EyeLink Eye Tracker Publications Library

@article{Morgan2015,

title = {Tilted frames of reference have similar effects on the perception of gravitational vertical and the planning of vertical saccadic eye movements},

author = {Michael Morgan and Simon Grant and Dean Melmoth and Joshua A. Solomon},

doi = {10.1007/s00221-015-4282-0},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Experimental Brain Research},

volume = {233},

number = {7},

pages = {2115–2125},

publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},

abstract = {We investigated the effects of a tilted refer- ence frame (i.e., allocentric visual context) on the percep- tion of the gravitational vertical and saccadic eye move- ments along a planned egocentric vertical path. Participants (n = 5) in a darkened room fixated a point in the center of a circle on an LCD display and decided which of two sequentially presented dots was closer to the unmarked ‘6 o'clock' position on that circle (i.e., straight down toward their feet). The slope of their perceptual psychometric func- tions showed that participants were able to locate which dot was nearer the vertical with a precision of 1°–2°. For three of the participants, a square frame centered at fixa- tion and tilted (in the roll direction) 5.6° from the vertical caused a strong perceptual bias, manifest as a shift in the psychometric function, in the direction of the traditional ‘rod-and-frame' effect, without affecting precision. The other two participants showed negligible or no equivalent biases. The same subjects participated in the saccade ver- sion of the task, in which they were instructed to shift their gaze to the 6 o'clock position as soon as the central fixation point disappeared. The participants who showed perceptual biases showed biases of similar magnitude in their saccadic endpoints, with a strong correlation between perceptual and saccadic biases across all subjects. Tilting of the head 5.6° reduced both perceptual and saccadic biases in all but one observer, who developed a strong saccadic bias. Otherwise, the overall pattern and significant correlations between results remained the same. We conclude that our observers' saccades-to-vertical were dominated by perceptual input, which outweighed any gravitational or head-centered input.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Morii2015,

title = {The effect of gaze-contingent stimulus elimination on preference judgments},

author = {Masahiro Morii and Takayuki Sakagami},

doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01351},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},

volume = {6},

pages = {1351},

abstract = {This study examined how stimulus elimination (SE) in a preference judgment task affects observers' choices. Previous research suggests that biasing gaze toward one alternative can increase preference for it; this preference reciprocally promotes gaze bias. Shimojo et al. (2003) called this phenomenon the Gaze Cascade Effect. They showed that the likelihood that an observer's gaze was directed toward their chosen alternative increased steadily until the moment of choosing. Therefore, we tested whether observers would prefer an alternative at which they had been gazing last if both alternatives were removed prior to the start of this rising gaze likelihood. To test this, we used a preference judgment task and controlled stimulus presentation based on gaze using an eye-tracking system. A pair of non-sensical figures was presented on the computer screen and both stimuli were eliminated while participants were still making their preference decision. The timing of the elimination differed between two experiments. In Experiment 1, after gazing at both stimuli one or more times, stimuli were removed when the participant's gaze fell on one alternative, pre-selected as the target stimulus. There was no significant difference in the preference of the two alternatives. In Experiment 2, we did not predefine any target stimulus. After the participant gazed at both stimuli one or more times, both stimuli were eliminated when the participant next fixated on either. The likelihood of choosing the stimulus that was gazed at last (at the moment of elimination) was greater than chance. Results showed that controlling participants' choices using gaze-contingent SE was impossible, but the different results between these two experiments suggest that participants decided which stimulus to choose during their first period of gazing at each alternative. Thus, we could predict participants' choices by analyzing eye movement patterns at the moment of SE.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Meghanathan2015,

title = {Fixation duration surpasses pupil size as a measure of memory load in free viewing},

author = {Radha Nila Meghanathan and Cees Leeuwen and Andrey R. Nikolaev},

doi = {10.3389/fnhum.2014.01063},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},

volume = {8},

pages = {1063},

publisher = {Frontiers},

abstract = {Oculomotor behavior reveals, not only the acquisition of visual information at fixation, but also the accumulation of information in memory across subsequent fixations. Two candidate measures were considered as indicators of such dynamic visual memory load: fixation duration and pupil size. While recording these measures, we displayed an arrangement of 3, 4 or 5 targets among distractors. Both occurred in various orientations. Participants searched for targets and reported whether in a subsequent display one of them had changed orientation. We determined to what extent fixation duration and pupil size indicate dynamic memory load, as a function of the number of targets fixated during the search. We found that fixation duration reflects the number of targets, both when this number is within and above the limit of working memory capacity. Pupil size reflects the number of targets only when it exceeds the capacity limit. Moreover, the duration of fixations on successive targets but not on distractors increases whereas pupil size does not. The increase in fixation duration with number of targets both within and above working memory capacity suggests that in free viewing fixation duration is sensitive to actual memory load as well as to processing load, whereas pupil size is indicative of processing load only. Two alternative models relating visual attention and working memory are considered relevant to these results. We discuss the results as supportive of a model which involves a temporary buffer in the interaction of attention and working memory.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Meso2015,

title = {Dynamic resolution of ambiguity during tri-stable motion perception},

author = {Andrew Isaac Meso and Guillaume S. Masson},

doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2014.12.015},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Vision Research},

volume = {107},

pages = {113–123},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Multi-stable perception occurs when an image falling onto the retina has multiple incompatible interpretations. We probed this phenomenon in psychophysical experiments using a moving barber-pole visual stimulus configured as a square to generate three competing perceived directions, horizontal, diagonal and vertical. We characterised patterns in reported switching type and percept duration, classifying switches into three groups related to the direction cues driving such transitions i.e. away from diagonal, towards diagonal and between cardinals. The proportions of each class reported by participants depended on contrast. The two including diagonals dominated at low contrast and those between cardinals increased in proportion as contrast was increased. At low contrasts, the less frequent cardinals persisted for shorter than the dominant diagonals and this was reversed at higher contrasts. This observed asymmetry between the dominance of transition classes appears to be driven by different underlying dynamics between cardinal and the oblique cues and their related transitions. At trial onset we found that transitions away from diagonal dominate, a tendency which later in the trial reverses to dominance by transitions excluding the diagonal, most prominently at higher contrasts. Thus ambiguity is resolved over a contrast dependent temporal integration similar to, but lasting longer than that observed when resolving the aperture problem to estimate direction. When the diagonal direction dominates perception, evidence is found for a noisier competition seen in broader duration distributions than during dominance of cardinal perception. There remain aspects of these identified differences in cardinal and oblique dynamics to be investigated in future.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Neath2015,

title = {Fixation to features and neural processing of facial expressions in a gender discrimination task},

author = {Karly N. Neath and Roxane J. Itier},

doi = {10.1016/j.bandc.2015.05.007},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Brain and Cognition},

volume = {99},

pages = {97–111},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {Early face encoding, as reflected by the N170 ERP component, is sensitive to fixation to the eyes. Whether this sensitivity varies with facial expressions of emotion and can also be seen on other ERP components such as P1 and EPN, was investigated. Using eye-tracking to manipulate fixation on facial features, we found the N170 to be the only eye-sensitive component and this was true for fearful, happy and neutral faces. A different effect of fixation to features was seen for the earlier P1 that likely reflected general sensitivity to face position. An early effect of emotion (~120. ms) for happy faces was seen at occipital sites and was sustained until ~350. ms post-stimulus. For fearful faces, an early effect was seen around 80. ms followed by a later effect appearing at ~150. ms until ~300. ms at lateral posterior sites. Results suggests that in this emotion-irrelevant gender discrimination task, processing of fearful and happy expressions occurred early and largely independently of the eye-sensitivity indexed by the N170. Processing of the two emotions involved different underlying brain networks active at different times.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Nelson2015,

title = {Distinguishing the roles of trait and state anxiety on the nature of anxiety-related attentional biases to threat using a free viewing eye movement paradigm},

author = {Andrea L. Nelson and Christine Purdon and Leanne Quigley and Jonathan Carriere and Daniel Smilek},

doi = {10.1080/02699931.2014.922460},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Cognition and Emotion},

volume = {29},

number = {3},

pages = {504–526},

abstract = {Although attentional biases to threatening information are thought to contribute to the development and persistence of anxiety disorders, it is not clear whether an attentional bias to threat (ABT) is driven by trait anxiety, state anxiety or an interaction between the two. ABT may also be influenced by "top down" processes of motivation to attend or avoid threat. In the current study, participants high, mid and low in trait anxiety viewed high threat-neutral, mild threat-neutral and positive-neutral image pairs for 5 seconds in both calm and anxious mood states while their eye movements were recorded. State anxiety alone, but not trait anxiety, predicted greater maintenance of attention to high threat images (relative to neutral) following the first fixation (i.e., delayed disengagement) and over the time course. Motivation was associated with the time course of attention as would be expected, such that those motivated to look towards negative images showed the greatest ABT over time, and those highly motivated to look away from negative images showed the greatest avoidance. Interestingly, those ambivalent about where to direct their attention when viewing negative images showed the greatest ABT in the first 500 ms of viewing. Implications for theory and treatment of anxiety disorders, as well as areas for further study, are discussed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Newman2015,

title = {Eye gaze tracking reveals different effects of a sad mood induction on the attention of previously depressed and never depressed women},

author = {Kristin R. Newman and Christopher R. Sears},

doi = {10.1007/s10608-014-9669-x},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Cognitive Therapy and Research},

volume = {39},

number = {3},

pages = {292–306},

publisher = {Springer US},

abstract = {This study examined the effect of a sad mood induction (MI) on attention to emotional information and whether the effect varies as a function of depression vulnerability. Previously depressed (N = 42) and never depressed women (N = 58) were randomly assigned to a sad or a neutral MI and then viewed sets of depression-related, anxiety-related, positive, and neutral images. Attention was measured by tracking eye fixations to the images throughout an 8-s presentation. The sad MI had a substantial impact on the attention of never depressed participants: never depressed participants who experienced the sad MI increased their attention to positive images and decreased their attention to anxiety-related images relative to those who experienced the neutral MI. In contrast, previously depressed participants who experienced the sad MI did not attend to emotional images any differently than previously depressed participants who experienced the neutral MI. These results suggest that for never depressed individuals, a sad MI activates an emotion regulation strategy that changes the way that emotional information is attended to in order to counteract the sad mood; the absence of a difference for previously depressed individuals likely reflects a maladaptive emotion regulation response associated with depression vulnerability. Implications for cognitive theories of depression and depression-vulnerability are discussed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Nicenboim2015,

title = {Working memory differences in long-distance dependency resolution},

author = {Bruno Nicenboim and Shravan Vasishth and Carolina A. Gattei and Mariano Sigman and Reinhold Kliegl},

doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00312},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},

volume = {6},

pages = {312},

abstract = {There is a wealth of evidence showing that increasing the distance between an argument and its head leads to more processing effort, namely, locality effects; these are usually associated with constraints in working memory (DLT: Gibson, 2000; activation-based model: Lewis and Vasishth, 2005). In SOV languages, however, the opposite effect has been found: antilocality (see discussion in Levy et al., 2013). Antilocality effects can be explained by the expectation-based approach as proposed by Levy (2008) or by the activation-based model of sentence processing as proposed by Lewis and Vasishth (2005). We report an eye-tracking and a self-paced reading study with sentences in Spanish together with measures of individual differences to examine the distinction between expectation- and memory-based accounts, and within memory-based accounts the further distinction between DLT and the activation-based model. The experiments show that (i) antilocality effects as predicted by the expectation account appear only for high-capacity readers; (ii) increasing dependency length by interposing material that modifies the head of the dependency (the verb) produces stronger facilitation than increasing dependency length with material that does not modify the head; this is in agreement with the activation-based model but not with the expectation account; and (iii) a possible outcome of memory load on low-capacity readers is the increase in regressive saccades (locality effects as predicted by memory-based accounts) or, surprisingly, a speedup in the self-paced reading task; the latter consistent with good-enough parsing (Ferreira et al., 2002). In sum, the study suggests that individual differences in working memory capacity play a role in dependency resolution, and that some of the aspects of dependency resolution can be best explained with the activation-based model together with a prediction component.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Niehorster2015,

title = {Manual tracking enhances smooth pursuit eye movements},

author = {Diederick C. Niehorster and Wilfred W. F. Siu Siu and Li Li},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {15},

number = {15},

pages = {1–14},

abstract = {Previous studies have reported that concurrent manual tracking enhances smooth pursuit eye movements only when tracking a self-driven or a predictable moving target. Here, we used a control-theoretic approach to examine whether concurrent manual tracking enhances smooth pursuit of an unpredictable moving target. In the eye-hand tracking condition, participants used their eyes to track a Gaussian target that moved randomly along a horizontal axis. In the meantime, they used their dominant hand to move a mouse to control the horizontal movement of a Gaussian cursor to vertically align it with the target. In the eye-alone tracking condition, the target and cursor positions recorded in the eye-hand tracking condition were replayed, and participants only performed eye tracking of the target. Catch-up saccades were identified and removed from the recorded eye movements, allowing for a frequencyresponse analysis of the smooth pursuit response to unpredictable target motion. We found that the overall smooth pursuit gain was higher and the number of catch-up saccades made was less when eye tracking was accompanied by manual tracking than when not. We conclude that concurrent manual tracking enhances smooth pursuit. This enhancement is a fundamental property of eye-hand coordination that occurs regardless of the predictability of the target motion.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Moss2015,

title = {The effects of responsible drinking messages on attentional allocation and drinking behaviour},

author = {Antony C. Moss and Ian P. Albery and Kyle R. Dyer and Daniel Frings and Karis Humphreys and Thomas Inkelaar and Emily Harding and Abbie Speller},

doi = {10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.11.035},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Addictive Behaviors},

volume = {44},

pages = {94–101},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Aims: Four experiments were conducted to assess the acute impact of context and exposure to responsible drinking messages (RDMs) on attentional allocation and drinking behaviour of younger drinkers and to explore the utility of lab-based methods for the evaluation of such materials. Methods: A simulated bar environment was used to examine the impact of context, RDM posters, and brief online responsible drinking advice on actual drinking behaviour. Experiments one (n. =. 50) and two (n. =. 35) comprised female non-problem drinkers, whilst Experiments three (n. =. 80) and 4 (n. =. 60) included a mixed-gender sample of non-problem drinkers, recruited from an undergraduate student cohort. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) was used to assess drinking patterns. Alcohol intake was assessed through the use of a taste preference task. Results: Drinking in a simulated bar was significantly greater than in a laboratory setting in the first two studies, but not in the third. There was a significant increase in alcohol consumption as a result of being exposed to RDM posters. Provision of brief online RDM reduced the negative impact of these posters somewhat; however the lowest drinking rates were associated with being exposed to neither posters nor brief advice. Data from the final experiment demonstrated a low level of visual engagement with RDMs, and that exposure to posters was associated with increased drinking. Conclusions: Poster materials promoting responsible drinking were associated with increased consumption amongst undergraduate students, suggesting that poster campaigns to reduce alcohol harms may be having the opposite effect to that intended. Findings suggest that further research is required to refine appropriate methodologies for assessing drinking behaviour in simulated drinking environments, to ensure that future public health campaigns of this kind are having their intended effect.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{MuellerPinzler2015,

title = {Neural pathways of embarrassment and their modulation by social anxiety},

author = {L. Müller-Pinzler and V. Gazzola and C. Keysers and Jens Sommer and Andreas Jansen and S. Frässle and Wolfgang Einhäuser and Frieder M. Paulus and Sören Krach},

doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.06.036},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {NeuroImage},

volume = {119},

pages = {252–261},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {While being in the center of attention and exposed to other's evaluations humans are prone to experience embarrassment. To characterize the neural underpinnings of such aversive moments, we induced genuine experiences of embarrassment during person-group interactions in a functional neuroimaging study. Using a mock-up scenario with three confederates, we examined how the presence of an audience affected physiological and neural responses and the reported emotional experiences of failures and achievements. The results indicated that publicity induced activations in mentalizing areas and failures led to activations in arousal processing systems. Mentalizing activity as well as attention towards the audience were increased in socially anxious participants. The converging integration of information from mentalizing areas and arousal processing systems within the ventral anterior insula and amygdala forms the neural pathways of embarrassment. Targeting these neural markers of embarrassment in the (para-)limbic system provides new perspectives for developing treatment strategies for social anxiety disorders.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Murty2015,

title = {The simple act of choosing influences declarative memory},

author = {Vishnu P. Murty and Sarah DuBrow and Lila Davachi},

doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4181-14.2015},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Neuroscience},

volume = {35},

number = {16},

pages = {6255–6264},

abstract = {Individuals value the opportunity to make choices and exert control over their environment. This perceived sense of agency has been shown to have broad influences on cognition, including preference, decision-making, and valuation. However, it is unclear whether perceived control influences memory. Using a combined behavioral and functional magnetic resonance imaging approach, we investi- gated whether imbuing individuals with a sense of agency over their learning experience influences novelmemoryencoding. Participants encoded objects during a task that manipulated the opportunity to choose. Critically, unlike previous work on active learning, there was no relationship between individuals' choices and the content of memoranda. Despite this, we found that the opportunity to choose resulted in robust, reliable enhancements in declarative memory. Neuroimaging results revealed that anticipatory activation of the striatum, a region associated with decision-making, valuation, and exploration, correlated with choice-induced memory enhancements in behavior. These memory enhancements were further associated with interactions between the striatum and hippocampus. Specifi- cally, anticipatory signals in the striatum when participants are alerted to the fact that they will have to choose one of two memoranda were associated with encoding success effects in the hippocampus on a trial-by-trial basis. The precedence of the striatal signal in these interactions suggests a modulatory relationship of the striatum over the hippocampus. These findings not only demonstrate enhanced declarative memory when individuals have perceived control over their learning but also support a novel mechanism by which these enhancements emerge. Furthermore, they demonstrate a novel context in which mesolimbic and declarative memory systems interact.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Myachykov2015,

title = {The oculomotor resonance effect in spatial-numerical mapping},

author = {Andriy Myachykov and Angelo Cangelosi and Rob Ellis and Martin H. Fischer},

doi = {10.1016/j.actpsy.2015.09.006},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Acta Psychologica},

volume = {161},

pages = {162–169},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {We investigated automatic Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Codes (SNARC) effect in auditory number processing. Two experiments continually measured spatial characteristics of ocular drift at central fixation during and after auditory number presentation. Consistent with the notion of a spatially oriented mental number line, we found spontaneous magnitude-dependent gaze adjustments, both with and without a concurrent saccadic task. This fixation adjustment (1) had a small-number/left-lateralized bias and (2) it was biphasic as it emerged for a short time around the point of lexical access and it received later robust representation around following number onset. This pattern suggests a two-step mechanism of sensorimotor mapping between numbers and space - a first-pass bottom-up activation followed by a top-down and more robust horizontal SNARC. Our results inform theories of number processing as well as simulation-based approaches to cognition by identifying the characteristics of an oculomotor resonance phenomenon.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Myers2015,

title = {Testing sensory evidence against mnemonic templates},

author = {Nicholas E. Myers and Gustavo Rohenkohl and Valentin Wyart and Mark W. Woolrich and Anna C. Nobre and Mark G. Stokes},

doi = {10.7554/eLife.09000.001},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {eLife},

volume = {4},

pages = {1–25},

abstract = {Most perceptual decisions require comparisons between current input and an internal template. Classic studies propose that templates are encoded in sustained activity of sensory neurons. However, stimulus encoding is itself dynamic, tracing a complex trajectory through activity space. Which part of this trajectory is pre-activated to reflect the template? Here we recorded magneto- and electroencephalography during a visual target-detection task, and used pattern analyses to decode template, stimulus, and decision-variable representation. Our findings ran counter to the dominant model of sustained pre-activation. Instead, template information emerged transiently around stimulus onset and quickly subsided. Cross-generalization between stimulus and template coding, indicating a shared neural representation, occurred only briefly. Our results are compatible with the proposal that template representation relies on a matched filter, transforming input into task-appropriate output. This proposal was consistent with a signed difference response at the perceptual decision stage, which can be explained by a simple neural model.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Myers2015a,

title = {Temporal dynamics of attention during encoding versus maintenance of working memory: Complementary views from event-related potentials and alpha-band oscillations},

author = {Nicholas E. Myers and Lena Walther and George Wallis and Mark G. Stokes and Anna C. Nobre},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience},

volume = {27},

number = {3},

pages = {492–508},

abstract = {Working memory (WM) is strongly influenced by attention. In visual WM tasks, recall performance can be improved by an attention-guiding cue presented before encoding (precue) or during maintenance (retrocue). Although precues and retro- cues recruit a similar frontoparietal control network, the two are likely to exhibit some processing differences, because pre- cues invite anticipation of upcoming information whereas retro- cues may guide prioritization, protection, and selection of information already in mind. Here we explored the behavioral and electrophysiological differences between precueing and retrocueing in a new visual WM task designed to permit a direct comparison between cueing conditions. We found marked differences in ERP profiles between the precue and retrocue conditions. In line with precues primarily generating an anti- cipatory shift of attention toward the location of an upcoming item, we found a robust lateralization in late cue-evoked po- tentials associated with target anticipation. Retrocues elicited a different pattern of ERPs that was compatible with an early selec- tion mechanism, but not with stimulus anticipation. In contrast to the distinct ERP patterns, alpha-band (8–14 Hz) lateralization was indistinguishable between cue types (reflecting, in both conditions, the location of the cued item). We speculate that, whereas alpha-band lateralization after a precue is likely to enable anticipatory attention, lateralization after a retrocue may instead enable the controlled spatiotopic access to recently encoded visual information},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Jazayeri2015,

title = {A Neural Mechanism for Sensing and Reproducing a Time Interval},

author = {Mehrdad Jazayeri and Michael N. Shadlen},

doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.038},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Current Biology},

volume = {25},

number = {20},

pages = {2599–2609},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Timing plays a crucial role in sensorimotor function. However, the neural mechanisms that enable the brain to flexibly measure and reproduce time intervals are not known. We recorded neural activity in parietal cortex of monkeys in a time reproduction task. Monkeys were trained to measure and immediately afterward reproduce different sample intervals. While measuring an interval, neural responses had a nonlinear profile that increased with the duration of the sample interval. Activity was reset during the transition from measurement to production and was followed by a ramping activity whose slope encoded the previously measured sample interval. We found that firing rates at the end of the measurement epoch were correlated with both the slope of the ramp and the monkey's corresponding production interval on a trial-by-trial basis. Analysis of response dynamics further linked the rate of change of firing rates in the measurement epoch to the slope of the ramp in the production epoch. These observations suggest that, during time reproduction, an interval is measured prospectively in relation to the desired motor plan to reproduce that interval.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Jian2015,

title = {Using eye tracking to investigate semantic and spatial representations of scientific diagrams during text-diagram integration},

author = {Yu-Cin Jian and Chao-Jung Wu},

doi = {10.1007/s10956-014-9519-3},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Science Education and Technology},

volume = {24},

number = {1},

pages = {43–55},

abstract = {We investigated strategies used by readers when reading a science article with a diagram and assessed whether semantic and spatial representations were constructed while reading the diagram. Seventy-one undergraduate participants read a scientific article while tracking their eye movements and then completed a reading comprehension test. Our results showed that the text-diagram referencing strategy was commonly used. However, some readers adopted other reading strategies, such as reading the diagram or text first. We found all readers who had referred to the diagram spent roughly the same amount of time reading and performed equally well. However, some participants who ignored the diagram performed more poorly on questions that tested understanding of basic facts. This result indicates that dual coding theory may be a possible theory to explain the phenomenon. Eye movement patterns indicated that at least some readers had extracted semantic information of the scientific terms when first looking at the diagram. Readers who read the scientific terms on the diagram first tended to spend less time looking at the same terms in the text, which they read after. Besides, presented clear diagrams can help readers process both semantic and spatial information, thereby facilitating an overall understanding of the article. In addition, although text-first and diagram-first readers spent similar total reading time on the text and diagram parts of the article, respectively, text-first readers had significantly less number of saccades of text and diagram than diagram-first readers. This result might be explained as text-directed reading.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Jiang2015a,

title = {The functional asymmetry of ON and OFF channels in the perception of contrast},

author = {Yaoguang Jiang and Gopathy Purushothaman and Vivien A. Casagrande},

doi = {10.1152/jn.00560.2015},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},

volume = {114},

pages = {2816–2829},

abstract = {To fully understand the relationship between perception and single neural responses, one should take into consideration the early stages of sensory processing. Few studies, however, have directly examined the neural underpinning of visual perception in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), only one synapse away from the retina. In this study we recorded from LGN parvocellular (P) ON-center and OFF-center neurons while monkeys either passively viewed or actively detected a full range of contrasts. We found that OFF neurons were more sensitive in detecting negative contrasts than ON neurons were in detecting positive contrasts. Also, OFF neurons had higher spontaneous activities, higher peak response amplitudes, and were more sustained than ON neurons in their contrast responses. Puzzlingly, OFF neurons failed to show any significant correlations with the monkeys' perceptual choices, despite their greater contrast sensitivities. If, however, choice probabilities were calculated from interspike intervals instead of spike counts (thus taking into account the higher firing rates of OFF neurons), OFF neurons but not ON neurons were significantly correlated with behavioral choices. Taken together, these results demonstrate in awake, behaving animals that: 1) the ON and OFF pathways do not simply mirror each other in their functionality but instead carry qualitatively different types of information, and 2) the responses of ON and OFF neurons can be correlated with perceptual choices even in the absence of physical stimuli and interneuronal correlations.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Johnson2015,

title = {Untangling letter confusability and word length effects in pure alexia},

author = {Rebecca L. Johnson and Ann Marie Raphail},

doi = {10.1080/02643294.2015.1113945},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Cognitive Neuropsychology},

volume = {32},

number = {7-8},

pages = {442–456},

publisher = {Taylor & Francis},

abstract = {Pure alexia is an acquired neuropsychological disorder that follows damage to the occipito-temporal lobe. This brain damage results in a severe reading impairment in which previously literate individuals are no longer able to efficiently read words, but are still able to perform other language tasks. The present study sought to identify factors of words that make it more difficult for pure alexic individuals to read, such as letter confusability and word length. Eye-tracking methodology was paired with a naming task to examine whether word length or letter confusability is a better predictor of processing difficulty. It was found that word length was a significant predictor of reading time, while summed letter confusability was not significant. This study contradicts some previous research and shows that when an orthogonal set of stimuli is used, letter confusability is not a significant factor driving this reading impairment in all individuals with pure alexia.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Jones2015,

title = {Figure-ground modulation in awake primate thalamus},

author = {Helen E. Jones and Ian M. Andolina and Stewart D. Shipp and Daniel L. Adams and Javier Cudeiro and Thomas E. Salt and Adam M. Sillito},

doi = {10.1073/pnas.1405162112},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},

volume = {112},

number = {22},

pages = {7085–7090},

abstract = {Figure-ground discrimination refers to the perception of an object, the figure, against a nondescript background. Neural mechanisms of figure-ground detection have been associated with feedback interactions between higher centers and primary visual cortex and have been held to index the effect of global analysis on local feature encoding. Here, in recordings from visual thalamus of alert primates, we demonstrate a robust enhancement of neuronal firing when the figure, as opposed to the ground, component of a motion-defined figure-ground stimulus is located over the receptive field. In this paradigm, visual stimulation of the receptive field and its near environs is identical across both conditions, suggesting the response enhancement reflects higher integrative mechanisms. It thus appears that cortical activity generating the higher-order percept of the figure is simultaneously reentered into the lowest level that is anatomically possible (the thalamus), so that the signature of the evolving representation of the figure is imprinted on the input driving it in an iterative process.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Khalighy2015,

title = {Quantifying the qualities of aesthetics in product design using eye-tracking technology},

author = {Shahabeddin Khalighy and Graham Green and Christoph Scheepers and Craig Whittet},

doi = {10.1016/j.ergon.2015.05.011},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics},

volume = {49},

pages = {31–43},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {This study provides a methodology to quantify the qualities of visual aesthetics in product design by applying eye-tracking technology. The output data of eye-tracking software, consisting of number, duration, and coordinate of eye fixations, are formulated using the fundamental constituent factors of beauty and attractiveness. This methodology has been developed by conducting three eye-tracking experiments and five experiments applying subjective measures which in total more than 300 participants attended. The results of these experiments contributed to the development of an aesthetic formula. The output of this formula was then compared with the declared preferences of a further 200 subjects. This comparison confirmed that the proposed methodology was capable of quantifying and predicting aesthetic preference by only monitoring eye behaviour.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Khan2015,

title = {Saccade execution suppresses discrimination at distractor locations rather than enhancing the saccade goal location},

author = {Aarlenne Zein Khan and Gunnar Blohm and Laure Pisella and Douglas P. Munoz},

doi = {10.1111/ejn.12923},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},

volume = {41},

number = {12},

pages = {1624–1634},

abstract = {As we have limited processing abilities with respect to the plethora of visual information entering our brain, spatial selection mechanisms are crucial. These mechanisms result in both enhancing processing at a location of interest and in suppressing processing at other locations; together, they enable successful further processing of locations of interest. It has been suggested that saccade planning modulates these spatial selection mechanisms; however, the precise influence of saccades on the distribution of spatial resources underlying selection remains unclear. To this end, we compared discrimination performance at different locations (six) within a work space during different saccade tasks. We used visual discrimination performance as a behavioral measure of enhancement and suppression at the different locations. A total of 14 participants performed a dual discrimination/saccade countermanding task, which allowed us to specifically isolate the consequences of saccade execution. When a saccade was executed, discrimination performance at the cued location was never better than when fixation was maintained, suggesting that saccade execution did not enhance processing at a location more than knowing the likelihood of its appearance. However, discrimination was consistently lower at distractor (uncued) locations in all cases where a saccade was executed compared with when fixation was maintained. Based on these results, we suggest that saccade execution specifically suppresses distractor locations, whereas attention shifts (with or without an accompanying saccade) are involved in enhancing perceptual processing at the goal location.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Khan2015a,

title = {Central adiposity is negatively associated with hippocampal-dependent relational memory among overweight and obese children},

author = {Naiman A. Khan and Carol L. Baym and Jim M. Monti and Lauren B. Raine and Eric S. Drollette and Mark R. Scudder and R. Davis Moore and Arthur F. Kramer and Charles H. Hillman and Neal J. Cohen},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Pediatrics},

volume = {166},

number = {2},

pages = {302–308},

abstract = {Objective—To assess associations between adiposity and hippocampal-dependent and hippocampal-independent memory forms among prepubertal children. Study design—Prepubertal children (7–9-year-olds},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Khayat2015,

title = {Effects of attention and distractor contrast on the responses of middle temporal area neurons to transient motion direction changes},

author = {Paul S. Khayat and Julio C. Martinez-Trujillo},

doi = {10.1111/ejn.12920},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},

volume = {41},

number = {12},

pages = {1603–1613},

abstract = {The ability of primates to detect transient changes in a visual scene can be influenced by the allocation of attention, as well as by the presence of distractors. We investigated the neural substrates of these effects by recording the responses of neurons in the middle temporal area (MT) of two monkeys while they detected a transient motion direction change in a moving target. We found that positioning a distractor near the target impaired the change-detection performance of the animals. This impairment monotoni- cally decreased as the distractor's contrast decreased. A neural correlate of this effect was a decrease in the ability of MT neu- rons to signal the direction change (detection sensitivity or DS) when a distractor was near the target, both located inside the neuron's receptive field. Moreover, decreasing distractor contrast increased neuronal DS. On the other hand, directing attention away from the target decreased neuronal DS. At the level of individual neurons, we found a negative correlation between the degree of response normalization and the DS. Finally, the intensity of a neuron's response to the change was predictive of the animal's reaction time, suggesting that the activity of our recorded neurons was linked to the animal's detection performance. Our results suggest that the ability of an MT neuron to signal a transient direction change is regulated by the degree of inhibitory drive into the cell. The presence of distractors, their contrast and the allocation of attention influence such inhibitory drive, therefore modulating the ability of the neurons to signal transient changes in stimulus features and consequently behavioral performance.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kietzmann2015,

title = {Effects of contextual information and stimulus ambiguity on overt visual sampling behavior},

author = {Tim C. Kietzmann and P. König},

doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2015.02.023},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Vision Research},

volume = {110},

pages = {76–86},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {The sampling of our visual environment through saccadic eye movements is an essential function of the brain, allowing us to overcome the limits of peripheral vision. Understanding which parts of a scene attract overt visual attention is subject to intense research, and considerable progress has been made in unraveling the underlying cortical mechanisms. In contrast to spatial aspects, however, relatively little is understood about temporal aspects of overt visual sampling. At every fixation, the oculomotor system faces the decision whether to keep exploring different aspects of an object or scene or whether to remain fixated to allow for in-depth cortical processing - a situation that can be understood in terms of an exploration-exploitation dilemma. To improve our understanding of the factors involved in these decisions, we here investigate how the level of visual information, experimentally manipulated by scene context and stimulus ambiguity, changes the sampling behavior preceding the recognition of centrally presented ambiguous and disambiguated objects. Behaviorally, we find that context, although only presented until the first voluntary saccade, biases the perceptual outcome and significantly reduces reaction times. Importantly, we find that increased information about an object significantly alters its visual exploration, as evident through increased fixation durations and reduced saccade amplitudes. These results demonstrate that the initial sampling of an object, preceding its recognition, is subject to change based on the amount of information available in the system: increased evidence for its identity biases the exploration-exploitation strategy towards in-depth analyses.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kietzmann2015a,

title = {The occipital face area is causally involved in facial viewpoint perception},

author = {Tim C. Kietzmann and Sonia Poltoratski and Peter Konig and Randolph Blake and Frank Tong and Sam Ling},

doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2493-15.2015},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Neuroscience},

volume = {35},

number = {50},

pages = {16398–16403},

abstract = {Humans reliably recognize faces across a range of viewpoints, but the neural substrates supporting this ability remain unclear. Recent work suggests that neural selectivity to mirror-symmetric viewpoints of faces, found across a large network of visual areas, may constitute a key computational step in achieving full viewpoint invariance. In this study, we used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to test the hypothesis that the occipital face area (OFA), putatively a key node in the face network, plays a causal role in face viewpoint symmetry perception. Each participant underwent both offline rTMS to the right OFA and sham stimulation, preceding blocks of behavioral trials. After each stimulation period, the participant performed one of two behavioral tasks involving presentation of faces in the peripheral visual field: (1) judging the viewpoint symmetry; or (2) judging the angular rotation. rTMS applied to the right OFA significantly impaired performance in both tasks when stimuli were presented in the contralateral, left visual field. Interestingly, how-ever, rTMS had a differential effect on the two tasks performed ipsilaterally. Although viewpoint symmetry judgments were significantly disrupted, we observed no effect on the angle judgment task. This interaction, caused by ipsilateral rTMS, provides support for models emphasizing the role of interhemispheric crosstalk in the formation of viewpoint-invariant face perception.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kim2015,

title = {Context-driven expectations about focus alternatives},

author = {Christina S. Kim and Christine Gunlogson and Michael K. Tanenhaus and Jeffrey T. Runner},

doi = {10.1016/j.cognition.2015.02.009},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Cognition},

volume = {139},

pages = {28–49},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {What is conveyed by a sentence frequently depends not only on the descriptive content carried by its words, but also on implicit alternatives determined by the context of use. Four visual world eye-tracking experiments examined how alternatives are generated based on aspects of the discourse context and used in interpreting sentences containing the focus operators only and also. Experiment 1 builds on previous reading time studies showing that the interpretations of only sentences are constrained by alternatives explicitly mentioned in the preceding discourse, providing fine-grained time course information about the expectations triggered by only. Experiments 2 and 3 show that, in the absence of explicitly mentioned alternatives, lexical and situation-based categories evoked by the context are possible sources of alternatives. While Experiments 1-3 all demonstrate the discourse dependence of alternatives, only explicit mention triggered expectations about alternatives that were specific to sentences with only. By comparing only with also, Experiment 4 begins to disentangle expectations linked to the meanings of specific operators from those generalizable to the class of focus-sensitive operators. Together, these findings show that the interpretation of sentences with focus operators draws on both dedicated mechanisms for introducing alternatives into the discourse context and general mechanisms associated with discourse processing.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kim2015a,

title = {The on-line processing of binding principles in second language acquisition: Evidence from eye tracking},

author = {Eunah Kim and Silvina Montrul and James Yoon},

doi = {10.1017/S0142716414000307},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Applied Psycholinguistics},

volume = {36},

pages = {1317–1374},

abstract = {This study examined how adult L2 learners make use of grammatical and extragrammatical information to interpret reflexives and pronouns. Forty adult English native speakers and 32 intermediate–advanced Korean L2 learners participated in a visual world paradigm eye-tracking experiment. We investigated the interpretation of reflexives ( himself ) and pronouns ( him ) in contexts where there is a potential coargument antecedent and in the context of picture noun phrases ( a picture of him/himself ), where the distribution of reflexives and pronouns can overlap. The results indicated that the learners interpreted reflexives in a nativelike fashion in both contexts, whereas they interpreted pronouns differently from native speakers, even when learners had advanced English proficiency. Adopting the binding theory as developed in the reflexivity/primitives of binding framework (Reinhart & Reuland, 1993; Reuland, 2001, 2011), we interpret these results to mean that while adult L2 learners are able to apply syntactic binding principles to assign an interpretation to anaphoric expressions, they have difficulty in integrating syntactic information with contextual and discourse information.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kim2015b,

title = {Eye-movement analysis of students' active examination strategy and its transfer in visuospatial representations},

author = {Kinam Kim and Minsung Kim and Jungyeop Shin and Jaemyong Ryu},

doi = {10.1080/00221341.2014.991420},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Geography},

volume = {114},

number = {4},

pages = {133–145},

abstract = {This article examined the role of task demand and its effects on transfer in geographic learning. Student performance was measured through eye-movement analysis in two related experiments. In Experiment 1, the participants were told that they would travel through an area depicted in photographs either driving an automobile or observing the scenery. In Experiment 2, a map task was administered in which students were asked to find a target on a road map. The results showed that in the driving condition, the participants focused on structural information in the images, such as routes and connections. This cognitive process was transferred to the map task.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kira2015,

title = {A neural implementation of Wald's Sequential Probability Ratio Test},

author = {Shinichiro Kira and Tianming Yang and Michael N. Shadlen},

doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2015.01.007},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Neuron},

volume = {85},

number = {4},

pages = {861–873},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {Difficult decisions often require evaluation of samples of evidence acquired sequentially. A sensible strategy is to accumulate evidence, weighted by its reliability, until sufficient support is attained. An optimal statistical approach would accumulate evidence in units of logarithms of likelihood ratios (logLR) to a desired level. Studies of perceptual decisions suggest that the brain approximates an analogous procedure, but a direct test of accumulation, in units of logLR, to a threshold in units of cumulative logLR is lacking. We trained rhesus monkeys to make decisions based on a sequence of evanescent, visual cues assigned different logLR, hence different reliability. Firing rates of neurons in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) reflected the accumulation of logLR and reached a stereotyped level before the monkeys committed to a decision. The monkeys' choices and reaction times, including their variability, were explained by LIP activity in the context of accumulation of logLR to a threshold.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kugler2015,

title = {Gaze in visual search is guided more efficiently by positive cues than by negative cues},

author = {Günter Kugler and Bernard Marius Hart and Stefan Kohlbecher and Wolfgang Einhäuser and Erich Schneider},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0145910},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {10},

number = {12},

pages = {e0145910},

abstract = {Visual search can be accelerated when properties of the target are known. Such knowledge allows the searcher to direct attention to items sharing these properties. Recent work indicates that information about properties of non-targets (i.e., negative cues) can also guide search. In the present study, we examine whether negative cues lead to different search behavior compared to positive cues. We asked observers to search for a target defined by a certain shape singleton (broken line among solid lines). Each line was embedded in a colored disk. In "positive cue" blocks, participants were informed about possible colors of the target item. In "negative cue" blocks, the participants were informed about colors that could not contain the target. Search displays were designed such that with both the positive and negative cues, the same number of items could potentially contain the broken line ("relevant items"). Thus, both cues were equally informative. We measured response times and eye movements. Participants exhibited longer response times when provided with negative cues compared to positive cues. Although negative cues did guide the eyes to relevant items, there were marked differences in eye movements. Negative cues resulted in smaller proportions of fixations on relevant items, longer duration of fixations and in higher rates of fixations per item as compared to positive cues. The effectiveness of both cue types, as measured by fixations on relevant items, increased over the course of each search. In sum, a negative color cue can guide attention to relevant items, but it is less efficient than a positive cue of the same informational value.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kuhn2015,

title = {Age-related decline in the reflexive component of overt gaze following},

author = {Gustav Kuhn and Amber Pagano and Sumaya Maani and David Bunce},

doi = {10.1080/17470218.2014.975257},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology},

volume = {68},

number = {6},

pages = {1073–1081},

publisher = {Taylor & Francis},

abstract = {Previous research has found age-related declines in social perception tasks as well as the ability to engage in joint attention and orienting covert attention (i.e., absence of eye movements) in response to an eye gaze cue. We used an overt gaze following task to explore age differences in overt gaze following whilst people searched for a target. Participants were faster to detect targets appearing at the looked-at location, and although the gaze cue biased the direction in which saccades were executed, no age differences were found in overt gaze following. There were, however, age effects relating to involuntary eye movements. In the younger adults, anticipatory saccades were biased in the direction of the gaze cue, but this bias was not observed in the older group. Moreover, in the younger adults, saccades that followed the gaze were initiated more rapidly, illustrating the reflexive nature of gaze following. No such difference was observed in the older adults. Importantly, our results showed that whilst the general levels of gaze following were age invariant, there were age-related differences in the reflexive components of overt gaze following.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kush2015,

title = {Relation-sensitive retrieval: Evidence from bound variable pronouns},

author = {Dave Kush and Jeffrey Lidz and Colin Phillips},

doi = {10.1016/j.jml.2015.02.003},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},

volume = {82},

pages = {18–40},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {Formal grammatical theories make extensive use of syntactic relations (e.g. c-command, Reinhart, 1983) in the description of constraints on antecedent-anaphor dependencies. Recent research has motivated a model of processing that exploits a cue-based retrieval mechanism in content-addressable memory (e.g. Lewis, Vasishth, & Van Dyke, 2006) in which item-to-item syntactic relations such as c-command are difficult to use as retrieval cues. As such, the c-command constraints of formal grammars are predicted to be poorly implemented by the retrieval mechanism. We tested whether memory access mechanisms are able to exploit relational information by investigating the processing of bound variable pronouns, a form of anaphoric dependency that imposes a c-command restriction on antecedent-pronoun relations. A quantificational NP (QP, e.g., no janitor) must c-command a pronoun in order to bind it. We contrasted the retrieval of QPs with the retrieval of referential NPs (e.g. the janitor), which can co-refer with a pronoun in the absence of c-command. In three off-line judgment studies and two eye-tracking studies, we show that referential NPs are easily accessed as antecedents, irrespective of whether they c-command the pronoun, but that quantificational NPs are accessed as antecedents only when they c-command the pronoun. These results are unexpected under theories that hold that retrieval exclusively uses a limited set of content features as retrieval cues. Our results suggest either that memory access mechanisms can make use of relational information as a guide for retrieval, or that the set of features that is used to encode syntactic relations in memory must be enriched.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Klinghammer2015,

title = {Contextual factors determine the use of allocentric information for reaching in a naturalistic scene},

author = {Mathias Klinghammer and Gunnar Blohm and Katja Fiehler},

doi = {10.1167/15.13.24},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {15},

number = {13},

pages = {1–13},

abstract = {Numerous studies have demonstrated that humans incorporate allocentric information when reaching toward visual targets. So far, it is unclear how this information is integrated into the movement plan when multiple allocentric cues are available. In this study we investigated whether and how the extent of spatial changes and the task relevance of allocentric cues influence reach behavior. To this end, we conducted two experiments where we presented participants three- dimensional–rendered images of a naturalistic breakfast scene on a computer screen. The breakfast scene included multiple objects (allocentric cues) with a subset of objects functioning as potential reach targets (i.e., they were task-relevant). Participants freely viewed the scene and after a short delay, the scene reappeared with one object missing (target) and other objects being shifted left- or rightwards. Afterwards, participants were asked to reach toward the target position on a gray screen while fixating the screen center. We found systematic deviations of reach endpoints in the direction of object shifts which varied with the number of objects shifted, but only if these objects served as potential reach targets. Our results suggest that the integration of allocentric information into the reach plan is determined by contextual factors, in particular by the extent of spatial cue changes and the task-relevance of allocentric cues.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kloosterman2015,

title = {Top-down modulation in human visual cortex predicts the stability of a perceptual illusion},

author = {Niels A. Kloosterman and Thomas Meindertsma and Arjan Hillebrand and Bob W. Dijk and Victor A. F. Lamme and Tobias H. Donner},

doi = {10.1152/jn.00338.2014},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},

volume = {113},

number = {4},

pages = {1063–1076},

abstract = {Conscious perception sometimes fluctuates strongly, even when the sensory input is constant. For example, in motion-induced blindness (MIB), a salient visual target surrounded by a moving pattern suddenly disappears from perception, only to reappear after some variable time. Whereas such changes of perception result from fluctuations of neural activity, mounting evidence suggests that the perceptual changes, in turn, may also cause modulations of activity in several brain areas, including visual cortex. In this study, we asked whether these latter modulations might affect the subsequent dynamics of perception. We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to measure modulations in cortical population activity during MIB. We observed a transient, retinotopically widespread modulation of beta (12-30 Hz)-frequency power over visual cortex that was closely linked to the time of subjects' behavioral report of the target disappearance. This beta modulation was a top-down signal, decoupled from both the physical stimulus properties and the motor response but contingent on the behavioral relevance of the perceptual change. Critically, the modulation amplitude predicted the duration of the subsequent target disappearance. We propose that the transformation of the perceptual change into a report triggers a top-down mechanism that stabilizes the newly selected perceptual interpretation.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kloosterman2015a,

title = {Pupil size tracks perceptual content and surprise},

author = {Niels A. Kloosterman and Thomas Meindertsma and Anouk Mariette Loon and Victor A. F. Lamme and Yoram S. Bonneh and Tobias H. Donner},

doi = {10.1111/ejn.12859},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},

volume = {41},

number = {8},

pages = {1068–1078},

abstract = {Changes in pupil size at constant light levels reflect the activity of neuromodulatory brainstem centers that control global brain state. These endogenously driven pupil dynamics can be synchronized with cognitive acts. For example, the pupil dilates during the spontaneous switches of perception of a constant sensory input in bistable perceptual illusions. It is unknown whether this pupil dilation only indicates the occurrence of perceptual switches, or also their content. Here, we measured pupil diameter in human subjects reporting the subjective disappearance and re-appearance of a physically constant visual target surrounded by a moving pattern ('motion-induced blindness' illusion). We show that the pupil dilates during the perceptual switches in the illusion and a stimulus-evoked 'replay' of that illusion. Critically, the switch-related pupil dilation encodes perceptual content, with larger amplitude for disappearance than re-appearance. This difference in pupil response amplitude enables prediction of the type of report (disappearance vs. re-appearance) on individual switches (receiver-operating characteristic: 61%). The amplitude difference is independent of the relative durations of target-visible and target-invisible intervals and subjects' overt behavioral report of the perceptual switches. Further, we show that pupil dilation during the replay also scales with the level of surprise about the timing of switches, but there is no evidence for an interaction between the effects of surprise and perceptual content on the pupil response. Taken together, our results suggest that pupil-linked brain systems track both the content of, and surprise about, perceptual events.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kloth2015,

title = {Gaze direction affects the magnitude of face identity aftereffects},

author = {N. Kloth and Lisa N. Jefferies and Gillian Rhodes},

doi = {10.1167/15.2.22},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {15},

number = {2},

pages = {1–12},

abstract = {The face perception system partly owes its efficiency to adaptive mechanisms that constantly recalibrate face coding to our current diet of faces. Moreover, faces that are better attended produce more adaptation. Here, we investigated whether the social cues conveyed by a face can influence the amount of adaptation that face induces. We compared the magnitude of face identity aftereffects induced by adaptors with direct and averted gazes.We reasoned that faces conveying direct gaze may be more engaging and better attended and thus produce larger aftereffects than those with averted gaze. Using an adaptation duration of 5 s, we found that aftereffects for adaptors with direct and averted gazes did not differ (Experiment 1). However, when processing demands were increased by reducing adaptation duration to 1 s, we found that gaze direction did affect the magnitude of the aftereffect, but in an unexpected direction: Aftereffects were larger for adaptors with averted rather than direct gaze (Experiment 2). Eye tracking revealed that differences in looking time to the faces between the two gaze directions could not account for these findings. Subsequent ratings of the stimuli (Experiment 3) showed that adaptors with averted gaze were actually perceived as more expressive and interesting than adaptors with direct gaze. Therefore it appears that the averted-gaze faces were more engaging and better attended, leading to larger aftereffects. Overall, our results suggest that naturally occurring facial signals can modulate the adaptive impact a face exerts on our perceptual system. Specifically, the faces that we perceive as most interesting also appear to calibrate the organization of our perceptual system most strongly.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Knickerbocker2015,

title = {Emotion effects during reading: Influence of an emotion target word on eye movements and processing},

author = {Hugh Knickerbocker and Rebecca L. Johnson and Jeanette Altarriba},

doi = {10.1080/02699931.2014.938023},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Cognition and Emotion},

volume = {29},

number = {5},

pages = {784–806},

abstract = {Recently, Scott, O'Donnell and Sereno reported that words of high valence and arousal are processed with greater ease than neutral words during sentence reading. However, this study unsystematically intermixed emotion (label a state of mind, e.g., terrified or happy) and emotion-laden words (refer to a concept that is associated with an emotional state, e.g., debt or marriage). We compared the eye-movement record while participants read sentences that contained a neutral target word (e.g., chair) or an emotion word (no emotion-laden words were included). Readers were able to process both positive (e.g., happy) and negative emotion words (e.g., distressed) faster than neutral words. This was true across a wide range of early (e.g., first fixation durations) and late (e.g., total times on the post-target region) measures. Additional analyses revealed that State Trait Anxiety Inventory scores interacted with the emotion effect and that the emotion effect was not due to arousal alone.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Knilans2015,

title = {Online sentence reading in people with aphasia: Evidence from eye tracking},

author = {Jessica Knilans and Gayle DeDe},

doi = {10.1044/2015_AJSLP-14-0140},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology},

volume = {24},

number = {4},

pages = {S961–S973},

abstract = {PURPOSE: There is a lot of evidence that people with aphasia have more difficulty understanding structurally complex sentences (e.g., object clefts) than simpler sentences (subject clefts). However, subject clefts also occur more frequently in English than object clefts. Thus, it is possible that both structural complexity and frequency affect how people with aphasia understand these structures. METHOD: Nine people with aphasia and 8 age-matched controls participated in the study. The stimuli consisted of 24 object cleft and 24 subject cleft sentences. The task was eye tracking during reading, which permits a more fine-grained analysis of reading performance than measures such as self-paced reading. RESULTS: As expected, controls had longer reading times for critical regions in object cleft sentences compared with subject cleft sentences. People with aphasia showed the predicted effects of structural frequency. Effects of structural complexity in people with aphasia did not emerge on their first pass through the sentence but were observed when they were rereading critical regions of complex sentences. CONCLUSIONS: People with aphasia are sensitive to both structural complexity and structural frequency when reading. However, people with aphasia may use different reading strategies than controls when confronted with relatively infrequent and complex sentence structures.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kobayashi2015,

title = {Unidirectional ocular flutter: Report of a case with abnormal saccadic characteristics},

author = {Makoto Kobayashi},

doi = {10.1007/s10072-014-2006-z},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Neurological Sciences},

volume = {36},

number = {7},

pages = {1273–1276},

publisher = {Springer Milan},

abstract = {Presents a case report of a unique case of unidirectional ocular flutter (OF) with event frequency much lower than in the previous unidirectional OF case, displacement magnitudes larger than observed in double saccadic pulses (another involuntary saccade syndrome), and saccadic peak velocities substantially slower than visually guided saccades (VGSs). The 38 year old male was referred to our department because of a 2-month history of involuntary eye movements. His medical history included depression, for which he was prescribed duloxetine hydrochloride, bromazepam, olanzapine, and zolpidem tartrate. The termed saccadic intrusions, usually occur horizontally with directional predominance in each normal individual. Perhaps, saccadic intrusions observed in normal subjects and unidirectional OF may share a common directional predominance mechanism.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kohler2015,

title = {Motion-induced position shifts are influenced by global motion, but dominated by component motion},

author = {Peter J. Kohler and Patrick Cavanagh and Peter U. Tse},

doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2015.03.003},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Vision Research},

volume = {110},

pages = {93–99},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Object motion and position have long been thought to involve largely independent visual computations. However, the motion-induced position shift (Eagleman & Sejnowski, 2007) shows that the perceived position of a briefly presented static object can be influenced by nearby moving contours. Here we combine a particularly strong example of this illusion with a bistable global motion stimulus to compare the relative effects of global and component motion on the shift in perceived position. We used a horizontally oscillating diamond (Lorenceau & Shiffrar, 1992) that produces two possible global directions (left and right when fully visible versus up and down when vertices are occluded by vertical bars) as well as the oblique component motion orthogonal to each contour. To measure the motion-induced shift we flashed a test dot on the contour as the diamond reversed direction (Cavanagh & Anstis, 2013). Although the global motion had a highly significant influence on the direction and size of the motion-induced position shift, the perceived displacement of the probe was closer to the direction of the component motion. These findings show that while global motion can clearly influence position shifts, it is the component motion that dominates in setting the position shift. This is true even though the perceived motion is in the global direction and the component motion is not consciously experienced. This suggests that perceived position is influenced by motion signals that arise earlier in time or earlier in processing compared to the stage at which the conscious experience of motion is determined.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Koide2015,

title = {Art expertise reduces influence of visual salience on fixation in viewing abstract- paintings},

author = {Naoko Koide and Takatomi Kubo and Satoshi Nishida and Tomohiro Shibata and Kazushi Ikeda},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0117696},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {10},

number = {2},

pages = {e0117696},

abstract = {When viewing a painting, artists perceive more information from the painting on the basis of their experience and knowledge than art novices do. This difference can be reflected in eye scan paths during viewing of paintings. Distributions of scan paths of artists are different from those of novices even when the paintings contain no figurative object (i.e. abstract paintings). There are two possible explanations for this difference of scan paths. One is that artists have high sensitivity to high-level features such as textures and composition of colors and therefore their fixations are more driven by such features compared with novices. The other is that fixations of artists are more attracted by salient features than those of novices and the fixations are driven by low-level features. To test these, wemeasured eye fixations of artists and novices during the free viewing of various abstract paintings and compared the distribution of their fixations for each painting with a topological attentional map that quantifies the conspicuity of low-level features in the painting (i.e. saliency map).We found that the fixation distribution of artists was more distinguishable from the saliency map than that of novices. This difference indicates that fixations of artists are less driven by low-level features than those of novices. Our result suggests that artists may extract visual informa- tion from paintings based on high-level features. This ability of artists may be associated with artists' deep aesthetic appreciation of paintings.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Komogortsev2015,

title = {Attack of mechanical replicas: Liveness detection with eye movements},

author = {Oleg V. Komogortsev and Alexey Karpov and Corey D. Holland},

doi = {10.1109/TIFS.2015.2405345},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security},

volume = {10},

number = {4},

pages = {716–725},

abstract = {This paper investigates liveness detection techniques in the area of eye movement biometrics. We investigate a specific scenario, in which an impostor constructs an artificial replica of the human eye. Two attack scenarios are considered: 1) the impostor does not have access to the biometric templates representing authentic users, and instead utilizes average anatomical values from the relevant literature and 2) the impostor gains access to the complete biometric database, and is able to employ exact anatomical values for each individual. In this paper, liveness detection is performed at the feature and match score levels for several existing forms of eye movement biometric, based on different aspects of the human visual system. The ability of each technique to differentiate between live and artificial recordings is measured by its corresponding false spoof acceptance rate, false live rejection rate, and classification rate. The results suggest that eye movement biometrics are highly resistant to circumvention by artificial recordings when liveness detection is performed at the feature level. Unfortunately, not all techniques provide feature vectors that are suitable for liveness detection at the feature level. At the match score level, the accuracy of liveness detection depends highly on the biometric techniques employed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Konopka2015,

title = {How message similarity shapes the timecourse of sentence formulation},

author = {Agnieszka E. Konopka and Stefanie E. Kuchinsky},

doi = {10.1016/j.jml.2015.04.003},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},

volume = {84},

pages = {1–23},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {Transforming a preverbal message into an utterance (e.g., The swimmer is pushing the paparazzo) requires conceptual and linguistic encoding. Two experiments tested whether the timecourse of sentence formulation is shaped jointly or independently by message-level and sentence-level processes. Eye-tracked speakers described pictures of simple events with verb-medial (SVO/OVS) and verb-initial (VSO/aux-OVS) sentences in Dutch. To assess effects of message-level and sentence-level variables on formulation, the experiments manipulated the ease of relational encoding at both levels: target events were preceded by conceptually similar or dissimilar prime events (event primes) that increased speakers' familiarity with the action shown in the target event (e.g., pushing), and the prime events were accompanied by recorded active or passive descriptions (structural primes) that facilitated generation of suitable linguistic structures on target trials. The results showed effects of both types of primes on the form of target descriptions and on formulation. Speakers repeated the primed structures more often when target events were conceptually similar to the prime events. Importantly, conceptual similarity constrained the effects of structural primes on the timecourse of formulation: speakers showed more consistent deployment of attention to the two characters during linguistic encoding in structurally primed than unprimed active sentences, but conceptual familiarity reduced the priming effects in eye movements. Thus familiarity with message-level information can change how speakers express their messages and, during formulation, can provide conceptual guidance that supersedes effects of sentence-level variables. Effects of the event primes were stronger in VSO sentences, where early verb placement explicitly required early encoding of relational information, suggesting that linear word order can also constrain message-level influences on formulation.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Koester2015,

title = {Effects of personalized banner ads on visual attention and recognition memory},

author = {Moritz Köster and Marco Rüth and Kai Christoph Hamborg and Kai Kaspar},

doi = {10.1002/acp.3080},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Applied Cognitive Psychology},

volume = {29},

number = {2},

pages = {181–192},

abstract = {Internet companies collect a vast amount of data about their users in order to personalize banner ads. However, very little is known about the effects of personalized banners on attention and memory. In the present study, 48 subjects performed search tasks on web pages containing personalized or nonpersonalized banners. Overt attention was measured by an eye-tracker, and recognition of banner and task-relevant information was subsequently examined. The entropy of fixations served as a measure for the overall exploration of web pages. Results confirm the hypotheses that personalization enhances recognition for the content of banners while the effect on attention was weaker and partially nonsignificant. In contrast, overall exploration of web pages and recognition of task-relevant information was not influenced. The temporal course of fixations revealed that visual exploration of banners typically proceeds from the picture to the logo and finally to the slogan. We discuss theoretical and practical implications.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kovach2015,

title = {Investigating attention in complex visual search},

author = {Christopher K. Kovach and Ralph Adolphs},

doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2014.11.011},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Vision Research},

volume = {116},

pages = {127–141},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {How we attend to and search for objects in the real world is influenced by a host of low-level and higher-level factors whose interactions are poorly understood. The vast majority of studies approach this issue by experimentally controlling one or two factors in isolation, often under conditions with limited ecological validity. We present a comprehensive regression framework, together with a matlab-implemented toolbox, which allows concurrent factors influencing saccade targeting to be more clearly distinguished. Based on the idea of gaze selection as a point process, the framework allows each putative factor to be modeled as a covariate in a generalized linear model, and its significance to be evaluated with model-based hypothesis testing. We apply this framework to visual search for faces as an example and demonstrate its power in detecting effects of eccentricity, inversion, task congruency, emotional expression, and serial fixation order on the targeting of gaze. Among other things, we find evidence for multiple goal-related and goal-independent processes that operate with distinct visuotopy and time course.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Krach2015,

title = {Evidence from pupillometry and fMRI indicates reduced neural response during vicarious social pain but not physical pain in autism},

author = {Sören Krach and Inge Kamp-Becker and Wolfgang Einhäuser and Jens Sommer and Stefan Frässle and Andreas Jansen and Lena Rademacher and Laura Müller-Pinzler and Valeria Gazzola and Frieder M. Paulus},

doi = {10.1002/hbm.22949},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Human Brain Mapping},

volume = {36},

number = {11},

pages = {4730–4744},

abstract = {Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by substantial social deficits. The notion that dysfunctions in neural circuits involved in sharing another's affect explain these deficits is appealing, but has received only modest experimental support. Here we evaluated a complex paradigm on the vicarious social pain of embarrassment to probe social deficits in ASD as to whether it is more potent than paradigms currently in use. To do so we acquired pupillometry and fMRI in young adults with ASD and matched healthy controls. During a simple vicarious physical pain task no differences emerged between groups in behavior, pupillometry, and neural activation of the anterior insula (AIC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). In contrast, processing complex vicarious social pain yielded reduced responses in ASD on all physiological measures of sharing another's affect. The reduced activity within the AIC was thereby explained by the severity of autistic symptoms in the social and affective domain. Additionally, behavioral responses lacked correspondence with the anterior cingulate and anterior insula cortex activity found in controls. Instead, behavioral responses in ASD were associated with hippocampal activity. The observed dissociation echoes the clinical observations that deficits in ASD are most pronounced in complex social situations and simple tasks may not probe the dysfunctions in neural pathways involved in sharing affect. Our results are highly relevant because individuals with ASD may have preserved abilities to share another's physical pain but still have problems with the vicarious representation of more complex emotions that matter in life.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kretzschmar2015,

title = {Dissociating word frequency and predictability effects in reading: Evidence from coregistration of eye movements and EEG},

author = {Franziska Kretzschmar and Matthias Schlesewsky and Adrian Staub},

doi = {10.1037/xlm0000128},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition},

volume = {41},

number = {6},

pages = {1648–1662},

abstract = {Two very reliable influences on eye fixation durations in reading are word frequency, as measured by corpus counts, and word predictability, as measured by cloze norming. Several studies have reported strictly additive effects of these 2 variables. Predictability also reliably influences the amplitude of the N400 component in event-related potential studies. However, previous research suggests that while frequency affects the N400 in single-word tasks, it may have little or no effect on the N400 when a word is presented with a preceding sentence context. The present study assessed this apparent dissociation between the results from the 2 methods using a coregistration paradigm in which the frequency and predictability of a target word were manipulated while readers' eye movements and electroencephalograms were simultaneously recorded. We replicated the pattern of significant, and additive, effects of the 2 manipulations on eye fixation durations. We also replicated the predictability effect on the N400, time-locked to the onset of the reader's first fixation on the target word. However, there was no indication of a frequency effect in the electroencephalogram record. We suggest that this pattern has implications both for the interpretation of the N400 and for the interpretation of frequency and predictability effects in language comprehension.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Krigolson2015,

title = {The impact of cognitive load on reward evaluation},

author = {Olave E. Krigolson and Cameron D. Hassall and Jason Satel and Raymond M. Klein},

doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2015.09.028},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Brain Research},

volume = {1627},

pages = {225–232},

publisher = {Elsevier},

abstract = {The neural systems that afford our ability to evaluate rewards and punishments are impacted by a variety of external factors. Here, we demonstrate that increased cognitive load reduces the functional efficacy of a reward processing system within the human medial–frontal cortex. In our paradigm, two groups of participants used performance feedback to estimate the exact duration of one second while electroencephalographic (EEG) data was recorded. Prior to performing the time estimation task, both groups were instructed to keep their eyes still and avoid blinking in line with well established EEG protocol. However, during performance of the time-estimation task, one of the two groups was provided with trial-to-trial-feedback about their performance on the time-estimation task and their eye movements to induce a higher level of cognitive load relative to participants in the other group who were solely provided with feedback about the accuracy of their temporal estimates. In line with previous work, we found that the higher level of cognitive load reduced the amplitude of the feedback-related negativity, a component of the human event-related brain potential associated with reward evaluation within the medial–frontal cortex. Importantly, our results provide further support that increased cognitive load reduces the functional efficacy of a neural system associated with reward processing.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kapnoula2015,

title = {Immediate lexical integration of novel word forms},

author = {Efthymia C. Kapnoula and Stephanie Packard and Prahlad Gupta and Bob McMurray},

doi = {10.1016/j.cognition.2014.09.007},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Cognition},

volume = {134},

pages = {85–99},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {It is well known that familiar words inhibit each other during spoken word recognition. However, we do not know how and under what circumstances newly learned words become integrated with the lexicon in order to engage in this competition. Previous work on word learning has highlighted the importance of offline consolidation (Gaskell & Dumay, 2003) and meaning (Leach & Samuel, 2007) to establish this integration. In two experiments we test the necessity of these factors by examining the inhibition between newly learned items and familiar words immediately after learning.Participants learned a set of nonwords without meanings in active (Experiment 1) or passive (Experiment 2) exposure paradigms. After training, participants performed a visual world paradigm task to assess inhibition from these newly learned items. An analysis of participants' fixations suggested that the newly learned words were able to engage in competition with known words without any consolidation.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Karampela2015,

title = {Shared timing variability in eye and finger movements increases with interval duration: Support for a distributed timing system below and above one second},

author = {Olympia Karampela and Linus Holm and Guy Madison},

doi = {10.1080/17470218.2014.998689},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology},

volume = {68},

number = {10},

pages = {1965–1980},

abstract = {The origins of the ability to produce action at will at the hundreds of millisecond to second range remain poorly understood. A central issue is whether such timing is governed by one mechanism or by several, different mechanisms, possibly invoked by different effectors used to perform the timing task. If two effectors invoke similar timing mechanisms, then they should both produce similar variability increase with interval duration (inter- onset- interval) and thus adhere to Weber's law (increasing linearly with the duration of the interval to be timed). Additionally, if both effectors invoke the same timing mechanism, the variability of the effectors should be highly correlated across participants. To test these possibilities, we assessed the behavioral characteristics across fingers and eyes as effectors, and compared the timing variability between and within them as a function of the interval to be produced (inter-response interval). Sixty participants produced isochronous intervals from 524 to 1,431 ms with their fingers and their eyes. High correlations within each effector indicated consistent performance within participants. Consistent with a single mechanism, temporal variability in both fingers and eyes followed Weber's law, and significant correlations between eye and finger variability were found for several intervals. These results can neither support the single clock nor the multiple clock hypotheses but instead suggest a partially overlapping distributed timing system.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kardan2015,

title = {Classifying mental states from eye movements during scene viewing},

author = {Omid Kardan and Marc G. Berman and Grigori Yourganov and Joseph Schmidt and John M. Henderson},

doi = {10.1037/a0039673},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance},

volume = {41},

number = {6},

pages = {1502–1514},

abstract = {How eye movements reflect underlying cognitive processes during scene viewing has been a topic of considerable theoretical interest. In this study, we used eye-movement features and their distributions over time to successfully classify mental states as indexed by the behavioral task performed by participants. We recorded eye movements from 72 participants performing 3 scene-viewing tasks: visual search, scene memorization, and aesthetic preference. To classify these tasks, we used statistical features (mean, standard deviation, and skewness) of fixation durations and saccade amplitudes, as well as the total number of fixations. The same set of visual stimuli was used in all tasks to exclude the possibility that different salient scene features influenced eye movements across tasks. All of the tested classification algorithms were successful in predicting the task within a single participant. The linear discriminant algorithm was also successful in predicting the task for each participant when the training data came from other participants, suggesting some generalizability across participants. The number of fixations contributed most to task classification; however, the remaining features and, in particular, their covariance provided important task-specific information. These results provide evidence on how participants perform different visual tasks. In the visual search task, for example, participants exhibited more variance and skewness in fixation durations and saccade amplitudes, but also showed heightened correlation between fixation durations and the variance in fixation durations. In summary, these results point to the possibility that eye-movement features and their distributional properties can be used to classify mental states both within and across individuals.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kaspar2015,

title = {Feeling good, searching the bad: Positive priming increases attention and memory for negative stimuli on webpages},

author = {Kai Kaspar and Ricardo Ramos Gameiro and Peter König},

doi = {10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.020},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Computers in Human Behavior},

volume = {53},

pages = {332–343},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Emotional impacts on attention arises in the form of externally and internally loaded forms. The former relates to the emotional valence of the sensory stimulus. The latter refers to the emotional state of the subject. We investigated their influence and interaction. Seventy-two subjects had been emotionally primed by a sequence of positive or negative images before they observed webpages of an online news portal. Each webpage contained positive and negative emotion-laden stimuli to be recalled in a memory test. We captured effects on overt attention, saccadic parameters, and explorative behavior. Furthermore, we related memory performance to characteristic gaze behavior. We found an attentional preference and a better memory performance for negative stimuli that was more pronounced after a positive mood induction. Importantly, increased attention correlated positively with recall performance on an individual level, but only after a positive mood induction. Moreover, the evaluation of the news-portal's hedonic quality and overall appeal, but not of usability, was affected by subjects' emotional states. We concluded that in contrast to previously reported mood-congruent preferences in young adults' attention, there are complementary effects of internally and externally loaded emotions with the tendency that positive priming increases attention and memory for negative stimuli.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kaspar2015a,

title = {Hand washing induces a clean slate effect in moral judgments: A pupillometry and eye-tracking study},

author = {Kai Kaspar and Vanessa Krapp and Peter König},

doi = {10.1038/srep10471},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Scientific Reports},

volume = {5},

pages = {10471},

publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},

abstract = {Physical cleansing is commonly understood to protect us against physical contamination. However, recent studies showed additional effects on moral judgments. Under the heading of the "Macbeth effect" direct links between bodily cleansing and one's own moral purity have been demonstrated. Here we investigate (1) how moral judgments develop over time and how they are altered by hand washing, (2) whether changes in moral judgments can be explained by altered information sampling from the environment, and (3) whether hand washing affects emotional arousal. Using a pre-post control group design, we found that morality ratings of morally good and bad scenes acquired more extreme values in the control group over time, an effect that was fully counteracted by intermediate hand washing. This result supports the notion of a clean slate effect by hand washing. Thereby, eye-tracking data did not uncover differences in eye movement behavior that may explain differences in moral judgments. Thus, the clean slate effect is not due to altered information sampling from the environment. Finally, compared to the control group, pupil diameter decreased after hand washing, thus demonstrating a direct physiological effect. The results shed light on the physiological mechanisms behind this type of embodiment phenomenon.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kasparbauer2015,

title = {Association of COMT and SLC6A3 polymorphisms with impulsivity, response inhibition and brain function},

author = {Anna-Maria Kasparbauer and Natascha Merten and Désirée S. Aichert and Nicola Wöstmann and Thomas Meindl and Dan Rujescu and Ulrich Ettinger},

doi = {10.1016/j.cortex.2015.07.002},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Cortex},

volume = {71},

pages = {219–231},

abstract = {Evidence of the genetic correlates of inhibitory control is scant. Two previously studied dopamine-related polymorphisms, COMT rs4680 and the SLC6A3 3' UTR 40-base-pair VNTR (rs28363170), have been associated with response inhibition, however with inconsistent findings. Here, we investigated the influence of these two polymorphisms in a large healthy adult sample (N = 515) on a response inhibition battery including the antisaccade, stop-signal, go/no-go and Stroop tasks as well as a psychometric measure of impulsivity (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale) (Experiment 1). Additionally, a subsample (N = 144) was studied while performing the go/no-go, stop-signal and antisaccade tasks in 3T fMRI (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, we did not find any significant associations of COMT or SLC6A3 with inhibitory performance or impulsivity. In Experiment 2, no association of COMT with BOLD was found. However, there were consistent main effects of SLC6A3 genotype in all inhibitory contrasts: Homozygosity of the 10R allele was associated with greater fronto-striatal BOLD response than genotypes with at least one 9R allele. These findings are consistent with meta-analyses showing that the 10R allele is associated with reduced striatal dopamine transporter expression, which in animal studies has been found to lead to increased extracellular dopamine levels. Our study thus supports the involvement of striatal dopamine in the neural mechanisms of cognitive control, in particular response inhibition.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kauppi2015,

title = {Towards brain-activity-controlled information retrieval: Decoding image relevance from MEG signals},

author = {Jukka Pekka Kauppi and Melih Kandemir and Veli Matti Saarinen and Lotta Hirvenkari and Lauri Parkkonen and Arto Klami and Riitta Hari and Samuel Kaski},

doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.12.079},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {NeuroImage},

volume = {112},

pages = {288–298},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {We hypothesize that brain activity can be used to control future information retrieval systems. To this end, we conducted a feasibility study on predicting the relevance of visual objects from brain activity. We analyze both magnetoencephalographic (MEG) and gaze signals from nine subjects who were viewing image collages, a subset of which was relevant to a predetermined task. We report three findings: i) the relevance of an image a subject looks at can be decoded from MEG signals with performance significantly better than chance, ii) fusion of gaze-based and MEG-based classifiers significantly improves the prediction performance compared to using either signal alone, and iii) non-linear classification of the MEG signals using Gaussian process classifiers outperforms linear classification. These findings break new ground for building brain-activity-based interactive image retrieval systems, as well as for systems utilizing feedback both from brain activity and eye movements.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kelly2015,

title = {The role of motivation, glucose and self-control in the antisaccade task},

author = {Claire L. Kelly and Sandra I. Sünram-Lea and Trevor J. Crawford},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0122218},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {10},

number = {3},

pages = {e0122218},

abstract = {Research shows that self-control is resource limited and there is a gradual weakening in consecutive self-control task performance akin to muscle fatigue. A body of evidence suggests that the resource is glucose and consuming glucose reduces this effect. This study examined the effect of glucose on performance in the antisaccade task - which requires self-control through generating a voluntary eye movement away from a target - following self-control exertion in the Stroop task. The effects of motivation and individual differences in self-control were also explored. In a double-blind design, 67 young healthy adults received a 25g glucose or inert placebo drink. Glucose did not enhance antisaccade performance following self-control exertion in the Stroop task. Motivation however, predicted performance on the antisaccade task; more specifically high motivation ameliorated performance decrements observed after initial self-control exertion. In addition, individuals with high levels of self-control performed better on certain aspects of the antisaccade task after administration of a glucose drink. The results of this study suggest that the antisaccade task might be a powerful paradigm, which could be used as a more objective measure of self-control. Moreover, the results indicate that level of motivation and individual differences in self-control should be taken into account when investigating deficiencies in self-control following prior exertion.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Jongman2015a,

title = {The role of sustained attention in the production of conjoined noun phrases: An individual differences study},

author = {Suzanne R. Jongman and Antje S. Meyer and Ardi Roelofs},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0137557},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {10},

number = {9},

pages = {e0137557},

abstract = {It has previously been shown that language production, performed simultaneously with a nonlinguistic task, involves sustained attention. Sustained attention concerns the ability to maintain alertness over time. Here, we aimed to replicate the previous finding by showing that individuals call upon sustained attention when they plan single noun phrases (e.g., "the carrot") and perform a manual arrow categorization task. In addition, we investigated whether speakers also recruit sustained attention when they produce conjoined noun phrases (e.g., "the carrot and the bucket") describing two pictures, that is, when both the first and second task are linguistic. We found that sustained attention correlated with the proportion of abnormally slow phrase-production responses. Individuals with poor sustained attention displayed a greater number of very slow responses than individuals with better sustained attention. Importantly, this relationship was obtained both for the production of single phrases while performing a nonlinguistic manual task, and the production of noun phrase conjunctions in referring to two spatially separated objects. Inhibition and updating abilities were also measured. These scores did not correlate with our measure of sustained attention, suggesting that sustained attention and executive control are distinct. Overall, the results suggest that planning conjoined noun phrases involves sustained attention, and that language production happens less automatically than has often been assumed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Jongman2015,

title = {Sustained attention in language production: An individual differences investigation},

author = {Suzanne R. Jongman and Ardi Roelofs and Antje S. Meyer},

doi = {10.1080/17470218.2014.964736},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology},

volume = {68},

number = {4},

pages = {710–730},

abstract = {Whereas it has long been assumed that most linguistic processes underlying language production happen automatically, accumulating evidence suggests that these processes do require some form of attention. Here we investigated the contribution of sustained attention: the ability to maintain alertness over time. In Experiment 1, participants' sustained attention ability was measured using auditory and visual continuous performance tasks. Subsequently, employing a dual-task procedure, participants described pictures using simple noun phrases and performed an arrow-discrimination task while their vocal and manual response times (RTs) and the durations of their gazes to the pictures were measured. Earlier research has demonstrated that gaze duration reflects language planning processes up to and including phonological encoding. The speakers' sustained attention ability correlated with the magnitude of the tail of the vocal RT distribution, reflecting the proportion of very slow responses, but not with individual differences in gaze duration. This suggests that sustained attention was most important after phonological encoding. Experiment 2 showed that the involvement of sustained attention was significantly stronger in a dual-task situation (picture naming and arrow discrimination) than in simple naming. Thus, individual differences in maintaining attention on the production processes become especially apparent when a simultaneous second task also requires attentional resources.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Joseph2015,

title = {Working memory, reading ability and the effects of distance and typicality on anaphor resolution in children},

author = {Holly S. S. L. Joseph and Georgina Bremner and Simon P. Liversedge and Kate Nation},

doi = {10.1080/20445911.2015.1005095},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Cognitive Psychology},

volume = {27},

number = {5},

pages = {622–639},

publisher = {Taylor & Francis},

abstract = {We investigated the time course of anaphor resolution in children and whether this is modulated by individual differences in working memory and reading skill. The eye movements of 30 children (10–11 years) were monitored as they read short paragraphs in which (1) the semantic typicality of an antecedent and (2) its distance in relation to an anaphor were orthogonally manipulated. Children showed effects of distance and typicality on the anaphor itself and also on the word to the right of the anaphor, suggesting that anaphoric processing begins immediately but continues after the eyes have left the anaphor. Furthermore, children showed no evidence of resolving anaphors in the most difficult condition (distant atypical antecedent), suggesting that anaphoric processing that is demanding may not occur online in children of this age. Finally, working memory capacity and reading comprehension skill affect the magnitude and time course of typicality and distance effects during anaphoric processing.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kaakinen2015,

title = {The influence of a reading task on children's eye movements during reading},

author = {Johanna K. Kaakinen and Annika Lehtola and Satu Paattilammi},

doi = {10.1080/20445911.2015.1005623},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Cognitive Psychology},

volume = {27},

number = {5},

pages = {640–656},

publisher = {Taylor & Francis},

abstract = {In the present study, second graders (n= 23), fourth graders (n= 16), sixth graders (n= 24) and adults (n= 21) read texts adopted from children's science textbooks either with the task to answer a “why” question presented as the title of the text or for comprehension when their eye movements were recorded. Immediately after reading, readers answered a text memory and an integration question. Second graders showed an effect of questions as increased processing during first-pass reading, whereas older readers showed the effect in later look-backs. For adult readers, questions also facilitated first-pass reading. Text memory or integration question-answering was not influenced by the reading task. The results indicate that questions increase the standards of coherence for text information and that already young readers do modify their reading behaviour according to task demands.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kanan2015,

title = {Humans have idiosyncratic and task-specific scanpaths for judging faces},

author = {Christopher Kanan and Dina N. F. Bseiso and Nicholas A. Ray and Janet H. Hsiao and Garrison W. Cottrell},

doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2015.01.013},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Vision Research},

volume = {108},

pages = {67–76},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Since Yarbus's seminal work, vision scientists have argued that our eye movement patterns differ depending upon our task. This has recently motivated the creation of multi-fixation pattern analysis algorithms that try to infer a person's task (or mental state) from their eye movements alone. Here, we introduce new algorithms for multi-fixation pattern analysis, and we use them to argue that people have scanpath routines for judging faces. We tested our methods on the eye movements of subjects as they made six distinct judgments about faces. We found that our algorithms could detect whether a participant is trying to distinguish angriness, happiness, trustworthiness, tiredness, attractiveness, or age. However, our algorithms were more accurate at inferring a subject's task when only trained on data from that subject than when trained on data gathered from other subjects, and we were able to infer the identity of our subjects using the same algorithms. These results suggest that (1) individuals have scanpath routines for judging faces, and that (2) these are diagnostic of that subject, but that (3) at least for the tasks we used, subjects do not converge on the same "ideal" scanpath pattern. Whether universal scanpath patterns exist for a task, we suggest, depends on the task's constraints and the level of expertise of the subject.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wassenhove2015,

title = {Visual-induced expectations modulate auditory cortical responses},

author = {Virginie Wassenhove and Lukasz Grzeczkowski},

doi = {10.3389/fnins.2015.00011},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Neuroscience},

volume = {9},

pages = {11},

abstract = {Active sensing has important consequences on multisensory processing (Schroeder et al., 2010). Here, we asked whether in the absence of saccades, the position of the eyes and the timing of transient color changes of visual stimuli could selectively affect the excitability of auditory cortex by predicting the "where" and the "when" of a sound, respectively. Human participants were recorded with magnetoencephalography (MEG) while maintaining the position of their eyes on the left, right, or center of the screen. Participants counted color changes of the fixation cross while neglecting sounds which could be presented to the left, right, or both ears. First, clear alpha power increases were observed in auditory cortices, consistent with participants' attention directed to visual inputs. Second, color changes elicited robust modulations of auditory cortex responses ("when" prediction) seen as ramping activity, early alpha phase-locked responses, and enhanced high-gamma band responses in the contralateral side of sound presentation. Third, no modulations of auditory evoked or oscillatory activity were found to be specific to eye position. Altogether, our results suggest that visual transience can automatically elicit a prediction of "when" a sound will occur by changing the excitability of auditory cortices irrespective of the attended modality, eye position or spatial congruency of auditory and visual events. To the contrary, auditory cortical responses were not significantly affected by eye position suggesting that "where" predictions may require active sensing or saccadic reset to modulate auditory cortex responses, notably in the absence of spatial orientation to sounds.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Zoest2015,

title = {The effects of saliency on manual reach trajectories and reach target selection},

author = {Wieske Zoest and Dirk Kerzel},

doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2014.11.015},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Vision Research},

volume = {113},

pages = {179–187},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Reaching trajectories curve toward salient distractors, reflecting the competing activation of reach plans toward target and distractor stimuli. We investigated whether the relative saliency of target and distractor influenced the curvature of the movement and the selection of the final endpoint of the reach. Participants were asked to reach a bar tilted to the right in a context of gray vertical bars. A bar tilted to the left served as distractor. Relative stimulus saliency was varied via color: either the distractor was red and the target was gray, or vice versa. Throughout, we observed that reach trajectories deviated toward the distractor. Surprisingly, relative saliency had no effect on the curvature of reach trajectories. Moreover, when we increased time pressure in separate experiments and analyzed the curvature as a function of reaction time, no influence of relative stimulus saliency was found, not even for the fastest reaction times. If anything, curvature decreased with strong time pressure. In contrast, reach target selection under strong time pressure was influenced by relative saliency: reaches with short reaction times were likely to go to the red distractor. The time course of reach target selection was comparable to saccadic target selection. Implications for the neural basis of trajectory deviations and target selection in manual and eye movements are discussed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Vanegas2015,

title = {Electrophysiological indices of surround suppression in humans},

author = {M. Isabel Vanegas and Annabelle Blangero and Simon P. Kelly},

doi = {10.1152/jn.00774.2014},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},

volume = {113},

number = {4},

pages = {1100–1109},

abstract = {Surround suppression is a well-known example of contextual interaction in visual cortical neurophysiology, whereby the neural response to a stimulus presented within a neuron's classical receptive field is suppressed by surrounding stimuli. Human psychophysical reports present an obvious analog to the effects seen at the single-neuron level: stimuli are perceived as lower-contrast when embedded in a surround. Here we report on a visual paradigm that provides relatively direct, straightforward indices of surround suppression in human electrophysiology, enabling us to reproduce several well-known neurophysiological and psychophysical effects, and to conduct new analyses of temporal trends and retinal location effects. Steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEP) elicited by flickering “foreground” stimuli were measured in the context of various static surround patterns. Early visual cortex geometry and retinotopic organization were exploited to enhance SSVEP amplitude. The foreground response was strongly suppressed as a monotonic function of surround contrast. Further- more, suppression was stronger for surrounds of matching orientation than orthogonally-oriented ones, and stronger at peripheral than foveal locations. These patterns were reproduced in psychophysical reports of perceived contrast, and peripheral electrophysiological suppression effects correlated with psychophysical effects across subjects. Temporal analysis of SSVEP amplitude revealed short-term contrast adaptation effects that caused the foreground signal to either fall or grow over time, depending on the relative contrast of the surround, consistent with stronger adaptation of the suppressive drive. This electrophysiology paradigm has clinical potential in indexing not just visual deficits but possibly gain control deficits expressed more widely in the disordered brain.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Veenstra2015,

title = {Effects of parallel planning on agreement production},

author = {Alma Veenstra and Antje S. Meyer and Daniel J. Acheson},

doi = {10.1016/j.actpsy.2015.09.011},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Acta Psychologica},

volume = {162},

pages = {29–39},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {An important issue in current psycholinguistics is how the time course of utterance planning affects the generation of grammatical structures. The current study investigated the influence of parallel activation of the components of complex noun phrases on the generation of subject-verb agreement. Specifically, the lexical interference account (Gillespie & Pearlmutter, 2011b; Solomon & Pearlmutter, 2004) predicts more agreement errors (i.e., attraction) for subject phrases in which the head and local noun mismatch in number (e.g., the apple next to the pears) when nouns are planned in parallel than when they are planned in sequence. We used a speeded picture description task that yielded sentences such as the apple next to the pears is red. The objects mentioned in the noun phrase were either semantically related or unrelated. To induce agreement errors, pictures sometimes mismatched in number. In order to manipulate the likelihood of parallel processing of the objects and to test the hypothesized relationship between parallel processing and the rate of agreement errors, the pictures were either placed close together or far apart. Analyses of the participants' eye movements and speech onset latencies indicated slower processing of the first object and stronger interference from the related (compared to the unrelated) second object in the close than in the far condition. Analyses of the agreement errors yielded an attraction effect, with more errors in mismatching than in matching conditions. However, the magnitude of the attraction effect did not differ across the close and far conditions. Thus, spatial proximity encouraged parallel processing of the pictures, which led to interference of the associated conceptual and/or lexical representation, but, contrary to the prediction, it did not lead to more attraction errors.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Velasquez2015,

title = {Combining eye tracking and pupillary dilation analysis to identify website key objects},

author = {Juan D. Velásquez and Pablo Loyola and Gustavo Martinez and Kristofher Munoz and Pedro Maldanado and Andrés Andres Couve and Pedro E. Maldonado},

doi = {10.1016/j.neucom.2015.05.108},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Neurocomputing},

volume = {168},

pages = {179–189},

publisher = {Elsevier},

abstract = {Identifying the salient zones from Web interfaces, namely the Website Key Objects, is an essential part of the personalization process that current Web systems perform to increase user engagement. While several techniques have been proposed, most of them are focused on the use of Web usage logs. Only recently has the use of data from users[U+05F3] biological responses emerged as an alternative to enrich the analysis. In this work, a model is proposed to identify Website Key Objects that not only takes into account visual gaze activity, such as fixation time, but also the impact of pupil dilation. Our main hypothesis is that there is a strong relationship in terms of the pupil dynamics and the Web user preferences on a Web page. An empirical study was conducted on a real Website, from which the navigational activity of 23 subjects was captured using an eye tracking device. Results showed that the inclusion of pupillary activity, although not conclusively, allows us to extract a more robust Web Object classification, achieving a 14% increment in the overall accuracy.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Veldre2015,

title = {Parafoveal lexical activation depends on skilled reading proficiency},

author = {Aaron Veldre and Sally Andrews},

doi = {10.1037/xlm0000039},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition},

volume = {41},

number = {March},

pages = {586–595},

abstract = {The boundary paradigm was used to investigate individual differences in the extraction of lexical information from the parafovea in sentence reading. The preview of a target word was manipulated so that it was identical (e.g., sped), a higher frequency orthographic neighbor (seed), a nonword neighbor (sted), or an all-letter-different nonword (glat). Ninety-four skilled adult readers were assessed on measures of reading and spelling ability. The results showed that null effects of preview lexical status in the average data obscured systematic differences on the basis of proficiency and target neighborhood density. For targets from dense neighborhoods, inhibition from a higher frequency neighbor preview occurred among highly proficient readers, and particularly those with superior spelling ability, in early fixation measures. Poorer readers showed inhibition only in second-pass reading of the target. These data suggest that readers with precise lexical representations are more likely to extract lexical information from a word before it is fixated. The implications for computational models of eye movements in reading are discussed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Veldre2015a,

title = {Parafoveal preview benefit is modulated by the precision of skilled readers' lexical representations},

author = {Aaron Veldre and Sally Andrews},

doi = {10.1037/xhp0000017},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance},

volume = {41},

number = {1},

pages = {219–232},

abstract = {In skilled reading, the processing of an upcoming word often begins in the parafovea, that is, before the word is fixated. This study investigated whether the extraction and use of multiple sources of information about an upcoming word depends on reading skill. The eye movements of 107 skilled adult readers, assessed on measures of reading and spelling ability, were recorded. The gaze-contingent boundary paradigm was used to manipulate the preview of a target word's identity and length in sentences with low- or high-frequency pretarget words. Across all first-pass reading measures, superior reading ability was associated with a larger preview benefit, but only among readers with high spelling ability, suggesting that the orthographic precision of a reader's stored lexical representations influences the extraction of parafoveal information. There was also evidence that the highly skilled reader/spellers' parafoveal processing advantage derived partly from their efficient foveal processing. Finally, in first fixations on the target, increased preview benefit for highly skilled reader/spellers was restricted to accurate length previews, suggesting that readers with precise lexical representations use upcoming word length in combination with parafoveal orthographic information to narrow down potential lexical candidates. The implications of these results for computational models of eye movements are discussed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Verhoef2015a,

title = {Choice-related activity in the anterior intraparietal area during 3-D structure categorization},

author = {Bram-Ernst Verhoef and Pascal Michelet and Rufin Vogels and Peter Janssen},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience},

volume = {27},

pages = {1104–1115},

abstract = {The anterior intraparietal area (AIP) of macaques contains neurons that signal the depth structure of disparity-defined 3-D shapes. Previous studies have suggested that AIP's depth information is used for sensorimotor transformations related to the efficient grasping of 3-D objects. We trained monkeys to categorize disparity-defined 3-D shapes and examined whether neuronal activity in AIP may also underlie pure per- ceptual categorization behavior. We first show that neurons with a similar 3-D shape preference cluster in AIP. We then demonstrate that the monkeys' 3-D shape discrimination perfor- mance depends on the position in depth of the stimulus and that this performance difference is reflected in the activity of AIP neurons. We further reveal correlations between the neuronal activity in AIP and the subject's subsequent choices and RTs during 3-D shape categorization. Our findings propose AIP as an important processing stage for 3-D shape perception.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Vadillo2015,

title = {A simple algorithm for the offline recalibration of eye-tracking data through best-fitting linear transformation},

author = {Miguel A. Vadillo and Chris N. H. Street and Tom Beesley and David R. Shanks},

doi = {10.3758/s13428-014-0544-1},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Behavior Research Methods},

volume = {47},

number = {4},

pages = {1365–1376},

abstract = {Poor calibration and inaccurate drift correction can pose severe problems for eye-tracking experiments requiring high levels of accuracy and precision. We describe an algorithm for the offline correction of eye-tracking data. The algorithm conducts a linear transformation of the coordinates of fixations that minimizes the distance between each fixation and its closest stimulus. A simple implementation in MATLAB is also presented. We explore the performance of the correction algorithm under several conditions using simulated and real data, and show that it is particularly likely to improve data quality when many fixations are included in the fitting process.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Vaidya2015,

title = {Testing necessary regional frontal contributions to value assessment and fixation-based updating},

author = {Avinash R. Vaidya and Lesley K. Fellows},

doi = {10.1038/ncomms10120},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Nature Communications},

volume = {6},

pages = {10120},

publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},

abstract = {Value-based decisions are biased by the time people spend viewing each option: Options fixated longer are chosen more often, even when previously rated as less appealing. This bias is thought to reflect /`value updating/' as new evidence is accumulated. Prior work has shown that ventromedial prefrontal cortex (PFC) carries a fixation-dependent value comparison signal, while other studies implicate dorsomedial PFC in representing the value of alternative options. Here, we test whether these regions are necessary for fixation-related value updating in 33 people with frontal lobe damage and 27 healthy controls performing a simple choice task. We show that damage to dorsomedial PFC leads to an exaggerated influence of fixations on choice, while damage to ventromedial or lateral PFC has no effect on this bias. These findings suggest a critical role for dorsomedial, and not ventromedial PFC, in mediating the relative influence of current fixations and a priori value on choice.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Valsecchi2015,

title = {Control of binocular gaze in a high-precision manual task},

author = {Matteo Valsecchi and Karl R. Gegenfurtner},

doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2014.09.005},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Vision Research},

volume = {110},

number = {PB},

pages = {203–214},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {We investigated the precision of binocular gaze control while observers performed a high-precision manual movement, which involved hitting a target hole in a plate with a hand-held needle. Binocular eye movements and the 3D-position of the needle tip were tracked. In general the observers oriented their gaze to the target before they reached it with the needle. The amplitude of microsaccades scaled with the distance of the needle tip. We did not find evidence for the coordination of version and vergence during microsaccades which could be expected if those movements displaced gaze between the needle and the target hole. In a control experiment observers executed small saccades between marks on a slanted plane. Even when the observers executed saccades as small as the microsaccades in the needle experiment, we observed a coordinated displacement of the point of gaze on the horizontal and depth axis. Our results show that the characteristics of eye movements such as the frequency and amplitude of microsaccades are adapted online to the task demands. However, a coordinated control of version and vergence in small saccades is only observed if a movement of gaze on a slanted trajectory is explicitly instructed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Valuch2015a,

title = {The influence of color during continuity cuts in edited movies: An eye-tracking study},

author = {Christian Valuch and Ulrich Ansorge},

doi = {10.1007/s11042-015-2806-z},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Multimedia Tools and Applications},

volume = {74},

number = {22},

pages = {10161–10176},

abstract = {Professionally edited videos entail frequent editorial cuts – that is, abrupt image changes from one frame to another. The impact of these cuts on human eye movements is currently not well understood. In the present eye-tracking study, we experimentally gauged the degree to which color and visual continuity contributed to viewers' eye movements following cinematic cuts. In our experiment, viewers were presented with two edited action sports movies on the same screen but they were instructed to watch and keep their gaze on only one of these movies. Crucially, the movies were frequently interrupted and continued after a short break either at the same or at switched locations. Hence, viewers needed to rapidly recognize the continuation of the relevant movie and re-orient their gaze toward it. Properties of saccadic eye movements following each interruption probed the recognition of the relevant movie after a cut. Two key findings were that (i) memory co-determines attention after cuts in edited videos, resulting in faster re-orientation toward scene continuations when visual continuity across the interruption is high than when it is low, and (ii) color contributes to the guidance of attention after cuts, but its benefit largely rests upon enhanced discrimination of relevant from irrelevant visual information rather than memory. Results are discussed with regard to previous research on eye movements in movies and recognition processes. Possible future directions of research are outlined.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Valuch2015,

title = {Using eye tracking to test for individual differences in attention to attractive faces},

author = {Christian Valuch and Lena S. Pfluger and Bernard Wallner and Bruno Laeng and Ulrich Ansorge},

doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00042},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},

volume = {6},

pages = {42},

publisher = {Frontiers},

abstract = {We assessed individual differences in visual attention toward faces in relation to their attractiveness via saccadic reaction times (SRTs). Motivated by the aim to understand individual differences in attention to faces, we tested three hypotheses: (a) Attractive faces hold or capture attention more effectively than less attractive faces; (b) men show a stronger bias toward attractive opposite-sex faces than women; and (c) blue-eyed men show a stronger bias toward blue-eyed than brown-eyed feminine faces. The latter test was included because prior research suggested a high effect size. Our data supported hypotheses (a) and (b) but not (c). By conducting separate tests for disengagement of attention and attention capture, we found that individual differences exist at distinct stages of attentional processing but these differences are of varying robustness and importance. In our conclusion, we also advocate the use of linear mixed effects models as the most appropriate statistical approach toward studying inter-individual differences in visual attention with naturalistic stimuli.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{VanBelle2015,

title = {Face inversion and acquired prosopagnosia reduce the size of the perceptual field of view},

author = {Goedele Van Belle and Philippe Lefèvre and Bruno Rossion},

doi = {10.1016/j.cognition.2014.11.037},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Cognition},

volume = {136},

number = {1},

pages = {403–408},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Using a gaze-contingent morphing approach, we asked human observers to choose one of two faces that best matched the identity of a target face: one face corresponded to the reference face's fixated part only (e.g., one eye), the other corresponded to the unfixated area of the reference face. The face corresponding to the fixated part was selected significantly more frequently in the inverted than in the upright orientation. This observation provides evidence that face inversion reduces an observer's perceptual field of view, even when both upright and inverted faces are displayed at full view and there is no performance difference between these conditions. It rules out an account of the drop of performance for inverted faces - one of the most robust effects in experimental psychology - in terms of a mere difference in local processing efficiency. A brain-damaged patient with pure prosopagnosia, viewing only upright faces, systematically selected the face corresponding to the fixated part, as if her perceptual field was reduced relative to normal observers. Altogether, these observations indicate that the absence of visual knowledge reduces the perceptual field of view, supporting an indirect view of visual perception.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{VanBergen2015,

title = {Sensory uncertainty decoded from visual cortex predicts behavior Ruben},

author = {Ruben S. Van Bergen and Wei Ji Ma and Michael S. Pratte and Janneke F. M. Jehee},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Nature Neuroscience},

volume = {18},

number = {12},

pages = {1728–1730},

abstract = {Bayesian theories of neural coding propose that sensory uncertainty is represented by a probability distribution encoded in neural population activity, but direct neural evidence supporting this hypothesis is currently lacking. Using fMRI in combination with a generative model-based analysis, we found that probability distributions reflecting sensory uncertainty could reliably be estimated from human visual cortex and, moreover, that observers appeared to use knowledge of this uncertainty in their perceptual decisions.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Linden2015,

title = {The role of object affordances and center of gravity in eye movements toward isolated daily-life objects},

author = {Lotje Linden and Sebastiaan Mathôt and Françoise Vitu},

doi = {10.1167/15.5.8},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {15},

number = {5},

pages = {1–18},

abstract = {The purpose of the current study was to investigate to what extent low-level versus high-level effects determine where the eyes land on isolated daily-life objects. We operationalized low-level effects as eye movements toward an object's center of gravity (CoG) or the absolute object center (OC) and high-level effects as visuomotor priming by object affordances. In two experiments, we asked participants to make saccades toward peripherally presented photographs of graspable objects (e.g., a hammer) and to either categorize them (Experiment 1) or to discriminate them from visually matched nonobjects (Experiment 2). Objects were rotated such that their graspable part (e.g., the hammer's handle) pointed toward either the left or the right whereas their action-performing part (e.g., the hammer's head) pointed toward the other side. We found that early-triggered saccades were neither biased toward the object's graspable part nor toward its action-performing part. Instead, participants' eyes landed near the CoG/OC. Only longer-latency initial saccades and refixations were subject to high-level influences, being significantly biased toward the object's action-performing part. Our comparison with eye movements toward visually matched nonobjects revealed that the latter was not merely the consequence of a low-level effect of shape, texture, asymmetry, or saliency. Instead, we interpret it as a higher-level, object-based affordance effect that requires time, and to some extent also foveation, in order to build up and to overcome default saccadic-programming mechanisms.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{VanderStigchel2015,

title = {There is no attentional global effect: Attentional shifts are independent of the saccade endpoint},

author = {Stefan Van der Stigchel and Jelmer P. De Vries},

doi = {10.1167/15.15.17},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {15},

number = {15},

pages = {17},

abstract = {Many studies have found a strong coupling between selective attention and eye movements. The premotor theory of attention suggests that saccade preparation is directly responsible for such attentional shifts. While it has already been shown that the attentional shift is not directly coupled to the final stages of motor execution, it is currently unknown to what aspect of the earlier stages of saccade preparation the attentional shift is coupled. An important step in this preparation process is resolving the landing point when multiple elements compete for the saccade. Here we ask how such a competition influences the presaccadic attentional locus and whether the presaccadic shift of attention is coupled to the saccade landing position or the possible saccade goals. To this end, we adopt a global effect paradigm where a target is accompanied by a salient distractor resulting in the majority of eye movements landing in between target and distractor. To determine the allocation of attention, participants are presented with a discrimination task shortly before the execution of the saccade. Despite a strong global effect obtained for saccade endpoints, we find little evidence for attentional facilitation at the location between target and distractor, but strong attentional facilitation at the location of the target and distractor.We argue that attention is coupled to active oculomotor programs, but not part of the resolution of these programs towards the execution of the saccade.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{VanDromme2015,

title = {The relation between functional magnetic resonance imaging activations and single-cell selectivity in the macaque intraparietal sulcus},

author = {Ilse C. Van Dromme and Wim Vanduffel and Peter Janssen},

doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.03.023},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {NeuroImage},

volume = {113},

pages = {86–100},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {Previous functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) studies in humans and monkeys have demonstrated that the anterior intraparietal sulcus (IPS) is sensitive to the depth structure defined by binocular disparity. However, in the macaque monkey, a single large activation was measured in the anterior lateral bank of the IPS, whereas in human subjects two separate regions were sensitive to depth structure from disparity. We performed fMRI and single-cell experiments in the same animals, in a large number of recording sites in the lateral bank of the IPS. The fMRI interaction effect between the factors curvature (curved or flat) and disparity (stereo or control) correctly predicted the location of higher-order disparity selective neurons that encoded the depth structure of objects. However the large region in the IPS activated by depth structure consisted of two patches of higher-order disparity-selective neurons, one in the anterior IPS and one located more posteriorly, surrounded by regions lacking such selectivity. Thus the IPS region activated by curved surfaces consists of at least two patches of higher-order disparity selective neurons, which may reconcile previous fMRI studies in monkeys and humans.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wahn2015,

title = {Audition and vision share spatial attentional resources, yet attentional load does not disrupt audiovisual integration},

author = {Basil Wahn and Peter König},

doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01084},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},

volume = {6},

pages = {1084},

abstract = {Humans continuously receive and integrate information from several sensory modalities. However, attentional resources limit the amount of information that can be processed. It is not yet clear how attentional resources and multisensory processing are interrelated. Specifically, the following questions arise: (1) Are there distinct spatial attentional resources for each sensory modality? and (2) Does attentional load affect multisensory integration? We investigated these questions using a dual task paradigm: participants performed two spatial tasks (a multiple object tracking task and a localization task), either separately (single task condition) or simultaneously (dual task condition). In the multiple object tracking task, participants visually tracked a small subset of several randomly moving objects. In the localization task, participants received either visual, auditory, or redundant visual and auditory location cues. In the dual task condition, we found a substantial decrease in participants' performance relative to the results of the single task condition. Importantly, participants performed equally well in the dual task condition regardless of the location cues' modality. This result suggests that having spatial information coming from different modalities does not facilitate performance, thereby indicating shared spatial attentional resources for the auditory and visual modality. Furthermore, we found that participants integrated redundant multisensory information similarly even when they experienced additional attentional load in the dual task condition. Overall, findings suggest that (1) visual and auditory spatial attentional resources are shared and that (2) audiovisual integration of spatial information occurs in an pre-attentive processing stage.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wahn2015a,

title = {Vision and haptics share spatial attentional resources and visuotactile integration is not affected by high attentional load},

author = {Basil Wahn and Peter König},

doi = {10.1163/22134808-00002482},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Multisensory Research},

volume = {28},

number = {3-4},

pages = {371–392},

abstract = {Human information processing is limited by attentional resources. Two questions that are discussed in multisensory research are (1) whether there are separate spatial attentional resources for each sensory modality and (2) whether multisensory integration is influenced by attentional load. We investigated these questions using a dual task paradigm: Participants performed two spatial tasks (a multiple object tracking ['MOT'] task and a localization ['LOC'] task) either separately (single task condition) or simultaneously (dual task condition). In the MOT task, participants visually tracked a small subset of several randomly moving objects. In the LOC task, participants either received visual, tactile, or redundant visual and tactile location cues. In the dual task condition, we found a substantial decrease in participants' performance and an increase in participants' mental effort (indicated by an increase in pupil size) relative to the single task condition. Importantly, participants performed equally well in the dual task condition regardless of whether they received visual, tactile, or redundant multisensory (visual and tactile) location cues in the LOC task. This result suggests that having spatial information coming from different modalities does not facilitate performance, thereby indicating shared spatial attentional resources for the tactile and visual modality. Also, we found that participants integrated redundant multisensory information optimally even when they experienced additional attentional load in the dual task condition. Overall, findings suggest that (1) spatial attentional resources for the tactile and visual modality overlap and that (2) the integration of spatial cues from these two modalities occurs at an early pre-attentive processing stage.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wallis2015,

title = {Reward boosts working memory encoding over a brief temporal window},

author = {George Wallis and Mark G. Stokes and Craig Arnold and Anna C. Nobre},

doi = {10.1080/13506285.2015.1013168},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Visual Cognition},

volume = {23},

number = {1-2},

pages = {291–312},

abstract = {Selection mechanisms for WM are ordinarily studied by explicitly cueing a subset of memory items. However, we might also expect the reward associations of stimuli we encounter to modulate their probability of being represented in working memory (WM). Theoretical and computational models explicitly predict that reward value should determine which items will be gated into WM. For example, a model by Braver and colleagues in which phasic dopamine signalling gates WM updating predicts a temporally-specific but not item-specific reward-driven boost to encoding. In contrast, Hazy and colleagues invoke reinforcement learning in cortico-striatal loops and predict an item-wise reward-driven encoding bias. Furthermore, a body of prior work has demonstrated that reward-associated items can capture attention, and it has been shown that attentional capture biases WM encoding. We directly investigated the relationship between reward history and WM encoding. In our first experiment, we found an encoding benefit associated with reward-associated items, but the benefit generalized to all items in the memory array. In a second experiment this effect was shown to be highly temporally specific. We speculate that in real-world contexts in which the environment is sampled sequentially with saccades/shifts in attention, this mechanism could effectively mediate an item-wise encoding bias, because encoding boosts would occur when rewarded items were fixated.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wallis2015a,

title = {Frontoparietal and cingulo-opercular networks play dissociable roles in control of working memory},

author = {George Wallis and Mark Stokes and Helena Cousijn and Mark W. Woolrich and Anna C. Nobre},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience},

volume = {27},

pages = {2019–2034},

abstract = {We used magnetoencephalography to characterize the spatiotemporal dynamics of cortical activity during top–down control of working memory (WM). fMRI studies have previously implicated both the frontoparietal and cingulo-opercular networks in control over WM, but their respective contributions are unclear. In our task, spatial cues indicating the relevant item in a WM array occurred either before the memory array or during the maintenance period, providing a direct comparison between prospective and retrospective control of WM. We found that in both cases a frontoparietal network activated following the cue, but following retrocues this activation was transient and was succeeded by a cinguloopercular network activation. We also characterized the time course of top–down modulation of alpha activity in visual/parietal cortex. This modulation was transient following retrocues, occurring in parallel with the frontoparietal network activation. We suggest that the frontoparietal network is responsible for top–down modulation of activity in sensory cortex during both preparatory attention and orienting within memory. In contrast, the cinguloopercular network plays a more downstream role in cognitive control, perhaps associated with output gating of memory},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wallis2015b,

title = {Sensitivity to gaze-contingent contrast increments in naturalistic movies: An exploratory report and model comparison},

author = {Thomas S. A. Wallis and Michael Dorr and Peter J. Bex},

doi = {10.1167/15.8.3},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {15},

number = {8},

pages = {1–33},

abstract = {Sensitivity to luminance contrast is a prerequisite for all but the simplest visual systems. To examine contrast increment detection performance in a way that approximates the natural environmental input of the human visual system, we presented contrast increments gaze-contingently within naturalistic video freely viewed by observers. A band-limited contrast increment was applied to a local region of the video relative to the observer's current gaze point, and the observer made a forced-choice response to the location of the target (≈25,000 trials across five observers). We present exploratory analyses showing that performance improved as a function of the magnitude of the increment and depended on the direction of eye movements relative to the target location, the timing of eye movements relative to target presentation, and the spatiotemporal image structure at the target location. Contrast discrimination performance can be modeled by assuming that the underlying contrast response is an accelerating nonlinearity (arising from a nonlinear transducer or gain control). We implemented one such model and examined the posterior over model parameters, estimated using Markov-chain Monte Carlo methods. The parameters were poorly constrained by our data; parameters constrained using strong priors taken from previous research showed poor cross-validated prediction performance. Atheoretical logistic regression models were better constrained and provided similar prediction performance to the nonlinear transducer model. Finally, we explored the properties of an extended logistic regression that incorporates both eye movement and image content features. Models of contrast transduction may be better constrained by incorporating data from both artificial and natural contrast perception settings.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Walshe2015,

title = {Mechanisms of saccadic decision making while encoding naturalistic scenes},

author = {R. Calen Walshe and Antje Nuthmann},

doi = {10.1167/15.5.21},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {15},

number = {5},

pages = {21},

abstract = {Saccadic eye movements are the primary vehicle by which human gaze is brought in alignment with vital visual information present in naturalistic scenes. Although numerous studies using the double-step paradigm have demonstrated that saccade preparation is subject to modification under certain conditions, this has yet to be studied directly within a naturalistic scene-viewing context. To reveal characteristic properties of saccade programming during naturalistic scene viewing, we contrasted behavior across three conditions. In the Static condition of the main experiment, double-step targets were presented following a period of stable fixation on a central cross. In a Scene condition, targets were presented while participants actively explored a naturalistic scene. During a Noise condition, targets were presented during active exploration of a 1/f noise-filtered scene. In Experiment 2, we measure saccadic responses in three Static conditions (Uniform, Scene, and Noise) in which the backgrounds are the same as Experiment 1 but scene exploration is no longer permitted. We find that the mechanisms underlying saccade modification generalize to both dynamic conditions. However, we show that a property of saccade programming known as the saccadic dead time (SDT), the interval prior to saccade onset during which a saccade may not be canceled or modified, is lower in the Static task than it is in the dynamic tasks. We also find a trend toward longer SDT in the Scene as compared with Noise conditions. We discuss the implication of these results for computational models of scene viewing, reading, and visual search tasks.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Walton2015,

title = {Abnormal tuning of saccade-related cells in pontine reticular formation of strabismic monkeys},

author = {Mark M. G. Walton and Michael J. Mustari},

doi = {10.1152/jn.00238.2015},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},

volume = {114},

number = {2},

pages = {857–868},

abstract = {Strabismus is a common disorder, char- acterized by a chronic misalignment of the eyes and numerous visual and oculomotor abnormalities. For example, saccades are often highly disconjugate. For humans with pattern strabismus, the horizontal and vertical disconjugacies vary with eye position. In monkeys, manipula- tions that disturb binocular vision during the first several weeks of life result in a chronic strabismus with characteristics that closely match those in human patients. Early onset strabismus is associated with altered binocular sensitivity of neurons in visual cortex. Here we test the hypothesis that brain stem circuits specific to saccadic eye movements are abnormal. We targeted the pontine paramedian reticular formation, a structure that directly projects to the ipsilateral abducens nucleus. In normal animals, neurons in this structure are characterized by a high- frequency burst of spikes associated with ipsiversive saccades. We recorded single-unit activity from 84 neurons from four monkeys (two normal, one exotrope, and one esotrope), while they made saccades to a visual target on a tangent screen. All 24 neurons recorded from the normal animals had preferred directions within 30° of pure horizontal. For the strabismic animals, the distribution of preferred directions was normal on one side of the brain, but highly variable on the other. In fact, 12/60 neurons recorded from the strabismic animals preferred vertical saccades. Many also had unusually weak or strong bursts. These data suggest that the loss of corresponding binocular vision during infancy impairs the development of normal tuning characteristics for saccade- related neurons in brain stem.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Walton2015a,

title = {Abnormal activity of neurons in abducens nucleus of strabismic monkeys},

author = {Mark M. G. Walton and Michael J. Mustari and Christy L. Willoughby and Linda K. McLoon},

doi = {10.1167/iovs.14-15360},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},

volume = {56},

number = {1},

pages = {10–19},

abstract = {PURPOSE: Infantile strabismus is characterized by persistent misalignment of the eyes. Mounting evidence suggests that the disorder is associated with abnormalities at the neural level, but few details are known. This study investigated the signals carried by abducens neurons in monkeys with experimentally induced strabismus. We wanted to know whether the firing rates of individual neurons are exclusively related to the position and velocity of one eye and whether the overall level of activity of the abducens nucleus was in the normal range. METHODS: We recorded 58 neurons in right and left abducens nuclei while strabismic monkeys (one esotrope and one exotrope) performed a saccade task. We analyzed the firing rates associated with static horizontal eye position and saccades by fitting the data with a dynamic equation that included position and velocity terms for each eye. Results were compared to previously published data in normal monkeys. RESULTS: For both strabismic monkeys the overall tonic activity was 50 to 100 spikes/s lower, for every suprathreshold eye position, than what has previously been reported for normal monkeys. This was mostly the result of lower baseline activity; the slopes of rate-position curves were similar to those in previous reports in normal monkeys. The saccade velocity sensitivities were similar to those of normal monkeys, 0.35 for the esotrope and 0.40 for the exotrope. For most neurons the firing rate was more closely related to the position and velocity of the ipsilateral eye. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that strabismus can be associated with reduced neural activity in the abducens nucleus.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wang2015c,

title = {Pupil size reveals preparatory processes in the generation of pro-saccades and anti-saccades},

author = {Chin-An Wang and Donald C. Brien and Douglas P. Munoz},

doi = {10.1111/ejn.12883},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},

volume = {41},

number = {8},

pages = {1102–1110},

abstract = {The ability to generate flexible behaviors to accommodate changing goals in response to identical sensory stimuli is a signature that is inherited in humans and higher-level animals. In the oculomotor system, this function has often been examined with the anti-saccade task, in which subjects are instructed, prior to stimulus appearance, to either automatically look at the peripheral stimulus (pro-saccade) or to suppress the automatic response and voluntarily look in the opposite direction from the stimulus (anti-saccade). Distinct neural preparatory activity between the pro-saccade and anti-saccade conditions has been well documented, particularly in the superior colliculus (SC) and the frontal eye field (FEF), and this has shown higher inhibition-related fixation activity in preparation for anti-saccades than in preparation for pro-saccades. Moreover, the level of preparatory activity related to motor preparation is negatively correlated with reaction times. We hypothesised that preparatory signals may be reflected in pupil size through a link between the SC and the pupil control circuitry. Here, we examined human pupil dynamics during saccade preparation prior to the execution of pro-saccades and anti-saccades. Pupil size was larger in preparation for correct anti-saccades than in preparation for correct pro-saccades and erroneous pro-saccades made in the anti-saccade condition. Furthermore, larger pupil dilation prior to stimulus appearance accompanied saccades with faster reaction times, with a trial-by-trial correlation between dilation size and anti-saccade reaction times. Overall, our results demonstrate that pupil size is modulated by saccade preparation, and neural activity in the SC, together with the FEF, supports these findings, providing unique insights into the neural substrate coordinating cognitive processing and pupil diameter.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wang2015,

title = {Relation between mental workload and visual information processing},

author = {Jian Wang and Ryoichi Ohtsuka and Kimihiro Yamanaka},

doi = {10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.625},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Procedia Manufacturing},

volume = {3},

pages = {5308–5312},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {The aim of this study is to clarify the relation between mental workload and the function of visual information processing. To examine the mental workload (MWL) relative to the size of the useful field of view (UFOV), an experiment was conducted with 12 participants (ages 21–23). In the primary task, participants responded to visual markers appearing in a computer display. The UFOV and the results of the secondary task for MWL were measured. In the MWL task, participants solved numerical operations designed to increase MWL. The experimental conditions in this task were divided into three categories (Repeat Aloud, Addition, and No Task), where No Task meant no mental task was given. MWL was changed in a stepwise manner. The quantitative assessment confirmed that the UFOV narrows with the increase in the MWL.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wang2015d,

title = {The 'Positive Effect' is present in older Chinese adults: Evidence from an eye tracking study},

author = {Jingxin Wang and Liyuan He and Liping Jia and Jing Tian and Valerie Benson},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0121372},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {10},

number = {4},

pages = {e0121372},

abstract = {The 'Positive Effect' is defined as the phenomenon of preferential cognitive processing of positive affective information, and avoidance or dismissal of negative affective information in the social environment. The ‘Positive Effect' is found for older people compared with younger people in western societies and is believed to reflect a preference for positive emotional regulation in older adults. It is not known whether such an effect is Universal, and in East Asian cultures, there is a highly controversial debate concerning this question. In the current experiment we explored whether Chinese older participants showed a 'Positive Effect' when they inspected picture pairs that were either a positive or a negative picture presented with a neutral picture, or a positive and negative picture paired together. The results indicated that both groups of participants showed an attentional bias to both pleasant (more processing of) and unpleasant pictures (initial orienting to) when these were paired with neutral pictures. When pleasant and unpleasant pictures were paired together both groups showed an initial orientation bias for the pleasant picture, but the older participants showed this bias for initial orienting and increased processing measures, providing evidence of a ‘Positive Effect' in older Chinese adults.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wang2015e,

title = {Visual scanning and recognition of Chinese, Caucasian, and racially ambiguous faces: Contributions from bottom-up facial physiognomic information and top-down knowledge of racial categories},

author = {Qiandong Wang and Naiqi G. Xiao and Paul C. Quinn and Chao S. Hu and Miao Qian and Genyue Fu and Kang Lee},

doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2014.10.032},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Vision Research},

volume = {107},

pages = {67–75},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Recent studies have shown that participants use different eye movement strategies when scanning own- and other-race faces. However, it is unclear (1) whether this effect is related to face recognition performance, and (2) to what extent this effect is influenced by top-down or bottom-up facial information. In the present study, Chinese participants performed a face recognition task with Chinese, Caucasian, and racially ambiguous faces. For the racially ambiguous faces, we led participants to believe that they were viewing either own-race Chinese faces or other-race Caucasian faces. Results showed that (1) Chinese participants scanned the nose of the true Chinese faces more than that of the true Caucasian faces, whereas they scanned the eyes of the Caucasian faces more than those of the Chinese faces; (2) they scanned the eyes, nose, and mouth equally for the ambiguous faces in the Chinese condition compared with those in the Caucasian condition; (3) when recognizing the true Chinese target faces, but not the true target Caucasian faces, the greater the fixation proportion on the nose, the faster the participants correctly recognized these faces. The same was true when racially ambiguous face stimuli were thought to be Chinese faces. These results provide the first evidence to show that (1) visual scanning patterns of faces are related to own-race face recognition response time, and (2) it is bottom-up facial physiognomic information that mainly contributes to face scanning. However, top-down knowledge of racial categories can influence the relationship between face scanning patterns and recognition response time.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wang2015a,

title = {Integrating service design and eye tracking insight for designing smart TV user interfaces},

author = {Sheng-Ming Wang},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications},

volume = {6},

number = {7},

pages = {163–171},

abstract = {This research proposes a process that integrate service design method and eye tracking insight for designing a Smart TV user interface. The Service Design method, which is utilized for leading the combination of the quality function deployment (QFD) and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), is used to analyze the features of three Smart TV user interface design mockups. Scientific evidences, which include the effectiveness and efficiency testing data obtained from eye tracking experiments with six participants, are provided the information for analysing the affordance of these design mockups. The results of this research demonstrate a comprehensive methodology that can be used iteratively for redesigning, redefining and evaluating of Smart TV user interfaces. It can also help to make the design of Smart TV user interfaces relate to users' behaviors and needs. So that to improve the affordance of design. Future studies may analyse the data that are derived from eye tracking experiments to improve our understanding of the spatial relationship between designed elements in a Smart TV user interface.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wang2015b,

title = {Rapid learning in visual cortical networks},

author = {Ye Wang and Valentin Dragoi},

doi = {10.7554/eLife.08417},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {eLife},

volume = {4},

number = {AUGUST2015},

pages = {1–16},

abstract = {Although changes in brain activity during learning have been extensively examined at the single neuron level, the coding strategies employed by cell populations remain mysterious. We examined cell populations in macaque area V4 during a rapid form of perceptual learning that emerges within tens of minutes. Multiple single units and LFP responses were recorded as monkeys improved their performance in an image discrimination task. We show that the increase in behavioral performance during learning is predicted by a tight coordination of spike timing with local population activity. More spike-LFP theta synchronization is correlated with higher learning performance, while high-frequency synchronization is unrelated with changes in performance, but these changes were absent once learning had stabilized and stimuli became familiar, or in the absence of learning. These findings reveal a novel mechanism of plasticity in visual cortex by which elevated low-frequency synchronization between individual neurons and local population activity accompanies the improvement in performance during learning.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wares2015,

title = {Differential eye movements in mild traumatic brain injury versus normal controls},

author = {Joanna R. Wares and David X. Cifu and Kathy W. Hoke and Paul A. Wetzel and George T. Gitchel and William Carne},

doi = {10.1097/HTR.0000000000000036},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation},

volume = {30},

number = {1},

pages = {21–28},

abstract = {Objectives: Objective measures to diagnose and to monitor improvement of symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) are lacking. Computerized eye tracking has been advocated as a rapid, user friendly, and field-ready technique to meet this need. Design: Eye-tracking data collected via a head-mounted, video-based binocular eye tracker was used to examine saccades, fixations, and smooth pursuit movement in military Service Members with postconcussive syndrome (PCS) and asymptomatic control subjects in an effort to determine if eye movement differences could be found and quantified. Participants: Sixty Military Service Members with PCS and 26 asymptomatic controls. Outcome measures: The diagnosis of mTBI was confirmed by the study physiatrist's history, physical examination, and a review of any medical records. Various features of saccades, fixation and smooth pursuit eye movements were analyzed. Results: Subjects with symptomatic mTBI had statistically larger position errors, smaller saccadic amplitudes, smaller predicted peak velocities, smaller peak accelerations, and longer durations. Subjects with symptomatic mTBI were also less likely to follow a target movement (less primary saccades). In general, symptomatic mTBI tracked the stepwise moving targets less accurately, revealing possible brain dysfunction. Conclusions: A reliable, standardized protocol that appears to differentiate mTBI from normals was developed for use in future research. This investigation represents a step toward objective identification of those with PCS. Future studies focused on increasing the specificity of eye movement differences in those with PCS are needed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Warren2015,

title = {Comprehending the impossible: what role do selectional restriction violations play?},

author = {Tessa Warren and Evelyn Milburn and Nikole D. Patson and Michael Walsh Dickey},

doi = {10.1080/23273798.2015.1047458},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Language, Cognition and Neuroscience},

volume = {30},

number = {8},

pages = {932–939},

publisher = {Taylor & Francis},

abstract = {To elucidate how different kinds of knowledge are used during comprehension, readers' eye movements were monitored as they read sentences that were: plausible, impossible because of a selectional restriction violation (SRV) or impossible because of a violation of general world knowledge. Eye movements on the pre-critical, critical, and post-critical words evidenced disruption in the SRV condition compared to the other two conditions. These findings suggest that disruption associated with reading about impossible events is not directly determined by how impossible the event seems. Rather, the relationship between the verb and arguments in the sentence seems to matter. These findings are the strongest evidence to date that processing effects associated with selectional restrictions can dissociate from those associated with general world knowledge about events.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Warschburger2015,

title = {Analysis of attentional bias towards attractive and unattractive body regions among overweight males and females: An eye-movement study},

author = {Petra Warschburger and Claudia Calvano and Eike M. Richter and Ralf Engbert},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0140813},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {10},

number = {10},

pages = {e0140813},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Body image distortion is highly prevalent among overweight individuals. Whilst there is evidence that body-dissatisfied women and those suffering from disordered eating show a negative attentional bias towards their own unattractive body parts and others' attractive body parts, little is known about visual attention patterns in the area of obesity and with respect to males. Since eating disorders and obesity share common features in terms of distorted body image and body dissatisfaction, the aim of this study was to examine whether overweight men and women show a similar attentional bias. METHODS/DESIGN: We analyzed eye movements in 30 overweight individuals (18 females) and 28 normal-weight individuals (16 females) with respect to the participants' own pictures as well as gender- and BMI-matched control pictures (front and back view). Additionally, we assessed body image and disordered eating using validated questionnaires. DISCUSSION: The overweight sample rated their own body as less attractive and showed a more disturbed body image. Contrary to our assumptions, they focused significantly longer on attractive compared to unattractive regions of both their own and the control body. For one's own body, this was more pronounced for women. A higher weight status and more frequent body checking predicted attentional bias towards attractive body parts. We found that overweight adults exhibit an unexpected and stable pattern of selective attention, with a distinctive focus on their own attractive body regions despite higher levels of body dissatisfaction. This positive attentional bias may either be an indicator of a more pronounced pattern of attentional avoidance or a self-enhancing strategy. Further research is warranted to clarify these results.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Watamaniuk2015,

title = {Allocation of attention during pursuit of large objects is no different than during fixation.},

author = {Scott N. J. Watamaniuk and Stephen J. Heinen},

doi = {10.1167/15.9.9},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of vision},

volume = {15},

number = {9},

pages = {9},

abstract = {Attention allocation during pursuit of a spot is usually characterized as asymmetric with more attention placed ahead of the target than behind it. However, attention is symmetrically allocated across larger pursuit stimuli. An unresolved issue is how tightly attention is constrained on large stimuli during pursuit. Although some work shows it is tightly locked to the fovea, other work shows it is allocated flexibly. To investigate this, we had observers perform a character identification task on large pursuit stimuli composed of arrays of five, nine, or 15 characters spaced between 0.6° and 4.0° apart. Initially, the characters were identical, but at a random time, they all changed briefly, rendering one of them unique. Observers identified the unique character. Consistent with previous literature, attention appeared narrow and symmetric around the pursuit target for tightly spaced (0.6°) characters. Increasing spacing dramatically expanded the attention scope, presumably by mitigating crowding. However, when we controlled for crowding, performance was limited by set size, suffering more for eccentric targets. Interestingly, the same limitations on attention allocation were observed with stationary and pursued stimuli-evidence that attention operates similarly during fixation and pursuit of a stimulus that extends into the periphery. The results suggest that attention is flexibly allocated during pursuit, but performance is limited by crowding and set size. In addition, performing the identification task did not hurt pursuit performance, further evidence that pursuit of large stimuli is relatively inattentive.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Vetter2015,

title = {TMS over V5 disrupts motion prediction},

author = {Petra Vetter and Marie-Hélène Grosbras and Lars Muckli},

doi = {10.1093/cercor/bht297},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Cerebral Cortex},

volume = {25},

number = {4},

pages = {1052–1059},

abstract = {Given the vast amount of sensory information the brain has to deal with, predicting some of this information based on the current context is a resource-efficient strategy. The framework of predictive coding states that higher-level brain areas generate a predictive model to be communicated via feedback connections to early sensory areas. Here, we directly tested the necessity of a higher-level visual area, V5, in this predictive processing in the context of an apparent motion paradigm. We flashed targets on the apparent motion trace in-time or out-of-time with the predicted illusory motion token. As in previous studies, we found that predictable in-time targets were better detected than unpredictable out-of-time targets. However, when we applied functional magnetic resonance imaging-guided, double-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over left V5 at 13-53 ms before target onset, the detection advantage of in-time targets was eliminated; this was not the case when TMS was applied over the vertex. Our results are causal evidence that V5 is necessary for a prediction effect, which has been shown to modulate V1 activity (Alink et al. 2010). Thus, our findings suggest that information processing between V5 and V1 is crucial for visual motion prediction, providing experimental support for the predictive coding framework.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Viebahn2015,

title = {Syntactic predictability can facilitate the recognition of casually produced words in connected speech},

author = {Malte C. Viebahn and Mirjam Ernestus and James M. McQueen},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition},

volume = {41},

number = {6},

pages = {1684–1702},

abstract = {The present study investigated whether the recognition of spoken words is influenced by how predictable they are given their syntactic context and whether listeners assign more weight to syntactic predictability when acoustic-phonetic information is less reliable. Syntactic predictability was manipulated by varying the word order of past participles and auxiliary verbs in Dutch subordinate clauses. Acoustic-phonetic reliability was manipulated by presenting sentences either in a careful or a casual speaking style. In 3 eye-tracking experiments, participants recognized past participles more quickly when they occurred after their associated auxiliary verbs than when they preceded them. Response measures tapping into later stages of processing suggested that this effect was stronger for casually than for carefully produced sentences. These findings provide further evidence that syntactic predictability can influence word recognition and that this type of information is particularly useful for coping with acoustic-phonetic reductions in conversational speech. We conclude that listeners dynamically adapt to the different sources of linguistic information available to them.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}