016/j.biopsycho.2025.109165},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Biological Psychology},

volume = {202},

pages = {1–12},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Sustained attention is essential for effective cognitive performance in daily life, yet it remains challenging to monitor continuously in real time. This study examined whether pupil-based physiological markers - specifically task-evoked pupil dilation (TEPD) and baseline pupil size (BPS) - reflect fluctuations in sustained attention and alertness during a prolonged auditory continuous performance task (A-CPT). In two experiments (total N = 54), participants listened to a stream of spoken syllables and responded to a predefined target while their pupil size was continuously recorded. Intra-individual variability in reaction time served as an index of sustained attention, with higher variability reflecting poorer sustained attention. Across both experiments, a consistent positive linear relationship was found between TEPD and intra-individual varability: smaller TEPD values were associated with greater response consistency, indicating higher sustained attention. Additionally, TEPD was positively correlated with self-reported ADHD symptoms across participants, and contributed to their prediction above and beyond the behavioral task performance. This suggests that TEPD reflects inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity symptoms across neurotypical individuals. In contrast, BPS showed a less consistent relationship with sustained attention: while it was positively associated with intra-individual varability in one experiment, this effect did not replicate in the second. These findings suggest that pupil size can serve as a continuous, implicit marker of sustained attention and a predictor of ADHD symptoms. By capturing moment-to-moment fluctuations in attentional state, pupil size offers a promising, non-invasive index of attention in real-world listening environments.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Cui2025a,

title = {Cross-modal semantic and non-semantic distraction impairs auditory working memory: Behavioral and ERP evidence},

author = {Jiahong Cui and Nianqiu Shen and Hongjun Chen and Hongyu Zhou and Lei Hu and Wenbo Yu and Zhihan Liu and Daisuke Sawamura and Yuxuan Wang and Fengyu Cong},

doi = {10.1016/j.biopsycho.2025.109154},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Biological Psychology},

volume = {202},

pages = {1–10},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Visual distraction often disrupts auditory working memory, but it remains unclear whether semantic and non-semantic distractors interfere through similar or distinct neural mechanisms. This study used event-related potentials (ERPs) to examine the neural dynamics of semantic and non-semantic visual distractors during an auditory working memory task. Thirty nine healthy adults performed a paced auditory serial addition task (PASAT) while exposed to either semantic (digits) or non-semantic (abstract symbols) visual distractors. Behavioral results showed that both distractor types impaired accuracy, with semantic distractors producing longer reaction times and higher omission rates. ERP analyses revealed that both distractor types elicited enhanced P200 amplitudes and prolonged N200 and P300 latencies, reflecting shared early attentional capture and delayed stimulus evaluation. Semantic distractors further induced stronger N200 negativity at frontal sites and shortened P200 latencies, suggesting rapid semantic access and increased conflict detection demands, whereas only non-semantic distractors reduced P300 amplitudes, indicating reactive resource reallocation. Importantly, greater reductions in P300 amplitude were associated with slower responses in the semantic distractor condition. These findings demonstrate that semantic and non-semantic distractors engage partially overlapping but functionally distinct neural processes, emphasizing the importance of distractor content and processing stage in models of cross-modal cognitive control.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Copeland2025,

title = {Co-registered eye-movements and brain potentials reveal multiple effects of context across the visual field in natural reading},

author = {Allyson Copeland and Brennan R. Payne},

doi = {10.1111/psyp.70173},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Psychophysiology},

volume = {62},

number = {11},

publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Inc},

abstract = {This study investigates how expectancy and plausibility influence behavioral and neural measures of language processing during naturalistic reading comprehension. Prior event-related potential (ERP) studies show evidence of distinct post-N400 positivities to violations of semantic expectancy and plausibility using artificial serial presentation but have yet to establish these phenomena during naturalistic reading. Therefore, we recorded simultaneous eye movements and EEG while participants read highly constraining sentences with expected, unexpected (but plausible), and anomalous target words. Time locked to the pre-target word, we observed a contextually graded parafoveal N400 effect. The N400 was facilitated (i.e., reduced) when the word was subsequently fixated, suggesting trans-saccadic integration of semantic features. At target fixation, we also observed a late anteriorly distributed positivity to unexpected target words and a posteriorly distributed positivity to anomalous target words, effects that were not clearly present when time locked to the pre-target word. Eye-tracking (ET) measures show that readers were sensitive to both expectancy and plausibility at target fixation. In conclusion, we show that readers can begin accessing semantic information in parafoveal vision, but higher-level semantic processing may require the orchestration of both parafoveal and foveal representations.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Conti2025,

title = {The effect of congruency on visual exploration and episodic memory performance in Alzheimer's disease and semantic dementia},

author = {Federica Conti and Hashim El-Omar and Her Teng and Rebekah M. Ahmed and Olivier Piguet and Muireann Irish},

doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2025.109250},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Neuropsychologia},

volume = {218},

pages = {1–13},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Mounting evidence points to the role of semantic knowledge in modulating how we perceive, and subsequently remember, experiences. In healthy aging, prior knowledge becomes increasingly important to guide visual exploration during episodic encoding and retrieval and can hinder performance when incongruous with to-be-learned information. It remains unclear, however, how the dynamic integration of visual information and prior knowledge is altered in neurodegenerative disorders, and whether this impacts oculomotor behaviour. Here, we explored how degradation of the conceptual knowledge base in semantic dementia (SD) impacts the acquisition and retrieval of new information, and how such changes relate to oculomotor behaviour. Ten well-characterised cases of SD were compared to 12 disease-matched cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 24 healthy older Controls. Participants completed a visual search task followed by a surprise memory task where target objects were displayed in either semantically congruent or semantically incongruent locations. Oculomotor performance was evaluated by measuring the time participants spent exploring target congruent areas in each condition. Relative to Controls, visual search and memory performance was significantly compromised in AD, as indexed by slower response times, reduced task accuracy, and more extensive visual exploration directed towards target congruent areas. In contrast, SD patients scored in line with Controls for all behavioural and oculomotor measures on the visual search task when target objects were displayed in semantically incongruent locations. Overall, our findings suggest that degradation of the semantic and episodic memory systems in dementia differentially impacts visual exploration and memory retrieval depending on stimulus congruency.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Comay2025,

title = {Iconic versus working memory metacognition to evaluate the richness of perception: A registered report},

author = {Nicolás Alejandro Comay and Guillermo Solovey and Pablo Barttfeld},

doi = {10.1098/rsos.231805},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Royal Society Open Science},

volume = {12},

number = {11},

pages = {1–20},

publisher = {Royal Society Publishing},

abstract = {The high capacity of human iconic memory (IM) has been taken as evidence that visual experience is rich and detailed, as introspection suggests. Opponents to this view argue instead that this impression is illusory, with conscious access being mostly limited to what we can attend to. To provide evidence of either view, in this registered report we compared metacognitive sensitivity levels between IM and working memory (WM) representations. The rationale was that, if pre-attentive IM information is as consciously accessible as attention-bounded WM information, metacognitive sensitivity should be comparable across the two memory systems. Replicating classic findings, our results showed that IM capacity exceeded WM capacity. Nevertheless, and despite matched performance, metacognitive sensitivity was higher in WM. We further examined whether reduced metacognition in IM could be explained by inflation—the tendency to overestimate perceptual richness—by comparing confidence levels across the two memory conditions. Pre-registered analyses showed no evidence of inflation, as IM was associated with lower confidence. Our findings suggest that IM supports identification with less consciously accessible information than WM, challenging rich-view interpretations of conscious perception.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Chen2025i,

title = {Spatio-temporal bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory-based category decoding of natural dynamic facial expression stimuli from visual functional magnetic resonance imaging data},

author = {Panpan Chen and Chi Zhang and Bao Li and Li Tong and Long Cao and Ziya Yu and Bin Yan},

doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhaf232},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Cerebral Cortex},

volume = {35},

number = {11},

pages = {1–11},

publisher = {Oxford University Press},

abstract = {Visual perceptual decoding of facial expressions is a key focus in affective neuroscience. Developing a mapping model between visual content and signals is crucial for decoding. Most previous visual decoding models focused on brain responses to static images, neglecting temporal-dynamic feature modeling. Additionally, they input all visual cortices as a whole into the model, overlooking that visual information flows bidirectionally between the lower and higher visual cortices based on bottom-up and top-down visual mechanisms, thus hard to capture bidirectional information between visual regions located in different spatial positions. Here, we present a spatio-temporal bidirectional long short-term memory-based model to decode 3 categories of facial expressions from multi-time functional magnetic resonance imaging data. Specifically, we used the spatio-temporal bidirectional long short-term memory module with the ability to simulate time series to grasp the temporal-dependence from visual cortices, and its forward and backward directions simulate bidirectional information flow between visual cortices to capture the bidirectional spatial information. Experimental outcomes indicate that the mean decoding accuracy employing beta estimates of multi-time response signals (Repetition TimesTR1-6 1 to 6) from 5 participants is significantly higher than that of other time points signals, unidirectional connections, and publicly available models. These results reveal that our model captures temporal-dependencies and bidirectional spatial information from the visual cortices, enhancing decoding performance.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Buechli2025,

title = {The sensitivity of psychophysiological measures to changes in mental workload},

author = {Adrian Büchli and Stefan J. Troche},

doi = {10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2025.113262},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {International Journal of Psychophysiology},

volume = {217},

pages = {1–10},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Mental Workload (MWL) quantifies the subjectively experienced mental strain imposed by any task and poses interesting avenues in machine or system optimization. Thus, the psychophysiological measurement of MWL has been of large interest, but despite multiple decades of research, sensitivity to changes in MWL remains inconclusive (Ayres et al., 2021; Charles & Nixon, 2019; Tao et al., 2019). This study therefore re-evaluates sensitivity of six psychophysiological measures to changes in MWL, namely in their ability to distinguish levels of MWL. With increasing MWL, heart rate (HR), blink rate (BR), pupil dilation (PD), skin conductance responses (SCR), and skin conductance level (SCL) were expected to increase, whereas heart rate variability (HRV) was expected to decrease. For MWL induction, an adaptation of the Swaps task (Stankov & Crawford, 1993) was employed, with the aim of inducing four distinct levels of demand. MWL manipulation was successful, as in the sample of 74 university students response times significantly increased with each level, while accuracy decreased. Subjective ratings of MWL in the NASA-Task Load Index (Hart & Staveland, 1988) reflected this pattern. BR and PD were highly sensitive, increasing with each level, while HR and HRV were sensitive but less able to differentiate fine-grained changes, with the inability being more pronounced for HRV. SCR were sufficiently sensitive, except for very high levels, and SCL showed no sensitivity. These findings provide further basis for research and application of psychophysiological responses to MWL, to represent task demands more comprehensively as well as mental strain in machine-operator relations.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Bognar2025,

title = {Effects of partial occlusion on response dynamics and interregional processing within primate superior temporal sulcus},

author = {Anna Bognár and Ghazaleh Ghamkhari Nejad and Rufin Vogels},

doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0979-25.2025},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},

volume = {45},

number = {47},

pages = {1–15},

abstract = {Recognizing partially occluded objects is a critical visual function that primates perform with ease, yet the underlying neural mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Previous studies in the macaque inferotemporal cortex have reported mixed results on whether occlusion delays and reduces responses to partially occluded objects. To address this, we recorded single-unit activity from body-responsive regions of the middle and anterior superior temporal sulcus (STS) in male macaques while presenting body stimuli with varying levels of occlusion using a dot pattern. Occlusion reduced response strength and increased onset latency in both regions, and even low occlusion levels altered response dynamics by increasing the difference between the response trough and second peak. While body selectivity was preserved, body decoding accuracy declined and was delayed as occlusion increased. In contrast to some prior reports, we found no consistent enhancement of body decoding during the late response phase. By controlling for information loss and clutter introduced by the occluder, we found that reductions in response strength were partly due to the deletion of body features, whereas changes in response dynamics primarily reflected interactions between the occluder and the remaining body features. Occlusion delayed the first but not the second response peak, suggesting distinct mechanisms for these phases. Peak decoding at high occlusion levels emerged later in anterior than middle STS, indicating a feedforward component. However, representational similarity analysis combined with Granger causality suggested enhanced feedback from anterior to middle STS under high occlusion. Together, these results highlight the response dynamics supporting robust recognition under occlusion.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Bennetts2025,

title = {Consistent eye movement patterns in static and dynamic face recognition: A hidden Markov model study},

author = {Rachel J. Bennetts and Natalie Butcher and Karen Lander},

doi = {10.3390/brainsci15111173},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Brain Sciences},

volume = {15},

number = {11},

pages = {1–24},

publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)},

abstract = {Background/Objectives: Eye movements provide important insights into face processing. Hidden Markov models of eye movements (EMHMMs) are a relatively new approach that identifies common patterns across observers, moving beyond region-of-interest analyses. Prior EMHMM studies with static faces have typically revealed two strategies: a central “holistic” style and a feature-based “analytical” style. However, it is unknown whether such patterns extend to dynamic faces, which more closely reflect real-world viewing. This study is the first to apply EMHMMs to dynamic face recognition. Methods: Participants completed a face learning task in which half of the identities were presented as static images and half as dynamic videos. Eye movements were analysed using EMHMMs during both learning and recognition phases. Results: Two consistent patterns emerged across conditions: Central-focused and Eye-focused. A small subgroup displayed a third, central-plus-right-eye pattern when learning static faces. Eye movement patterns were largely stable across static and dynamic conditions, with only 16–27% of participants switching between them. Patterns were generally unrelated to recognition accuracy; however, participants adopting Eye-focused patterns during static learning performed better on static recognition. Conclusions: EMHMM-identified patterns generalise from static to dynamic faces, indicating strong stability in face-viewing behaviour across stimulus types. This finding contrasts with previous region-of-interest analyses suggesting greater differences between static and dynamic faces. By extending EMHMMs to dynamic faces, this study underscores the value of diverse analytical approaches for capturing eye movement behaviour and advancing understanding in face processing.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Abdoljabbari2025,

title = {Neuron-type-specific contributions to dynamic coding during flexible sensorimotor decisions in frontoparietal cortex},

author = {Hamidreza Abdoljabbari and Fatemeh Balapour and Scott L. Brincat and Constantin Nicolai and Markus Siegel and Earl K. Miller and Mohammad Reza Daliri},

doi = {10.1162/JOCN.a.54},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience},

volume = {37},

number = {11},

pages = {2295–2312},

publisher = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology},

abstract = {Neocortical circuits consist of multiple neuronal cell types, each likely playing distinct roles in flexible behavior. However, studies of decision-making have often overlooked these cell types, limiting our understanding of their specific contributions to local circuit functions. To address this, we simultaneously recorded neuronal activity from the frontal eye field (FEF), lateral PFC, and lateral intraparietal area (LIP) in a macaque monkey performing a visuomotor decision-making task. We used extracellular spike waveforms to reliably identify two functional classes of neurons: broad-spiking (BS) putative pyramidal cells and narrow-spiking (NS) putative interneurons. These cell types exhibited distinct response dynamics and choice-related information encoding across cortical regions. NS neurons in LIP and PFC showed higher choice-related activity and contributed to early encoding of decisions, whereas in FEF, NS neurons demonstrated dynamic encoding patterns, with BS neurons exhibiting significantly more stable encoding. Our findings reveal that choice information is represented differently across cell types and cortical regions, with NS neurons favoring early population coding in PFC and LIP and BS neurons exhibiting more static encoding in FEF. This heterogeneous coding strategy suggests that decision-related dynamics in the frontoparietal network are shaped by interactions between these distinct neuronal populations. The results provide new insights into cortical circuit dynamics and cell-type-specific contributions to decision-making.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Zhou2025b,

title = {Distractor suppression driven by statistical regularities of target could occur only for larger search arrays},

author = {Xing Zhou and Yun Sun and Qi Zhang and Feifei Cui},

doi = {10.3758/s13414-025-03099-2},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics},

volume = {87},

number = {7},

pages = {2069–2084},

publisher = {Springer},

abstract = {A number of studies have suggested that biasing the probability by which distractors appear at locations in visual space may lead to attentional suppression of high-probability distractor locations. It effectively reduces capture by a distractor but also impairs target selection at this location. Recently, there is still debate on whether the distractor processing could be affected by the statistical regularities of the target location. In the current study, through four experiments, we manipulated search array size (the number of the elements on the display – four, six, ten, 12). In each experiment, we manipulated spatial regularities of the target including one low-probability target location and other high-probability target locations. We found that statistical regularities of the target location could affect the distractor processing, but this occurred only for larger search array sizes (e.g., ten and 12 elements). Our new finding provided the evidence for whether statistical regularities regarding the target could affect distractor processing. We concluded that search array size was a potential and critical factor for determining whether distractor suppression could be driven by statistical regularities of target location.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Zheng2025d,

title = {Spatiotemporal evidence accumulation through saccadic sampling for object recognition},

author = {Zhihao Zheng and Jiaqi Hu and Gouki Okazawa},

doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2453-24.2025},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},

volume = {45},

number = {44},

pages = {1–18},

abstract = {Visual object recognition has been extensively studied under fixation conditions, but our natural viewing involves frequent saccadic eye movements that scan multiple local informative features within an object (e.g., eyes and mouth in a face image). These saccades would contribute to object recognition by subserving the integration of sensory information across local features, but mechanistic models underlying this process have yet to be established due to the presumed complexity of the interactions between the visual and oculomotor systems. Here, we employ a framework of perceptual decision making and show that human object categorization behavior with saccades can be quantitatively explained by a model that simply accumulates the sensory evidence available at each moment. Human participants of both sexes performed face and object categorization while they were allowed to freely make saccades to scan local features. Our model could successfully fit the data even during such a free viewing condition, departing from past studies that required controlled eye movements to test trans-saccadic integration. Moreover, further experimental results confirmed that active saccade commands (efference copy) do not substantially contribute to evidence accumulation. Therefore, we propose that object recognition with saccades can be approximated by a parsimonious decision-making model without assuming complex interactions between the visual and oculomotor systems.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Yang2025b,

title = {More fixations in static facial regions during emotion recognition among TLE patients with severe depression},

author = {Haojun Yang and Qiong Zhang and Kailing Huang and Li Feng},

doi = {10.1111/cns.70636},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {CNS Neuroscience and Therapeutics},

volume = {31},

number = {10},

pages = {1–8},

publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Inc},

abstract = {Aim: To explore the emotion recognition (ER) abilities among temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients with different levels of depression. Methods: This observational study was conducted during December 2021 and November 2022, including 71 healthy controls (HCs) and 93 TLE patients. Based on the scores of the Beck Depression Index, the patients were divided into four groups (no/mild/moderate/severe depression). All participants finished the Faux pas task (FPT), watched the dynamic facial expression task and recognized the emotion (anger, disgust, happiness, or sadness) with the recording of eye movements. The accuracy of ER was recorded. The percentage of fixation in interested areas (IA) and fixation counts in IA were selected and analyzed. Results: TLE patients without depression had significantly lower FPT scores (p = 0.001) and accuracy ratios of dynamic facial ER (p = 0.039) than HCs. Patients with severe depression had significantly more fixation percentages and fixation counts in the nose than patients with no/mild/moderate depression (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The recording of eye movement provides more accurate and objective biobehavioral indicators for distinguishing TLE patients with severe depression, which has great practical significance for early monitoring and intervention.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Xue2025c,

title = {Neither exogenous, nor endogenous: Evidence for a distinct role of negative emotion during attentional control},

author = {Xiaojuan Xue and Gilles Pourtois},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0319888},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {PLoS One},

volume = {20},

number = {10},

pages = {1–21},

publisher = {Public Library of Science},

abstract = {Negative or threatening stimuli capture attention. However, it remains unclear whether this phenomenon is best conceived as bottom-up (i.e., salience-driven) or top-down (i.e., goal-directed) instead. To address this question, we conducted two experiments using a previously validated dot-probe task (DPT) where physical salience (i.e., abrupt luminance change) and negative emotion (i.e., fearful face) competed with one another for attention selection (Experiment 1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wong2025,

title = {Anticipatory prediction in older readers},

author = {Roslyn Wong and Aaron Veldre},

doi = {10.3758/s13421-025-01712-1},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Memory and Cognition},

volume = {53},

number = {7},

pages = {2312–2331},

publisher = {Springer},

abstract = {It is well-established that skilled, young-adult readers rely on predictive processing during online language comprehension; however, fewer studies have investigated whether this extends to healthy, older adults (60 + years). The aim of the present research was to assess whether older readers make use of lexical prediction by investigating whether they demonstrate processing costs for incorrect predictions in a controlled experimental design. The eye movements of a sample of older adults (60–86 years) were recorded as they read strongly and weakly constraining sentences containing a predictable word or an unpredictable alternative that was either semantically related or unrelated. To determine whether predictive processing depends on the stimuli presentation format, a second experiment presented the same materials in a self-paced reading task in which each word of a sentence appears one at a time at the readers' own pace. Older adults showed processing benefits for expected input on eye-movement measures of reading. They also showed processing costs for unexpected input across both methodologies, but only when semantically unrelated to the best completion. Taken together, the results suggest that the use of predictive processes remains relatively preserved with age. The implications of these findings for understanding whether prediction is a fundamental component of online language comprehension are discussed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wilcockson2025a,

title = {Saccadic eye movements differentiate functional cognitive disorder from mild cognitive impairment},

author = {Thomas D. W. Wilcockson and Sankanika Roy and Trevor J. Crawford},

doi = {10.1177/03010066251359215},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Perception},

volume = {54},

number = {10},

pages = {768–779},

publisher = {SAGE Publications Ltd},

abstract = {Functional Cognitive Disorder (“FCD”) is a type of Functional Neurological Disorder characterised by subjective cognitive complaints not fully attributable to brain injury, disease, or other neuropathological or psychiatric conditions. FCD is a cognitive impairment but does not necessarily “convert” to cognitive decline. However, FCD is common in Memory Clinics worldwide, and currently there is a lack of tests to objectively assess FCD. Establishing whether memory complaints are functional or not is vital for clinicians and objective tests are required. Previous research indicates that early-stage Alzheimer's disease can be differentiated from healthy individuals by antisaccade eye-movement. Therefore, eye movements may be able to objectively ascertain whether self-reported memory complaints are functional in nature. In this study, FCD participants were Memory Clinic patients who self-reported memory complaints but showed internal inconsistency regarding memory issues on memory tests. Participants with FCD were compared to Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) patients and healthy controls (HC) on antisaccadic and prosaccade eye movement tasks. The parameters obtained were reaction-time (RT) mean and SD and antisaccade error rate. MCI differed significantly from HC in antisaccade RT-mean, RT-SD, error-rate, and from FCD antisaccade RT-mean, RT-SD, and error-rate. FCD did not differ significantly from HC for antisaccade parameters. However, FCD differed significantly from HC for prosaccade RT-mean and RT-SD. MCI did not differ significantly from HC or FCD in prosaccade parameters. These results indicate that eye movement tasks could ultimately aid clinicians in the diagnosis of FCD. With additional research into sensitivity and specificity, eye movement tasks could become an important feature of memory clinics.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wienholz2025,

title = {Tracking effects of age of sign language acquisition and phonology in American Sign Language sentence processing},

author = {Anne Wienholz and Amy M. Lieberman},

doi = {10.3758/s13421-025-01695-z},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Memory & Cognition},

volume = {53},

number = {7},

pages = {2009–2027},

publisher = {Springer},

abstract = {Processing sign language involves activation of phonological features of signs. Previous research provides evidence for effects of age of sign language acquisition as well as amount and type of phonological relatedness during processing of single signs, but it is unknown how these factors affect sentence-level sign processing. This paper presents a phonological priming eye tracking study of American Sign Language (ASL) processing, in which we systematically vary the degree and type of phonological relatedness in prime-target sign pairs embedded in ASL sentences. We tested degree of relatedness by using sign pairs sharing either one or two out of three phonological parameters. We tested type of relatedness by using signs that were phonologically related in all possible combinations of the parameters handshape, location, and movement. Participants were exposed to sign language either early (before the age of five years) or late (after the age of five years), allowing us to explore how age of sign language acquisition impacts activation of phonological features of signs. Late signers were more affected by the degree of relatedness than early signers; primes that shared any information with the target led to increased time to identify the target, regardless of the specific parameter(s) that overlapped. There was a high degree of variability for type of relatedness, but sign pairs that shared location were particularly salient. Group differences suggested varying sensitivities to phonological information in early and late signers. Our study emphasizes that phonological relatedness should be carefully controlled when examining sign processing in signers differing in their language backgrounds.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wang2025c,

title = {The integration of auditory and textual input in vocabulary learning from subtitled viewing: An eye-tracking study},

author = {Andi Wang},

doi = {10.64152/10125/73648},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Language Learning & Technology},

volume = {29},

number = {3},

pages = {70–91},

publisher = {National Foreign Language Resource Center},

abstract = {Numerous studies have documented the benefits of watching audio-visual materials with on-screen text for L2 vocabulary learning (Montero Perez, 2022). The provision of both auditory and textual input allows learners to link auditory and written forms (or L1 meanings) of unknown words during viewing, which could potentially facilitate vocabulary learning. However, little is known about the dynamics of text-audio synchrony in subtitled viewing and how the processing of written words in relation to the audio may lead to vocabulary learning. Eighty-one intermediate-to-advanced Chinese learners of English watched an English documentary with one of three on-screen texts (i.e., captions, L1 subtitles, and bilingual subtitles), while their eye movements were monitored. Participants' awareness of 17 unknown words and vocabulary learning gains were assessed via stimulated recalls and three vocabulary tests. Results revealed that captions facilitated text-audio synchronisation, whereas L1 subtitles generally led to reading ahead and skipping. Bilingual subtitles enabled synchronisation of L1 translations with L2 audio but often resulted in skipping L2 forms. Most text-audio processing behaviours led to moderate predicted probabilities of vocabulary learning and participants' reported awareness, with no significant within-group difference, except for the processing of L2 unknown words in bilingual subtitles.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Koch2025a,

title = {Differential gaze disengagement from friendly and disdainful facial expressions predicts reliable increase of depressive symptoms following euthymia: Reliminary evidence from an eye-tracking study at 6-month follow-up},

author = {Lara Koch and Benedikt Reuter and Norbert Kathmann},

doi = {10.1007/s10608-025-10586-1},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Cognitive Therapy and Research},

volume = {49},

number = {5},

pages = {1031–1044},

publisher = {Springer},

abstract = {Background: Attentional biases to emotional information are assumed to play a crucial role in the onset and maintenance of depression. Moreover, recent studies show that biases may remain present in previously affected individuals during non-symptomatic stages even after acute depression has fully subsided. For example, in an investigation probing attentional disengagement from facial expressions of happiness, sadness, and disgust, never-depressed individuals showed speeded disengagement from disgusted expressions in comparison to happy faces, but this differential processing pattern was absent in currently euthymic individuals with a history of major depression. Purpose: Building on these findings, the present follow-up study aimed to explore the predictive power of that previously described disengagement bias by assessing depressive symptoms in 63 initially euthymic individuals six months after they had participated in a gaze-contingent eye tracking task. Methods: Each participants' mean difference in saccade latency to initiate eye movements away from facial expressions of happiness and disgust was assessed at baseline, and tested for associations with self-reported depressive symptom gains six months later. Results: The individual's difference between these two emotion conditions when performing attentional disengagement (ADΔhappiness-disgust) significantly predicted the occurrence of a reliable increase in depressive symptom severity at six months follow-up. This effect remained significant when controlling for baseline symptom severity and lifetime history of depression. Conversely, dimensional change in depressive symptom severity was not predicted by the ADΔhappiness-disgust score. Conclusions: We suggest that an individual difference score reflecting the ability to disengage attention from facial expressions of disgust versus happiness may be particularly useful in identifying individuals prone to experiencing reliable increases in depressive symptoms.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Vieira2025a,

title = {When function words carry content},

author = {João Vieira and Elisângela Teixeira and Erica Rodrigues and Hayward J. Godwin and Denis Drieghe},

doi = {10.1177/17470218241307582},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology},

volume = {78},

number = {10},

pages = {2235–2248},

publisher = {SAGE Publications Ltd},

abstract = {Studies on eye movements during reading have primarily focussed on the processing of content words (CWs), such as verbs and nouns. Those few studies that have analysed eye movements on function words (FWs), such as articles and prepositions, have reported that FWs are typically skipped more often and, when fixated, receive fewer and shorter fixations than CWs. However, those studies were often conducted in languages where FWs contain comparatively little information (e.g., the in English). In Brazilian Portuguese (BP), FWs can carry gender and number marking. In the present study, we analysed data from the RASTROS corpus of natural reading in BP and examined the effects of word length, predictability, frequency and word class on eye movements. Very limited differences between FWs and CWs were observed mostly restricted to the skipping rates of short words, such that FWs were skipped more often than CWs. For fixation times, differences were either nonexistent or restricted to atypical FWs, such as low frequency FWs, warranting further research. As such, our results are more compatible with studies showing limited or no differences in processing speed between FWs and CWs when influences of word length, frequency and predictability are taken into account.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}