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@article{Aparicio2016,

title = {Neurophysiological organization of the middle face patch in macaque inferior temporal cortex},

author = {Paul L. Aparicio and Elias B. Issa and James J. DiCarlo},

doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0237-16.2016},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Neuroscience},

volume = {36},

number = {50},

pages = {12729–12745},

abstract = {While early cortical visual areas contain fine scale spatial organization of neuronal properties such as orientation preference, the spatial organization of higher-level visual areas is less well understood. The fMRI demonstration of face preferring regions in human ventral cortex (FFA, OFA) and monkey inferior temporal cortex ("face patches") raises the question of how neural selectivity for faces is organized. Here, we targeted hundreds of spatially registered neural recordings to the largest fMRI-identified face selective region in monkeys, the middle face patch (MFP) and show that the MFP contains a graded enrichment of face preferring neurons. At its center, as much as 93% of the sites we sampled responded twice as strongly to faces than to non-face objects. We estimate the maximum neurophysiological size of the MFP to be ∼6 mm in diameter, consistent with its previously reported size under fMRI. Importantly, face selectivity in the MFP varied strongly even between neighboring sites. Additionally, extremely face selective sites were ∼50x more likely to be present inside the MFP than outside. These results provide the first direct quantification of the size and neural composition of the MFP by showing that the cortical tissue localized to the fMRI defined region consists of a very high fraction of face preferring sites near its center, and a monotonic decrease in that fraction along any radial spatial axis.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Benedetto2016,

title = {Dissociable saccadic suppression of pupillary and perceptual responses to light},

author = {Alessandro Benedetto and Paola Binda},

doi = {10.1152/jn.00964.2015},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},

volume = {115},

number = {3},

pages = {1243–1251},

abstract = {We measured pupillary constrictions in response to full-screen flashes of variable luminance, occurring either at the onset of a saccadic eye movement or well before/after it. A large fraction of perisaccadic flashes were undetectable to the subjects, consistent with saccadic suppression of visual sensitivity. Likewise, pupillary responses to perisaccadic flashes were strongly suppressed. However, the two phenomena appear to be dissociable. Across subjects and luminance levels of the flash stimulus, there were cases in which conscious perception of the flash was completely depleted yet the pupillary response was clearly present, as well as cases in which the opposite occurred. On one hand, the fact that pupillary light responses are subject to saccadic suppression reinforces evidence that this is not a simple reflex but depends on the integration of retinal illumination with complex "extraretinal" cues. On the other hand, the relative independence of pupillary and perceptual responses suggests that suppression acts separately on these systems-consistent with the idea of multiple visual pathways that are differentially affected by saccades.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Boisvert2016,

title = {Predicting task from eye movements: On the importance of spatial distribution, dynamics, and image features},

author = {Jonathan F. G. Boisvert and Neil D. B. Bruce},

doi = {10.1016/j.neucom.2016.05.047},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Neurocomputing},

volume = {207},

pages = {653–668},

publisher = {Elsevier},

abstract = {Yarbus׳ pioneering work in eye tracking has been influential to methodology and in demonstrating the apparent importance of task in eliciting different fixation patterns. There has been renewed interest in Yarbus׳ assertions on the importance of task in recent years, driven in part by a greater capability to apply quantitative methods to fixation data analysis. A number of recent research efforts have examined the extent to which an observer׳s task may be predicted from recorded fixation data. This body of recent work has raised a number of interesting questions, with some investigations calling for closer examination of the validity of Yarbus׳ claims, and subsequent efforts revealing some of the nuances involved in carrying out this type of analysis including both methodological, and data related considerations. In this paper, we present an overview of prior efforts in task prediction, and assess different types of statistics drawn from fixation data, or images in their ability to predict task from gaze. We also examine the extent to which relatively general task definitions (free-viewing, object-search, saliency-viewing, explicit saliency) may be predicted by spatial positioning of fixations, features co-located with fixation points, fixation dynamics and scene structure. This is accomplished in considering the data of Koehler et al. (2014) [30] affording a larger scale, and qualitatively different corpus of data for task prediction relative to existing efforts. Based on this analysis, we demonstrate that both spatial position, as well as local features are of value in distinguishing general task categories. The methods proposed provide a general framework for highlighting features that distinguish behavioural differences observed across visual tasks, and we relate new task prediction results in this paper to the body of prior work in this domain. Finally, we also comment on the value of task prediction and classification models in general in understanding facets of gaze behaviour.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Perron2016,

title = {Differences between traces of negative emotions in smile judgment},

author = {Melanie Perron and Annie Roy-Charland and Justin A. Chamberland and Carolyn Bleach and Annalie Pelot},

doi = {10.1007/s11031-016-9546-x},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Motivation and Emotion},

volume = {40},

number = {3},

pages = {478–488},

publisher = {Springer US},

abstract = {While a smile can reflect felt happiness, it can also be voluntarily produced, for instance, to mask negative emotions. Masking strategies are not always perfect and traces of the negative emotion can leak. The current study examined the role of traces of anger, sadness, fear and disgust in the judgment of authenticity of smiles. Participants judged the authenticity of the smiles while their eye movements were recorded. They were also asked if the stimuli comprised another emotion and, if so, what the emotion was. Results revealed that participants were sensitive to traces of negative emotions. Variations were observed between emotions with performance being best for traces of fear and lowest for traces of anger in the eyebrows in the judgment task. However, when the pres- ence of a negative emotion was reported, participants were less accurate in identifying fear but more accurate in identifying anger. Furthermore, variations were observed as a function of the location of the trace whether in the mouth or eyes as a function of the emotion. Traces in the eyebrows were associated with better performance than traces in the mouth for sadness but the opposite was observed for anger. The performance at the judgment task was not linked to eye movement measures or explicit knowledge of the masked emotion. Future research should explore other explanation for the variations in performance in the judgments of authenticity of masking smiles such as emotional},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{rwb16,

title = {Listeners use speaker identity to access representations of spatial perspective during online language comprehension},

author = {Rachel A. Ryskin and Ranxiao Frances Wang and Sarah Brown-Schmidt},

doi = {10.1016/j.cognition.2015.11.011},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Cognition},

volume = {147},

pages = {75–84},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Little is known about how listeners represent another person's spatial perspective during language processing (e.g., two people looking at a map from different angles). Can listeners use contextual cues such as speaker identity to access a representation of the interlocutor's spatial perspective? In two eye-tracking experiments, participants received auditory instructions to move objects around a screen from two randomly alternating spatial perspectives (45° vs. 315° or 135° vs. 225° rotations from the participant's viewpoint). Instructions were spoken either by one voice, where the speaker's perspective switched at random, or by two voices, where each speaker maintained one perspective. Analysis of participant eye-gaze showed that interpretation of the instructions improved when each viewpoint was associated with a different voice. These findings demonstrate that listeners can learn mappings between individual talkers and viewpoints, and use these mappings to guide online language processing.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Agaoglu2016b,

title = {Unmasking saccadic uncrowding},

author = {Mehmet N. Ağaoğlu and Haluk Öğmen and Susana T. L. Chung},

doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2016.08.003},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Vision Research},

volume = {127},

pages = {152–164},

abstract = {Stimuli that are briefly presented around the time of saccades are often perceived with spatiotemporal distortions. These distortions do not always have deleterious effects on the visibility and identification of a stimulus. Recent studies reported that when a stimulus is the target of an intended saccade, it is released from both masking and crowding. Here, we investigated pre-saccadic changes in single and crowded letter recognition performance in the absence (Experiment 1) and the presence (Experiment 2) of backward masks to determine the extent to which saccadic “uncrowding” and “unmasking” mechanisms are similar. Our results show that pre-saccadic improvements in letter recognition performance are mostly due to the presence of masks and/or stimulus transients which occur after the target is presented. More importantly, we did not find any decrease in crowding strength before impending saccades. A simplified version of a dual-channel neural model, originally proposed to explain masking phenomena, with several saccadic add-on mechanisms, could account for our results in Experiment 1. However, this model falls short in explaining how saccades drastically reduced the effect of backward masking (Experiment 2). The addition of a remapping mechanism that alters the relative spatial positions of stimuli was needed to fully account for the improvements observed when backward masks followed the letter stimuli. Taken together, our results (i) are inconsistent with saccadic uncrowding, (ii) strongly support saccadic unmasking, and (iii) suggest that pre-saccadic letter recognition is modulated by multiple perisaccadic mechanisms with different time courses.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Hogendoorn2016,

title = {Voluntary saccadic eye movements ride the attentional rhythm},

author = {Hinze Hogendoorn},

doi = {10.1162/jocn_a_00986},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience},

volume = {28},

number = {10},

pages = {1625–1635},

abstract = {Visual perception seems continuous, but recent evidence suggests that the underlying perceptual mechanisms are in fact periodic—particularly visual attention. Because visual attention is closely linked to the preparation of saccadic eye movements, the question arises how periodic attentional processes interact with the preparation and execution of voluntary saccades. In two experiments, human observers made voluntary saccades between two placeholders, monitoring each one for the presentation of a threshold-level target. Detection performance was evaluated as a function of latency with respect to saccade landing. The time course ofdetection performance revealed oscillations at around 4 Hz both before the saccade at the saccade origin and after the saccade at the saccade destination. Furthermore, oscillations before and after the saccade were in phase, meaning that the saccade did not disrupt or reset the ongoing attentional rhythm. Instead, it seems that voluntary saccades are executed as part of an ongoing attentional rhythm, with the eyes in flight during the troughs of the attentional wave. This finding for the first time demonstrates that periodic attentional mechanisms affect not only perception but also overt motor behavior.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lee2016a,

title = {Differences in sequential eye movement behavior between Taiwanese and American viewers},

author = {Yen-Ju Lee and Harold H. Greene and Chia W. Tsai and Yu J. Chou},

doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00697},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},

volume = {7},

pages = {697},

abstract = {Knowledge of how information is sought in the visual world is useful for predicting and simulating human behavior. Taiwanese participants and American participants were instructed to judge the facial expression of a focal face that was flanked horizontally by other faces while their eye movements were monitored. The Taiwanese participants distributed their eye fixations more widely than American participants, started to look away from the focal face earlier than American participants, and spent a higher percentage of time looking at the flanking faces. Eye movement transition matrices also provided evidence that Taiwanese participants continually, and systematically shifted gaze between focal and flanking faces. Eye movement patterns were less systematic and less prevalent in American participants. This suggests that both cultures utilized different attention allocation strategies. The results highlight the importance of determining sequential eye movement statistics in cross-cultural research on the utilization of visual context.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{NeathTavares2016,

title = {Neural processing of fearful and happy facial expressions during emotion-relevant and emotion-irrelevant tasks: A fixation-to-feature approach},

author = {Karly N. Neath-Tavares and Roxane J. Itier},

doi = {10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.07.013},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Biological Psychology},

volume = {119},

pages = {122–140},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Research suggests an important role of the eyes and mouth for discriminating facial expressions of emotion. A gaze-contingent procedure was used to test the impact of fixation to facial features on the neural response to fearful, happy and neutral facial expressions in an emotion discrimination (Exp.1) and an oddball detection (Exp.2) task. The N170 was the only eye-sensitive ERP component, and this sensitivity did not vary across facial expressions. In both tasks, compared to neutral faces, responses to happy expressions were seen as early as 100–120 ms occipitally, while responses to fearful expressions started around 150 ms, on or after the N170, at both occipital and lateral-posterior sites. Analyses of scalp topographies revealed different distributions of these two emotion effects across most of the epoch. Emotion processing interacted with fixation location at different times between tasks. Results suggest a role of both the eyes and mouth in the neural processing of fearful expressions and of the mouth in the processing of happy expressions, before 350 ms.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Popivanov2016,

title = {Stimulus features coded by single neurons of a macaque body category selective patch},

author = {Ivo D. Popivanov and Philippe G. Schyns and Rufin Vogels},

doi = {10.1073/pnas.1520371113},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},

volume = {113},

number = {17},

pages = {E2450–E2459},

abstract = {Body category-selective regions of the primate temporal cortex respond to images of bodies, but it is unclear which fragments of such images drive single neurons' responses in these regions. Here we applied the Bubbles technique to the responses of single macaque middle superior temporal sulcus (midSTS) body patch neurons to reveal the image fragments the neurons respond to. We found that local image fragments such as extremities (limbs), curved boundaries, and parts of the torso drove the large majority of neurons. Bubbles revealed the whole body in only a few neurons. Neurons coded the features in a manner that was tolerant to translation and scale changes. Most image fragments were excitatory but for a few neurons both inhibitory and excitatory fragments (opponent coding) were present in the same image. The fragments we reveal here in the body patch with Bubbles differ from those suggested in previous studies of face-selective neurons in face patches. Together, our data indicate that the majority of body patch neurons respond to local image fragments that occur frequently, but not exclusively, in bodies, with a coding that is tolerant to translation and scale. Overall, the data suggest that the body category selectivity of the midSTS body patch depends more on the feature statistics of bodies (e.g., extensions occur more frequently in bodies) than on semantics (bodies as an abstract category).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{rshkcm16,

title = {Decisions in motion: Vestibular contributions to saccadic target selection},

author = {L. Rincon-Gonzalez and Luc P. J. Selen and K. Halfwerk and Mathieu Koppen and B. D. Corneil and W. Pieter Medendorp},

doi = {10.1152/jn.01071.2015},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},

volume = {116},

number = {3},

pages = {977–985},

abstract = {The natural world continuously presents us with many opportunities for action, and thus a process of target selection must precede action execution. While there has been considerable progress in understanding target selection in stationary environments, little is known about target selection when we are in motion. Here we investigated the effect of self-motion signals on saccadic target selection in a dynamic environment. Human subjects were sinusoidally translated (f = 0.6 Hz, 30-cm peak-to-peak displacement) along an interaural axis with a vestibular sled. During the motion two visual targets were presented asynchronously but equidistantly on either side of fixation. Subjects had to look at one of these targets as quickly as possible. With an adaptive approach, the time delay between these targets was adjusted until the subject selected both targets equally often. We determined this balanced time delay for different phases of the motion in order to distinguish the effects of body acceleration and velocity on saccadic target selection. Results show that acceleration (or position, as these are indistinguishable during sinusoidal motion), but not velocity, affects target selection for saccades. Subjects preferred to look at targets in the direction of the acceleration-the leftward target was preferred when the sled accelerated to the left, and vice versa. Saccadic reaction times mimicked this selection bias by being reliably shorter to targets in the direction of acceleration. Our results provide evidence that saccade target selection mechanisms are modulated by self-motion signals, which could be derived directly from the otolith system.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Tong2016,

title = {Degradation of binocular coordination during sleep deprivation},

author = {Jianliang Tong and Jun Maruta and Kristin J. Heaton and Alexis L. Maule and Umesh Rajashekar and Lisa A. Spielman and Jamshid Ghajar},

doi = {10.3389/fneur.2016.00090},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Neurology},

volume = {7},

pages = {90},

abstract = {To aid a clear and unified visual perception while tracking a moving target, both eyes must be coordinated, so the image of the target falls on approximately corresponding areas of the fovea of each eye. The movements of the two eyes are decoupled during sleep, suggesting a role of arousal in regulating binocular coordination. While the absence of visual input during sleep may also contribute to binocular decoupling, sleepiness is a state of reduced arousal that still allows for visual input, providing a context within which the role of arousal in binocular coordination can be studied. We examined the effects of sleep deprivation on binocular coordination using a test paradigm that we previously showed to be sensitive to sleep deprivation. We quantified binocular coordination with the SD of the distance between left and right gaze positions on the screen. We also quantified the stability of conjugate gaze on the target, i.e., gaze-target synchronization, with the SD of the distance between the binocular average gaze and the target. Sleep deprivation degraded the stability of both binocular coordination and gaze-target synchronization, but between these two forms of gaze control the horizontal and vertical components were affected differently, suggesting that disconjugate and conjugate eye movements are under different regulation of attentional arousal. The prominent association found between sleep deprivation and degradation of binocular coordination in the horizontal direction may be used for a fit-for-duty assessment.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Verghese2016,

title = {Depth perception and grasp in central field loss},

author = {Preeti Verghese and Terence L. Tyson and Saeideh Ghahghaei and Donald C. Fletcher},

doi = {10.1167/iovs.15-18336},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},

volume = {57},

number = {3},

pages = {1476–1487},

abstract = {PURPOSE: We set out to determine whether individuals with central field loss benefit from using two eyes to perform a grasping task. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that this advantage is correlated with coarse stereopsis, in addition to binocular summation indices of visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and binocular visual field. METHODS: Sixteen participants with macular degeneration and nine age-matched controls placed pegs on a pegboard, while their eye and hand movements were recorded. Importantly, the pegboard was placed near eye height, to minimize the contribution of monocular cues to peg position. All participants performed this task binocularly and monocularly. Before the experiment, we performed microperimetry to determine the profile of field loss in each eye and the locations of eccentric fixation (if applicable). In addition, we measured both acuity and contrast sensitivity monocularly and binocularly, and stereopsis by using both a RanDot test and a custom stereo test. RESULTS: Peg-placement time was significantly shorter and participants made significantly fewer errors with binocular than with monocular viewing in both the patient and control groups. Among participants with measurable stereopsis, binocular advantage in peg-placement time was significantly correlated with stereoacuity (ρ = -0.78; P = 0.003). In patients without measurable stereopsis, the binocular advantage was related significantly to the overlap in the scotoma between the two eyes (ρ = -0.81; P = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS: The high correlation between grasp performance and stereoacuity indicates that coarse stereopsis may benefit tasks of daily living for individuals with central field loss.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wang2016c,

title = {Disruption of pupil size modulation correlates with voluntary motor preparation deficits in Parkinson's disease},

author = {Chin-An Wang and Hailey McInnis and Donald C. Brien and Giovanna Pari and Douglas P. Munoz},

doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.11.019},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Neuropsychologia},

volume = {80},

pages = {176–184},

publisher = {Elsevier},

abstract = {Pupil size is an easy-to-measure, non-invasive method to index various cognitive processes. Although a growing number of studies have incorporated measures of pupil size into clinical investigation, there have only been limited studies in Parkinson's disease (PD). Convergent evidence has suggested PD patients exhibit cognitive impairment at or soon after diagnosis. Here, we used an interleaved pro- and anti-saccade paradigm while monitoring pupil size with saccadic eye movements to examine the relationship between executive function deficits and pupil size in PD patients. Subjects initially fixated a central cue, the color of which instructed them to either look at a peripheral stimulus automatically (pro-saccade) or suppress the automatic response and voluntarily look in the opposite direction of the stimulus (anti-saccade). We hypothesized that deficits of voluntary control should be revealed not only on saccadic but also on pupil responses because of the recently suggested link between the saccade and pupil control circuits. In elderly controls, pupil size was modulated by task preparation, showing larger dilation prior to stimulus appearance in preparation for correct anti-saccades, compared to correct pro-saccades, or erroneous pro-saccades made in the anti-saccade condition. Moreover, the size of pupil dilation correlated negatively with anti-saccade reaction times. However, this profile of pupil size modulation was significantly blunted in PD patients, reflecting dysfunctional circuits for anti-saccade preparation. Our results demonstrate disruptions of modulated pupil responses by voluntary movement preparation in PD patients, highlighting the potential of using low-cost pupil size measurement to examine executive function deficits in early PD.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Jang2016,

title = {Attentional processing of emotional faces in schizophrenia: Evidence from eye tracking},

author = {Seon-Kyeong Jang and Sujin Kim and Chai-Youn Kim and Hyeon-Seung Lee and Kee-Hong Choi},

doi = {10.1037/abn0000198},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Abnormal Psychology},

volume = {125},

number = {7},

pages = {894–906},

abstract = {Severe emotional disturbances such as anxiety and depression have been closely related to aberrant attentional processing of emotional stimuli. However, this has been little studied in schizophrenia, which is also characterized by marked emotional impairments such as heightened negative affect and anhedonia. In the current study, we investigated temporal dynamics of motivated attention to emotional stimuli in schizophrenia. For this purpose, we tracked eye movements of 22 individuals with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (ISZs) and 19 healthy controls (HCs) to emotional (i.e., happy, sad, angry) and neutral face pairs presented either for 500 ms or 1,500 ms. Initial fixation direction and viewing time at 3 successive intervals (0–500, 500–1,000, 1,000–1,500 ms) were calculated. The results showed that both ISZs and HCs were more likely to orient initial fixations and exhibited longer viewing times to emotional than neutral faces. However, compared with HCs, ISZs allocated less attention to overall faces during the late stage (1,000–1,500 ms) when one of the paired faces displayed negative emotions. Furthermore, positive symptoms were highly associated with initial fixation avoidance to angry faces while depressive symptoms were related to later avoidance of angry faces. Both social amotivation and poor interpersonal functioning were closely related to diminished sustained attention to happy faces. This suggests that early attentional capture of emotional salience may be relatively preserved in schizophrenia, but the people with this disorder display an atypical late attentional process characterized by generalized attentional avoidance of negative stimuli. Of note, aberrant attentional processes of social threat and reward were closely associated with major symptoms and functioning in this disorder.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{rtjkl16,

title = {Impairing the useful field of view in natural scenes: Tunnel vision versus general interference},

author = {Ryan V. Ringer and Zachary Throneburg and Aaron P. Johnson and Arthur F. Kramer and Lester C. Loschky},

doi = {10.1167/16.2.7},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {16},

number = {2},

pages = {1–25},

abstract = {A fundamental issue in visual attention is the relationship between the useful field of view (UFOV), the region of visual space where information is encoded within a single fixation, and eccentricity. A common assumption is that impairing attentional resources reduces the size of the UFOV (i.e., tunnel vision). However, most research has not accounted for eccentricity-dependent changes in spatial resolution, potentially conflating fixed visual properties with flexible changes in visual attention. Williams (1988, 1989) argued that foveal loads are necessary to reduce the size of the UFOV, producing tunnel vision. Without a foveal load, it is argued that the attentional decrement is constant across the visual field (i.e., general interference). However, other research asserts that auditory working memory (WM) loads produce tunnel vision. To date, foveal versus auditory WM loads have not been compared to determine if they differentially change the size of the UFOV. In two experiments, we tested the effects of a foveal (rotated L vs. T discrimination) task and an auditory WM (N-back) task on an extrafoveal (Gabor) discrimination task. Gabor patches were scaled for size and processing time to produce equal performance across the visual field under single-task conditions, thus removing the confound of eccentricity-dependent differences in visual sensitivity. The results showed that although both foveal and auditory loads reduced Gabor orientation sensitivity, only the foveal load interacted with retinal eccentricity to produce tunnel vision, clearly demonstrating task-specific changes to the form of the UFOV. This has theoretical implications for understanding the UFOV.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Benjamin2016,

title = {Can color act as a contextual cue in human saccadic adaptation?},

author = {Brittany Benjamin and Christopher Macomb and Alisha Martin and Aaron L. Cecala},

doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1893/BIOS-D-14-00011.1},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Bios},

volume = {87},

number = {1},

pages = {9–20},

abstract = {When the head does not move, rapid movements of the eyes called saccades are used to redirect the line of sight. Saccades are defined by a series of metrical and kinematic (evolution of a movement as a function of time) relationships. For example, the amplitude of a saccade made from one visual target to another is roughly 90% of the distance between the initial fixation point (T0) and the peripheral target (T1). However, this stereotypical relationship between saccade amplitude and initial retinal error (jT1-Initial Eye Positionj) may be altered, either increased or decreased, by surreptitiously displacing a visual target during an ongoing saccade. This form of saccadic adaptation has been described in both humans and monkeys. We investigated the effects of a contextual cue (target color) on the magnitude of human saccadic adaptation using an eye tracker to measure our subjects' eye position. Our results indicate that target color cannot be used by the eye movement control system to elicit differential changes in motor output regardless of whether the color cues are randomly intermixed or presented sequentially.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Bolhuis2016,

title = {Looking in the eyes to discriminate: Linking infants' habituation speed to looking behaviour using faces},

author = {Jantina Bolhuis and Thorsten Kolling and Monika Knopf},

doi = {10.1177/0165025414564094},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Behavioral Development},

volume = {40},

number = {3},

pages = {243–252},

abstract = {Studies showed that individual differences in encoding speed as well as looking behaviour during the encoding of facial stimuli can relate to differences in subsequent face discrimination. Nevertheless, a direct linkage between encoding speed and looking behaviour during the encoding of facial stimuli and the role of these encoding characteristics for subsequent discrimination has not been investigated yet. In the present habituation study, an eye-tracker was used to investigate how individual differences in encoding speed (number of habituation trials) relate to individual differences in looking behaviour on faces and the internal facial features (eyes, nose, and mouth) during encoding as well as discrimination. Forty infants habituated to a photograph of a female face. In a subsequent dishabituation phase, a new face was followed by the familiar one. As expected, the results showed that most of the infants were able to habituate to the face and that they managed to discriminate between the new and the familiar face. Furthermore, correlations and analyses of variance showed that individual differences in encoding during habituation related to differences in looking behaviour during habituation as well as dishabituation. Slower-habituating infants could better discriminate between the new and the familiar face and showed a higher interest in the eyes during habi-tuation as well as dishabituation than faster-habituating infants. These data underline that individual differences in encoding speed relate to individual differences in looking behaviour and that increased looking behaviour to important social cues might help subsequent discrimination.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Brothers2016,

title = {Anticipating syntax during reading: Evidence from the boundary change paradigm},

author = {Trevor Brothers and Matthew J. Traxler},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition},

volume = {42},

number = {12},

pages = {1894–1906},

abstract = {Previous evidence suggests that grammatical constraints have a rapid influence during language com- prehension, particularly at the level of word categories (noun, verb, preposition). These findings are in conflict with a recent study from Angele, Laishley, Rayner, and Liversedge (2014), in which sentential fit had no early influence on word skipping rates during reading. In the present study, we used a gaze-contingent boundary change paradigm to manipulate the syntactic congruity of an upcoming noun or verb outside of participants' awareness. Across 3 experiments (total N ⫽ 148), we observed higher skipping rates for syntactically valid previews (The admiral would not confess . . .), when compared with violation previews (The admiral would not surgeon . . .). Readers were less likely to skip an ungram- matical continuation, even when that word was repeated within the same sentence (The admiral would not admiral . . .), suggesting that word-class constraints can take precedence over lexical repetition effects. To our knowledge, these results provide the first evidence for an influence of syntactic context during parafoveal word recognition. On the basis of the early time-course of this effect, we argue that readers can use grammatical constraints to generate syntactic expectations for upcoming words.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Morgan2016,

title = {Low-level mediation of directionally specific motion aftereffects: Motion perception is not necessary},

author = {Michael Morgan and Kai Schreiber and J. A. Solomon},

doi = {10.3758/s13414-016-1160-1},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics},

volume = {78},

number = {8},

pages = {2621–2632},

publisher = {Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics},

abstract = {Previous psychophysical experiments with normal human observers have shown that adaptation to a moving dot stream causes directionally specific repulsion in the perceived angle of a subsequently viewed moving probe. In this study, we used a two-alternative forced choice task with roving pedestals to determine the conditions that are necessary and sufficient for producing directionally specific repulsion with compound adaptors, each of which contains two oppositely moving, differently colored component streams. Experiment 1 provided a demonstration of repulsion between single-component adaptors and probes moving at approximately 90° or 270°. In Experiment 2, oppositely moving dots in the adaptor were paired to preclude the appearance of motion. Nonetheless, repulsion remained strong when the angle between each probe stream and one component was approximately 30°. In Experiment 3, adapting dot pairs were kept stationary during their limited lifetimes. Their orientation content alone proved insufficient for producing repulsion. In Experiments 4–6, the angle between the probe and both adapting components was approximately 90° or 270°. Directional repulsion was found when observers were asked to visually track one of the adapting components (Exp. 6), but not when they were asked to attentionally track it (Exp. 5), nor while they passively viewed the adaptor (Exp. 4). Our results are consistent with a low-level mechanism for motion adaptation. This mechanism is not selective for stimulus color and is not susceptible to attentional modulation. The most likely cortical locus of adaptation is area V1.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Boll2016a,

title = {Attentional mechanisms of social perception are biased in social phobia},

author = {Sabrina Boll and Marie Bartholomaeus and Ulrike Peter and Ulrike Lupke and Matthias Gamer},

doi = {10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.04.004},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Anxiety Disorders},

volume = {40},

pages = {83–93},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Previous studies of social phobia have reported an increased vigilance to social threat cues but also an avoidance of socially relevant stimuli such as eye gaze. The primary aim of this study was to examine attentional mechanisms relevant for perceiving social cues by means of abnormalities in scanning of facial features in patients with social phobia. In two novel experimental paradigms, patients with social phobia and healthy controls matched on age, gender and education were compared regarding their gazing behavior towards facial cues. The first experiment was an emotion classification paradigm which allowed for differentiating reflexive attentional shifts from sustained attention towards diagnostically relevant facial features. In the second experiment, attentional orienting by gaze direction was assessed in a gaze-cueing paradigm in which non-predictive gaze cues shifted attention towards or away from subsequently presented targets. We found that patients as compared to controls reflexively oriented their attention more frequently towards the eyes of emotional faces in the emotion classification paradigm. This initial hypervigilance for the eye region was observed at very early attentional stages when faces were presented for 150 ms, and persisted when facial stimuli were shown for 3 s. Moreover, a delayed attentional orienting into the direction of eye gaze was observed in individuals with social phobia suggesting a differential time course of eye gaze processing in patients and controls. Our findings suggest that basic mechanisms of early attentional exploration of social cues are biased in social phobia and might contribute to the development and maintenance of the disorder.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{rmap16,

title = {Gaze-contingent training enhances perceptual skill acquisition},

author = {Donghyun Ryu and David L. Mann and Bruce Abernethy and Jamie M. Poolton},

doi = {10.1167/16.2.2},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {16},

number = {2},

pages = {1–21},

abstract = {The purpose of this study was to determine whether decision-making skill in perceptual-cognitive tasks could be enhanced using a training technique that impaired selective areas of the visual field. Recreational basketball players performed perceptual training over 3 days while viewing with a gaze-contingent manipulation that displayed either (a) a moving window (clear central and blurred peripheral vision), (b) a moving mask (blurred central and clear peripheral vision), or (c) full (unrestricted) vision. During the training, participants watched video clips of basketball play and at the conclusion of each clip made a decision about to which teammate the player in possession of the ball should pass. A further control group watched unrelated videos with full vision. The effects of training were assessed using separate tests of decision-making skill conducted in a pretest, posttest, and 2-week retention test. The accuracy of decision making was greater in the posttest than in the pretest for all three intervention groups when compared with the control group. Remarkably, training with blurred peripheral vision resulted in a further improvement in performance from posttest to retention test that was not apparent for the other groups. The type of training had no measurable impact on the visual search strategies of the participants, and so the training improvements appear to be grounded in changes in information pickup. The findings show that learning with impaired peripheral vision offers a promising form of training to support improvements in perceptual skill.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Boll2016,

title = {Psychopathic traits affect the visual exploration of facial expressions},

author = {Sabrina Boll and Matthias Gamer},

doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.03.010},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Biological Psychology},

volume = {117},

pages = {194–201},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Deficits in emotional reactivity and recognition have been reported in psychopathy. Impaired attention to the eyes along with amygdala malfunctions may underlie these problems. Here, we investigated how different facets of psychopathy modulate the visual exploration of facial expressions by assessing personality traits in a sample of healthy young adults using an eye-tracking based face perception task. Fearless Dominance (the interpersonal-emotional facet of psychopathy) and Coldheartedness scores predicted reduced face exploration consistent with findings on lowered emotional reactivity in psychopathy. Moreover, participants high on the social deviance facet of psychopathy ('Self-Centered Impulsivity') showed a reduced bias to shift attention towards the eyes. Our data suggest that facets of psychopathy modulate face processing in healthy individuals and reveal possible attentional mechanisms which might be responsible for the severe impairments of social perception and behavior observed in psychopathy.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{DeVries2016a,

title = {The saccadic size-latency phenomenon explored: Proximal target size is a determining factor in the saccade latency},

author = {Jelmer P. De Vries and R. Azadi and Mark R. Harwood},

doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2016.09.006},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Vision Research},

volume = {129},

pages = {87–97},

abstract = {Saccade latencies are known to increase for targets presented close to fixation. Recently, it was shown that not only target eccentricity, but the size of a proximal saccade target also plays a crucial role: latencies increase rapidly with increasing target size. Interestingly, these latency increases are greater than those typically found for other supra-threshold manipulations of target properties. Here we evaluate to what extent this phenomenon is distinct from known delays in saccade initiation and whether the phenomenon is truly related to the size of a proximal target. In Experiment 1 we focus on the importance of the required amplitude. Employing a saccade adaptation paradigm we find that the required amplitude is not a determining factor. Focusing on the role of size, in Experiment 2, we find that while latency increases are strongest for targets elongated in the direction of the fovea, elongations perpendicular to this direction also lead to an increase in latencies. Finally, in Experiment 3 we verify that the latency increases are driven by the properties of the saccade target rather than visual input in general. Together these experiments provide converging evidence that the current phenomenon is both novel and a consequence of the relation between proximal target size and its eccentricity.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Huettig2016,

title = {Individual differences in working memory and processing speed predict anticipatory spoken language processing in the visual world},

author = {Falk Huettig and Esther Janse},

doi = {10.1080/23273798.2015.1047459},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Language, Cognition and Neuroscience},

volume = {31},

number = {1},

pages = {80–93},

abstract = {Several mechanisms of predictive language processing have been proposed. The possible influence of mediating factors such as working memory and processing speed, however, has largely been ignored. We sought to find evidence for such an influence using an individual differences approach. 105 participants from 32–77 years of age received spoken instructions (e.g. “Kijk naar deCOM afgebeelde pianoCOM”– look at the displayed piano) while viewing 4 objects. Articles (Dutch “het” or “de”) were gender-marked such that the article agreed in gender only with the target. Participants could thus use article gender information to predict the target. Multiple regression analyses showed that enhanced working memory abilities and faster processing speed predicted anticipatory eye movements. Models of predictive language processing therefore must take mediating factors into account. More generally, our results are consistent with the notion that working memory grounds language in space and time, linking linguistic and visual–spatial representations.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Verhoef2016,

title = {Attention operates uniformly throughout the classical receptive field and the surround},

author = {Bram-Ernst Verhoef and John H. R. Maunsell},

doi = {10.7554/eLife.17256},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {eLife},

volume = {5},

number = {AUGUST},

pages = {1–16},

abstract = {Shifting attention among visual stimuli at different locations modulates neuronal responses in heterogeneous ways, depending on where those stimuli lie within the receptive fields of neurons. Yet how attention interacts with the receptive-field structure of cortical neurons remains unclear. We measured neuronal responses in area V4 while monkeys shifted their attention among stimuli placed in different locations within and around neuronal receptive fields. We found that attention interacts uniformly with the spatially-varying excitation and suppression associated with the receptive field. This interaction explained the large variability in attention modulation across neurons, and a non-additive relationship among stimulus selectivity, stimulus-induced suppression and attention modulation that has not been previously described. A spatially-tuned normalization model precisely accounted for all observed attention modulations and for the spatial summation properties of neurons. These results provide a unified account of spatial summation and attention-related modulation across both the classical receptive field and the surround.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Weiss2016,

title = {Pupils dilate for vocal or familiar music},

author = {Michael W. Weiss and Sandra E. Trehub and E. Glenn Schellenberg and Peter Habashi},

doi = {10.1037/xhp0000226},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance},

volume = {42},

number = {8},

pages = {1061–1065},

abstract = {Previous research reveals that vocal melodies are remembered better than instrumental renditions. Here we explored the possibility that the voice, as a highly salient stimulus, elicits greater arousal than nonvocal stimuli, resulting in greater pupil dilation for vocal than for instrumental melodies. We also explored the possibility that pupil dilation indexes memory for melodies. We tracked pupil dilation during a single exposure to 24 unfamiliar folk melodies (half sung to la la, half piano) and during a subsequent recognition test in which the previously heard melodies were intermixed with 24 novel melodies (half sung, half piano) from the same corpus. Pupil dilation was greater for vocal melodies than for piano melodies in the exposure phase and in the test phase. It was also greater for previously heard melodies than for novel melodies. Our findings provide the first evidence that pupillometry can be used to measure recognition of stimuli that unfold over several seconds. They also provide the first evidence of enhanced arousal to vocal melodies during encoding and retrieval, thereby supporting the more general notion of the voice as a privileged signal.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Weiss2016a,

title = {Visual expertise for horses in a case of congenital prosopagnosia},

author = {Nilly Weiss and Elite Mardo and Galia Avidan},

doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.07.028},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Neuropsychologia},

volume = {83},

pages = {63–75},

publisher = {Elsevier},

abstract = {A major question in the domain of face perception is whether faces comprise a distinct visual category that is processed by specialized mechanisms, or whether face processing merely represents an extreme case of visual expertise. Here, we examined O.H, a 22 years old woman with congenital prosopagnosia (CP), who despite her severe deficits in face processing, acquired superior recognition skills for horses. To compare the nature of face and horse processing, we utilised the inversion manipulation, known to disproportionally affect faces compared to other objects, with both faces and horses. O.H's performance was compared to data obtained from two control groups that were either horse experts, or non-experts. As expected, both control groups exhibited the face inversion effect, while O.H did not show the effect, but importantly, none of the participants showed an inversion effect for horses. Finally, gaze behaviour toward upright and inverted faces and horses was indicative of visual skill but in a distinct fashion for each category. Particularly, both control groups showed different gaze patterns for upright compared to inverted faces, while O.H presented a similar gaze pattern for the two orientations that differed from that of the two control groups. In contrast, O.H and the horse experts exhibited a similar gaze pattern for upright and inverted horses, while non-experts showed different gaze patterns for different orientations. Taken together, these results suggest that visual expertise can be acquired independently from the mechanisms mediating face recognition.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Brouwer2016,

title = {The temporal dynamics of spoken word recognition in adverse listening conditions},

author = {Susanne Brouwer and Ann R. Bradlow},

doi = {10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.09.009},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Psycholinguistic Research},

volume = {45},

number = {5},

pages = {1151–1160},

publisher = {Springer US},

abstract = {This study examined the temporal dynamics of spoken word recognition in noise and background speech. In two visual-world experiments, English participants listened to target words while looking at four pictures on the screen: a target (e.g. candle), an onset competitor (e.g. candy), a rhyme competitor (e.g. sandal), and an unrelated distractor (e.g. lemon). Target words were presented in quiet, mixed with broadband noise, or mixed with background speech. Results showed that lexical competition changes throughout the observation window as a function of what is presented in the background. These findings suggest that, rather than being strictly sequential, stream segregation and lexical competition interact during spoken word recognition.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Legrand2016,

title = {Interference between oculomotor and postural tasks in 7–8-year-old children and adults},

author = {Agathe Legrand and Karine Doré-Mazars and Christelle Lemoine and Vincent Nougier and Isabelle Olivier},

doi = {10.1007/s00221-016-4565-0},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Experimental Brain Research},

volume = {234},

number = {6},

pages = {1667–1677},

publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},

abstract = {Several studies in adults having observed the effect of eye movements on postural control provided contradictory results. In the present study, we explored the effect of various oculomotor tasks on postural control and the effect of different postural tasks on eye movements in eleven children (7.8 ± 0.5 years) and nine adults (30.4 ± 6.3 years). To vary the difficulty of the oculomotor task, three conditions were tested: fixation, prosaccades (reactive saccades made toward the target) and antisaccades (voluntary saccades made in the direction opposite to the visual target). To vary the difficulty of postural control, two postural tasks were tested: Standard Romberg (SR) and Tandem Romberg (TR). Postural difficulty did not affect oculomotor behavior, except by lengthening adults' latencies in the prosaccade task. For both groups, postural control was altered in the antisaccade task as compared to fixation and prosaccade tasks. Moreover, a ceiling effect was found in the more complex postural task. This study highlighted a cortical interference between oculomotor and postural control systems.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{shlscs16,

title = {Spontaneous pupil dilations during the resting state are associated with activation of the salience network},

author = {Max Schneider and Pamela Hathway and Laura Leuchs and Philipp G. Sämann and Michael Czisch and Victor I. Spoormaker},

doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.06.011},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {NeuroImage},

volume = {139},

pages = {189–201},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) is increasingly applied for the development of functional biomarkers in brain disorders. Recent studies have revealed spontaneous vigilance drifts during the resting state, involving changes in brain activity and connectivity that challenge the validity of uncontrolled rs-fMRI findings. In a combined rs-fMRI/eye tracking study, the pupil size of 32 healthy subjects after 2 h of sleep restriction was recorded as an indirect index for activity of the locus coeruleus, the brainstem's noradrenergic arousal center. The spontaneous occurrence of pupil dilations, but not pupil size per se, was associated with increased activity of the salience network, thalamus and frontoparietal regions. In turn, spontaneous constrictions of the pupil were associated with increased activity in visual and sensorimotor regions. These results were largely replicated in a sample of 36 healthy subjects who did not undergo sleep restriction, although in this sample the correlation between thalamus and pupil dilation fell below whole-brain significance. Our data show that spontaneous pupil fluctuations during rest are indeed associated with brain circuitry involved in tonic alertness and vigilance. Pupillometry is an effective method to control for changes in tonic alertness during rs-fMRI.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Gregg2016,

title = {Misperception of orthographic neighbors during silent and oral reading},

author = {Julie Gregg and Albrecht W. Inhoff},

doi = {10.1037/xhp0000193},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance},

volume = {42},

number = {6},

pages = {799–820},

abstract = {The study examined whether words are misperceived during natural fluent reading and the extent to which contextual and lexical properties bias perception. Target words were pairs of orthographic neighbors that differed in frequency. Pretarget context was neutral (Experiment 1) or biased toward the higher frequency member of the pair (Experiments 2 and 3), and posttarget context was neutral, congruent, or incongruent. Critically, incongruent context was constructed so that it was congruent with the target's neighbor. First-pass viewing showed only effects of target frequency. During silent reading (Experiments 1 and 2), rereading measures showed that the target frequency effect was smaller in the incongruent posttarget context condition than in the neutral and congruent conditions, and this occurred irrespective of prior context. Presumably, lower frequency words were less impeded by incongruent context because they were often misperceived as a congruent higher frequency neighbor. An oral reading task (Experiment 3) showed that the lower frequency target was more often misread than the higher frequency neighbor, and this proneness to error was influenced by posttarget context. Although target frequency influenced proneness to error, biased prior sentence context appeared to influence the construal of sentence meaning to accommodate incongruent targets and posttarget context.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Han2016,

title = {Shape perception enhances perceived contrast: Evidence for excitatory predictive feedback?},

author = {Biao Han and Rufin VanRullen},

doi = {10.1038/srep22944},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Scientific Reports},

volume = {6},

pages = {22944},

publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},

abstract = {Predictive coding theory suggests that predictable responses are "explained away" (i.e., reduced) by feedback. Experimental evidence for feedback inhibition, however, is inconsistent: most neuroimaging studies show reduced activity by predictive feedback, while neurophysiology indicates that most inter-areal cortical feedback is excitatory and targets excitatory neurons. In this study, we asked subjects to judge the luminance of two gray disks containing stimulus outlines: one enabling predictive feedback (a 3D-shape) and one impeding it (random-lines). These outlines were comparable to those used in past neuroimaging studies. All 14 subjects consistently perceived the disk with a 3D-shape stimulus brighter; thus, predictive feedback enhanced perceived contrast. Since early visual cortex activity at the population level has been shown to have a monotonic relationship with subjective contrast perception, we speculate that the perceived contrast enhancement could reflect an increase in neuronal activity. In other words, predictive feedback may have had an excitatory influence on neuronal responses. Control experiments ruled out attention bias, local feature differences and response bias as alternate explanations.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ghasia2016,

title = {Strabismus and micro-opsoclonus in Machado-Joseph disease},

author = {Fatema F. Ghasia and George Wilmot and Anwar Ahmed and Aasef G. Shaikh},

doi = {10.1007/s12311-015-0718-0},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Cerebellum},

volume = {15},

number = {4},

pages = {491–497},

publisher = {The Cerebellum},

abstract = {We describe novel deficits ofgaze holding and ocular alignment in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 3, also known as Machado-Joseph disease (MJD). Twelve MJD patients were studied. Clinical assessments and quantitative ocular alignment measures were performed. Eye movements were quantitatively assessed with corneal curvature tracker and video-oculography. Strabismus was seen in ten MJD patients. Four patients had mild to moderate intermittent exotropia, three had esotropia, one had skew deviation, one had hypotropia, and one patient had moderate exophoria. Three strabismic patients had V-pattern. Near point ofconvergence was normal in two out ofthree patients with exotropia. Gaze holding deficits were also common. Eight patients had gaze-evoked nystagmus, and five had micro-opsoclonus. Other ocular motor deficits included saccadic dysmetria in eight patients, whereas all had saccadic interruption ofsmooth pursuit. Strabismus and micro-opsoclonus are common in MJD. Coexisting ophthalmoplegia or vergence abnormalities in our patients with exotropia that comprised 50 % of the cohort could not explain the type ofstrabismus in our patients. Therefore, it is possible that involvement ofthe brainstem, the deep cerebellar nuclei, and the superior cerebellar peduncle are the physiological basis for exotropia in these patients. Micro-opsoclonus was also common in MJD. Brainstem and deep cerebellar nuclei lesion also explains micro-opsoclonus, whereas brainstem deficits can describe slow saccades seen in our patients with MJD.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Janssen2016,

title = {Training eye movements for visual search in individuals with macular degeneration},

author = {Christian P. Janssen and Preeti Verghese},

doi = {10.1167/16.15.29},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {16},

number = {15},

pages = {1–20},

abstract = {We report a method to train individuals with central field loss due to macular degeneration to improve the efficiency of visual search. Our method requires participants to make a same/different judgment on two simple silhouettes. One silhouette is presented in an area that falls within the binocular scotoma while they are fixating the center of the screen with their preferred retinal locus (PRL); the other silhouette is presented diametrically opposite within the intact visual field. Over the course of 480 trials (approximately 6 hr), we gradually reduced the amount of time that participants have to make a saccade and judge the similarity of stimuli. This requires that they direct their PRL first toward the stimulus that is initially hidden behind the scotoma. Results from nine participants show that all participants could complete the task faster with training without sacrificing accuracy on the same/different judgment task. Although a majority of participants were able to direct their PRL toward the initially hidden stimulus, the ability to do so varied between participants. Specifically, six of nine participants made faster saccades with training. A smaller set (four of nine) made accurate saccades inside or close to the target area and retained this strategy 2 to 3 months after training. Subjective reports suggest that training increased awareness of the scotoma location for some individuals. However, training did not transfer to a different visual search task. Nevertheless, our study suggests that increasing scotoma awareness and training participants to look toward their scotoma may help them acquire missing information.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Khan2016,

title = {Effects of a pretarget distractor on saccade reaction times across space and time in monkeys and humans},

author = {Aarlenne Zein Khan and Douglas P. Munoz and Naomi Takahashi and Gunnar Blohm and Robert M. McPeek},

doi = {10.4330/wjc.v5.i2.12},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {16},

number = {7},

pages = {1–20},

abstract = {Previous studies have shown that the influence of a behaviorally irrelevant distractor on saccade reaction times (SRTs) varies depending on the temporal and spatial relationship between the distractor and the saccade target. We measured distractor influence on SRTs to a subsequently presented target, varying the spatial location and the timing between the distractor and the target. The distractor appeared at one of four equally eccentric locations, followed by a target (either 50 ms or 200 ms after) at one of 136 different locations encompassing an area of 20° square. We extensively tested two humans and two monkeys on this task to determine interspecies similarities and differences, since monkey neurophysiology is often used to interpret human behavioral findings. Results were similar across species; for the short interval (50 ms), SRTs were shortest to a target presented close to or at the distractor location and increased primarily as a function of the distance from the distractor. There was also an effect of distractor-target direction and visual field. For the long interval (200 ms) the results were inverted; SRTs were longest for short distances between the distractor and target and decreased as a function of distance from distractor. Both SRT patterns were well captured by a two-dimensional dynamic field model with short-distance excitation and long-distance inhibition, based upon known functional connectivity found in the superior colliculus that includes wide-spread excitation and inhibition. Based on these findings, we posit that the different time-dependent patterns of distractor-related SRTs can emerge from the same underlying neuronal mechanisms common to both species.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Panouilleres2016,

title = {Oculomotor adaptation elicited by intra-saccadic visual stimulation: Time-course of efficient visual target perturbation},

author = {Muriel T. N. Panouillères and Valérie Gaveau and Jeremy Debatisse and Patricia Jacquin and Marie LeBlond and Denis Pélisson},

doi = {10.3389/fnhum.2016.00091},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},

volume = {10},

pages = {91},

abstract = {Perception of our visual environment strongly depends on saccadic eye movements, which in turn are calibrated by saccadic adaptation mechanisms elicited by systematic movement errors. Current models of saccadic adaptation assume that visual error signals are acquired only after saccade completion, because the high speed of saccade execution disturbs visual processing (saccadic “suppression” and “mislocalization”). Complementing a previous study from our group, here we report that visual information presented during saccades can drive adaptation mechanisms and we further determine the critical time window of such error processing. In 15 healthy volunteers, shortening adaptation of reactive saccades toward a ±8° visual target was induced by flashing the target for 2 msec less eccentrically than its initial location either near saccade peak velocity (‘PV' condition) or peak deceleration (‘PD') or saccade termination (‘END'). Results showed that, as compared to the ‘CONTROL' condition (target flashed at its initial location upon saccade termination), saccade amplitude decreased all throughout the ‘PD' and ‘END' conditions, reaching significant levels in the second adaptation and post- adaptation blocks. The results of 9 other subjects tested in a saccade lengthening adaptation paradigm with the target flashing near peak deceleration (‘PD' and ‘CONTROL' conditions) revealed no significant change of gain, confirming that saccade shortening adaptation is easier to elicit. Also, together with this last result, the stable gain observed in the ‘CONTROL' conditions of both experiments suggests that mislocalization of the target flash is not responsible for the saccade shortening adaptation demonstrated in the first group. Altogether, these findings reveal that the visual “suppression” and “mislocalization” phenomena related to saccade execution do not prevent brief visual information delivered ‘in-flight' from being processed to elicit oculomotor adaptation.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Porat2016,

title = {Practice improves peri-saccadic shape judgment but does not diminish target mislocalization},

author = {Yuval Porat and Ehud Zohary},

doi = {10.1073/pnas.1607051113},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},

volume = {113},

number = {46},

pages = {E7327–E7336},

abstract = {Visual sensitivity is markedly reduced during an eye movement. Peri-saccadic vision is also characterized by a mislocalization of the briefly presented stimulus closer to the saccadic target. These features are commonly viewed as obligatory elements of peri-saccadic vision. However, practice improves performance in many perceptual tasks performed at threshold conditions. We wondered if this could also be the case with peri-saccadic perception. To test this, we used a paradigm in which subjects reported the orientation (or location) of an ellipse briefly presented during a saccade. Practice on peri-saccadic orientation discrimination led to long-lasting gains in that task but did not alter the classical mislocalization of the visual stimulus. Shape discrimination gains were largely generalized to other untrained conditions when the same stimuli were used (discrimination during a saccade in the opposite direction or at a different stimulus location than previously trained). However, performance dropped to baseline level when participants shifted to a novel Vernier discrimination task under identical saccade conditions. Furthermore, practice on the location task did not induce better stimulus localization or discrimination. These results suggest that the limited visual information available during a saccade may be better used with practice, possibly by focusing attention on the specific target features or a better readout of the available information. Saccadic mislocalization, by contrast, is robust and resistant to top-down modulations, suggesting that it involves an automatic process triggered by the upcoming execution of a saccade (e.g., an efference copy signal).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Weldon2016,

title = {Disruption of foveal space impairs discrimination of peripheral objects},

author = {Kimberly B. Weldon and Anina N. Rich and Alexandra Woolgar and Mark A. Williams},

doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00699},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},

volume = {7},

pages = {699},

abstract = {Visual space is retinotopically mapped such that peripheral objects are processed in a cortical region outside the region that represents central vision. Despite this well-known fact, neuroimaging studies have found information about peripheral objects in the foveal confluence, the cortical region representing the fovea. Further, this information is behaviorally relevant: disrupting the foveal confluence using transcranial magnetic stimulation impairs discrimination of peripheral objects at time-points consistent with a disruption of feedback. If the foveal confluence receives feedback of information about peripheral objects to boost vision, there should be behavioral consequences of this phenomenon. Here, we tested the effect of foveal distractors at different stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) on discrimination of peripheral targets. Participants performed a discrimination task on target objects presented in the periphery while fixating centrally. A visual distractor presented at the fovea ~100ms after presentation of the targets disrupted performance more than a central distractor presented at other SOAs. This was specific to a central distractor; a peripheral distractor at the same time point did not have the same effect. These results are consistent with the claim that foveal retinotopic cortex is recruited for extra-foveal perception. This study describes a new paradigm for investigating the nature of the foveal feedback phenomenon and demonstrates the importance of this feedback in peripheral vision.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{DeVries2016,

title = {Cervico-ocular reflex is increased in people with nonspecific neck pain},

author = {Jelmer P. De Vries and Britta K. Ischebeck and L. P. Voogt and Malou Janssen and Maarten A. Frens and Gert Jan Kleinrensink and Josef N. Geest},

doi = {10.2522/ptj.20150211},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Physical Therapy},

volume = {96},

number = {8},

pages = {1190–1195},

abstract = {Background: Neck pain is a widespread complaint. People experiencing neck pain often present an altered timing in contraction of cervical muscles. This altered afferent information elicits the cervico-ocular reflex (COR), which stabilizes the eye in response to trunk-to-head movements. The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) elicited by the vestibulum is thought to be unaffected by afferent information from the cervical spine. Objective The aim of the study was to measure the COR and VOR in people with nonspecific neck pain. Design: This study utilized a cross-sectional design in accordance with the STROBE statement. Methods: An infrared eye-tracking device was used to record the COR and the VOR while the participant was sitting on a rotating chair in darkness. Eye velocity was calculated by taking the derivative of the horizontal eye position. Parametric statistics were performed. Results: The mean COR gain in the control group (n=30) was 0.26 (SD=0.15) compared with 0.38 (SD=0.16) in the nonspecific neck pain group (n=37). Analyses of covariance were performed to analyze differences in COR and VOR gains, with age and sex as covariates. Analyses of covariance showed a significantly increased COR in participants with neck pain. The VOR between the control group, with a mean VOR of 0.67 (SD=0.17), and the nonspecific neck pain group, with a mean VOR of 0.66 (SD=0.22), was not significantly different. Limitations: Measuring eye movements while the participant is sitting on a rotating chair in complete darkness is technically complicated. Conclusions: This study suggests that people with nonspecific neck pain have an increased COR. The COR is an objective, nonvoluntary eye reflex and an unaltered VOR. This study shows that an increased COR is not restricted to patients with traumatic neck pain.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kaiser2016,

title = {Emotional facial activation induced by unconsciously perceived dynamic facial expressions},

author = {Jakob Kaiser and Graham C. L. Davey and Thomas Parkhouse and Jennifer Meeres and Ryan B. Scott},

doi = {10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.07.504},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Psychophysiology},

volume = {110},

pages = {207–211},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Do facial expressions of emotion influence us when not consciously perceived? Methods to investigate this question have typically relied on brief presentation of static images. In contrast, real facial expressions are dynamic and unfold over several seconds. Recent studies demonstrate that gaze contingent crowding (GCC) can block awareness of dynamic expressions while still inducing behavioural priming effects. The current experiment tested for the first time whether dynamic facial expressions presented using this method can induce unconscious facial activation. Videos of dynamic happy and angry expressions were presented outside participants' conscious awareness while EMG measurements captured activation of the zygomaticus major (active when smiling) and the corrugator supercilii (active when frowning). Forced-choice classification of expressions confirmed they were not consciously perceived, while EMG revealed significant differential activation of facial muscles consistent with the expressions presented. This successful demonstration opens new avenues for research examining the unconscious emotional influences of facial expressions.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lu2016,

title = {Missing the best opportunity; who can seize the next one? Agents show less inaction inertia than personal decision makers},

author = {Jingyi Lu and Huiyuan Jia and Xiaofei Xie and Qiuhong Wang},

doi = {10.1016/j.joep.2016.03.004},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Economic Psychology},

volume = {54},

pages = {100–112},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Inaction inertia is a prevalent consumer decision bias, whereby missing a superior opportunity decreases the likelihood of acting on a subsequent opportunity in the same domain. We assume that a cognitive focus accounts for the inaction inertia effect. Individuals focus more on losses (the association between the current opportunity and missed opportunity) than gains (the association between the current opportunity and original states), therefore showing the inaction inertia effect. We also propose a self-other difference in inaction inertia: agents exhibit less inaction inertia than personal decision makers as they focus more on gains than losses compared to personal decision makers. In Study 1, agents were less trapped in inaction inertia than personal decision makers. Cognitive focus was measured with eye-tracking techniques in Study 2 and a self-reported item in Study 3. Agents were observed as focusing less on losses than gains compared to personal decision makers. This cognitive focus difference explained the self-other difference in inaction inertia. In Study 4, both types of decision makers were less susceptible to inaction inertia when focusing on gains than losses.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Michal2016,

title = {Visual routines for extracting magnitude relations},

author = {Audrey L. Michal and David Uttal and Priti Shah and Steven L. Franconeri},

doi = {10.3758/s13423-016-1047-0},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Psychonomic Bulletin & Review},

volume = {23},

number = {6},

pages = {1802–1809},

publisher = {Psychonomic Bulletin & Review},

abstract = {Linking relations described in text with relations in visualizations is often difficult. We used eye tracking to measure the optimal way to extract such relations in graphs, college students, and young children (6- and 8-year-olds). Participants compared relational statements ("Are there more blueberries than oranges?") with simple graphs, and two systematic patterns emerged: eye movements that followed the verbal order of the question (inspecting the "blueberry" value first) versus those that followed a left-first bias (regardless of the left value's identity). Question-order patterns led substantially to faster responses and increased in prevalence with age, whereas the left-first pattern led to far slower responses and was the dominant strategy for younger children. We argue that the optimal way to verify a verbally expressed relation'scon- sistency with visualization is for the eyes to mimic the verbal ordering but that this strategy requires executive control and coordination with language.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Fricke2016,

title = {Phonetic variation in bilingual speech: A lens for studying the production-comprehension link},

author = {Melinda Fricke and Judith F. Kroll and Paola E. Dussias},

doi = {10.1016/j.jml.2015.10.001},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},

volume = {89},

pages = {110–137},

abstract = {We exploit the unique phonetic properties of bilingual speech to ask how processes occurring during planning affect speech articulation, and whether listeners can use the phonetic modulations that occur in anticipation of a codeswitch to help restrict their lexical search to the appropriate language. An analysis of spontaneous bilingual codeswitching in the Bangor Miami Corpus (Deuchar, Davies, Herring, Parafita Couto, & Carter, 2014) reveals that in anticipation of switching languages, Spanish-English bilinguals produce slowed speech rate and cross-language phonological influence on consonant voice onset time. A study of speech comprehension using the visual world paradigm demonstrates that bilingual listeners can indeed exploit these low-level phonetic cues to anticipate that a codeswitch is coming and to suppress activation of the non-target language. We discuss the implications of these results for current theories of bilingual language regulation, and situate them in terms of recent proposals relating the coupling of the production and comprehension systems more generally.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ohl2016,

title = {Revealing the time course of signals influencing the generation of secondary saccades using Aalen's additive hazards model},

author = {Sven Ohl and Reinhold Kliegl},

doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2016.06.007},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Vision Research},

volume = {124},

pages = {52–58},

abstract = {Saccadic eye movements are frequently followed by smaller secondary saccades which are generally assumed to correct for the error in primary saccade landing position. However, secondary saccades can also occur after accurate primary saccades and they are often as small as microsaccades, therefore raising the need to further scrutinize the processes involved in secondary saccade generation. Following up a previous study, we analyzed secondary saccades using rate analysis which allows us to quantify experimental effects as shifts in distributions, therefore going beyond comparisons of mean differences. We use Aalen's additive hazards model to delineate the time course of key influences on the secondary saccade rate. In addition to the established effect of primary saccade error, we observed a time-varying influence of under- vs. overshooting - with a higher risk of generating secondary saccades following undershoots. Moreover, increasing target eccentricity influenced the programming of secondary saccades, therefore demonstrating that error-unrelated variables co-determine secondary saccade programs. Our results provide new insights into the generative mechanisms of small saccades during postsaccadic fixation that need to be accounted for by secondary saccade models.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Aguila2016,

title = {Effects of static magnetic fields on the visual cortex: Reversible visual deficits and reduction of neuronal activity},

author = {Jordi Aguila and Javier Cudeiro and Casto Rivadulla},

doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhu228},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Cerebral Cortex},

volume = {26},

number = {2},

pages = {628–638},

abstract = {Noninvasive brain stimulation techniques have been successfully used to modulate brain activity, have become a highly useful tool in basic and clinical research and, recently, have attracted increased attention due to their putative use as a method for neuro-enhancement. In this scenario, transcranial static magnetic stimulation (SMS) of moderate strength might represent an affordable, simple, and complementary method to other procedures, such as Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation or direct current stimulation, but its mechanisms and effects are not thoroughly understood. In this study, we show that static magnetic fields applied to visual cortex of awake primates cause reversible deficits in a visual detection task. Complementary experiments in anesthetized cats show that the visual deficits are a consequence of a strong reduction in neural activity. These results demonstrate that SMS is able to effectively modulate neuronal activity and could be considered to be a tool to be used for different purposes ranging from experimental studies to clinical applications.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{DeVries2016b,

title = {Revisiting the global effect and inhibition of return},

author = {Jelmer P. De Vries and Stefan Van der Stigchel and Ignace T. C. Hooge and Frans A. J. Verstraten},

doi = {10.1007/s00221-016-4702-9},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Experimental Brain Research},

volume = {234},

number = {10},

pages = {2999–3009},

publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},

abstract = {Saccades toward previously cued locations have longer latencies than saccades toward other locations, a phenomenon known as inhibition of return (IOR). Watanabe (Exp Brain Res 138:330?342. doi:10.1007/s002210100709, 2001) combined IOR with the global effect (where saccade landing points fall in between neighboring objects) to investigate whether IOR can also have a spatial component. When one of two neighboring targets was cued, there was a clear bias away from the cued location. In a condition where both targets were cued, it appeared that the global effect magnitude was similar to the condition without any cues. However, as the latencies in the double cue condition were shorter compared to the no cue condition, it is still an open question whether these results are representative for IOR. Considering the double cue condition can provide valuable insight into the interaction of the mechanisms underlying the two phenomena, here, we revisit this condition in an adapted paradigm. Our paradigm does result in longer latencies for the cued locations, and we find that the magnitude of the global effect is reduced significantly. Unexpectedly, this holds even when only including saccades with the same latencies for both conditions. Thus, the increased latencies associated with IOR cannot directly explain the reduction in global effect. The global effect reduction can likely best be seen as either a result of short-term depression of exogenous visual signals or a result of IOR established at the center of gravity of cues.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Tan2016,

title = {MEG sensor and source measures of visually induced gamma-band oscillations are highly reliable},

author = {Heng Ru May Tan and Joachim Gross and P. J. Uhlhaas},

doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.05.006},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {NeuroImage},

volume = {137},

pages = {34–44},

publisher = {The Authors},

abstract = {High frequency brain oscillations are associated with numerous cognitive and behavioral processes. Non-invasive measurements using electro-/magnetoencephalography (EEG/MEG) have revealed that high frequency neural signals are heritable and manifest changes with age as well as in neuropsychiatric illnesses. Despite the extensive use of EEG/MEG-measured neural oscillations in basic and clinical research, studies demonstrating test-retest reliability of power and frequency measures of neural signals remain scarce. Here, we evaluated the test-retest reliability of visually induced gamma (30-100 Hz) oscillations derived from sensor and source signals acquired over two MEG sessions. The study required participants (N = 13) to detect the randomly occurring stimulus acceleration while viewing a moving concentric grating. Sensor and source MEG measures of gamma-band activity yielded comparably strong reliability (average intraclass correlation},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Benson2016,

title = {Looking, seeing and believing in autism: Eye movements reveal how subtle cognitive processing differences impact in the social domain},

author = {Valerie Benson and Monica S. Castelhano and Philippa L. Howard and Nida Latif and Keith Rayner},

doi = {10.1002/aur.1580},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Autism Research},

volume = {9},

number = {8},

pages = {879–887},

abstract = {Adults with High Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) viewed scenes with people in them, while having their eye movements recorded. The task was to indicate, using a button press, whether the pictures were normal, or in some way weird or odd. Oddities in the pictures were categorized as violations of either perceptual or social norms. Compared to a Typically Developed (TD) control group, the ASD participants were equally able to categorize the scenes as odd or normal, but they took longer to respond. The eye movement patterns showed that the ASD group made more fixations and revisits to the target areas in the odd scenes compared with the TD group. Additionally, when the ASD group first fixated the target areas in the scenes, they failed to initially detect the social oddities. These two findings have clear implications for processing difficulties in ASD for the social domain, where it is important to detect social cues on-line, and where there is little opportunity to go back and recheck possible cues in fast dynamic interactions.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Cui2016,

title = {Inferring cortical variability from local field potentials},

author = {Yuwei Cui and Liu D. Liu and James M. McFarland and Christopher C. Pack and Daniel A. Butts},

doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2502-15.2016},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Neuroscience},

volume = {36},

number = {14},

pages = {4121–4135},

abstract = {The responses of sensory neurons can be quite different to repeated presentations of the same stimulus. Here, we demonstrate a direct link between the trial-to-trial variability of cortical neuron responses and network activity that is reflected in local field potentials (LFPs). Spikes and LFPs were recorded with a multielectrode array from the middle temporal (MT) area of the visual cortex of macaques during the presentation of continuous optic flow stimuli. A maximum likelihood-based modeling framework was used to predict single-neuron spiking responses using the stimulus, the LFPs, and the activity of other recorded neurons. MT neuron responses were strongly linked to gamma oscillations (maximum at 40 Hz) as well as to lower-frequency delta oscillations (1-4 Hz), with consistent phase preferences across neurons. The predicted modulation associated with the LFP was largely complementary to that driven by visual stimulation, as well as the activity of other neurons, and accounted for nearly half of the trial-to-trial variability in the spiking responses. Moreover, the LFP model predictions accurately captured the temporal structure of noise correlations between pairs of simultaneously recorded neurons, and explained the variation in correlation magnitudes observed across the population. These results therefore identify signatures of network activity related to the variability of cortical neuron responses, and suggest their central role in sensory cortical function.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Barber2016,

title = {The processing of human emotional faces by pet and lab dogs: Evidence for lateralization and experience effects},

author = {Anjuli L. A. Barber and Dania Randi and Corsin A. Muller and Ludwig Huber},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0152393},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {11},

number = {4},

pages = {e0152393},

abstract = {From all non-human animals dogs are very likely the best decoders of human behavior. In addition to a high sensitivity to human attentive status and to ostensive cues, they are able to distinguish between individual human faces and even between human facial expressions. However, so far little is known about how they process human faces and to what extent this is influenced by experience. Here we present an eye-tracking study with dogs emanating from two different living environments and varying experience with humans: pet and lab dogs. The dogs were shown pictures of familiar and unfamiliar human faces expressing four different emotions. The results, extracted from several different eye-tracking measurements, revealed pronounced differences in the face processing of pet and lab dogs, thus indicating an influence of the amount of exposure to humans. In addition, there was some evidence for the influences of both, the familiarity and the emotional expression of the face, and strong evidence for a left gaze bias. These findings, together with recent evidence for the dog's ability to discriminate human facial expressions, indicate that dogs are sensitive to some emotions expressed in human faces.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Heller2016,

title = {Perspective-taking behavior as the probabilistic weighing of multiple domains},

author = {Daphna Heller and Christopher Parisien and Suzanne Stevenson},

doi = {10.1016/j.cognition.2015.12.008},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Cognition},

volume = {149},

pages = {104–120},

abstract = {Our starting point is the apparently-contradictory results in the psycholinguistic literature regarding whether, when interpreting a definite referring expressions, listeners process relative to the common ground from the earliest moments of processing. We propose that referring expressions are not interpreted relative solely to the common ground or solely to one's Private (or egocentric) knowledge, but rather reflect the simultaneous integration of the two perspectives. We implement this proposal in a Bayesian model of reference resolution, focusing on the model's predictions for two prior studies: Keysar, Barr, Balin, and Brauner (2000) and Heller, Grodner and Tanenhaus (2008). We test the model's predictions in a visual-world eye-tracking experiment, demonstrating that the original results cannot simply be attributed to different perspective-taking strategies, and showing how they can arise from the same perspective-taking behavior.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{KajzerWietrzny2016,

title = {Simplification in inter- and intralingual translation – combining corpus linguistics, key logging and eye-tracking},

author = {Marta Kajzer-Wietrzny and Bogusława Whyatt and Katarzyna Stachowiak},

doi = {10.1515/psicl-2016-0009},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics},

volume = {52},

number = {2},

pages = {235–267},

abstract = {As some scholars view inter- and intralingual translation as a parallel activity, it is vital to establish to what extent the products of these processes are alike, and whether the processes themselves differ. This paper investigates stylistic simplification, a frequently hypothesised translation universal which involves, among others, breaking up long sentences in the process of translation (Laviosa 2002). One of the parameters commonly used in the investigations of simplification in translations is the average sentence length. In the present study we focus on sentence length to see if the tendency to incorporate stylistic simplification is equally present in the products of inter- and intralingual translation; what phases of the translation process are decisive for sentence length; whether the scope of consultation with the source text affects sentence length. Finally, we will try to verify if average sentence length is dependent on the level of translation experience.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{McCloy2016,

title = {Temporal alignment of pupillary response with stimulus events via deconvolution},

author = {Daniel R. McCloy and Eric D. Larson and Bonnie K. Lau and Adrian K. C. Lee},

doi = {10.1121/1.4943787},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},

volume = {139},

number = {3},

pages = {EL57–EL62},

abstract = {Analysis of pupil dilation has been used as an index of attentional effort in the auditory domain. Previous work has modeled the pupillary response to attentional effort as a linear time-invariant system with a characteristic impulse response, and used deconvolution to estimate the attentional effort that gives rise to changes in pupil size. Here it is argued that one parameter of the impulse response (the latency of response maximum, t(max)) has been mis-estimated in the literature; a different estimate is presented, and it is shown how deconvolution with this value of t(max) yields more intuitively plausible and informative results.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Porretta2016,

title = {The influence of gradient foreign accentedness and listener experience on word recognition},

author = {Vincent Porretta and Benjamin V. Tucker and Juhani Järvikivi},

doi = {10.1016/j.wocn.2016.05.006},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Phonetics},

volume = {58},

pages = {1–21},

abstract = {The present article examines lexical processing of foreign-accented speech, specifically as it relates to gradient foreign accentedness and listener experience. In two experiments, we investigate the effect of accentedness and experience on the strength of lexical activation and the time-course of word recognition utilizing native- and Mandarin-accented English words. Gradient and non-linear patterns emerged for both accentedness and experience. Experiment 1 employed cross-modal identity priming and the analysis of reaction times indicates that tokens with a greater degree of accentedness result in a reduced effectiveness of the identity prime. Listener experience with Chinese-accented English positively influenced activation strength in a gradient fashion. Experiment 2 employed visual world eye-tracking and the analysis of looks to the target word indicates that the time-course of recognition differs across the accentedness continuum, slowing as accentedness increases. Again, listener experience improved the time-course of word recognition. The results are discussed in terms of foreign-accented speech processing and long-term adaptation to non-native variability and suggest the need for a dynamic systems approach.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Jared2016,

title = {Phonological activation of word meanings in grade 5 readers},

author = {Debra Jared and Jane Ashby and Stephen J. Agauas and Betty Ann Levy},

doi = {10.1037/xlm0000184},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition},

volume = {42},

number = {4},

pages = {524–541},

abstract = {Three experiments examined the role of phonology in the activation of word meanings in Grade 5 students. In Experiment 1, homophone and spelling control errors were embedded in a story context and participants performed a proofreading task as they read for meaning. For both good and poor readers, more homophone errors went undetected than spelling control errors. In Experiments 2 and 3, homophone and spelling control errors were in sentence contexts. Experiment 2 used an online sentence verification task, and found that both good and poor readers were less accurate when sentences contained a homophone error than a spelling control error. Furthermore, a difference between the 2 types of sentences was observed even when participants were concurrently performing an articulation task. In Experiment 3, initial reading times were shorter on homophone errors than on spelling controls, and participants were less likely to make a regression from homophone errors than spelling controls. These experiments provide clear evidence that phonology makes an important contribution to the activation of word meanings in Grade 5 readers.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kok2016,

title = {Systematic viewing in radiology: Seeing more, missing less?},

author = {Ellen M. Kok and Halszka Jarodzka and Anique B. H. Bruin and Hussain A. N. BinAmir and Simon G. F. Robben and Jeroen J. G. Merriënboer},

doi = {10.1007/s10459-015-9624-y},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Advances in Health Sciences Education},

volume = {21},

number = {1},

pages = {189–205},

abstract = {To prevent radiologists from overlooking lesions, radiology textbooks rec- ommend ‘‘systematic viewing,'' a technique whereby anatomical areas are inspected in a fixed order. This would ensure complete inspection (full coverage) of the image and, in turn, improve diagnostic performance. To test this assumption, two experiments were performed. Both experiments investigated the relationship between systematic viewing, coverage, and diagnostic performance. Additionally, the first investigated whether sys- tematic viewing increases with expertise; the second investigated whether novices benefit from full-coverage or systematic viewing training. In Experiment 1, 11 students, ten res- idents, and nine radiologists inspected five chest radiographs. Experiment 2 had 75 students undergo a training in either systematic, full-coverage (without being systematic) or non- systematic viewing. Eye movements and diagnostic performance were measured throughout both experiments. In Experiment 1, no significant correlations were found between systematic viewing and coverage},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Port2016,

title = {Micro and regular saccades across the lifespan during a visual search of "Where's Waldo" puzzles},

author = {Nicholas L. Port and Jane Trimberger and Steve Hitzeman and Bryan Redick and Stephen Beckerman},

doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2015.05.013},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Vision Research},

volume = {118},

pages = {144–157},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Despite the fact that different aspects of visual-motor control mature at different rates and aging is associated with declines in both sensory and motor function, little is known about the relationship between microsaccades and either development or aging. Using a sample of 343 individuals ranging in age from 4 to 66 and a task that has been shown to elicit a high frequency of microsaccades (solving Where's Waldo puzzles), we explored microsaccade frequency and kinematics (main sequence curves) as a function of age. Taking advantage of the large size of our dataset (183,893 saccades), we also address (a) the saccade amplitude limit at which video eye trackers are able to accurately measure microsaccades and (b) the degree and consistency of saccade kinematics at varying amplitudes and directions. Using a modification of the Engbert-Mergenthaler saccade detector, we found that even the smallest amplitude movements (0.25-0.5°) demonstrate basic saccade kinematics. With regard to development and aging, both microsaccade and regular saccade frequency exhibited a very small increase across the life span. Visual search ability, as per many other aspects of visual performance, exhibited a U-shaped function over the lifespan. Finally, both large horizontal and moderate vertical directional biases were detected for all saccade sizes.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Torrance2016,

title = {Reading during the composition of multi-sentence texts: An eye-movement study},

author = {Mark Torrance and Roger Johansson and Victoria Johansson and Åsa Wengelin},

doi = {10.1007/s00426-015-0683-8},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Psychological Research},

volume = {80},

number = {5},

pages = {729–743},

abstract = {Writers composing multi-sentence texts have immediate access to a visual representation of what they have written. Little is known about the detail of writers' eye movements within this text during production. We describe two experiments in which competent adult writ- ers' eye movements were tracked while performing short expository writing tasks. These are contrasted with condi- tions in which participants read and evaluated researcher- provided texts. Writers spent a mean of around 13 % of their time looking back into their text. Initiation of these look-back sequences was strongly predicted by linguisti- cally important boundaries in their ongoing production (e.g., writers were much more likely to look back imme- diately prior to starting a new sentence). 36 %of look-back sequences were associated with sustained reading and the remainder with less patterned forward and backward sac- cades between words (‘‘hopping''). Fixation and gaze durations and the presence of word-length effects sug- gested lexical processing of fixated words in both reading and hopping sequences. Word frequency effects were not present when writers read their own text. Findings demonstrate the technical possibility and potential value of examining writers' fixations within their just-written text. We suggest that these fixations do not serve solely, or even primarily, in monitoring for error, but play an important role in planning ongoing production.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Arai2016,

title = {It's harder to break a relationship when you commit long},

author = {Manabu Arai and Chie Nakamura},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0156482},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {11},

number = {6},

pages = {e0156482},

abstract = {Past research has produced evidence that parsing commitments strengthen over the processing of additional linguistic elements that are consistent with the commitments and undoing strong commitments takes more time than undoing weak commitments. It remains unclear, however, whether this so-called digging-in effect is exclusively due to the length of an ambiguous region or at least partly to the extra cost of processing these additional phrases. The current study addressed this issue by testing Japanese relative clause structure, where lexical content and sentence meaning were controlled for. The results showed evidence for a digging-in effect reflecting the strengthened commitment to an incorrect analysis caused by the processing of additional adjuncts. Our study provides strong support for the dynamical, self-organizing models of sentence processing but poses a problem for other models including serial two-stage models as well as frequency-based probabilistic models such as the surprisal theory.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Bera2016,

title = {Displaying background maps in business intelligence dashboards},

author = {Palash Bera and Louis Philippe Sirois},

doi = {10.1109/MITP.2016.78},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry},

volume = {18},

number = {5},

pages = {58–65},

abstract = {Business data in geographic maps, called data maps, can be displayed via business intelligence dashboards. An important emerging feature is the use of background maps that overlap with existing data maps. Here, the authors examine the usefulness of background maps in dashboards and investigate how much cognitive effort users put in when they use dashboards with background maps as compared to dashboards without them. To test the extent of cognitive effort, the authors conducted an eye-tracking study in which users performed a decision-making task with maps in dashboards. In a separate study, users were asked directly about the mental effort required to perform tasks with the dashboards. Both studies identified that when users use background maps, they required less cognitive effort than users who use dashboards in which the information on the background map is represented in another form, such as a bar chart.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lei2016,

title = {Evaluating differences in spatial visual attention in wayfinding strategy when using 2D and 3D electronic maps},

author = {Tsu-Chiang Lei and Shih-Chieh Wu and Chi-Wen Chao and Su-Hsin Lee},

doi = {10.1007/s10708-014-9605-3},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {GeoJournal},

volume = {81},

number = {2},

pages = {153–167},

publisher = {Springer Netherlands},

abstract = {With the evolution of mapping technology, electronic maps are gradually evolving from traditional 2D formats, and increasingly using a 3D format to represent environmental features. However, these two types of spatial maps might produce different visual attention modes, leading to different spatial wayfinding (or searching) decisions. This study designs a search task for a spatial object to demonstrate whether different types of spatial maps indeed produce different visual attention and decision making. We use eye tracking technology to record the content of visual attention for 44 test subjects with normal eyesight when looking at 2D and 3D maps. The two types of maps have the same scope, but their contents differ in terms of composition, material, and visual observation angle. We use a t test statistical model to analyze differences in indices of eye movement, applying spatial autocorrelation to analyze the aggregation of fixation points and the strength of aggregation. The results show that aside from seek time, there are significant differences between 2D and 3D electronic maps in terms of fixation time and saccade amplitude. This study uses a spatial autocorrelation model to analyze the aggregation of the spatial distribution of fixation points. The results show that in the 2D electronic map the spatial clustering of fixation points occurs in a range of around 12° from the center, and is accompanied by a shorter viewing time and larger saccade amplitude. In the 3D electronic map, the spatial clustering of fixation points occurs in a range of around 9° from the center, and is accompanied by a longer viewing time and smaller saccadic amplitude. The two statistical tests shown above demonstrate that 2D and 3D electronic maps produce different viewing behaviors. The 2D electronic map is more likely to produce fast browsing behavior, which uses rapid eye movements to piece together preliminary information about the overall environment. This enables basic information about the environment to be obtained quickly, but at the cost of the level of detail of the information obtained. However, in the 3D electronic map, more focused browsing occurs. Longer fixations enable the user to gather detailed information from points of interest on the map, and thereby obtain more information about the environment (such as material, color, and depth) and determine the interaction between people and the environment. However, this mode requires a longer viewing time and greater use of directed attention, and therefore may not be conducive to use over a longer period of time. After summarizing the above research findings, the study suggests that future electronic maps can consider combining 2D and 3D modes to simultaneously display electronic map content. Such a mixed viewing mode can provide a more effective viewing interface for human–machine interaction in cyberspace.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{rhpl16,

title = {Visual information representation and rapid-scene categorization are simultaneous across cortex: An MEG study},

author = {Pavan Ramkumar and Bruce C. Hansen and Sebastian Pannasch and Lester C. Loschky},

doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.03.027},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {NeuroImage},

volume = {134},

pages = {295–304},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {Perceiving the visual world around us requires the brain to represent the features of stimuli and to categorize the stimulus based on these features. Incorrect categorization can result either from errors in visual representation or from errors in processes that lead to categorical choice. To understand the temporal relationship between the neural signatures of such systematic errors, we recorded whole-scalp magnetoencephalography (MEG) data from human subjects performing a rapid-scene categorization task. We built scene category decoders based on (1) spatiotemporally resolved neural activity, (2) spatial envelope (SpEn) image features, and (3) behavioral responses. Using confusion matrices, we tracked how well the pattern of errors from neural decoders could be explained by SpEn decoders and behavioral errors, over time and across cortical areas. Across the visual cortex and the medial temporal lobe, we found that both SpEn and behavioral errors explained unique variance in the errors of neural decoders. Critically, these effects were nearly simultaneous, and most prominent between 100 and 250 ms after stimulus onset. Thus, during rapid-scene categorization, neural processes that ultimately result in behavioral categorization are simultaneous and co-localized with neural processes underlying visual information representation.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wang2016d,

title = {Suppressive interactions underlying visually evoked fixational saccades},

author = {Helena X. Wang and Shlomit Yuval-Greenberg and David J. Heeger},

doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2015.01.009},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Vision Research},

volume = {118},

number = {9},

pages = {70–82},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Small saccades occur frequently during fixation, and are coupled to changes in visual stimulation and cognitive state. Neurophysiologically, fixational saccades reflect neural activity near the foveal region of a continuous visuomotor map. It is well known that competitive interactions between neurons within visuomotor maps contribute to target selection for large saccades. Here we asked how such interactions in visuomotor maps shape the rate and direction of small fixational saccades. We measured fixational saccades during periods of prolonged fixation while presenting pairs of visual stimuli (parafoveal: 0.8° eccentricity; peripheral: 5° eccentricity) of various contrasts. Fixational saccade direction was biased toward locations of parafoveal stimuli but not peripheral stimuli, ~100-250 ms following stimulus onset. The rate of fixational saccades toward parafoveal stimuli (congruent saccades) increased systematically with parafoveal stimulus contrast, and was suppressed by the simultaneous presentation of a peripheral stimulus. The suppression was best characterized as a combination of two processes: a subtractive suppression of the overall fixational saccade rate and a divisive suppression of the direction bias. These results reveal the nature of suppressive interactions within visuomotor maps and constrain models of the population code for fixational saccades.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wells2016,

title = {Identification of emotional facial expressions: Effects of expression, intensity, and sex on eye gaze},

author = {Laura Jean Wells and Steven M. Gillespie and Pia Rotshtein},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0168307},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {11},

number = {12},

pages = {e0168307},

abstract = {The identification of emotional expressions is vital for social interaction, and can be affected by various factors, including the expressed emotion, the intensity of the expression, the sex of the face, and the gender of the observer. This study investigates how these factors affect the speed and accuracy of expression recognition, as well as dwell time on the two most significant areas of the face: the eyes and the mouth. Participants were asked to identify expressions from female and male faces displaying six expressions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise), each with three levels of intensity (low, moderate, and normal). Overall, responses were fastest and most accurate for happy expressions, but slowest and least accurate for fearful expressions. More intense expressions were also classified most accurately. Reaction time showed a different pattern, with slowest response times recorded for expressions of moderate intensity. Overall, responses were slowest, but also most accurate, for female faces. Relative to male observers, women showed greater accuracy and speed when recognizing female expressions. Dwell time analyses revealed that attention to the eyes was about three times greater than on the mouth, with fearful eyes in particular attracting longer dwell times. The mouth region was attended to the most for fearful, angry, and disgusted expressions and least for surprise. These results extend upon previous findings to show important effects of expression, emotion intensity, and sex on expression recognition and gaze behaviour, and may have implications for understanding the ways in which emotion recognition abilities break down.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Zeng2016,

title = {Shape representation of word was automatically activated in the encoding phase},

author = {Tianyu Zeng and Liling Zheng and Lei Mo},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0165534},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {11},

number = {10},

pages = {e165534},

abstract = {Theories of embodied language comprehension have proposed that language processing includes perception simulation and activation of sensorimotor representation. Previous studies have used a numerical priming paradigm to test the priming effect of semantic size, and the negative result showed that the sensorimotor representation has not been activated during the encoding phase. Considering that the size property is unstable, here we changed the target property to examine the priming effect of semantic shape using the same paradigm. The participants would see three different object names successively, and then they were asked to decide whether the shape of the second referent was more similar to the first one or the third one. In the eye-movement experiment, the encoding time showed a distance-priming effect, as the similarity of shapes between the first referent and the second referent increased, the encoding time of the second word gradually decreased. In the event-related potentials experiment, when the difference of shapes between the first referent and the second referent increased, the N400 amplitude became larger. These findiings suggested that the shape information of a word was activated during the encoding phase, providing supportive evidence for the embodied theory of language comprehension.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Carminati2016,

title = {Priming younger and older adults' sentence comprehension: Insights from dynamic emotional facial expressions and pupil pize measures},

author = {Maria Nella Carminati and Pia Knoeferle},

doi = {10.2174/1874350101609010129},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {The Open Psychology Journal},

volume = {9},

number = {1},

pages = {129–148},

abstract = {Background: Prior visual-world research has demonstrated that emotional priming of spoken sentence processing is rapidly modulated by age. Older and younger participants saw two photographs of a positive and of a negative event side-by-side and listened to a spoken sentence about one of these events. Older adults' fixations to the mentioned (positive) event were enhanced when the still photograph of a previously-inspected positive-valence speaker face was (vs. wasn't) emotionally congruent with the event/sentence. By contrast, the younger adults exhibited such an enhancement with negative stimuli only. Objective: The first aim of the current study was to assess the replicability of these findings with dynamic face stimuli (unfolding from neutral to happy or sad). A second goal was to assess a key prediction made by socio-emotional selectivity theory, viz. that the positivity effect (a preference for positive information) displayed by older adults involves cognitive effort. Method: We conducted an eye-tracking visual-world experiment. Results: Most priming and age effects, including the positivity effects, replicated. However, against our expectations, the positive gaze preference in older adults did not co-vary with a standard measure of cognitive effort - increased pupil dilation. Instead, pupil size was significantly bigger when (both younger and older) adults processed negative than positive stimuli. Conclusion: These findings are in line with previous research on the relationship between positive gaze preferences and pupil dilation. We discuss both theoretical and methodological implications of these results.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wang2016e,

title = {Rhythm makes the world go round: An MEG-TMS study on the role of right TPJ theta oscillations in embodied perspective taking},

author = {Hongfang Wang and Eleanor Callaghan and Gerard Gooding-Williams and Craig McAllister and Klaus Kessler},

doi = {10.1016/j.cortex.2015.11.011},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Cortex},

volume = {75},

pages = {68–81},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {While some aspects of social processing are shared between humans and other species, some aspects are not. The former seems to apply to merely tracking another's visual perspective in the world (i.e., what a conspecific can or cannot perceive), while the latter applies to perspective taking in form of mentally "embodying" another's viewpoint. Our previous behavioural research had indicated that only perspective taking, but not tracking, relies on simulating a body schema rotation into another's viewpoint. In the current study we employed Magnetoencephalography (MEG) and revealed that this mechanism of mental body schema rotation is primarily linked to theta oscillations in a wider brain network of body-schema, somatosensory and motor-related areas, with the right posterior temporo-parietal junction (pTPJ) at its core. The latter was reflected by a convergence of theta oscillatory power in right pTPJ obtained by overlapping the separately localised effects of rotation demands (angular disparity effect), cognitive embodiment (posture congruence effect), and basic body schema involvement (posture relevance effect) during perspective taking in contrast to perspective tracking. In a subsequent experiment we interfered with right pTPJ processing using dual pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (dpTMS) and observed a significant reduction of embodied processing. We conclude that right TPJ is the crucial network hub for transforming the embodied self into another's viewpoint, body and/or mind, thus, substantiating how conflicting representations between self and other may be resolved and potentially highlighting the embodied origins of high-level social cognition in general.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Gregory2016,

title = {The developmental trajectory of attentional orienting to socio-biological cues},

author = {Nicola J. Gregory and Frouke Hermens and Rebecca Facey and Timothy L. Hodgson},

doi = {10.1007/s00221-016-4627-3},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Experimental Brain Research},

volume = {234},

number = {6},

pages = {1351–1362},

publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},

abstract = {It has been proposed that the orienting of attention in the same direction as another's point of gaze relies on innate brain mechanisms which are present from birth, but direct evidence relating to the influence of eye gaze cues on attentional orienting in young children is limited. In two experiments, 137 children aged 3–10 years old performed an adapted pro-saccade task with centrally presented uninformative eye gaze, finger pointing and arrow pre-cues which were either congruent or incongruent with the direction of target presentations. When the central cue overlapped with presentation of the peripheral target (Experiment 1), children up to 5 years old had difficulty disengaging fixation from central fixation in order to saccade to the target. This effect was found to be particularly marked for eye gaze cues. When central cues were extinguished simultaneously with peripheral target onset (Experiment 2), this effect was greatly reduced. In both experiments finger pointing cues (image of pointing index finger presented at fixation) exerted a strong influence on saccade reaction time to the peripheral stimulus for the youngest group of children (<5 years). Overall the results suggest that although young children are strongly engaged by centrally presented eye gaze cues, the directional influence of such cues on overt attentional orienting is only present in older children, meaning that the effect is unlikely to be dependent upon an innate brain module. Instead, the results are consistent with the existence of stimulus–response associations which develop with age and environmental experience.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ohl2016a,

title = {Microsaccades are coupled to heartbeat},

author = {Sven Ohl and Christian Wohltat and Reinhold Kliegl and Olga Pollatos and Ralf Engbert},

doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2211-15.2016},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Neuroscience},

volume = {36},

number = {4},

pages = {1237–1241},

abstract = {During visual fixation, the eye generates microsaccades and slower components of fixational eye movements that are part of the visual processing strategy in humans. Here, we show that ongoing heartbeat is coupled to temporal rate variations in the generation of microsaccades. Using coregistration of eye recording and ECG in humans, we tested the hypothesis that microsaccade onsets are coupled to the relative phase of the R-R intervals in heartbeats. We observed significantly more microsaccades during the early phase after the R peak in the ECG. This form of coupling between heartbeat and eye movements was substantiated by the additional finding of a coupling between heart phase and motion activity in slow fixational eye movements; i.e., retinal image slip caused by physiological drift. Our findings therefore demonstrate a coupling of the oculomotor system and ongoing heartbeat, which provides further evidence for bodily influences on visuomotor functioning.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{rmdkdc16,

title = {Super-memorizers are not super-recognizers},

author = {Meike Ramon and Sébastien Miellet and Anna M. Dzieciol and Boris Nikolai Konrad and Martin Dresler and Roberto Caldara},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0150972},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {11},

number = {3},

pages = {e0150972},

abstract = {Humans have a natural expertise in recognizing faces. However, the nature of the interaction between this critical visual biological skill and memory is yet unclear. Here, we had the unique opportunity to test two individuals who have had exceptional success in the World Memory Championships, including several world records in face-name association memory. We designed a range of face processing tasks to determine whether superior/expert face memory skills are associated with distinctive perceptual strategies for processing faces. Superior memorizers excelled at tasks involving associative face-name learning. Nevertheless, they were as impaired as controls in tasks probing the efficiency of the face system: face inversion and the other-race effect. Super memorizers did not show increased hippocampal volumes, and exhibited optimal generic eye movement strategies when they performed complex multi-item face-name associations. Our data show that the visual computations of the face system are not malleable and are robust to acquired expertise involving extensive training of associative memory.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{ArandiaRomero2016,

title = {Multiplicative and additive modulation of neuronal tuning with population activity affects encoded information},

author = {Iñigo Arandia-Romero and Seiji Tanabe and Jan Drugowitsch and Adam Kohn and Rubén Moreno-Bote},

doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2016.01.044},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Neuron},

volume = {89},

number = {6},

pages = {1305–1316},

abstract = {Numerous studies have shown that neuronal responses are modulated by stimulus properties and also by the state of the local network. However, little is known about how activity fluctuations of neuronal populations modulate the sensory tuning of cells and affect their encoded information. We found that fluctuations in ongoing and stimulus-evoked population activity in primate visual cortex modulate the tuning of neurons in a multiplicative and additive manner. While distributed on a continuum, neurons with stronger multiplicative effects tended to have less additive modulation and vice versa. The information encoded by multiplicatively modulated neurons increased with greater population activity, while that of additively modulated neurons decreased. These effects offset each other so that population activity had little effect on total information. Our results thus suggest that intrinsic activity fluctuations may act as a "traffic light" that determines which subset of neurons is most informative.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Yang2016,

title = {Active sensing in the categorization of visual patterns},

author = {Scott Cheng Hsin Yang and Máté Lengyel and Daniel M. Wolpert},

doi = {10.7554/eLife.12215},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {eLife},

volume = {5},

number = {FEBRUARY2016},

pages = {1–22},

abstract = {Interpreting visual scenes typically requires us to accumulate information from multiple locations in a scene. Using a novel gaze-contingent paradigm in a visual categorization task, we show that participants' scan paths follow an active sensing strategy that incorporates information already acquired about the scene and knowledge of the statistical structure of patterns. Intriguingly, categorization performance was markedly improved when locations were revealed to participants by an optimal Bayesian active sensor algorithm. By using a combination of a Bayesian ideal observer and the active sensor algorithm, we estimate that a major portion of this apparent suboptimality of fixation locations arises from prior biases, perceptual noise and inaccuracies in eye movements, and the central process of selecting fixation locations is around 70% efficient in our task. Our results suggest that participants select eye movements with the goal of maximizing information about abstract categories that require the integration of information from multiple locations.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Hummer2016,

title = {Eye tracker-based gaze correction for robust mapping of population receptive fields},

author = {A. Hummer and M. Ritter and M. Tik and A. A. Ledolter and M. Woletz and G. E. Holder and Serge O. Dumoulin and U. Schmidt-Erfurth and C. Windischberger},

doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.07.003},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {NeuroImage},

volume = {142},

pages = {211–224},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Functional MRI enables the acquisition of a retinotopic map that relates regions of the visual field to neural populations in the visual cortex. During such a “population receptive field” (PRF) experiment, stable gaze fixation is of utmost importance in order to correctly link the presented stimulus patterns to stimulated retinal regions and the resulting Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) response of the appropriate region within the visual cortex. A method is described that compensates for unstable gaze fixation by recording gaze position via an eyetracker and subsequently modifies the input stimulus underlying the PRF analysis according to the eyetracking measures. Here we show that PRF maps greatly improve when the method is applied to data acquired with either saccadic or smooth eye movements. We conclude that the technique presented herein is useful for studies involving subjects with unstable gaze fixation, particularly elderly patient populations.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{shv16,

title = {Dependency resolution difficulty increases with distance in Persian separable complex predicates: Evidence for expectation and memory-based accounts},

author = {Molood S. Safavi and Samar Husain and Shravan Vasishth},

doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00403},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},

volume = {7},

pages = {403},

abstract = {Delaying the appearance of a verb in a noun-verb dependency tends to increase processing difficulty at the verb; one explanation for this locality effect is decay and/or interference of the noun in working memory. Surprisal, an expectation-based account, predicts that delaying the appearance of a verb either renders it no more predictable or more predictable, leading respectively to a prediction of no effect of distance or a facilitation. Recently, Husain et al (2014) suggested that when the exact identity of the upcoming verb is predictable (strong predictability), increasing argument-verb distance leads to facilitation effects, which is consistent with surprisal; but when the exact identity of the upcoming verb is not predictable (weak predictability), locality effects are seen. We investigated Husain et al.'s proposal using Persian complex predicates (CPs), which consist of a non-verbal element—a noun in the current study—and a verb. In CPs, once the noun has been read, the exact identity of the verb is highly predictable (strong predictability); this was confirmed using a sentence completion study. In two self-paced reading (SPR) and two eye-tracking (ET) experiments, we delayed the appearance of the verb by interposing a relative clause (Expt. 1 and 3) or a long PP (Expt. 2 and 4). We also included a simple Noun-Verb predicate configuration with the same distance manipulation; here, the exact identity of the verb was not predictable (weak predictability). Thus, the design crossed Predictability Strength and Distance. We found that, consistent with surprisal, the verb in the strong predictability conditions was read faster than in the weak predictability conditions. Furthermore, greater verb-argument distance led to slower reading times; strong predictability did not neutralize or attenuate the locality effects. As regards the effect of distance on dependency resolution difficulty, these four experiments present evidence in favor of working memory accounts of argument-verb dependency resolution, and against the surprisal-based expectation account of Levy (2008). However, another expectation-based measure, entropy, which was computed using the offline sentence completion data, predicts reading times in Experiment 1. We suggest that forgetting due to memory overload leads to greater entropy at the verb.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lin2016,

title = {Predicting aggressive tendencies by visual attention bias associated with hostile emotions},

author = {Ping-I Lin and Cheng-Da Hsieh and Chi-Hung Juan and Md Monir Hossain and Craig A. Erickson and Yang-Han Lee and Mu-Chun Su},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0149487},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {11},

number = {2},

pages = {e0149487},

abstract = {The goal of the current study is to clarify the relationship between social information processing (e.g., visual attention to cues of hostility, hostility attribution bias, and facial expression emotion labeling) and aggressive tendencies. Thirty adults were recruited in the eye-tracking study that measured various components in social information processing. Baseline aggressive tendencies were measured using the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (AQ). Visual attention towards hostile objects was measured as the proportion of eye gaze fixation duration on cues of hostility. Hostility attribution bias was measured with the rating results for emotions of characters in the images. The results show that the eye gaze duration on hostile characters was significantly inversely correlated with the AQ score and less eye contact with an angry face. The eye gaze duration on hostile object was not significantly associated with hostility attribution bias, although hostility attribution bias was significantly positively associated with the AQ score. Our findings suggest that eye gaze fixation time towards non-hostile cues may predict aggressive tendencies.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{McCoy2016,

title = {Effects of reward on oculomotor control},

author = {Brónagh McCoy and Jan Theeuwes},

doi = {10.1152/jn.00498.2016},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},

volume = {116},

number = {5},

pages = {2453–2466},

abstract = {The present study examines the extent to which distractors that signal the availability of monetary reward on a given trial affect eye movements. We used a novel eye movement task in which observers had to follow a target around the screen while ignoring distractors presented at varying locations. We examined the effects of reward magnitude and distractor location on a host of oculomotor properties, including saccade latency, amplitude, landing position, curvature, and erroneous saccades toward the distractor. We found consistent effects of reward magnitude on classic oculomotor phenomena such as the remote distractor effect, the global effect, and oculomotor capture by the distractor. We also show that a distractor in the visual hemifield opposite to the target had a larger effect on oculomotor control than an equidistant distractor in the same hemifield as the target. Bayesian hierarchical drift diffusion modeling revealed large differences in drift rate depending on the reward value, location, and visual hemifield of the distractor stimulus. Our findings suggest that high reward distractors not only capture the eyes but also affect a multitude of oculomotor properties associated with oculomotor inhibition and control.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Paolozza2016,

title = {Immediate neural plasticity involving reaction time in a saccadic eye movement task is intact in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder},

author = {Angelina Paolozza and Douglas P. Munoz and Donald Brien and James N. Reynolds},

doi = {10.1111/acer.13224},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research},

volume = {40},

number = {11},

pages = {2351–2358},

abstract = {Background: Saccades are rapid eye movements that bring an image of interest onto the retina. Previous research has found that in healthy individuals performing eye movement tasks, the location of a previous visual target can influence performance of the saccade on the next trial. This rapid behavioral adaptation represents a form of immediate neural plasticity within the saccadic circuitry. Our studies have shown that children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) are impaired on multiple saccade measures. We therefore investigated these previous trial effects in typically developing children and children with FASD to measure sensory neural plasticity and how these effects vary with age and pathology. Methods: Both typically developing control children (n = 102; mean age = 10.54 +/- 3.25; 48 males) and children with FASD (n = 66; mean age = 11.85 +/- 3.42; 35 males) were recruited from 5 sites across Canada. Each child performed a visually guided saccade task. Reaction time and saccade amplitude were analyzed and then assessed based on the previous trial. Results: There was a robust previous trial effect for both reaction time and amplitude, with both the control and FASD groups displaying faster reaction times and smaller saccades during alternation trials (visual target presented on the opposite side to the previous trial). Children with FASD exhibited smaller overall mean amplitude and smaller amplitude selectively on alternation trials compared with controls. The effect of the previous trial on reaction time and amplitude did not differ across childhood and adolescent development. Conclusions: Children with FASD did not display any significant reaction time differences, despite exhibiting numerous deficits in motor and higher level cognitive control over saccades in other studies. These results suggest that this form of immediate neural plasticity in response to sensory information before saccade initiation remains intact in children with FASD. In contrast, the previous trial effect on amplitude suggests that the motor component of saccades may be affected, signifying differential vulnerability to prenatal alcohol exposure.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Zenon2016,

title = {Dopamine manipulation affects response vigor independently of opportunity cost},

author = {Alexandre Zenon and Sophie Devesse and Etienne Olivier},

doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4467-15.2016},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Neuroscience},

volume = {36},

number = {37},

pages = {9516–9525},

abstract = {Dopamine is known to be involved in regulating effort investment in relation to reward, and the disruption of this mechanism is thought to be central in some pathological situations such as Parkinson's disease, addiction, and depression. According to an influential model, dopamine plays this role by encoding the opportunity cost, i.e., the average value of forfeited actions, which is an important parameter to take into account when making decisions about which action to undertake and how fast to execute it. We tested this hypothesis by asking healthy human participants to perform two effort-based decision-making tasks, following either placebo or levodopa intake in a double blind within-subject protocol. In the effort-constrained task, there was a trade-off between the amount of force exerted and the time spent in executing the task, such that investing more effort decreased the opportunity cost. In the time-constrained task, the effort duration was constant, but exerting more force allowed the subject to earn more substantial reward instead of saving time. Contrary to the model predictions, we found that levodopa caused an increase in the force exerted only in the time-constrained task, in which there was no trade-off between effort and opportunity cost. In addition, a computational model showed that dopamine manipulation left the opportunity cost factor unaffected but altered the ratio between the effort cost and reinforcement value. These findings suggest that dopamine does not represent the opportunity cost but rather modulates how much effort a given reward is worth.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Gregory2016a,

title = {Gamma frequency and the spatial tuning of primary visual cortex},

author = {Sarah Gregory and Marco Fusca and Geraint Rees and D. Samuel Schwarzkopf and Gareth Barnes},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0157374},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {11},

number = {6},

pages = {e0157374},

abstract = {Visual stimulation produces oscillatory gamma responses in human primary visual cortex (V1) that also relate to visual perception. We have shown previously that peak gamma frequency positively correlates with central V1 cortical surface area. We hypothesized that people with larger V1 would have smaller receptive fields and that receptive field size, not V1 are, might explain this relationship. Here we set out to test this hypothesis directly by investigating the relationship between fMRI estimated population receptive field (pRF) size and gamma frequency in V1. We stimulated both the near-centre and periphery of the visual field using both large and small stimuli in each location and replicated our previous finding of a positive correlation between V1 surface area and peak gamma frequency. Counter to our expectation, we found that between participants V1 size (and not pRF size) accounted for most of the variability in gamma frequency. Within-participants we found that gamma frequency increased, rather than decreased, with stimulus eccentricity directly contradicting our initial hypothesis.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Tang2016,

title = {Predicting episodic memory formation for movie events},

author = {Hanlin Tang and Jedediah M. Singer and Matias J. Ison and Gnel Pivazyan and Melissa Romaine and Rosa Frias and Elizabeth Meller and Adrianna Boulin and James Carroll and Victoria Perron and Sarah Dowcett and Marlise Arellano and Gabriel Kreiman},

doi = {10.1038/srep30175},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Scientific Reports},

volume = {6},

pages = {30175},

publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},

abstract = {Episodic memories are long lasting and full of detail, yet imperfect and malleable. We quantitatively evaluated recollection of short audiovisual segments from movies as a proxy to real-life memory formation in 161 subjects at 15minutes up to a year after encoding. Memories were reproducible within and across individuals, showed the typical decay with time elapsed between encoding and testing, were fallible yet accurate, and were insensitive to low-level stimulus manipulations but sensitive to high-level stimulus properties. Remarkably, memorability was also high for single movie frames, even one year post-encoding. To evaluate what determines the efficacy of long-term memory formation, we developed an extensive set of content annotations that included actions, emotional valence, visual cues and auditory cues. These annotations enabled us to document the content properties that showed a stronger correlation with recognition memory and to build a machine-learning computational model that accounted for episodic memory formation in single events for group averages and individual subjects with an accuracy of up to 80%. These results provide initial steps towards the development of a quantitative computational theory capable of explaining the subjective filtering steps that lead to how humans learn and consolidate memories.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wonnacott2016,

title = {Is children's reading “good enough”? Links between online processing and comprehension as children read syntactically ambiguous sentences},

author = {Elizabeth Wonnacott and Holly S. S. L. Joseph and James S. Adelman and Kate Nation},

doi = {10.1080/17470218.2015.1011176},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology},

volume = {69},

number = {5},

pages = {855–879},

abstract = {We monitored 8- and 10-year-old children's eye movements as they read sentences containing a temporary syntactic ambiguity to obtain a detailed record of their online processing. Children showed the classic garden-path effect in online processing. Their reading was disrupted following disambiguation, relative to control sentences containing a comma to block the ambiguity, although the disruption occurred somewhat later than would be expected for mature readers. We also asked children questions to probe their comprehension of the syntactic ambiguity offline. They made more errors following ambiguous sentences than following control sentences, demonstrating that the initial incorrect parse of the garden-path sentence influenced offline comprehension. These findings are consistent with "good enough" processing effects seen in adults. While faster reading times and more regressions were generally associated with better comprehension, spending longer reading the question predicted comprehension success specifically in the ambiguous condition. This suggests that reading the question prompted children to reconstruct the sentence and engage in some form of processing, which in turn increased the likelihood of comprehension success. Older children were more sensitive to the syntactic function of commas, and, overall, they were faster and more accurate than younger children.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Zenon2016a,

title = {The human subthalamic nucleus encodes the subjective value of reward and the cost of effort during decision-making},

author = {Alexandre Zénon and Yann Duclos and Romain Carron and Tatiana Witjas and Christelle Baunez and Jean Régis and Jean Philippe Azulay and Peter Brown and Alexandre Eusebio},

doi = {10.1093/brain/aww075},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Brain},

volume = {139},

number = {6},

pages = {1830–1843},

abstract = {Adaptive behaviour entails the capacity to select actions as a function of their energy cost and expected value and the disruption of this faculty is now viewed as a possible cause of the symptoms of Parkinsons disease. Indirect evidence points to the involvement of the subthalamic nucleus–the most common target for deep brain stimulation in Parkinsons disease–in cost-benefit computation. However, this putative function appears at odds with the current view that the subthalamic nucleus is important for adjusting behaviour to conflict. Here we tested these contrasting hypotheses by recording the neuronal activity of the subthalamic nucleus of patients with Parkinsons disease during an effort-based decision task. Local field potentials were recorded from the subthalamic nucleus of 12 patients with advanced Parkinsons disease (mean age 63.8 years +/- 6.8; mean disease duration 9.4 years +/- 2.5) both OFF and ON levodopa while they had to decide whether to engage in an effort task based on the level of effort required and the value of the reward promised in return. The data were analysed using generalized linear mixed models and cluster-based permutation methods. Behaviourally, the probability of trial acceptance increased with the reward value and decreased with the required effort level. Dopamine replacement therapy increased the rate of acceptance for efforts associated with low rewards. When recording the subthalamic nucleus activity, we found a clear neural response to both reward and effort cues in the 1-10 Hz range. In addition these responses were informative of the subjective value of reward and level of effort rather than their actual quantities, such that they were predictive of the participants decisions. OFF levodopa, this link with acceptance was weakened. Finally, we found that these responses did not index conflict, as they did not vary as a function of the distance from indifference in the acceptance decision. These findings show that low-frequency neuronal activity in the subthalamic nucleus may encode the information required to make cost-benefit comparisons, rather than signal conflict. The link between these neural responses and behaviour was stronger under dopamine replacement therapy. Our findings are consistent with the view that Parkinsons disease symptoms may be caused by a disruption of the processes involved in balancing the value of actions with their associated effort cost.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wende2016,

title = {Anticipation of physical causality guides eye movements},

author = {Kim Wende and Laetitia Theunissen and Marcus Missal},

doi = {10.16910/jemr.9.2.1},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Eye Movement Research},

volume = {9},

number = {2},

pages = {1–9},

abstract = {Causality is a unique feature of human perception. We present here a behavioral investigation of the influence of physical causality during visual pursuit of object collisions. Pursuit and saccadic eye movements of human subjects were recorded during ocular pursuit of two concurrently launched targets, one that moved according to the laws of Newtonian mechanics (the causal target) and the other one that moved in a physically implausible direction (the non-causal target). We found that anticipation of collision evoked early smooth pursuit decelerations. Saccades to non-causal targets were hypermetric and had latencies longer than saccades to causal targets. In conclusion, before and after a collision of two moving objects the oculomotor system implicitly predicts upcoming physically plausible target trajectories.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Miconi2016,

title = {There's Waldo! A normalization model of visual search predicts single-trial human fixations in an object search task},

author = {Thomas Miconi and Laura Groomes and Gabriel Kreiman},

doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhv129},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Cerebral Cortex},

volume = {26},

number = {7},

pages = {3064–3082},

abstract = {When searching for an object in a scene, how does the brain decide where to look next? Visual search theories suggest the existence of a global "priority map" that integrates bottom-up visual information with top-down, target-specific signals. We propose a mechanistic model of visual search that is consistent with recent neurophysiological evidence, can localize targets in cluttered images, and predicts signle-trial behavior in a search task. This model posits that a high-level retinotopic area selective for shape features receives global, target-specific modulation and implements local normalization through divisive inhibition. The normalization step is critical to prevent highly salient bottom-up features from monopolizing attention. The resulting activity pattern constitutes a priority map that tracks the correlation between local input and target features. The maximum of this priority map is selected as the locus of attention. The visual input is then spatially enhanced around the selected location, allowing object-selective visual areas to determine whether the target is present at this location. This model can localize objects both in array images and when objects are pasted in natural scenes. The model can also predict single-trial human fixations, including those in arror and target-absent trials, in a search task involving complex objects.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Fernandez2016,

title = {Contextual predictability enhances reading performance in patients with schizophrenia},

author = {Gerardo Fernández and Salvador Guinjoan and Marcelo Sapognikoff and David Orozco and Osvaldo Agamennoni},

doi = {10.1016/j.psychres.2016.05.010},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Psychiatry Research},

volume = {241},

pages = {333–339},

publisher = {Elsevier},

abstract = {In the present work we analyzed fixation duration in 40 healthy individuals and 18 patients with chronic, stable SZ during reading of regular sentences and proverbs. While they read, their eye movements were recorded. We used lineal mixed models to analyze fixation durations. The predictability of words N-1, N, and N+1 exerted a strong influence on controls and SZ patients. The influence of the predictabilities of preceding, current, and upcoming words on SZ was clearly reduced for proverbs in comparison to regular sentences. Both controls and SZ readers were able to use highly predictable fixated words for an easier reading. Our results suggest that SZ readers might compensate attentional and working memory deficiencies by using stored information of familiar texts for enhancing their reading performance. The predictabilities of words in proverbs serve as task-appropriate cues that are used by SZ readers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study using eyetracking for measuring how patients with SZ process well-defined words embedded in regular sentences and proverbs. Evaluation of the resulting changes in fixation durations might provide a useful tool for understanding how SZ patients could enhance their reading performance.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lin2016a,

title = {Tracking students' cognitive processes during program debugging-an eye-movement approach},

author = {Yu-Tzu Lin and Cheng-Chih Wu and Ting-Yun Hou and Yu-Chih Lin and Fang-Ying Yang and Chia-Hu Chang},

doi = {10.1109/TE.2015.2487341},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {IEEE Transactions on Education},

volume = {59},

number = {3},

pages = {175–186},

abstract = {This study explores students' cognitive processes while debugging programs by using an eye tracker. Students' eye movements during debugging were recorded by an eye tracker to investigate whether and how high- and low-performance students act differently during debugging. Thirty-eight computer science undergraduates were asked to debug two C programs. The path of students' gaze while following program codes was subjected to sequential analysis to reveal significant sequences of areas examined. These significant gaze path sequences were then compared to those of students with different debugging performances. The results show that, when debugging, high-performance students traced programs in a more logical manner, whereas low-performance students tended to stick to a line-by-line sequence and were unable to quickly derive the program's higher-level logic. Low-performance students also often jumped directly to certain suspected statements to find bugs, without following the program's logic. They also often needed to trace back to prior statements to recall information, and spent more time on manual computation. Based on the research results, adaptive instructional strategies and materials can be developed for students of different performance levels, to improve associated cognitive activities during debugging, which can foster learning during debugging and programming.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Nieuwenhuijzen2016,

title = {Spatiotemporal dynamics of cortical representations during and after stimulus presentation},

author = {Marieke E. Nieuwenhuijzen and Eva W. P. Borne and Ole Jensen and Marcel A. J. Gerven},

doi = {10.3389/fnsys.2016.00042},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience},

volume = {10},

pages = {42},

abstract = {Visual perception is a spatiotemporally complex process. In this study, we investigated cortical dynamics during and after stimulus presentation. We observed that visual category information related to the difference between faces and objects became apparent in the occipital lobe after 63 ms. Within the next 110 ms, activation spread out to include the temporal lobe before returning to residing mainly in the occipital lobe again. After stimulus offset, a peak in information was observed, comparable to the peak after stimulus onset. Moreover, similar processes, albeit not identical, seemed to underlie both peaks. Information about the categorical identity of the stimulus remained present until 677 ms after stimulus offset, during which period the stimulus had to be retained in working memory. Activation patterns initially resembled those observed during stimulus presentation. After about 200 ms, however, this representation changed and class-specific activity became more equally distributed over the four lobes. These results show that, although there are common processes underlying stimulus representation both during and after stimulus presentation, these representations change depending on the specific stage of perception and maintenance.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wendt2016,

title = {Impact of background noise and sentence complexity on processing demands during sentence comprehension},

author = {Dorothea Wendt and Torsten Dau and Jens Hjortkjær},

doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00345},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},

volume = {7},

pages = {345},

abstract = {Speech comprehension in adverse listening conditions can be effortful even when speech is fully intelligible. Acoustical distortions typically make speech comprehension more effortful, but effort also depends on linguistic aspects of the speech signal, such as its syntactic complexity. In the present study, pupil dilations, and subjective effort ratings were recorded in 20 normal-hearing participants while performing a sentence comprehension task. The sentences were either syntactically simple (subject-first sentence structure) or complex (object-first sentence structure) and were presented in two levels of background noise both corresponding to high intelligibility. A digit span and a reading span test were used to assess individual differences in the participants' working memory capacity (WMC). The results showed that the subjectively rated effort was mostly affected by the noise level and less by syntactic complexity. Conversely, pupil dilations increased with syntactic complexity but only showed a small effect of the noise level. Participants with higher WMC showed increased pupil responses in the higher-level noise condition but rated sentence comprehension as being less effortful compared to participants with lower WMC. Overall, the results demonstrate that pupil dilations and subjectively rated effort represent different aspects of effort. Furthermore, the results indicate that effort can vary in situations with high speech intelligibility.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Chen2016b,

title = {Eyetracking reveals multiple-category use in induction},

author = {Stephanie Y. Chen and Brian H. Ross and Gregory L. Murphy},

doi = {10.1037/xlm0000222},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition},

volume = {42},

number = {7},

pages = {1050–1067},

abstract = {Category information is used to predict properties of new category members. When categorization is uncertain, people often rely on only one, most likely category to make predictions. Yet studies of perception and action often conclude that people combine multiple sources of information nearoptimally. We present a perception-action analog of category-based induction using eye movements as a measure of prediction. The categories were objects of different shapes that moved in various directions. Experiment 1 found that people integrated information across categories in predicting object motion. The results of Experiment 2 suggest that the integration of information found in Experiment 1 were not a result of explicit strategies. Experiment 3 tested the role of explicit categorization, finding that making a categorization judgment, even an uncertain one, stopped people from using multiple categories in our eye-movement task. Experiment 4 found that induction was indeed based on category-level predictions rather than associations between object properties and directions.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Collins2016,

title = {The spatiotopic representation of visual objects across time},

author = {Thérèse Collins},

doi = {10.3758/s13414-016-1155-y},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics},

volume = {78},

number = {6},

pages = {1531–1537},

publisher = {Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics},

abstract = {Each eye movement introduces changes in the retinal location of objects. How a stable spatiotopic representation emerges from such variable input is an important question for the study of vision. Researchers have classically probed human observers' performance in a task requiring a location judgment about an object presented at different locations across a saccade. Correct performance on this task requires realigning or remapping retinal locations to compensate for the saccade. A recent study showed that performance improved with longer presaccadic viewing time, suggesting that accurate spatiotopic representations take time to build up. The first goal of the study was to replicate that finding. Two experiments, one an exact replication and the second a modified version, failed to replicate improved performance with longer presaccadic viewing time. The second goal of this study was to examine the role of attention in constructing spatiotopic representations, as theoretical and neurophysiological accounts of remapping have proposed that only attended targets are remapped. A third experiment thus manipulated attention with a spatial cueing paradigm and compared transsaccadic location performance of attended versus unattended targets. No difference in spatiotopic performance was found between attended and unattended targets. Although only negative results are reported, they might nevertheless suggest that spatiotopic representations are relatively stable over time.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Hanke2016,

title = {A studyforrest extension, simultaneous fMRI and eye gaze recordings during prolonged natural stimulation},

author = {Michael Hanke and Nico Adelhöfer and Daniel Kottke and Vittorio Iacovella and Ayan Sengupta and Falko R. Kaule and Roland Nigbur and Alexander Q. Waite and Florian Baumgartner and Jörg Stadler},

doi = {10.1038/sdata.2016.92},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Scientific Data},

volume = {3},

pages = {160092},

abstract = {Here we present an update of the studyforrest (http://studyforrest.org) dataset that complements the previously released functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data for natural language processing with a new two-hour 3 Tesla fMRI acquisition while 15 of the original participants were shown an audio-visual version of the stimulus motion picture. We demonstrate with two validation analyses that these new data support modeling specific properties of the complex natural stimulus, as well as a substantial within-subject BOLD response congruency in brain areas related to the processing of auditory inputs, speech, and narrative when compared to the existing fMRI data for audio-only stimulation. In addition, we provide participants' eye gaze location as recorded simultaneously with fMRI, and an additional sample of 15 control participants whose eye gaze trajectories for the entire movie were recorded in a lab setting-to enable studies on attentional processes and comparative investigations on the potential impact of the stimulation setting on these processes.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{rhdbpsbgr16,

title = {Rapid number naming in chronic concussion: Eye movements in the King–Devick test},

author = {John-Ross Rizzo and Todd E. Hudson and Weiwei Dai and Joel Birkemeier and Rosa M. Pasculli and Ivan Selesnick and Laura J. Balcer and Steven L. Galetta and Janet C. Rucker},

doi = {10.1002/acn3.345},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology},

volume = {3},

number = {10},

pages = {801–811},

abstract = {Objective: The King–Devick (KD) test, which is based on rapid number nam- ing speed, is a performance measure that adds vision and eye movement assess- ments to sideline concussion testing. We performed a laboratory-based study to characterize ocular motor behavior during the KD test in a patient cohort with chronic concussion to identify features associated with prolonged KD reading times. Methods: Twenty-five patients with a concussion history (mean age: 31) were compared to control participants with no concussion history (n = 42, mean age: 32). Participants performed a computerized KD test under infrared- based video-oculography. Results: Average intersaccadic intervals for task-speci- fic saccades were significantly longer among concussed patients compared to controls (324.4 ? 85.6 msec vs. 286.1 ? 49.7 msec},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wood2016,

title = {“This Isn't a Promise, It's a Threat”},

author = {Jeffrey S. Wood and Matthew Haigh and Andrew J. Stewart},

doi = {10.1027/1618-3169/a000315},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Experimental Psychology},

volume = {63},

number = {2},

pages = {89–97},

abstract = {Participants had their eye movements recorded as they read vignettes containing implied promises and threats. We observed a reading time penalty when participants read the word “threat” when it anaphorically referred to an implied promise. There was no such penalty when the word “promise” was used to refer to an implied threat. On a later measure of processing we again found a reading time penalty when the word “threat” was used to refer to a promise, but also when the word “promise” was used to refer to a threat. These results suggest that anaphoric processing of such expressions is driven initially by sensitivity to the semantic scope differences of “threats” versus “promises.” A threat can be understood as a type of promise, but a promise cannot be understood as a type of threat. However, this effect was short lived; readers were ultimately sensitive to mismatched meaning, regardless of speech act performed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Zerkle2016,

title = {Discourse attention during utterance planning a昀fects referential form choice},

author = {Sandra A. Zerkle and Jennifer E. Arnold},

doi = {10.1515/lingvan-2016-0067},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Linguistics Vanguard},

volume = {2},

pages = {1–16},

abstract = {An unstudied source of linguistic variation is the use of discourse-appropriate language. Sometimes individuals use linguistic devices (anaphors, connectors) to connect utterances to the discourse context, and sometimes not. We asked how this variation is related to utterance planning, using eyetracking with a narrative production task. Participants saw picture pairs depicting two events. They heard a description of the first event (Context picture), then added to the story by describing the second event (Target picture). We found that one group of participants produced utterances that connected with the discourse context (Context-Users), using pronouns/zeros and connectors ( and / then ) as appropriate, while another group consistently used definite NP descriptions and virtually no connectors (Context-Ignorers). Eyetracking measures reflected utterance planning within a discourse context: all participants shifted their attention from the Context picture to the Target picture throughout a trial. We also observed group differences: Context-Users directed their attention in a more systematic way than Context-Ignorers. At trial onset, Context-Users looked more at the Context picture than Context-Ignorers. Right before speaking, they looked more at the Target picture than Context-Ignorers. The Context-Users also had shorter latency to begin speaking. This study provides a first step toward characterizing individual differences in terms of utterance planning.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{LemoineLardennois2016,

title = {Saccadic adaptation in 10–41 month-old children},

author = {Christelle Lemoine-Lardennois and Nadia Alahyane and Coline Tailhefer and Thérèse Collins and Jacqueline Fagard and Karine Doré-Mazars},

doi = {10.3389/fnhum.2016.00241},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},

volume = {10},

pages = {241},

abstract = {When saccade amplitude becomes systematically inaccurate, adaptation mechanisms gradually decrease or increase it until accurate saccade targeting is recovered. Adaptive shortening and adaptive lengthening of saccade amplitude rely on separate mechanisms in adults. When these adaptation mechanisms emerge during development is poorly known except that adaptive shortening processes are functional in children above 8 years of age. Yet, saccades in infants are consistently inaccurate (hypometric) as if adaptation mechanisms were not fully functional in early childhood. Here, we tested reactive saccade adaptation in 10–41 month-old children compared to a group of 20–30 year-old adults. A visual target representing a cartoon character appeared at successive and unpredictable locations 10◦ apart on a computer screen. During the eye movement toward the target, it systematically stepped in the direction opposite to the saccade to induce an adaptive shortening of saccade amplitude (Experiment 1). In Experiment 2, the target stepped in the same direction as the ongoing saccade to induce an adaptive lengthening of saccade amplitude. In both backward and forward adaptation experiments, saccade adaptation was compared to a control condition where there was no intrasaccadic target step. Analysis of baseline performance revealed both longer saccade reaction times and hypometric saccades in children compared to adults. In both experiments, children on average showed gradual changes in saccade amplitude consistent with the systematic intrasaccadic target steps. Moreover, the amount of amplitude change was similar between children and adults for both backward and forward adaptation. Finally, adaptation abilities in our child group were not related to age. Overall the results suggest that the neural mechanisms underlying reactive saccade adaptation are in place early during development.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Carrol2016,

title = {Found in translation: The Influence of the L1 on the Reading of Idioms in a L2},

author = {Gareth Carrol and Kathy Conklin and Henrik Gyllstad},

doi = {10.1080/00938157.2016.1210959},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Studies in Second Language Acquisition},

volume = {38},

pages = {403–443},

abstract = {Formulaic language represents a challenge to even the most proficient of language learners. Evidence is mixed as to whether native and nonnative speakers process it in a fundamentally different way, whether exposure can lead to more nativelike processing for nonnatives, and how L1 knowledge is used to aid comprehension. In this study we investigated how advanced nonnative speakers process idioms encountered in their L2. We used eye-tracking to see whether a highly proficient group of L1 Swedes showed any evidence of a formulaic processing advantage for English idioms. We also compared translations of Swedish idioms and congruent idioms (items that exist in both languages) to see how L1 knowledge is utilized during online processing. Results support the view that L1 knowledge is automatically used from the earliest stages of processing, regardless of whether sequences are congruent, and that exposure and advanced proficiency can lead to nativelike formulaic processing in the L2.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Curtis2016,

title = {The relationship between problem size and fixation patterns during addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division},

author = {Evan T. Curtis and Matthew G. Huebner and Jo-Anne LeFevre},

doi = {10.5964/jnc.v2i2.17},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Numerical Cognition},

volume = {2},

number = {2},

pages = {91–115},

publisher = {PsychOpen, a publishing service by Leibniz Institute for Psychology Information (ZPID), Trier, Germany (www.zpid.de).},

abstract = {Eye-tracking methods have only rarely been used to examine the online cognitive processing that occurs during mental arithmetic on simple arithmetic problems, that is, addition and multiplication problems with single-digit operands (e.g., operands 2 through 9; 2 + 3, 6 x 8) and the inverse subtraction and division problems (e.g., 5 – 3; 48 ÷ 6). Participants (N = 109) solved arithmetic problems from one of the four operations while their eye movements were recorded. We found three unique fixation patterns. During addition and multiplication, participants allocated half of their fixations to the operator and one-quarter to each operand, independent of problem size. The pattern was similar on small subtraction and division problems. However, on large subtraction problems, fixations were distributed approximately evenly across the three stimulus components. On large division problems, over half of the fixations occurred on the left operand, with the rest distributed between the operation sign and the right operand. We discuss the relations between these eye tracking patterns and other research on the differences in processing across arithmetic operations.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Fernandez2016a,

title = {Patients with mild Alzheimer's disease fail when using their working memory: Evidence from the eye tracking technique},

author = {Gerardo Fernández and Facundo Manes and Luis E. Politi and David Orozco and Marcela Schumacher and Liliana Castro and Osvaldo Agamennoni and Nora P. Rotstein},

doi = {10.3233/JAD-150265},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Alzheimer's Disease},

volume = {50},

number = {3},

pages = {827–838},

abstract = {Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) develop progressive language, visuoperceptual, attentional, and oculomotor changes that can have an impact on their reading comprehension. However, few studies have examined reading behavior in AD, and none have examined the contribution of predictive cueing in reading performance. For this purpose we analyzed the eye movement behavior of 35 healthy readers (Controls) and 35 patients with probable AD during reading of regular and highpredictable sentences. The cloze predictability of words N- 1, and N+ 1 exerted an influence on the reader's gaze duration. The predictabilities of preceding words in high-predictable sentences served as task-appropriate cues that were used by Control readers. In contrast, these effects were not present in AD patients. In Controls, changes in predictability significantly affected fixation duration along the sentence; noteworthy, these changes did not affect fixation durations in AD patients. Hence, only in healthy readers did predictability of upcoming words influence fixation durations via memory retrieval. Our results suggest that Controls used stored information of familiar texts for enhancing their reading performance and imply that contextual-word predictability, whose processing is proposed to require memory retrieval, only affected reading behavior in healthy subjects. In AD patients, this loss reveals impairments in brain areas such as those corresponding to working memory and memory retrieval. These findings might be relevant for expanding the options for the early detection and monitoring in the early stages of AD. Furthermore, evaluation of eye movements during reading could provide a new tool for measuring drug impact on patients' behavior.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Gremmler2016,

title = {Saccadic adaptation is associated with starting eye position},

author = {Svenja Gremmler and Markus Lappe},

doi = {10.3389/fnhum.2016.00322},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},

volume = {10},

pages = {322},

abstract = {Saccadic adaptation is the motor learning process that keeps saccade amplitudes on target. This process is eye position specific: amplitude adaptation that is induced for a saccade at one particular location in the visual field transfers incompletely to saccades at other locations. In our current study, we investigated wether this eye position signal corresponds to the initial or to the final eye position of the saccade. Each case would have different implications on the mechanisms of adaptation. The initial eye position is not directly available, when the adaptation driving post saccadic error signal is received. On the other hand the final eye position signal is not available, when the motor command for the saccade is calculated. In six human subjects we adapted a saccade of 15 degree amplitude that started at a constant position. We then measured the transfer of adaptation to test saccades of 10 and 20 degree amplitude. In each case we compared test saccades that matched the start position of the adapted saccade to those that matched the target of the adapted saccade. We found significantly more transfer of adaptation to test saccades with the same start position than to test saccades with the same target position. The results indicate that saccadic adaptation is specific to the initial eye position. This is consistent with a previously proposed effect of gain field modulated input from areas like the frontal eye field, the lateral intraparietal area and the superior colliculus into the cerebellar adaptation circuitry.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}