阅读和语言研究出版物中的EyeLink眼动仪

@article{rasb13,

title = {On the processing of canonical word order during eye fixations in reading: Do readers process transposed word previews?},

author = {Keith Rayner and Bernhard Angele and Elizabeth R. Schotter and Klinton Bicknell},

doi = {10.1080/13506285.2013.791739},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Visual Cognition},

volume = {21},

number = {3},

pages = {353–381},

abstract = {Whether readers always identify words in the order they are printed is subject to considerable debate. In the present study, we used the gaze-contingent boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975) to manipulate the preview for a two-word target region (e.g. white walls in My neighbor painted the white walls black). Readers received an identical (white walls), transposed (walls white), or unrelated preview (vodka clubs). We found that there was a clear cost of having a transposed preview compared to an identical preview, indicating that readers cannot or do not identify words out of order. However, on some measures, the transposed preview condition did lead to faster processing than the unrelated preview condition, suggesting that readers may be able to obtain some useful information from a transposed preview. Implications of the results for models of eye movement control in reading are discussed.},

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@article{rycl11,

title = {Eye movements of older and younger readers when reading unspaced text},

author = {Keith Rayner and Jinmian Yang and Susanne Schuett and Timothy J. Slattery},

doi = {10.1027/1618-3169/a000207},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Experimental Psychology},

volume = {60},

number = {5},

pages = {354–361},

abstract = {Older and younger readers read normal and unspaced text as their eye movements were monitored. A high or low frequency word was embedded in each sentence. Global analyses yielded large effects of spacing with unspaced text leading to much longer reading times for both groups, but the older readers had much more difficulty with unspaced text than younger readers. Local analyses of the target word revealed large main effects due to age, spacing, and frequency. In general, the older readers had more difficulty with the unspaced text than younger readers and some reasons why they did so are suggested.},

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@article{rs13,

title = {The uptake of spectral and temporal cues in vowel perception is rapidly influenced by context},

author = {Eva Reinisch and Matthias J. Sjerps},

doi = {10.1016/j.wocn.2013.01.002},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Phonetics},

volume = {41},

number = {2},

pages = {101–116},

publisher = {Elsevier},

abstract = {Speech perception is dependent on auditory information within phonemes such as spectral or temporal cues. The perception of those cues, however, is affected by auditory information in surrounding context (e.g., a fast context sentence can make a target vowel sound subjectively longer). In a two-by-two design the current experiments investigated when these different factors influence vowel perception. Dutch listeners categorized minimal word pairs such as /tak/-/ta:k/ ("branch"-"task") embedded in a context sentence. Critically, the Dutch /a/-/a:/ contrast is cued by spectral and temporal information. We varied the second formant (F2) frequencies and durations of the target vowels. Independently, we also varied the F2 and duration of all segments in the context sentence. The timecourse of cue uptake on the targets was measured in a printed-word eye-tracking paradigm. Results show that the uptake of spectral cues slightly precedes the uptake of temporal cues. Furthermore, acoustic manipulations of the context sentences influenced the uptake of cues in the target vowel immediately. That is, listeners did not need additional time to integrate spectral or temporal cues of a target sound with auditory information in the context. These findings argue for an early locus of contextual influences in speech perception.},

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@article{Roberts2013,

title = {Reading in schizophrenic subjects and their nonsymptomatic first-degree relatives},

author = {Eryl O. Roberts and Frank A. Proudlock and Kate Martin and Michael A. Reveley and Mohammed Al-Uzri and Irene Gottlob},

doi = {10.1093/schbul/sbr191},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},

volume = {39},

number = {4},

pages = {896–907},

abstract = {Previous studies have demonstrated eye movement abnormalities during smooth pursuit and antisaccadic tasks in schizophrenia. However, eye movements have not been investigated during reading. The purpose of this study was to determine whether schizophrenic subjects and their nonsymptomatic first-degree relatives show eye movement abnormalities during reading. Reading rate, number of saccades per line, amplitudes of saccades, percentage regressions (reverse saccades), and fixation durations were measured using an eye tracker (EyeLink, SensoMotoric Instruments, Germany) in 38 schizophrenic volunteers, 14 nonaffected first-degree relatives, and 57 control volunteers matched for age and National Adult Reading Test scores. Parameters were examined when volunteers read full pages of text and text was limited to progressively smaller viewing areas around the point of fixation using a gaze-contingent window. Schizophrenic volunteers showed significantly slower reading rates (P = .004), increase in total number of saccades (P ≤ .001), and a decrease in saccadic amplitude (P = .025) while reading. Relatives showed a significant increase in total number of saccades (P = .013) and decrease in saccadic amplitude (P = .020). Limitation of parafoveal information by reducing the amount of visible characters did not change the reading rate of schizophrenics but controls showed a significant decrease in reading rate with reduced parafoveal information (P < .001). Eye movement abnormalities during reading of schizophrenic volunteers and their first-degree relatives suggest that visual integration of foveal and parafoveal information may be reduced in schizophrenia. Reading abnormalities in relatives suggest a genetic influence in reading ability in schizophrenia and rule out confounding effects of medication.},

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@article{rmd13,

title = {Processing VP-ellipsis and VP-anaphora with structurally parallel and nonparallel antecedents: An eye-tracking study},

author = {Leah Roberts and Ayumi Matsuo and Nigel Duffield},

doi = {10.1080/01690965.2012.676190},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Language and Cognitive Processes},

volume = {28},

number = {1-2},

pages = {29–47},

abstract = {In this paper, we report on an eye-tracking study investigating the processing of English VP-ellipsis (John took the rubbish out. Fred did [] too) (VPE) and VP- anaphora (John took the rubbish out. Fred did it too) (VPA) constructions, with syntactically parallel versus nonparallel antecedent clauses (e.g., The rubbish was taken out by John. Fred did [] too/Fred did it too). The results show first that VPE involves greater processing costs than VPA overall. Second, although the structural nonparallelism of the antecedent clause elicited a processing cost for both anaphor types, there was a difference in the timing and the strength of this parallelism effect: it was earlier and more fleeting for VPA, as evidenced by regression path times, whereas the effect occurred later with VPE completions, showing up in second and total fixation times measures, and continuing on into the reading of the adjacent text. Taking the observed differences between the processing of the two anaphor types together with other research findings in the literature, we argue that our data support the idea that in the case of VPE, the VP from the antecedent clause necessitates more computation at the elision site before it is linked to its antecedent than is the case for VPA.},

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@article{rmph13,

title = {The contents of predictions in sentence comprehension: Activation of the shape of objects before they are referred to},

author = {Joost Rommers and Antje S. Meyer and Peter Praamstra and Falk Huettig},

doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.12.002},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Neuropsychologia},

volume = {51},

number = {3},

pages = {437–447},

publisher = {Elsevier},

abstract = {When comprehending concrete words, listeners and readers can activate specific visual information such as the shape of the words' referents. In two experiments we examined whether such information can be activated in an anticipatory fashion. In Experiment 1, listeners' eye movements were tracked while they were listening to sentences that were predictive of a specific critical word (e.g., "moon" in "In 1969 Neil Armstrong was the first man to set foot on the moon"). 500. ms before the acoustic onset of the critical word, participants were shown four-object displays featuring three unrelated distractor objects and a critical object, which was either the target object (e.g., moon), an object with a similar shape (e.g., tomato), or an unrelated control object (e.g., rice). In a time window before shape information from the spoken target word could be retrieved, participants already tended to fixate both the target and the shape competitors more often than they fixated the control objects, indicating that they had anticipatorily activated the shape of the upcoming word's referent. This was confirmed in Experiment 2, which was an ERP experiment without picture displays. Participants listened to the same lead-in sentences as in Experiment 1. The sentence-final words corresponded to the predictable target, the shape competitor, or the unrelated control object (yielding, for instance, "In 1969 Neil Armstrong was the first man to set foot on the moon/tomato/rice"). N400 amplitude in response to the final words was significantly attenuated in the shape-related compared to the unrelated condition. Taken together, these results suggest that listeners can activate perceptual attributes of objects before they are referred to in an utterance.},

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@article{Ross2013,

title = {Eye movements while viewing narrated, captioned, and silent videos},

author = {Nicholas M. Ross and Eileen Kowler},

doi = {10.1167/13.4.1},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {13},

number = {4},

pages = {1–19},

abstract = {Videos are often accompanied by narration delivered either by an audio stream or by captions, yet little is known about saccadic patterns while viewing narrated video displays. Eye movements were recorded while viewing video clips with (a) audio narration, (b) captions, (c) no narration, or (d) concurrent captions and audio. A surprisingly large proportion of time (>40%) was spent reading captions even in the presence of a redundant audio stream. Redundant audio did not affect the saccadic reading patterns but did lead to skipping of some portions of the captions and to delays of saccades made into the caption region. In the absence of captions, fixations were drawn to regions with a high density of information, such as the central region of the display, and to regions with high levels of temporal change (actions and events), regardless of the presence of narration. The strong attraction to captions, with or without redundant audio, raises the question of what determines how time is apportioned between captions and video regions so as to minimize information loss. The strategies of apportioning time may be based on several factors, including the inherent attraction of the line of sight to any available text, the moment by moment impressions of the relative importance of the information in the caption and the video, and the drive to integrate visual text accompanied by audio into a single narrative stream.},

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@article{Sagarra2013,

title = {From seeing adverbs to seeing verbal morphology},

author = {Nuria Sagarra and Nick C. Ellis},

doi = {10.1017/S0272263112000885},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Studies in Second Language Acquisition},

volume = {35},

number = {2},

pages = {261–290},

abstract = {Adult learners have persistent difficulty processing second language (L2) inflectional morphology. We investigate associative learning explanations that involve the blocking of later experienced cues by earlier learned ones in the first language (L1; i.e., transfer) and the L2 (i.e., proficiency). Sagarra (2008 ) and Ellis and Sagarra (2010b ) found that, unlike Spanish monolinguals, intermediate English-Spanish learners rely more on salient adverbs than on less salient verb inflections, but it is not clear whether this preference is a result of a default or a L1-based strategy. To address this question, 120 English (poor morphology) and Romanian (rich morphology) learners of Spanish (rich morphology) and 98 English, Romanian, and Spanish monolinguals read sentences in L2 Spanish (or their L1 in the case of the monolinguals) containing adverb-verb and verb-adverb congruencies or incongruencies and chose one of four pictures after each sentence (i.e., two that competed for meaning and two for form). Eye-tracking data revealed signifi cant effects for (a) sensitivity (all participants were sensitive to tense incongruencies), (b) cue location in the sentence (participants spent more time at their preferred cue, regardless of its position), (c) L1 experience (morphologically rich L1 learners and monolinguals looked longer at verbs than morphologically poor L1 learners and monolinguals), and (d) L2 experience (low-proficiency learners read more slowly and regressed longer than high-proficiency learners). We conclude that intermediate and advanced learners are sensitive to tense incongruencies and—like native speakers—tend to rely more heavily on verbs if their L1 is morphologically rich. These findings reinforce theories that support transfer effects such as the unifi ed competition model and the associative learning model but do not contradict Clahsen and Felser's ( 2006a ) shallow structure hypothesis because the target structure was morphological agreement rather than syntactic agreement.},

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@article{Scheepers2013,

title = {Listening to limericks: A pupillometry investigation of perceivers' expectancy},

author = {Christoph Scheepers and Sibylle Mohr and Martin H. Fischer and Andrew M. Roberts},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0074986},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {8},

number = {9},

pages = {e74986},

abstract = {What features of a poem make it captivating, and which cognitive mechanisms are sensitive to these features? We addressed these questions experimentally by measuring pupillary responses of 40 participants who listened to a series of Limericks. The Limericks ended with either a semantic, syntactic, rhyme or metric violation. Compared to a control condition without violations, only the rhyme violation condition induced a reliable pupillary response. An anomaly-rating study on the same stimuli showed that all violations were reliably detectable relative to the control condition, but the anomaly induced by rhyme violations was perceived as most severe. Together, our data suggest that rhyme violations in Limericks may induce an emotional response beyond mere anomaly detection.},

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@article{Schneps2013,

title = {Shorter lines facilitate reading in those who struggle},

author = {Matthew H. Schneps and Jenny M. Thomson and Gerhard Sonnert and Marc Pomplun and Chen Chen and Amanda Heffner-Wong},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0071161},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {8},

number = {8},

pages = {e71161},

abstract = {People with dyslexia, who ordinarily struggle to read, sometimes remark that reading is easier when e-readers are used. Here, we used eye tracking to observe high school students with dyslexia as they read using these devices. Among the factors investigated, we found that reading using a small device resulted in substantial benefits, improving reading speeds by 27%, reducing the number of fixations by 11%, and importantly, reducing the number of regressive saccades by more than a factor of 2, with no cost to comprehension. Given that an expected trade-off between horizontal and vertical regression was not observed when line lengths were altered, we speculate that these effects occur because sluggish attention spreads perception to the left as the gaze shifts during reading. Short lines eliminate crowded text to the left, reducing regression. The effects of attention modulation by the hand, and of increased letter spacing to reduce crowding, were also found to modulate the oculomotor dynamics in reading, but whether these factors resulted in benefits or costs depended on characteristics, such as visual attention span, that varied within our sample.},

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@article{s13,

title = {Synonyms provide semantic preview benefit in English},

author = {Elizabeth R. Schotter},

doi = {10.1016/j.jml.2013.09.002},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},

volume = {69},

number = {4},

pages = {619–633},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {While orthographic and phonological preview benefits in reading are uncontroversial (see Schotter, Angele, & Rayner, 2012 for a review), researchers have debated the existence of semantic preview benefit with positive evidence in Chinese and German, but no support in English. Two experiments, using the gaze-contingent boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975), show that semantic preview benefit can be observed in English when the preview and target are synonyms (share the same or highly similar meaning, e.g., curlers-rollers). However, no semantic preview benefit was observed for semantic associates (e.g., curlers-styling). These different preview conditions represent different degrees to which the meaning of the sentence changes when the preview is replaced by the target. When this continuous variable (determined by a norming procedure) was used as the predictor in the analyses, there was a significant relationship between it and all reading time measures, suggesting that similarity in meaning between what is accessed parafoveally and what is processed foveally may be an important influence on the presence of semantic preview benefit. Why synonyms provide semantic preview benefit in reading English is discussed in relation to (1) previous failures to find semantic preview benefit in English and (2) the fact that semantic preview benefit is observed in other languages even for non-synonymous words. Semantic preview benefit is argued to depend on several factors-attentional resources, depth of orthography, and degree of similarity between preview and target.},

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@article{st13,

title = {Sensorimotor and linguistic information attenuate emotional word processing benefits: An eye-movement study},

author = {Naveed A. Sheikh and Debra A. Titone},

doi = {10.1037/a0032417},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Emotion},

volume = {13},

number = {6},

pages = {1107–1121},

abstract = {Recent studies have reported that emotional words are processed faster than neutral words, though emotional benefits may not depend solely on words' emotionality. Drawing on an embodied approach to representation, we examined interactions between emotional, sensorimotor, and linguistic sources of information for target words embedded in sentential contexts. Using eye-movement measures for 43 native English speakers, we observed emotional benefits for negative and positive words and sensorimotor benefits for words high in concreteness, but only when target words were low in frequency. Moreover, emotional words were maximally faster than neutral words when words were low in concreteness (i.e., highly abstract), and sensorimotor benefits occurred only when words were not emotionally charged (i.e., emotionally neutral). Furthermore, emotional and concreteness benefits were attenuated by individual differences that attenuate and amplify emotional and sensorimotor information, respectively. Our results suggest that behavior is functionally modulated by embodied information (i.e., emotional and sensorimotor) when linguistic contributions to representation are not enhanced by high frequency. Furthermore, emotional benefits are maximal when words are not already embodied by sensorimotor contributions to representation (and vice versa). Our work is consistent with recent studies that have suggested that abstract words are grounded in emotional experiences, analogous to how concrete words are grounded in sensorimotor experiences.},

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@article{sdr13,

title = {On-line perception of Mandarin Tones 2 and 3: Evidence from eye movements},

author = {Jing Shen and Diana Deutsch and Keith Rayner},

doi = {10.1121/1.4795775},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},

volume = {133},

number = {5},

pages = {3016–3029},

abstract = {Using the visual world paradigm, the present study investigated on-line processing of fine-grained pitch information prior to lexical access in a tone language; specifically how lexical tone perception of Mandarin Tones 2 and 3 was influenced by the pitch height of the tone at onset, turning point, and offset. Native speakers of Mandarin listened to manipulated tone tokens and selected the corresponding word from four visually presented words (objects in Experiment 1 and characters in Experiment 2) while their eye movements were monitored. The results showed that 87% of ultimate tone judgments were made according to offset pitch height. Tokens with high offset pitch were identified as Tone 2, and low offset pitch as Tone 3. A low turning point pitch served as a pivotal cue for Tone 3, and prompted more eye fixations on Tone 3 items, until the offset pitch directed significantly more fixations to the final tone choice. The findings support the view that lexical tone perception is an incremental process, in which pitch height at critical points serves as an important cue.},

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@article{srr13,

title = {Unsegmented text delays word identification: Evidence from a survival analysis of fixation durations},

author = {Heather Sheridan and Keith Rayner and Eyal M. Reingold},

doi = {10.1080/13506285.2013.767296},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Visual Cognition},

volume = {21},

number = {1},

pages = {38–60},

abstract = {The present study employed distributional analyses of fixation times to examine the impact of removing spaces between words during reading. Specifically, we presented high and low frequency target words in a normal text condition that contained spaces (e.g., "John decided to sell the table in the garage sale") and in an unsegmented text condition that contained random numbers instead of spaces (e.g., "John4decided8to5sell9the7table2in3the9garage6sale"). The unsegmented text con- dition produced larger word frequency effects relative to the normal text condition for the gaze duration and total time measures (for similar findings, see Rayner, Fischer, & Pollatsek, 1998), which indicates that removing spaces can impact the word identification stage of reading. To further examine the effect of spacing on word identification, we used distributional analyses of first-fixation durations to contrast the time course of word frequency effects in the normal versus the unsegmented text conditions. In replication of prior findings (Reingold, Reichle, Glaholt, & Sheridan, 2012; Staub, White, Drieghe, Hollway, & Rayner, 2010), ex-Gaussian fitting revealed that the word frequency variable impacted both the shift and the skew of the distributions, and this pattern of results occurred for both the normal and unsegmented text conditions. In addition, a survival analysis technique revealed a later time course ofword frequency effects in the unsegmented relative to the normal condition, such that the earliest discernible influence of word frequency was 112 ms from the start of fixation in the normal text condition, and 152 ms in the unsegmented text condition. This delay in the temporal onset of word frequency effects in the unsegmented text condition strongly suggests that removing spaces delays the word identification stage of reading. Possible underlying mechanisms are discussed, including lateral masking and word segmentation.},

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@article{sr13b,

title = {A further examination of the lexical-processing stages hypothesized by the E-Z Reader model},

author = {Heather Sheridan and Eyal M. Reingold},

doi = {10.3758/s13414-013-0442-0},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics},

volume = {75},

number = {3},

pages = {407–414},

abstract = {Participants' eye movements were monitored while they read sentences in which high- and low-frequency target words were presented normally (i.e., the normal condition) or with either reduced stimulus quality (i.e., the faint condition) or alternating lower- and uppercase letters (i.e., the case-alternated condition). Both the stimulus quality and case alternation manipulations interacted with word frequency for the gaze duration measure, such that the magnitude of word frequency effects was increased relative to the normal condition. However, stimulus quality (but not case alternation) interacted with word frequency for the early fixation time measures (i.e., first fixation, single fixation), whereas case alternation (but not stimulus quality) interacted with word frequency for the later fixation time measures (i.e., total time, go-past time). We interpret this pattern of results as evidence that stimulus quality influences an earlier stage of lexical processing than does case alternation, and we discuss the implications of our results for models of eye movement control during reading.},

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tppubtype = {article}

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@article{sr13c,

title = {Effects of intraword and interword spacing on eye movements during reading: Exploring the optimal use of space in a line of text},

author = {Timothy J. Slattery and Keith Rayner},

doi = {10.3758/s13414-013-0463-8},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics},

volume = {75},

number = {6},

pages = {1275–1292},

abstract = {Two eye movement experiments investigated intraword spacing (the space between letters within words) and interword spacing (the space between words) to explore the influence these variables have on eye movement control during reading. Both variables are important factors in determining the optimal use of space in a line of text, and fonts differ widely in how they employ these spaces. Prior research suggests that the proximity of flanking letters influences the identification of a central letter via lateral inhibition or crowding. If so, decrements in intraword spacing may produce inhibition in word processing. Still other research suggests that increases in intraword spacing can disrupt the integrity of word units. In English, interword spacing has a large influence on word segmentation and is important for saccade target selection. The results indicate an interplay between intra- and interword spacing that influences a font's readability. Additionally, these studies highlight the importance of word segmentation processes and have implications for the nature of lexical processing (serial vs. parallel).},

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tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{sscyf13,

title = {Lingering misinterpretations of garden path sentences arise from competing syntactic representations},

author = {Timothy J. Slattery and Patrick Sturt and Kiel Christianson and Masaya Yoshida and Fernanda Ferreira},

doi = {10.1016/j.jml.2013.04.001},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},

volume = {69},

number = {2},

pages = {104–120},

abstract = {Recent work has suggested that readers' initial and incorrect interpretation of temporarily ambiguous ("garden path") sentences (e.g., Christianson, Hollingworth, Halliwell, & Ferreira, 2001) sometimes lingers even after attempts at reanalysis. These lingering effects have been attributed to incomplete reanalysis. In two eye tracking experiments, we distinguish between two types of incompleteness: the language comprehension system might not build a faithful syntactic structure, or it might not fully erase the structure built during an initial misparse. The first experiment used reflexive binding and the gender mismatch paradigm to show that a complete and faithful structure is built following processing of the garden-path. The second experiment used two-sentence texts to examine the extent to which the garden-path meaning from the first sentence interferes with reading of the second. Together, the results indicate that misinterpretation effects are attributable not to failure in building a proper structure, but rather to failure in cleaning up all remnants of earlier attempts to build that syntactic representation.},

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@article{Staub2013,

title = {Individual differences in fixation duration distributions in reading},

author = {Adrian Staub and Ashley Benatar},

doi = {10.3758/s13423-013-0444-x},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Psychonomic Bulletin & Review},

volume = {20},

number = {6},

pages = {1304–1311},

abstract = {The present study investigated the relationship between the location and skew of an individual reader's fixation duration distribution. The ex-Gaussian distribution was fit to eye fixation data from 153 subjects in five experiments, four previously presented and one new. The τ parameter was entirely uncorrelated with the μ and σ parameters; by contrast, there was a modest positive correlation between these parameters for lexical decision and speeded pronunciation response times. The conclusion that, for fixation durations, the degree of skew is uncorrelated with the location of the distribution's central tendency was also confirmed nonparametrically, by examining vincentile plots for subgroups of subjects. Finally, the stability of distributional parameters for a given subject was demonstrated to be relatively high. Taken together with previous findings of selective influence on the μ parameter of the fixation duration distribution, the present results suggest that in reading, the location and the skew of the fixation duration distribution may reflect functionally distinct processes. The authors speculate that the skew parameter may specifically reflect the frequency of processing disruption.},

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@article{Stewart2013,

title = {Sensitivity to speaker control in the online comprehension of conditional tips and promises: An eye-tracking study},

author = {Andrew J. Stewart and Matthew Haigh and Heather J. Ferguson},

doi = {10.1037/a0031513},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition},

volume = {39},

number = {4},

pages = {1022–1036},

abstract = {Statements of the form if… then… can be used to communicate conditional speech acts such as tips and promises. Conditional promises require the speaker to have perceived control over the outcome event, whereas conditional tips do not. In an eye-tracking study, we examined whether readers are sensitive to information about perceived speaker control during processing of conditionals embedded in context. On a number of eye-tracking measures, we found that readers are sensitive to whether or not the speaker of a conditional has perceived control over the consequent event; conditional promises (which require the speaker to have perceived control over the consequent) result in processing disruption for contexts where this control is absent. Conditional tips (which do not require perceived control) are processed equivalently easily regardless of context. These results suggest that readers rapidly utilize pragmatic information related to perceived control in order to represent conditional speech acts as they are read.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

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@article{Stites2013a,

title = {Cross-age comparisons reveal multiple strategies for lexical ambiguity resolution during natural reading},

author = {Mallory C. Stites and Kara D. Federmeier and Elizabeth A. L. Stine-Morrow},

doi = {10.1037/a0032860},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition},

volume = {39},

number = {6},

pages = {1823–1841},

abstract = {Eye tracking was used to investigate how younger and older (60 or more years) adults use syntactic and semantic information to disambiguate noun/verb (NV) homographs (e.g., park). In event-related potential (ERP) work using the same materials, Lee and Federmeier (2009, 2011) found that young adults elicited a sustained frontal negativity to NV homographs when only syntactic cues were available (i.e., in syntactic prose); this effect was eliminated by semantic constraints. The negativity was only present in older adults with high verbal fluency. The current study shows parallel findings: Young adults exhibit inflated first fixation durations to NV homographs in syntactic prose, but not semantically congruent sentences. This effect is absent in older adults as a group. Verbal fluency modulates the effect in both age groups: High fluency is associated with larger first fixation effects in syntactic prose. Older, but not younger, adults also show significantly increased rereading of the NV homographs in syntactic prose. Verbal fluency modulates this effect as well: High fluency is associated with a reduced tendency to reread, regardless of age. This relationship suggests a trade-off between initial and downstream processing costs for ambiguity during natural reading. Together the eye-tracking and ERP data suggest that effortful meaning selection recruits mechanisms important for suppressing contextually inappropriate meanings, which also slow eye movements. Efficacy of frontotemporal circuitry, as captured by verbal fluency, predicts the success of engaging these mechanisms in both young and older adults. Failure to recruit these processes requires compensatory rereading or leads to comprehension failures (Lee & Federmeier, 2012).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Stites2013,

title = {The psychologist said quickly, "Dialogue descriptions modulate reading speed!"},

author = {Mallory C. Stites and Steven G. Luke and Kiel Christianson},

doi = {10.3758/s13421-012-0248-7},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Memory & Cognition},

volume = {41},

number = {1},

pages = {137–151},

abstract = {In the present study, we investigated whether the semantic content of a dialogue description can affect reading times on an embedded quote, to determine whether the speed at which a character is described as saying a quote influences how quickly it is read. Yao and Scheepers (Cognition, 121:447-453, 2011) previously found that readers were faster to read direct quotes when the preceding context implied that the talker generally spoke quickly, an effect attributed to perceptual simulation of talker speed. For the present study, we manipulated the speed of a physical action performed by the speaker independently from character talking rate to determine whether these sources have separable effects on perceptual simulation of a direct quote. The results showed that readers spent less time reading direct quotes described as being said quickly, as compared to those described as being said slowly (e.g., John walked/bolted into the room and said energetically/nonchalantly, "I finally found my car keys."), an effect that was not present when a nearly identical phrase was presented as an indirect quote (e.g., John . . . said energetically that he finally found his car keys.). The speed of the character's movement did not affect direct-quote reading times. Furthermore, fast adverbs were themselves read significantly faster than slow adverbs, an effect that we attribute to implicit effects on the eye movement program stemming from automatically activated semantic features of the adverbs. Our findings add to the literature on perceptual simulation by showing that these effects can be instantiated with only a single adverb and are strong enough to override the effects of global sentence speed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Tadros2013,

title = {Reading laterally: The cerebral hemispheric use of spatial frequencies in visual word recognition},

author = {Karine Tadros and Nicolas Dupuis-Roy and Daniel Fiset and Martin Arguin and Frédéric Gosselin},

doi = {10.1167/13.1.4},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {13},

number = {1},

pages = {1–12},

abstract = {It is generally accepted that the left hemisphere (LH) is more capable for reading than the right hemisphere (RH). Left hemifield presentations (initially processed by the RH) lead to a globally higher error rate, slower word identification, and a significantly stronger word length effect (i.e., slower reaction times for longer words). Because the visuo-perceptual mechanisms of the brain for word recognition are primarily localized in the LH (Cohen et al., 2003), it is possible that this part of the brain possesses better spatial frequency (SF) tuning for processing the visual properties of words than the RH. The main objective of this study is to determine the SF tuning functions of the LH and RH for word recognition. Each word image was randomly sampled in the SF domain using the SF bubbles method (Willenbockel et al., 2010) and was presented laterally to the left or right visual hemifield. As expected, the LH requires less visual information than the RH to reach the same level of performance, illustrating the well-known LH advantage for word recognition. Globally, the SF tuning of both hemispheres is similar. However, these seemingly identical tuning functions hide important differences. Most importantly, we argue that the RH requires higher SFs to identify longer words because of crowding.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Toscano2013,

title = {Reconsidering the role of temporal order in spoken word recognition},

author = {Joseph C. Toscano and Nathaniel D. Anderson and Bob McMurray},

doi = {10.3758/s13423-013-0417-0},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Psychonomic Bulletin & Review},

volume = {20},

number = {5},

pages = {981–987},

abstract = {Models of spoken word recognition assume that words are represented as sequences of phonemes. We evaluated this assumption by examining phonemic anadromes, words that share the same phonemes but differ in their order (e.g., sub and bus). Using the visual-world paradigm, we found that listeners show more fixations to anadromes (e.g., sub when bus is the target) than to unrelated words (well) and to words that share the same vowel but not the same set of phonemes (sun). This contrasts with the predictions of existing models and suggests that words are not defined as strict sequences of phonemes.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Townsend2013,

title = {Aspectual coercion in eye movements},

author = {David J. Townsend},

doi = {10.1007/s10936-012-9216-4},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Psycholinguistic Research},

volume = {42},

number = {3},

pages = {281–306},

abstract = {Comprehension includes interpreting sentences in terms of aspectual categories such as processes (Harry climbed) and culminations (Harry reached the top). Adding a verbal modifier such as for many years to a culmination coerces its interpretation from one to many culminations. Previous studies have found that coercion increases lexical decision and meaning judgment time, but not eye fixation time. This study recorded eye movements as participants read sentences in which a coercive adverb increased the interpretation of multiple events. Adverbs appeared at the end of a clause and line; the post-adverb region appeared at the beginning of the next line; follow-up questions occasionally asked about aspectual meaning; and clause type varied systematically. Coercive adverbs increased eye fixation time in the post-adverb region and in the adverb and post-adverb regions combined. Factors that influence the appearance of aspectual coercion may include world knowledge, follow-up questions, and the location and ambiguity of adverbs.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Tremblay2013,

title = {Segmenting liaison-initial words: The role of predictive dependencies},

author = {Annie Tremblay and Elsa Spinelli},

doi = {10.1080/01690965.2012.689306},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Language and Cognitive Processes},

volume = {28},

number = {8},

pages = {1093–1113},

publisher = {Taylor & Francis},

abstract = {Listeners use several cues to segment speech into words. However, it is unclear how these cues work together. This study examines the relative weight of distributional and (natural) acoustic-phonetic cues in French listeners' recognition of temporarily ambiguous vowel-initial words in liaison contexts (e.g., parfai t [t]abri "perfect shelter") and corresponding consonant-initial words (e.g., parfait tableau "perfect painting"). Participants completed a visual-world eye-tracking experiment in which they heard adjective-noun sequences where the pivotal consonant was /t/ (more frequent as word-initial consonant and thus expected advantage for consonant-initial words), /z/ (more frequent as liaison consonant and thus expected advantage for liaison-initial words), or /n/ (roughly as frequent as word-initial and liaison consonants and thus no expected advantage). The results for /t/ and /z/ were as expected, but those for /n/ showed an advantage for consonant-initial words over liaison-initial ones. These results are consistent with speech segmentation theories in which distributional information supersedes acoustic-phonetic information, but they also suggest a privileged status for consonant-initial words when the input does not strongly favour liaison-initial words.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Trude2013,

title = {Limitations on adaptation to foreign accents},

author = {Alison M. Trude and Annie Tremblay and Sarah Brown-Schmidt},

doi = {10.1016/j.jml.2013.05.002},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},

volume = {69},

number = {3},

pages = {349–367},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {Although foreign accents can be highly dissimilar to native speech, existing research suggests that listeners readily adapt to foreign accents after minimal exposure. However, listeners often report difficulty understanding non-native accents, and the time-course and specificity of adaptation remain unclear. Across five experiments, we examined whether listeners could use a newly learned feature of a foreign accent to eliminate lexical competitors during on-line speech perception. Participants heard the speech of a native English speaker and a native speaker of Québec French who, in English, pronounces /i/ as [. i] (e.g., weak as wick) before all consonants except voiced fricatives. We examined whether listeners could learn to eliminate a shifted /i/-competitor (e.g., weak) when interpreting the accented talker produce an unshifted word (e.g., wheeze). In four experiments, adaptation was strikingly limited, though improvement across the course of the experiment and with stimulus variations indicates learning was possible. In a fifth experiment, adaptation was not improved when a native English talker produced the critical vowel shift, demonstrating that the limitation is not simply due to the fact the accented talker was non-native. These findings suggest that although listeners can arrive at the correct interpretation of a foreign accent, this process can pose significant difficulty.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Valsecchi2013a,

title = {Saccadic and smooth-pursuit eye movements during reading of drifting texts},

author = {Matteo Valsecchi and Karl R. Gegenfurtner and Alexander C. Schutz},

doi = {10.1167/13.10.8},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {13},

number = {10},

pages = {8–8},

abstract = {Reading is a complex visuomotor behavior characterized by an alternation of fixations and saccadic eye movements. Despite the widespread use of drifting texts in various settings, very little is known about eye movements under these conditions. Here we investigated oculomotor behavior during reading of texts which were drifting horizontally or vertically at different speeds. Consistent with previous reports, drifting texts were read by an alternation of smooth-pursuit and saccadic eye movements. Detailed analysis revealed several interactions between smooth pursuit and saccades. On one side, the gain of smooth pursuit was increased after the execution of a saccade. On the other side, the peak velocity of saccades was reduced for the horizontally drifting text, in which saccades and pursuit were executed in opposite directions. In addition, we show that well-known findings from the reading of static texts extend to drifting text, such as the preferred viewing location, the inverted optimal viewing position, and the correlation between saccade amplitude and subsequent pursuit/fixation duration. In general, individual eye-movement parameters such as saccade amplitude and fixation/pursuit durations were correlated across self-paced reading of static text and time-constrained reading of static and drifting texts. These results show that findings from basic oculomotor research also apply to the reading of drifting texts. Similarly, basic reading principles apply to the reading of static and drifting texts in a similar way. This exemplifies the reading of drifting text as a visuomotor behavior which is influenced by low-level eye-movement control as well as by cognitive and linguistic processing.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{VanAssche2013,

title = {Verb processing by bilinguals in sentence contexts: The effect of cognate status and verb tense},

author = {Eva Van Assche and Wouter Duyck and Marc Brysbaert},

doi = {10.1017/S0272263112000873},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Studies in Second Language Acquisition},

volume = {35},

number = {2},

pages = {237–259},

abstract = {Many studies on bilingual language processing have shown that lexical access is not selective with respect to language. These studies typically used nouns as word stimuli. The aim of the present study was to extend the previous findings on noun processing to verb processing. In the first experiment, Dutch-English bilinguals performed a lexical decision task in their second language and were faster to recognize cognate verbs (e.g., Dutch-English geven-give) presented out of context than control words. This verb cognate facilitation effect was not modulated by verb tense. In a second experiment, cognates and controls were presented in sentence contexts while eye movements were recorded. In contrast to the strong cognate facilitation effects on early and later reading time measures for nouns found in earlier studies, cognate facilitation was only observed on a later reading time measure (i.e., go-past time). An interpretation of the results within current models of bilingual language processing and lexical organization is provided.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Velan2013,

title = {The flexibility of letter-position flexibility: Evidence from eye movements in reading Hebrew},

author = {Hadas Velan and Avital Deutsch and Ram Frost},

doi = {10.1037/a0031075},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance},

volume = {39},

number = {4},

pages = {1143–1152},

abstract = {Hebrew provides an intriguing contrast to European languages. On the one hand, like any European language, it has an alphabetic script. On the other hand, being a Semitic language, it differs in the structure of base words. By monitoring eye movements, we examined the time-course of processing letter transpositions in Hebrew and assessed their impact on reading different types of Hebrew words that differ in their internal structure. We found that letter transposition resulted in dramatic reading costs for words with Semitic word structure, and much smaller costs for non-Semitic words. Moreover, the strongest impact of transposition occurred where root–letter transposition resulted in a pseudo-root, where significant interference emerged already in first fixation duration. Our findings thus suggest that Hebrew readers differentiate between Semitic and non-Semitic forms already at first fixation, at the early phase of word recognition. Moreover, letters are differentially processed across the visual array, given their morphological structure and their contribution to recovering semantic meaning. We conclude that flexibility or rigidity in encoding letter position is determined by cues regarding the internal structure of printed words.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Malsburg2013,

title = {Scanpaths reveal syntactic underspecification and reanalysis strategies},

author = {Titus Malsburg and Shravan Vasishth},

doi = {10.1080/01690965.2012.728232},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Language and Cognitive Processes},

volume = {28},

number = {10},

pages = {1545–1578},

publisher = {Taylor & Francis},

abstract = {What theories best characterise the parsing processes triggered upon encountering ambiguity, and what effects do these processes have on eye movement patterns in reading? The present eye-tracking study, which investigated processing of attachment ambiguities of an adjunct in Spanish, suggests that readers sometimes underspecify attachment to save memory resources, consistent with the good-enough account of parsing. Our results confirm a surprising prediction of the good-enough account: high-capacity readers commit to an attachment decision more often than low-capacity participants, leading to more errors and a greater need to reanalyse in garden-path sentences. These results emerged only when we separated functionally different types of regressive eye movements using a scanpath analysis; conventional eye-tracking measures alone would have led to different conclusions. The scanpath analysis also showed that rereading was the dominant strategy for recovering from garden-pathing. Our results may also have broader implications for models of reading processes: reanalysis effects in eye movements occurred late, which suggests that the coupling of oculo-motor control and the parser may not be as tight as assumed in current computational models of eye movement control in reading.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wang2013a,

title = {Using singular value decomposition to investigate degraded Chinese character recognition: Evidence from eye movements during reading},

author = {Hsueh-Cheng Wang and Elizabeth R. Schotter and Bernhard Angele and Jinmian Yang and Dan Simovici and Marc Pomplun and Keith Rayner},

doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9817.2013.01558.x},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Research in Reading},

volume = {36},

number = {SUPPL.1},

pages = {S35–S50},

abstract = {Previous research indicates that removing initial strokes from Chinese characters makes them harder to read than removing final or internal ones. In the present study, we examined the contribution of important components to character configuration via singular value decomposition. The results indicated that when the least important segments, which did not seriously alter the configuration (contour) of the character, were deleted, subjects read as fast as when no segments were deleted. When the most important segments, which are located in the left side of a character and written first, were deleted, reading speed was greatly slowed. These results suggest that singular value decomposition, which has no information about stroke writing order, can identify the most important strokes for Chinese character identification. Furthermore, they also suggest that contour may be correlated with stroke writing order.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wang2013c,

title = {The time course of semantic and syntactic processing in reading Chinese: Evidence from ERPs},

author = {Suiping Wang and Deyuan Mo and Ming Xiang and Ruiping Xu and Hsuan-Chih Chen},

doi = {10.1080/01690965.2012.660169},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Language and Cognitive Processes},

volume = {28},

number = {4},

pages = {577–596},

abstract = {The time course of semantic and syntactic processing in reading Chinese was examined by recording event-related brain potentials (ERPs) as native Chinese speakers read individually presented sentences for comprehension and performed semantic plausibility judgments. The transitivity of the verbs in Chinese ba/bei constructions was manipulated to form three types of stimuli: Congruent sentences (CON), sentences with semantic violation (SEM), and sentences with combined semantic and syntactic violation (SEM'SYN). Compared with the critical words in CON, those in SEM and SEM'SYN elicited an N400-P600 biphasic pattern. The N400 effects in both violation conditions were of similar size and distribution, but the P600 in SEM'SYN was bigger than that in SEM. Overall, the lack of a difference between SEM and SEM'SYN in the earlier time window (i.e., N400 window) suggested that syntactic processing in Chinese does not necessarily occur earlier than semantic processing.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wei2013,

title = {Word properties of a fixated region affect outgoing saccade length in Chinese reading},

author = {Wei Wei and Xingshan Li and Alexander Pollatsek},

doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2012.11.015},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Vision Research},

volume = {80},

pages = {1–6},

abstract = {In two experiments, we investigated how forward saccades are targeted in Chinese reading. In Experiment 1, the critical region was a 4-character string which was either a word (one-word condition) or two 2-character word phrases (two-word condition). In Experiment 2, the critical region was either a high frequency word or a low frequency word. The outgoing saccade length from the last fixation on the critical region was longer in the one-word condition than the two-word condition in Experiment 1 and was longer in the high frequency condition than in the low frequency condition in Experiment 2. These results indicate that the properties of words in a fixated region affect the length of the outgoing saccade. We propose a processing-based strategy for saccade target selection in Chinese reading in which readers estimate how many characters they can process on each fixation, and then program their next saccade so that the eyes fixate somewhere beyond them. As a consequence, the easier the processing of the fixated region is, the longer the outgoing saccade is.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Weingartner2013,

title = {Effects of changes in narrative time on eye movements and recognition responses},

author = {Kristin M. Weingartner and Jerome L. Myers},

doi = {10.1080/20445911.2013.768232},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Cognitive Psychology},

volume = {25},

number = {3},

pages = {283–298},

abstract = {In two experiments we examined how temporal aspects of narrative events influence comprehension. In Experiment 1 participants read paragraphs in which a critical event was followed by a phrase that signaled a time shift (After an hour versus After a moment). Consistent with earlier findings (e.g., Zwaan, 1996), fixation durations were longer on the phrase that signaled a larger time shift. However, there was no evidence that a larger time shift affected the accessibility of event information in Experiment 1, when the dependent measure was ease of anaphor comprehension, or in Experiment 2, when a recognition probe task was used. Although the discontinuation of an event (Maurice stopped versus was painting) did not affect anaphor reading times, it did lead to longer recognition times for the event. These results indicate that at least some event aspects remain accessible following a change in time and that the dependent measure can have a critical impact on the conclusions.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{White2013a,

title = {Adults show less sensitivity to phonetic detail in unfamiliar words, too},

author = {Katherine S. White and Eiling Yee and Sheila E. Blumstein and James L. Morgan},

doi = {10.1016/j.jml.2013.01.003},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},

volume = {68},

number = {4},

pages = {362–378},

abstract = {Young word learners fail to discriminate phonetic contrasts in certain situations, an observation that has been used to support arguments that the nature of lexical representation and lexical processing changes over development. An alternative possibility, however, is that these failures arise naturally as a result of how word familiarity affects lexical processing. In the present work, we explored the effects of word familiarity on adults' use of phonetic detail. Participants' eye movements were monitored as they heard single-segment onset mispronunciations of words drawn from a newly learned artificial lexicon. In Experiment 1, single-feature onset mispronunciations were presented; in Experiment 2, participants heard two-feature onset mispronunciations. Word familiarity was manipulated in both experiments by presenting words with various frequencies during training. Both word familiarity and degree of mismatch affected adults' use of phonetic detail: in their looking behavior, participants did not reliably differentiate single-feature mispronunciations and correct pronunciations of low frequency words. For higher frequency words, participants differentiated both 1- and 2-feature mispronunciations from correct pronunciations. However, responses were graded such that 2-feature mispronunciations had a greater effect on looking behavior. These experiments demonstrate that the use of phonetic detail in adults, as in young children, is affected by word familiarity. Parallels between the two populations suggest continuity in the architecture underlying lexical representation and processing throughout development.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Whitford2013,

title = {Reading impairments in Schizophrenia relate to individual differences in phonological processing and oculomotor control: Evidence from a gaze-contingent moving window paradigm},

author = {Veronica Whitford and Gillian A. O'Driscoll and Christopher C. Pack and Ridha Joober and Ashok Malla and Debra Titone},

doi = {10.1037/a0028062},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: General},

volume = {142},

number = {1},

pages = {57–75},

abstract = {Language and oculomotor disturbances are 2 of the best replicated findings in schizophrenia. However, few studies have examined skilled reading in schizophrenia (e.g., Arnott, Sali, Copland, 2011; Hayes & O'Grady, 2003; Revheim et al., 2006; E. O. Roberts et al., 2012), and none have examined the contribution of cognitive and motor processes that underlie reading performance. Thus, to evaluate the relationship of linguistic processes and oculomotor control to skilled reading in schizophrenia, 20 individuals with schizophrenia and 16 demographically matched controls were tested using a moving window paradigm (McConkie & Rayner, 1975). Linguistic skills supporting reading (phonological awareness) were assessed with the Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing (R. K. Wagner, Torgesen, & Rashotte, 1999). Eye movements were assessed during reading tasks and during nonlinguistic tasks tapping basic oculomotor control (prosaccades, smooth pursuit) and executive functions (predictive saccades, antisaccades). Compared with controls, schizophrenia patients exhibited robust oculomotor markers of reading difficulty (e.g., reduced forward saccade amplitude) and were less affected by reductions in window size, indicative of reduced perceptual span. Reduced perceptual span in schizophrenia was associated with deficits in phonological processing and reduced saccade amplitudes. Executive functioning (antisaccade errors) was not related to perceptual span but was related to reading comprehension. These findings suggest that deficits in language, oculomotor control, and cognitive control contribute to skilled reading deficits in schizophrenia. Given that both language and oculomotor dysfunction precede illness onset, reading may provide a sensitive window onto cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia vulnerability and be an important target for cognitive remediation.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Winke2013,

title = {Factors influencing the use of captions by foreign language learners: An eye-tracking study},

author = {Paula Winke and Susan M. Gass and Tetyana Sydorenko},

doi = {10.1111/j.1540-4781.2013.01432.x},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {The Modern Language Journal},

volume = {97},

number = {1},

pages = {254–275},

abstract = {This study investigates caption-reading behavior by foreign language (L2) learners and, through eye-tracking methodology, explores the extent to which the relationship between the native and target language affects that behavior. Second-year (4th semester) English-speaking learners of Arabic, Chinese, Russian, and Spanish watched 2 videos differing in content familiarity, each dubbed and captioned in the target language. Results indicated that time spent on captions differed significantly by language: Arabic learners spent more time on captions than learners of Spanish and Russian. A significant interaction between language and content familiarity occurred: Chinese learners spent less time on captions in the unfamiliar content video than the familiar, while others spent comparable times on each. Based on dual‐processing and cognitive load theories, we posit that the Chinese learners experienced a split‐attention effect when verbal processing was difficult and that, overall, captioning benefits during the 4th semester of language learning are constrained by L2 differences, including differences in script, vocabulary knowledge, concomitant L2 proficiency, and instructional methods. Results are triangulated with qualitative findings from interviews},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Winskel2013a,

title = {Consonant/vowel asymmetries in letter position coding during normal reading: Evidence from parafoveal previews in Thai},

author = {Heather Winskel and Manuel Perea},

doi = {10.1080/20445911.2012.753077},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Cognitive Psychology},

volume = {25},

number = {1},

pages = {119–130},

abstract = {Studies have revealed that consonants and vowels serve different roles$backslash$nduring linguistic processing. Masked transposed-letter priming effects (i.e., faster word-identification times for words preceded by a transposed-letter than substitution-letter prime) occur for consonants but not for vowels in lexical decision (Perea & Lupker, 2004).Potential differences in letter position coding for consonants and vowels during silent normal reading were investigated in Thai using the boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975). Thai has a distinctive alphabetic script with vowels taking a relatively subsidiary role in relation to consonants. Parafoveal processing of nonadjacent transposed-letter effects involving consonants and vowels was examined. Results for gaze durations revealed a transposition effect involving consonants but not vowelsthus extending previous findings with the masked priming technique but in a more ecological setting. Similar differential effects for consonants and vowels for first and single fixations were not found. An explanation is that consonants and vowels are not differentiated at this initial low level stage of processing (Johnson, 2007; Perea & Acha, 2009); it is only later in processing (as measured by gaze durations) that consonant/vowel status comes into play. Results support the claim that there are some fundamental processing asymmetries between vowels and consonants in normal reading.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wochna2013,

title = {Context length and reading novel words: An eye-movement investigation},

author = {Kacey L. Wochna and Barbara J. Juhasz},

doi = {10.1111/j.2044-8295.2012.02127.x},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {British Journal of Psychology},

volume = {104},

number = {3},

pages = {347–363},

abstract = {The current study investigated the effects of context length on the processing of novel words. Participants read real adjectives or novel words embedded in either sentence or paragraph contexts while their eye movements were recorded. The results extend the literature on novel word reading by exploring the time-course of word processing using realistic contexts derived from existing sources. Eye-movement measures demonstrated that readers were very sensitive to the presence of novel words. Novel words were more likely to be fixated and had longer reading times than real words. In addition, words in sentence contexts had longer gaze durations than words in paragraphs. The effect of novelty on reading the target word did not vary as a function of the context length. While performance on the surprise post-test did not demonstrate significant word learning, participants did report higher confidence in correct responses than incorrect, suggesting that some learning took place.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wotschack2013,

title = {Reading strategy modulates parafoveal-on-foveal effects in sentence reading},

author = {Christiane Wotschack and Reinhold Kliegl},

doi = {10.1080/17470218.2011.625094},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology},

volume = {66},

number = {3},

pages = {548–562},

abstract = {Task demands and individual differences have been linked reliably to word skipping during reading. Such differences in fixation probability may imply a selection effect for multivariate analyses of eye-movement corpora if selection effects correlate with word properties of skipped words. For example, with fewer fixations on short and highly frequent words the power to detect parafoveal-on-foveal effects is reduced. We demonstrate that increasing the fixation probability on function words with a manipulation of the expected difficulty and frequency of questions reduces an age difference in skipping probability (i.e., old adults become comparable to young adults) and helps to uncover significant parafoveal-on-foveal effects in this group of old adults. We discuss implications for the comparison of results of eye-movement research based on multivariate analysis of corpus data with those from display-contingent manipulations of target words.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wu2013b,

title = {Non-selective lexical access in bilinguals is spontaneous and independent of input monitoring: Evidence from eye tracking},

author = {Yan Jing Wu and Filipe Cristino and Charles Leek and Guillaume Thierry},

doi = {10.1016/j.cognition.2013.08.005},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Cognition},

volume = {129},

number = {2},

pages = {418–425},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Language non-selective lexical access in bilinguals has been established mainly using tasks requiring explicit language processing. Here, we show that bilinguals activate native language translations even when words presented in their second language are incidentally processed in a nonverbal, visual search task. Chinese-English bilinguals searched for strings of circles or squares presented together with three English words (i.e., distracters) within a 4-item grid. In the experimental trials, all four locations were occupied by English words, including a critical word that phonologically overlapped with the Chinese word for circle or square when translated into Chinese. The eye-tracking results show that, in the experimental trials, bilinguals looked more frequently and longer at critical than control words, a pattern that was absent in English monolingual controls. We conclude that incidental word processing activates lexical representations of both languages of bilinguals, even when the task does not require explicit language processing.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Yan2013,

title = {Parafoveal processing efficiency in rapid automatized naming: A comparison between Chinese normal and dyslexic children},

author = {Ming Yan and Jinger Pan and Jochen Laubrock and Reinhold Kliegl and Hua Shu},

doi = {10.1016/j.jecp.2013.01.007},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Child Psychology},

volume = {115},

number = {3},

pages = {579–589},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {Dyslexic children are known to be slower than normal readers in rapid automatized naming (RAN). This suggests that dyslexics encounter local processing difficulties, which presumably induce a narrower perceptual span. Consequently, dyslexics should suffer less than normal readers from removing parafoveal preview. Here we used a gaze-contingent moving window paradigm in a RAN task to experimentally test this prediction. Results indicate that dyslexics extract less parafoveal information than control children. We propose that more attentional resources are recruited to the foveal processing because of dyslexics' less automatized translation of visual symbols into phonological output, thereby causing a reduction of the perceptual span. This in turn leads to less efficient preactivation of parafoveal information and, hence, more difficulty in processing the next foveal item.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Yang2013a,

title = {Preview effects of plausibility and character order in reading Chinese transposed words: evidence from eye movements},

author = {Jinmian Yang},

doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9817.2013.01553.x},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Research in Reading},

volume = {36},

number = {SUPPL.1},

pages = {S18–S34},

abstract = {The current paper examined the role of plausibility information in the parafovea for Chinese readers by using two-character transposed words (in which the order of the component characters is reversed but are still words). In two eye-tracking experiments, readers received a preview of a target word that was (1) identical to the target word, (2) a reverse word that was the target word with the order of its characters reversed or (3) a control word different from the target word. Reading times on target words were comparable between the identical and the reverse preview conditions when the reverse preview words were plausible. This plausibility preview effect was independent of whether the reverse word shared the meaning with the target word or not. Furthermore, the reverse preview words yielded shorter fixation durations than the control preview words. Implications of these results for preview processing during Chinese reading are discussed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Yin2013,

title = {A study of how information system professionals comprehend indirect and direct speech acts in project communication},

author = {Chun Po Yin and Feng-Yang Kuo},

doi = {10.1109/TPC.2013.2263648},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication},

volume = {56},

number = {3},

pages = {226–241},

abstract = {Research problem: Indirect communication is prevalent in business communication practices. For information systems (IS) projects that require professionals from multiple disciplines to work together, the use of indirect communication may hinder successful design, implementation, and maintenance of these systems. Drawing on the Speech Act Theory (SAT), this study investigates how direct and indirect speech acts may influence language comprehension in the setting of communication problems inherent in IS projects. Research questions: (1) Do participating subjects, who are IS professionals, differ in their comprehension of indirect and direct speech acts? (2) Do participants display different attention processes in their comprehension of indirect and direct speech acts? (3) Do participants' attention processes influence their comprehension of indirect and direct speech acts? Literature review: We review two relevant areas of theory—polite speech acts in professional communication and SAT. First, a broad review that focuses on literature related to the use of polite speech acts in the workplace and in information system (IS) projects suggests the importance of investigating speech acts by professionals. In addition, the SAT provides the theoretical framework guiding this study and the development of hypotheses. Methodology: The current study uses a quantitative approach. A between-groups experiment design was employed to test how direct and indirect speech acts influence the language comprehension of participants. Forty-three IS professionals participated in the experiment. In addition, through the use of eye-tracking technology, this study captured the attention process and analyzed the relationship between attention and comprehension. Results and discussion: The results show that the directness of speech acts significantly influences participants' attention process, which, in turn, significantly affects their comprehension. In addition, the findings indicate that indirect speech acts, if employed by IS professionals to communicate with others, may easily be distorted or misunderstood. Professionals and managers of organizations should be aware that effective communication in interdisciplinary projects, such as IS development, is not easy, and that reliance on polite or indirect communication may inhibit the generation of valid information.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Yoon2013,

title = {Lexical differentiation in language production and comprehension},

author = {Si On Yoon and Sarah Brown-Schmidt},

doi = {10.1016/j.jml.2013.05.005},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},

volume = {69},

number = {3},

pages = {397–416},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {This paper presents the results of three experiments that explore the breadth of the relevant discourse context in language production and comprehension. Previous evidence from language production suggests the relevant context is quite broad, based on findings that speakers differentiate new discourse referents from similar referents discussed in past contexts (Van Der Wege, 2009). Experiment 1 replicated and extended this "lexical differentiation" effect by demonstrating that speakers used two different mechanisms, modification, and the use of subordinate level nouns, to differentiate current from past referents. In Experiments 2 and 3, we examined whether addressees expect speakers to differentiate. The results of these experiments did not support the hypothesis that listeners expect differentiation, for either lexically differentiated modified expressions (Experiment 2), nor for subordinate level nouns (Experiment 3). Taken together, the present findings suggest that the breadth of relevant discourse context differs across language production and comprehension. Speakers show more sensitivity to things they have said before, possibly due to better knowledge of the relevant context. In contrast, listeners have the task of inferring what the speaker believes is the relevant context; this inferential process may be more error-prone.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Zang2013,

title = {Interword spacing and landing position effects during Chinese reading in children and adults},

author = {Chuanli Zang and Feifei Liang and Xuejun Bai and Guoli Yan and Simon P. Liversedge},

doi = {10.1037/a0030097},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance},

volume = {39},

number = {3},

pages = {720–734},

abstract = {The present study examined children and adults' eye movement behavior when reading word spaced and unspaced Chinese text. The results showed that interword spacing reduced children and adults' first pass reading times and refixation probabilities indicating spaces between words facilitated word identification. Word spacing effects occurred to a similar degree for both children and adults, though there were differential landing position effects for single and multiple fixation situations in both groups; clear preferred viewing location effects occurred for single fixations, whereas landing positions were closer to word beginnings, and further into the word for adults than children for multiple fixation situations. Furthermore, adults targeted refixations contingent on initial landing positions to a greater degree than did children. Overall, the results indicate that some aspects of children's eye movements during reading show similar levels of maturity to adults, while others do not.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Zhou2013a,

title = {A validation of parafoveal semantic information extraction in reading Chinese},

author = {Wei Zhou and Reinhold Kliegl and Ming Yan},

doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9817.2013.01556.x},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Research in Reading},

volume = {36},

number = {SUPPL.1},

pages = {S51–S63},

abstract = {Parafoveal semantic processing has recently been well documented in reading Chinese sentences, presumably because of language-specific features. However, because of a large variation of fixation landing positions on pretarget words, some preview words actually were located in foveal vision when readers' eyes landed close to the end of the pretarget words. None of the previous studies has completely ruled out a possibility that the semantic preview effects might mainly arise from these foveally processed preview words. This case, whether previously observed positive evidence for parafoveal semantic processing can still hold, has been called into question. Using linear mixed models, we demonstrate in this study that semantic preview benefit from word N+1 decreased if fixation on pretarget word N was close to the preview. We argue that parafoveal semantic processing is not a consequence of foveally processed preview words.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Blythe2012,

title = {Inserting spaces into Chinese text helps readers to learn new words: An eye movement study},

author = {Hazel I. Blythe and Feifei Liang and Chuanli Zang and Jingxin Wang and Guoli Yan and Xuejun Bai and Simon P. Liversedge},

doi = {10.1016/j.jml.2012.05.004},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-08-01},

journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},

volume = {67},

number = {2},

pages = {241–254},

abstract = {We examined whether inserting spaces between words in Chinese text would help children learn to read new vocabulary. We recorded adults' and 7- to 10-year-old children's eye movements as they read new 2-character words, each embedded in four explanatory sentences (the learning session). Participants were divided into learning subgroups - half read word spaced sentences, and half read unspaced sentences. In the test session participants read the new words again, each in one new sentence; here, all participants read unspaced text. In the learning session, participants in the spaced group read the new words more quickly than participants in the unspaced group. Further, children in the spaced group maintained this benefit in the test session (unspaced text). In relation to three different models of Chinese lexical identification, we argue that the spacing manipulation allowed the children to form either stronger connections between the two characters' representations and the corresponding, novel word representation, or to form a more fully specified representation of the word itself.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Yan2012,

title = {Using stroke removal to investigate Chinese character identification during reading: Evidence from eye movements},

author = {Guoli Yan and Xuejun Bai and Chuanli Zang and Qian Bian and Lei Cui and Wei Qi and Keith Rayner and Simon P. Liversedge},

doi = {10.1007/s11145-011-9295-x},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-05-01},

journal = {Reading and Writing},

volume = {25},

number = {5},

pages = {951–979},

abstract = {We explored the effect of stroke removal from Chinese characters on eye movements during reading to examine the role of stroke encoding in character identification. Experimental sentences were comprised of characters with different proportions of strokes removed (15, 30, and 50%), and different types of strokes removed (beginning, ending, and strokes that ensured the configuration of the character was retained). Reading times, number of fixations and regression measures all showed that Chinese characters with 15% of strokes removed were as easy to read as Chinese characters without any strokes removed. However, when 30%, or more of a character's strokes were removed, reading characters with their configuration retained was easiest, characters with ending strokes removed were more difficult, whilst characters with beginning strokes removed were most difficult to read. The results strongly suggest that not all strokes within a character have equal status during character identification, and a flexible stroke encoding system must underlie successful character identification during Chinese reading.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Apel2012a,

title = {Targeting regressions: Do readers pay attention to the left?},

author = {Jens K. Apel and John M. Henderson and Fernanda Ferreira},

doi = {10.3758/s13423-012-0291-1},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Psychonomic Bulletin & Review},

volume = {19},

number = {6},

pages = {1108–1113},

abstract = {The perceptual span during normal reading extends approximately 14 to 15 characters to the right and three to four characters to the left of a current fixation. In the present study, we investigated whether the perceptual span extends farther than three to four characters to the left immediately before readers execute a regression. We used a display-change paradigm in which we masked words beyond the three-to-four-character range to the left of a fixation. We hypothesized that if reading behavior was affected by this manipulation before regressions but not before progressions, we would have evidence that the perceptual span extends farther left before leftward eye movements. We observed significantly shorter regressive saccades and longer fixation and gaze durations in the masked condition when a regression was executed. Forward saccades were entirely unaffected by the manipulations. We concluded that the perceptual span during reading changes, depending on the direction of a following saccade.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ashby2012,

title = {Eye movements and the perceptual span in silent and oral reading},

author = {Jane Ashby and Jinmian Yang and Kris H. C. Evans and Keith Rayner},

doi = {10.3758/s13414-012-0277-0},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics},

volume = {74},

number = {4},

pages = {634–640},

abstract = {Previous research has examined parafoveal processing during silent reading, but little is known about the role of these processes in oral reading. Given that masking parafoveal information slows down silent reading, we asked whether a similar effect also occurs in oral reading. To investigate the role of parafoveal processing in silent and oral reading, we manipulated the parafoveal information available to readers by changing the size of a gaze-contingent moving window. Participants read silently and orally in a one-word window and a three-word window condition as we monitored their eye movements. The lack of parafoveal information slowed reading speed in both oral and silent reading. However, the effects of parafoveal information were larger in silent reading than in oral reading, because of different effects of preview information on both when the eyes move and how often. Parafoveal information benefitted silent reading for faster readers more than for slower readers.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Belanger2012,

title = {Skilled deaf readers have an enhanced perceptual span in reading},

author = {Nathalie N. Bélanger and Timothy J. Slattery and Rachel I. Mayberry and Keith Rayner},

doi = {10.1177/0956797611435130},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Psychological Science},

volume = {23},

number = {7},

pages = {816–823},

abstract = {Recent evidence suggests that deaf people have enhanced visual attention to simple stimuli in the parafovea in comparison to hearing people. Although a large part of reading involves processing the fixated words in foveal vision, readers also utilize information in parafoveal vision to pre-process upcoming words and decide where to look next. We investigated whether auditory deprivation affects low-level visual processing during reading, and compared the perceptual span of deaf signers who were skilled and less skilled readers to that of skilled hearing readers. Compared to hearing readers, deaf readers had a larger perceptual span than would be expected by their reading ability. These results provide the first evidence that deaf readers' enhanced attentional allocation to the parafovea is used during a complex cognitive task such as reading},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Benson2012b,

title = {Eye movements and verbal report in a single case of visual neglect},

author = {Valerie Benson and Magdalena Ietswaart and David Milner},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0043743},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {7},

number = {8},

pages = {e43743},

abstract = {In this single case study, visuospatial neglect patient P1 demonstrated a dissociation between an intact ability to make appropriate reflexive eye movements to targets in the neglected field with latencies of <400 ms, while failing to report targets presented at such durations in a separate verbal detection task. In contrast, there was a failure to evoke the usually robust Remote Distractor Effect in P1, even though distractors in the neglected field were presented at above threshold durations. Together those data indicate that the tight coupling that is normally shown between attention and eye movements appears to be disrupted for low-level orienting in P1. A comparable disruption was also found for high-level cognitive processing tasks, namely reading and scene scanning. The findings are discussed in relation to sampling, attention and awareness in neglect.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Borovsky2012,

title = {Knowing a lot for one's age: Vocabulary skill and not age is associated with anticipatory incremental sentence interpretation in children and adults},

author = {Arielle Borovsky and Jeffrey L. Elman and Anne Fernald},

doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2012.01.005},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Child Psychology},

volume = {112},

number = {4},

pages = {417–436},

abstract = {Adults can incrementally combine information from speech with astonishing speed to anticipate future words. Concurrently, a growing body of work suggests that vocabulary ability is crucially related to lexical processing skills in children. However, little is known about this relationship with predictive sentence processing in children or adults. We explore this question by comparing the degree to which an upcoming sentential theme is anticipated by combining information from a prior agent and action. 48 children, aged of 3 to 10, and 48 college-aged adults' eye-movements were recorded as they heard a sentence (e.g., The pirate hides the treasure) in which the object referred to one of four images that included an agent-related, action-related and unrelated distractor image. Pictures were rotated so that, across all versions of the study, each picture appeared in all conditions, yielding a completely balanced within-subjects design. Adults and children quickly made use of combinatory information available at the action to generate anticipatory looks to the target object. Speed of anticipatory fixations did not vary with age. When controlling for age, individuals with higher vocabularies were faster to look to the target than those with lower vocabulary scores. Together, these results support and extend current views of incremental processing in which adults and children make use of linguistic information to continuously update their mental representation of ongoing language.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Brouwer2012,

title = {Speech reductions change the dynamics of competition during spoken word recognition},

author = {Susanne Brouwer and Holger Mitterer and Falk Huettig},

doi = {10.1080/01690965.2011.555268},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Language and Cognitive Processes},

volume = {27},

number = {4},

pages = {539–571},

abstract = {Three eye-tracking experiments investigated how phonological reductions (e.g., ‘‘puter'' for ‘‘computer'') modulate phonological competition. Participants listened to sentences extracted from a pontaneous speech corpus and saw four printed words: a target (e.g., ‘‘computer''), a competitor similar to the canonical form (e.g., ‘‘companion''), one similar to the reduced form (e.g., ‘‘pupil''), and an unrelated distractor. In Experiment 1, we presented canonical and reduced forms in a syllabic and in a sentence context. Listeners directed their attention to a similar degree to both competitors independent of the target's spoken form. In Experiment 2, we excluded reduced forms and presented canonical forms only. In such a listening situation, participants showed a clear preference for the ‘‘canonical form'' competitor. In Experiment 3, we presented canonical forms intermixed with reduced forms in a sentence context and replicated the competition pattern of Experiment 1. These data suggest that listeners penalize acoustic mismatches less strongly when listeningto reduced speech than when listening to fully articulated speech. We conclude that flexibility to adjust to speech-intrinsic factors is a key feature of the spoken word recognition system.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Brouwer2012a,

title = {Can hearing puter activate pupil? Phonological competition and the processing of reduced spoken words in spontaneous conversations},

author = {Susanne Brouwer and Holger Mitterer and Falk Huettig},

doi = {10.1080/17470218.2012.693109},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology},

volume = {65},

number = {11},

pages = {2193–2220},

abstract = {In listeners' daily communicative exchanges, they most often hear casual speech, in which words are often produced with fewer segments, rather than the careful speech used in most psycholinguistic experiments. Three experiments examined phonological competition during the recognition of reduced forms such as [pjutər] for computer using a target-absent variant of the visual world paradigm. Listeners' eye movements were tracked upon hearing canonical and reduced forms as they looked at displays of four printed words. One of the words was phonologically similar to the canonical pronunciation of the target word, one word was similar to the reduced pronunciation, and two words served as unrelated distractors. When spoken targets were presented in isolation (Experiment 1) and in sentential contexts (Experiment 2), competition was modulated as a function of the target word form. When reduced targets were presented in sentential contexts, listeners were probabilistically more likely to first fixate reduced-form competitors before shifting their eye gaze to canonical-form competitors. Experiment 3, in which the original /p/ from [pjutər] was replaced with a "real" onset /p/, showed an effect of cross-splicing in the late time window. We conjecture that these results fit best with the notion that speech reductions initially activate competitors that are similar to the phonological surface form of the reduction, but that listeners nevertheless can exploit fine phonetic detail to reconstruct strongly reduced forms to their canonical counterparts.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{BrownSchmidt2012,

title = {Beyond common and privileged: Gradient representations of common ground in real-time language use},

author = {Sarah Brown-Schmidt},

doi = {10.1080/01690965.2010.543363},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Language and Cognitive Processes},

volume = {27},

number = {1},

pages = {62–89},

abstract = {The present research tested the hypothesis that on-line language processing is guided by gradient representations of linguistic common ground that reflect details of how common ground was established, including the discourse context and partner feedback. This hypothesis was contrasted with a simpler hypothesis that interpretation processes are only sensitive to simple binary representations of whether a potential discourse referent is or is not common ground. In order to evaluate these hypotheses, participants engaged in a task-based conversation with an experimenter in which some of the participant's game-pieces were hidden from the experimenter. On critical trials, the participant revealed the identity of the hidden game-pieces. Critical utterances contained referring expressions temporarily ambiguous between a visually shared game-piece, and a hidden game-piece. Analysis of participant eye movements during interpretation of these utterances revealed that participants were more likely to consider the hidden game-piece a potential referent if the experimenter had initially asked about its identity; whether the experimenter provided clear feedback that s/he understood its identity modulated this effect somewhat. These results provide key evidence for the richness of common ground representations, and are discussed in terms of the implications for models of the underlying representations of common ground.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Buchan2012,

title = {The effect of a concurrent working memory task and temporal offsets on the integration of auditory and visual speech information},

author = {Julie N. Buchan and Kevin G. Munhall},

doi = {10.1163/187847611X620937},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Seeing and Perceiving},

volume = {25},

number = {1},

pages = {87–106},

abstract = {Audiovisual speech perception is an everyday occurrence of multisensory integration. Conflicting visual speech information can influence the perception of acoustic speech (namely the McGurk effect), and auditory and visual speech are integrated over a rather wide range of temporal offsets. This research examined whether the addition of a concurrent cognitive load task would affect the audiovisual integration in a McGurk speech task and whether the cognitive load task would cause more interference at increasing offsets. The amount of integration was measured by the proportion of responses in incongruent trials that did not correspond to the audio (McGurk response). An eye-tracker was also used to examine whether the amount of temporal offset and the presence of a concurrent cognitive load task would influence gaze behavior. Results from this experiment show a very modest but statistically significant decrease in the number of McGurk responses when subjects also perform a cognitive load task, and that this effect is relatively constant across the various temporal offsets. Participant's gaze behavior was also influenced by the addition of a cognitive load task. Gaze was less centralized on the face, less time was spent looking at the mouth and more time was spent looking at the eyes, when a concurrent cognitive load task was added to the speech task.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Burton2012,

title = {Glaucoma and reading: Exploring the effects of contrast lowering of text},

author = {Robyn Burton and David P. Crabb and Nicholas D. Smith and Fiona C. Glen and David F. Garway-Heath},

doi = {10.1097/OPX.0b013e3182686165},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Optometry and Vision Science},

volume = {89},

number = {9},

pages = {1282–1287},

abstract = {PURPOSE: Past research has not fully ascertained the extent to which people with glaucoma have difficulties with reading. This study measures change in reading speed when letter contrast is reduced, to test the hypothesis that patients with glaucoma are more sensitive to letter contrast than age-similar visually healthy people. METHODS: Fifty-three patients with glaucoma [mean age: 66 years (standard deviation: 9)] with bilateral visual field (VF) defects and 40 age-similar visually healthy control subjects [mean age: 69 (standard deviation: 8) years] had reading speeds measured using sets of fixed size, non-scrolling texts on a computer setup that incorporated an eye tracking device. All participants had visual acuity ≥6/9, and they underwent standard tests of visual function including Humphrey 24-2 and 10-2 VFs. Potential non-visual confounders were also tested, including cognitive ability (Middlesex Elderly Assessment of Mental Status Test) and general reading ability. Individual average raw reading speeds were calculated from 8 trials (different passages of text) at both 100% and 20% letter contrast. RESULTS: Patients had an average 24-2 VF MD of -6.5 (range: 0.7 to -17.3) dB in the better eye. The overall median reduction in reading speed due to decreasing the contrast of the text in the patients was 20%, but with considerable between-individual variation (interquartile range, 8%-44%). This reduction was significantly greater (p = 0.01) than the controls [median: 11% (interquartile range, 6%-17%)]. Patients and controls had similar average performance on Middlesex Elderly Assessment of Mental Status Test (p = 0.71), a modified Burt Reading ability test (p = 0.33), and a computer-based lexical decision task (p = 0.53) and had similar self-reported day-to-day reading frequency (p = 0.12). CONCLUSIONS: Average reduction in reading speed caused by a difference in letter contrast between 100% and 20% is significantly more apparent in patients with glaucoma when compared with visually healthy people with a similar age and similar cognitive/reading ability.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Cane2012,

title = {The time-course of recovery from interruption during reading: Eye movement evidence for the role of interruption lag and spatial memory},

author = {James E. Cane and Fabrice Cauchard and Ulrich W. Weger},

doi = {10.1080/17470218.2012.656666},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology},

volume = {65},

number = {7},

pages = {1397–1413},

abstract = {Two experiments examined how interruptions impact reading and how interruption lags and the reader's spatial memory affect the recovery from such interruptions. Participants read paragraphs of text and were interrupted unpredictably by a spoken news story while their eye movements were monitored. Time made available for consolidation prior to responding to the interruption did not aid reading resumption. However, providing readers with a visual cue that indicated the interruption location did aid task resumption substantially in Experiment 2. Taken together, the findings show that the recovery from interruptions during reading draws on spatial memory resources and can be aided by processes that support spatial memory. Practical implications are discussed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Cauchard2012,

title = {Influence of background speech and nusic in Iinterrupted reading: An eye-tracking study},

author = {Fabrice Cauchard and James E. Cane and Ulrich W. Weger},

doi = {10.1002/acp.1837},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Applied Cognitive Psychology},

volume = {26},

number = {3},

pages = {381–390},

abstract = {The current study examined the influence of interruption, background speech and music on reading, using an eye movement paradigm. Participants either read paragraphs while being exposed to background speech or music or read the texts in silence. On half of the trials, participants were interrupted by a 60-second audio story before resuming reading the paragraph. Interruptions increased overall reading time, but the reading of text following the interruption was quicker compared with baseline. Background speech and music did not modulate the interruption effects, but the background speech slowed down the reading rate compared with reading in the presence of music or reading in silence. The increase in reading time was primarily due to an increase in the time spent rereading previously read words. We argue that the observed interruption effects are in line with a theory of long-term working memory, and we present practical implications for the reported background speech effects.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Clifton2012a,

title = {Discourse integration guided by the 'Question under Discussion'},

author = {Charles Clifton and Lyn Frazier},

doi = {10.1016/j.cogpsych.2012.04.001},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Cognitive Psychology},

volume = {65},

number = {2},

pages = {352–379},

abstract = {What makes a discourse coherent? One potential factor has been discussed in the linguistic literature in terms of a Question under Discussion (QUD). This approach claims that discourse proceeds by continually raising explicit or implicit questions, viewed as sets of alternatives, or competing descriptions of the world. If the interlocutor accepts the question, it becomes the QUD, a narrowed set of alternatives to be addressed (Roberts, in press). Three eye movement recording studies are reported that investigated the effect of a preceding explicit QUD (Experiment 1) or implicit QUD (Experiments 2 and 3) on the processing of following text. Experiment 1 revealed an effect of whether the question queried alternative propositions or alternative entities. Reading times in the answer were faster when the answer it provided was of the same semantic type as was queried. Experiment 2 tested QUDs implied by the alternative description of reality introduced by a non-actuality implicature trigger such as should X or want to X. The results, when combined with the results of Experiment 3 (which ruled out a possible alternative interpretation) showed disrupted reading of a following verb phrase that failed to resolve the implicit QUD (Did the discourse participant actually X?), compared to reading the same material in the absence of a clear QUD. The findings support an online role for QUDs in guiding readers' structuring and interpretation of discourse.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Coco2012,

title = {Scan patterns predict sentence production in the cross-modal processing of visual ccenes},

author = {Moreno I. Coco and Frank Keller},

doi = {10.1111/j.1551-6709.2012.01246.x},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Cognitive Science},

volume = {36},

number = {7},

pages = {1204–1223},

abstract = {Most everyday tasks involve multiple modalities, which raises the question of how the processing of these modalities is coordinated by the cognitive system. In this paper, we focus on the coordination of visual attention and linguistic processing during speaking. Previous research has shown that objects in a visual scene are fixated before they are mentioned, leading us to hypothesize that the scan pattern of a participant can be used to predict what he or she will say. We test this hypothesis using a data set of cued scene descriptions of photo-realistic scenes. We demonstrate that similar scan patterns are correlated with similar sentences, within and between visual scenes; and that this correlation holds for three phases of the language production process (target identification, sentence planning, and speaking). We also present a simple algorithm that uses scan patterns to accurately predict associated sentences by utilizing similarity-based retrieval.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Felser2012,

title = {Processing reflexives in a second language: The timing of structural and discourse-level constraints},

author = {Claudia Felser and Ian Cunnings},

doi = {10.1017/S0142716411000488},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Applied Psycholinguistics},

volume = {33},

number = {3},

pages = {571–603},

abstract = {We report the results from two eye-movement monitoring experiments examining the processing of reflexive pronouns by proficient German-speaking learners of second language (L2) English. Our results showthat the nonnative speakers initially tried to linkEnglish argument reflexives to a discourse-prominent but structurally inaccessible antecedent, thereby violating binding condition A. Our native speaker controls, in contrast, showed evidence of applying conditionAimmediately during processing. Together, our findings show that L2 learners' initial focusing on a structurally inaccessible antecedent cannot be due to first language influence and is also independent of whether the inaccessible antecedent c-commands the reflexive. This suggests that unlike native speakers, nonnative speakers of English initially attempt to interpret reflexives through discourse-based coreference assignment rather than syntactic binding.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Felser2012a,

title = {The timing of island effects in nonnative sentence processing},

author = {Claudia Felser and Ian Cunnings and Claire Batterham and Harald Clahsen},

doi = {10.1017/S0272263111000507},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Studies in Second Language Acquisition},

volume = {34},

number = {1},

pages = {67–98},

abstract = {Using the eye-movement monitoring technique in two reading comprehension experiments, this study investigated the timing of constraints on wh-dependencies (so-called island constraints) in fi rst-and second-language (L1 and L2) sentence processing. The results show that both L1 and L2 speakers of English are sensitive to extraction islands during processing, suggesting that memory storage limitations affect L1 and L2 comprehenders in essentially the same way. Furthermore, these results show that the timing of island effects in L1 compared to L2 sentence comprehension is affected differently by the type of cue (semantic fi t versus fi lled gaps) signaling whether dependency formation is possible at a potential gap site. Even though L1 English speakers showed immediate sensitivity to fi lled gaps but not to lack of semantic fi t, profi cient German-speaking learners of English as a L2 showed the opposite sensitivity pattern. This indicates that initial wh-dependency formation in L2 processing is based on semantic feature matching rather than being structurally mediated as in L1 comprehension.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ferguson2012,

title = {Eye movements reveal rapid concurrent access to factual and counterfactual interpretations of the world},

author = {Heather J. Ferguson},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology},

volume = {65},

number = {5},

pages = {939–961},

abstract = {Imagining a counterfactual world using conditionals (e.g., If Joanne had remembered her umbrella . . .) is common in everyday language. However, such utterances are likely to involve fairly complex reasoning processes to represent both the explicit hypothetical conjecture and its implied factual meaning. Online research into these mechanisms has so far been limited. The present paper describes two eye movement studies that investigated the time-course with which comprehenders can set up and access factual inferences based on a realistic counterfactual context. Adult participants were eye-tracked while they read short narratives, in which a context sentence set up a counterfactual world (If . . . then . . .), and a subsequent critical sentence described an event that was either consistent or inconsistent with the implied factual world. A factual consistent condition (Because . . . then . . .) was included as a baseline of normal contextual integration. Results showed that within a counterfactual scenario, readers quickly inferred the implied factual meaning of the discourse. However, initial processing of the critical word led to clear, but distinct, anomaly detection responses for both contextually inconsistent and consistent conditions. These results provide evidence that readers can rapidly make a factual inference from a preceding counterfactual context, despite maintaining access to both counterfactual and factual interpretations of events.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Foraker2012,

title = {Polysemy in sentence comprehension: Effects of meaning dominance},

author = {Stephani Foraker and Gregory L. Murphy},

doi = {10.1016/j.jml.2012.07.010},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},

volume = {67},

number = {4},

pages = {407–425},

abstract = {Words like church are polysemous, having two related senses (a building and an organization). Three experiments investigated how polysemous senses are represented and processed during sentence comprehension. On one view, readers retrieve an underspecified, core meaning, which is later specified more fully with contextual information. On another view, readers retrieve one or more specific senses. In a reading task, context that was neutral or biased towards a particular sense preceded a polysemous word. Disambiguating material consistent with only one sense followed, in a second sentence (Experiment 1) or the same sentence (Experiments 2 and 3). Reading the disambiguating material was faster when it was consistent with that context, and dominant senses were committed to more strongly than subordinate senses. Critically, following neutral context, the continuation was read more quickly when it selected the dominant sense, and the degree of sense dominance partially explained the reading time advantage. Similarity of the senses also affected reading times. Across experiments, we found that sense selection may not be completed immediately following a polysemous word but is completed at a sentence boundary. Overall, the results suggest that readers select an individual sense when reading a polysemous word, rather than a core meaning.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Frisson2012,

title = {Psychological essentialist reasoning and perspective taking during reading: A donkey is not a zebra, but a plate can be a clock},

author = {Steven Frisson and Mary Wakefield},

doi = {10.3758/s13421-011-0153-5},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Memory & Cognition},

volume = {40},

number = {2},

pages = {297–310},

abstract = {In an eyetracking study, we examined whether readers use psychological essentialist reasoning and perspective taking online. Stories were presented in which an animal or an artifact was transformed into another animal (e.g., a donkey into a zebra) or artifact (e.g., a plate into a clock). According to psychological essentialism, the essence of the animal did not change in these stories, while the transformed artifact would be thought to have changed categories. We found evidence that readers use this kind of reasoning online: When reference was made to the transformed animal, the nontransformed term ("donkey") was preferred, but the opposite held for the transformed artifact ("clock" was read faster than "plate"). The immediacy of the effect suggests that this kind of reasoning is employed automatically. Perspective taking was examined within the same stories by the introduction of a novel story character. This character, who was naïve about the transformation, commented on the transformed animal or artifact. If the reader were to take this character's perspective immediately and exclusively for reference solving, then only the transformed term ("zebra" or "clock") would be felicitous. However, the results suggested that while this character's perspective could be taken into account, it seems difficult to completely discard one's own perspective at the same time.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Grant2012,

title = {The role of Non-Actuality Implicatures in processing elided constituents},

author = {Margaret Grant and Charles Clifton and Lyn Frazier},

doi = {10.1016/j.jml.2011.09.003},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},

volume = {66},

number = {1},

pages = {326–343},

abstract = {When an elided constituent and its antecedent do not match syntactically, the presence of a word implying the non-actuality of the state of affairs described in the antecedent seems to improve the example. (This information should be released but Gorbachev didn't. vs. This information was released but Gorbachev didn't.) We model this effect in terms of Non-Actuality Implicatures (NAIs) conveyed by non-epistemic modals like should and other words such as want to and be eager to that imply non-actuality. We report three studies. A rating and interpretation study showed that such implicatures are drawn and that they improve the acceptability of mismatch ellipsis examples. An interpretation study showed that adding a NAI trigger to ambiguous examples increases the likelihood of choosing an antecedent from the NAI clause. An eye movement study shows that a NAI trigger also speeds on-line reading of the ellipsis clause. By introducing alternatives (the desired state of affairs vs. the actual state of affairs), the NAI trigger introduces a potential Question Under Discussion (QUD). Processing an ellipsis clause is easier, the processor is more confident of its analysis, when the ellipsis clause comments on the QUD.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Guerard2012,

title = {Assessing the influence of letter position in reading normal and transposed texts using a letter detection task},

author = {Katherine Guérard and Jean Saint-Aubin and Marie Poirier},

doi = {10.1037/a0028494},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology},

volume = {66},

number = {4},

pages = {227–238},

abstract = {During word recognition, some letters appear to play a more important role than others. Although some studies have suggested that the first and last letters of a word have a privileged status, there is no consensus with regards to the importance of the different letter positions when reading connected text. In the current experiments, we used a simple letter search task to examine the impact of letter position on word identification in connected text using a classic paper and pencil procedure (Experiment 1) and an eye movement monitoring procedure (Experiment 2). In Experiments 3 and 4, a condition with transposed letters was included. Our results show that the first letter of a word is detected more easily than the other letters, and transposing letters in a word revealed the importance of the final letter. It is concluded that both the initial and final letters play a special role in word identification during reading but that the underlying processes might differ.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Hand2012,

title = {Word-initial letters influence fixation durations during fluent reading},

author = {Christopher J. Hand and Patrick J. O'Donnell and Sara C. Sereno},

doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00085},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},

volume = {3},

pages = {85},

abstract = {The present study examined how word-initial letters influence lexical access during reading. Eye movements were monitored as participants read sentences containing target words. Three factors were independently manipulated. First, target words had either high or low constraining word-initial letter sequences (e.g., dwarf or clown, respectively). Second, tar- gets were either high or low in frequency of occurrence (e.g., train or stain, respectively). Third, targetswere embedded in either biasing or neutral contexts (i.e., targetswere high or low in their predictability).This 2 (constraint)×2 (frequency)×2 (context) design allowed us to examine the conditions under which a word's initial letter sequence could facilitate processing. Analyses of fixation duration data revealed significant main effects of constraint, frequency, and context. Moreover, in measures taken to reflect “early” lexical processing (i.e., first and single fixation duration), there was a significant interaction between constraint and context. The overall pattern of findings suggests lexical access is facilitated by highly constraining word-initial letters. Results are discussed in comparison to recent studies of lexical features involved in word recognition during reading.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Hanulikova2012,

title = {Sink positive: Linguistic experience with th substitutions influences nonnative word recognition},

author = {Adriana Hanulíková and Andrea Weber},

doi = {10.3758/s13414-011-0259-7},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics},

volume = {74},

number = {3},

pages = {613–629},

abstract = {We used eyetracking, perceptual discrimination, and production tasks to examine the influences of perceptual similarity and linguistic experience on word recognition in nonnative (L2) speech. Eye movements to printed words were tracked while German and Dutch learners of English heard words containing one of three pronunciation variants (/t/, /s/, or /f/) of the interdental fricative /θ/. Irrespective of whether the speaker was Dutch or German, looking preferences for target words with /θ/ matched the preferences for producing /s/ variants in German speakers and /t/ variants in Dutch speakers (as determined via the production task), while a control group of English participants showed no such preferences. The perceptually most similar and most confusable /f/ variant (as determined via the discrimination task) was never preferred as a match for /θ/. These results suggest that linguistic experience with L2 pronunciations facilitates recognition of variants in an L2, with effects of frequency outweighing effects of perceptual similarity.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Henderson2012,

title = {Oculomotor inhibition of return in normal and mindless reading},

author = {John M. Henderson and Steven G. Luke},

doi = {10.3758/s13423-012-0274-2},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Psychonomic Bulletin & Review},

volume = {19},

number = {6},

pages = {1101–1107},

abstract = {Oculomotor inhibition of return (O-IOR) is an increase in saccade latency prior to an eye movement to a recently fixated location, as compared with other locations. To investigate O-IOR in reading, subjects participated in two conditions while their eye movements were recorded: normal reading and mindless reading with words replaced by geometric shapes. We investigated the manifestation of O-IOR in reading and whether it is related to extracting meaning from the text or is an oculomotor phenomenon. The results indicated that fixation durations prior to a saccade returning to the immediately preceding fixated word were longer than those to other words, consistent with O-IOR. Furthermore, fixation durations were longest prior to a saccade that returned the eyes to the specific character position in the word that had previously been fixated and dropped off as the distance between the previously fixated character and landing position increased. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that O-IOR is relatively precise in its application during reading and drops off as a gradient. Both of these results were found for text reading and for mindless reading, suggesting that they are consequences of oculomotor control, and not of language processing. Finally, although these temporal IOR effects were robust, no spatial consequences of IOR were observed: Previously fixated words and characters were as likely to be refixated as new words and characters.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Huestegge2012b,

title = {Visual and memory search in complex environments: Determinants of eye movements and search performance},

author = {Lynn Huestegge and Ralph Radach},

doi = {10.1080/00140139.2012.689372},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Ergonomics},

volume = {55},

number = {9},

pages = {1009–1027},

abstract = {Previous research on visual and memory search revealed various top down and bottom up factors influencing performance. However, utilising abstract stimuli (e.g. geometrical shapes or letters) and focussing on individual factors has often limited the applicability of research findings. Two experiments were designed to analyse which attributes of a product facilitate search in an applied environment. Participants scanned displays containing juice packages while their eye movements were recorded. The familiarity, saliency, and position of search targets were systematically varied. Experiment 1 involved a visual search task, whereas Experiment 2 focussed on memory search. The results showed that bottom up (target saliency) and top down (target familiarity) factors strongly interacted. Overt visual attention was influenced by cultural habits, purposes, and current task demands. The results provide a solid database for assessing the impact and interplay of fundamental top down and bottom up determinants of search processes in applied fields of psychology.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Huette2012,

title = {Processing motion implied in language: Eye-movement differences during aspect comprehension},

author = {Stephanie Huette and Bodo Winter and Teenie Matlock and Michael J. Spivey},

doi = {10.1007/s10339-012-0476-6},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Cognitive Processing},

volume = {13},

pages = {S193–S197},

abstract = {Previous research on language comprehension has used the eyes as a window into processing. However, these methods are entirely reliant upon using visual or orthographic stimuli that map onto the linguistic stimuli being used. The potential danger of this method is that the pictures used may not perfectly match the internal aspects of language processing. Thus, a method was developed in which participants listened to stories while wearing a head-mounted eyetracker. Preliminary results demonstrate that this method is uniquely suited to measure responses to stimuli in the absence of visual stimulation.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Inhoff2012,

title = {Use of colour for language processing during reading},

author = {Albrecht W. Inhoff and Bradley A. Seymour and Ralph Radach},

doi = {10.1080/13506285.2012.745917},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Visual Cognition},

volume = {20},

number = {10},

pages = {1254–1265},

abstract = {The study examined whether literal correspondence is necessary for the use of visual features during word recognition and text comprehension. Eye movements were recorded during reading and used to change the colour of dialogue when it was fixated. In symbolically congruent colour conditions, dialogue of female and male characters was shown in orchid and blue, respectively. The reversed assignment was used in incongruent conditions, and no colouring was applied in a control condition. Analyses of oculomotor activity revealed Stroop-type congruency effects during dialogue reading, with shorter viewing durations in congruent than incongruent conditions. Colour influenced oculomotor measures that index the recognition and integration of words, indicating that it influenced multiple stages of language processing.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Jackson2012,

title = {Using eye-tracking to study the on-line processing of case-marking information among intermediate L2 learners of German},

author = {Carrie N. Jackson and Paola E. Dussias and Adelina Hristova},

doi = {10.1515/iral-2012-0005},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching},

volume = {50},

number = {2},

pages = {101–133},

abstract = {This study uses eye-tracking to examine the processing of case-marking information in ambiguous subject- and object-first wh-questions in German. The position of the lexical verb was also manipulated via verb tense to investigate whether verb location influences how intermediate L2 learners process L2 sentences. Results show that intermediate L2 German learners were sensitive to case-marking information, exhibiting longer processing times on subject-first than object-first sentences, regardless of verb location. German native speakers exhibited the opposite word order preference, with longer processing times on object-first than subject-first sentences, replicating previous findings. These results are discussed in light of current L2 processing research, highlighting how methodological constraints influence researchers' abilities to measure the on-line processing of morphosyntactic information among intermediate L2 learners.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Johnson2012,

title = {The importance of the first and last letter in words during sentence reading},

author = {Rebecca L. Johnson and Morgan E. Eisler},

doi = {10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.09.013},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Acta Psychologica},

volume = {141},

number = {3},

pages = {336–351},

abstract = {Previous research suggests that the first and last letters of words are more important than the interior letters during reading. A question that has yet to be fully studied is why this is so. The current study reports four experiments in which participants read sentences containing words with transposed letters occurring at the beginning of the word, near the middle of the word, or at the end of the word. Experiments 1 and 2 also included some sentences where the spaces were removed and replaced with hash marks (#) to equate all letters on their degree of lateral interference from adjacent letter positions. In Experiment 3, equating was done by adding an additional space between all of the letters, so that no letter position received lateral interference from any letter. In Experiment 4, readers read sentences from right to left so that word-initial letters were presented furthest into the parafovea. The results indicate that although the first letter of a word has a privileged role over interior letters regardless of the degree of lateral interference it receives or its location in the parafovea (suggesting that it is intrinsically related to how we process, store, or access lexical information), the last letter of a word is more important than interior letters only when it receives less lateral interference or when its parafoveal location was close to the fovea (suggesting that it is privileged only due to low-level visual factors). These findings have important implications for current theories and computational models regarding the roles of various letter positions in reading.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Jordan2012,

title = {Reading with a filtered fovea: The influence of visual quality at the point of fixation during reading},

author = {Timothy R. Jordan and Victoria A. McGowan and Kevin B. Paterson},

doi = {10.3758/s13423-012-0307-x},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Psychonomic Bulletin & Review},

volume = {19},

number = {6},

pages = {1078–1084},

abstract = {Reading relies critically on processing text in foveal vision during brief fixational pauses, and high-quality visual input from foveal text is fundamental to theories of reading. However, the quality of visual input from foveal text that is actually functional for reading and the effects of this input on reading performance are unclear. To investigate these issues, a moving, gaze-contingent foveal filtering technique was developed to display areas of text within foveal vision that provided only coarse, medium, or fine scale visual input during each fixational pause during reading. Normal reading times were unaffected when foveal text up to three characters wide at the point of fixation provided any one visual input (coarse, medium, or fine). Wider areas of coarse visual input lengthened reading times, but reading still occurred, and normal reading times were completely unaffected when only medium or fine visual input extended across the entire fovea. Further analyses revealed that each visual input had no effect on the number of fixations made when normal text was read, that adjusting fixation durations helped preserve reading efficiency for different visual inputs, and that each visual input had virtually no effect on normal saccades. These findings indicate that, despite the resolving power of foveal vision and the emphasis placed on high-quality foveal visual input by theories of reading, normal reading functions with similar success using a range of restricted visual inputs from foveal text, even at the point of fixation. Some implications of these findings for theories of reading are discussed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kamide2012,

title = {Learning individual talkers' structural preferences},

author = {Yuki Kamide},

doi = {10.1016/j.cognition.2012.03.001},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Cognition},

volume = {124},

number = {1},

pages = {66–71},

abstract = {Listeners are often capable of adjusting to the variability contained in individual talkers' (speakers') speech. The vast majority of findings on talker adaptation are concerned with learning the contingency between . phonological characteristics and talker identity. In contrast, the present study investigates representations at a more abstract level - the contingency between . syntactic attachment style and talker identity. In a 'visual-world' experiment, participants were exposed to semi-realistic scenes depicting several objects (e.g., an adult man, a young girl, a motorbike, a carousel, and other objects) accompanied by a spoken sentence with a structurally ambiguous relative clause (e.g., 'The uncle of the girl who will ride the motorbike/carousel is from France.' In the context of the scene, 'motorbike' suggested the uncle as the agent of the riding, whereas 'carousel' suggested the girl as the agent). For half the experimental items, one version of the sentence was read by one talker, who . always uttered sentences that resolved, pragmatically, to the high attachment (the uncle as the agent), and the other by another talker, who . always uttered sentences resolving to the low attachment (the girl as the agent). For the other half of the experimental items, both versions were read by a third talker who produced both high and low attachments. It was found that, after exposure to these stimuli, and for new sentences not heard previously, participants learnt to anticipate the 'appropriate' attachment depending on talker identity (with no attachment preference for the talker who produced both attachment types). The data suggest that listeners can learn the relationship between talker identity and abstract, structural, properties of their speech, and that syntactic attachment decisions in comprehension can reflect sensitivity to talker-specific syntactic style.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Katsika2012,

title = {Complement Coercion: Distinguishing between type-shifting and pragmatic inferencing},

author = {Argyro Katsika and David Braze and Ashwini Deo and Maria Mercedes Piñango},

doi = {10.1075/ml.7.1.03kat},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {The Mental Lexicon},

volume = {7},

number = {1},

pages = {58–76},

abstract = {Although Complement Coercion has been systematically associated with computational cost, there remains a serious confound in the experimental evidence built up in previous studies. The confound arises from the fact that lexico-semantic differences within the set of verbs assumed to involve coercion have not been taken into consideration. From among the set of verbs that have been reported to exhibit complement coercion effects we identified two clear semantic classes — aspectual verbs and psychological verbs. We hypothesize that the semantic difference between the two should result in differing processing profiles. Aspectual predicates ( begin ) trigger coercion and processing cost while psychological predicates ( enjoy ) do not. Evidence from an eye-tracking experiment supports our hypothesis. Coercion costs are restricted to aspectual predicates while no such effects are found with psychological predicates. These findings have implications for how these two kinds of predicates might be lexically encoded as well as for whether the observed interpolation of eventive meaning can be attributed to type-shifting (e.g., McElree, Traxler, Pickering, Seely, & Jackendoff, 2001) or to pragmatic-inferential processes (e.g., De Almeida, 2004).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kim2012a,

title = {Eye movements and parafoveal processing during reading in Korean},

author = {Young-Suk Kim and Ralph Radach and Christian Vorstius},

doi = {10.1007/s11145-011-9349-0},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Reading and Writing},

volume = {25},

number = {5},

pages = {1053–1078},

abstract = {Parafoveal word processing was examined during Korean reading. Twenty-four native speakers of Korean read sentences in two conditions while their eye movements were being monitored. The boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975) was used to create a mismatch between characters displayed before and after an eye movement contingent display change. In the first condition, the critical previews were correct case markers in terms of syntactic category (e.g., object marker for an object noun) but with a phonologically incorrect form (e.g., using [Korean character omitted] instead of [Korean character omitted] when the preceding noun ends with a consonant). In the second condition, incorrect case markers in terms of syntactic category were used, creating a semantic mismatch between preview and target. Results include a small but significant parafovea-on-fovea effect on the preceding fixation, combined with a large effect on late measures of target word reading when a syntactically incorrect preview was presented. These results indicate that skilled Korean readers are quite sensitive to high-level linguistic information available in the parafovea.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Knoeferle2012,

title = {Can speaker gaze modulate syntactic structuring and thematic role assignment during spoken sentence comprehension?},

author = {Pia Knoeferle and Helene Kreysa},

doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00538},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},

volume = {3},

pages = {538},

abstract = {During comprehension, a listener can rapidly follow a frontally seated speaker's gaze to an object before its mention, a behavior which can shorten latencies in speeded sentence verification. However, the robustness of gaze-following, its interaction with core comprehension processes such as syntactic structuring, and the persistence of its effects are unclear. In two "visual-world" eye-tracking experiments participants watched a video of a speaker, seated at an angle, describing transitive (non-depicted) actions between two of three Second Life characters on a computer screen. Sentences were in German and had either subject(NP1)-verb-object(NP2) or object(NP1)-verb-subject(NP2) structure; the speaker either shifted gaze to the NP2 character or was obscured. Several seconds later, participants verified either the sentence referents or their role relations. When participants had seen the speaker's gaze shift, they anticipated the NP2 character before its mention and earlier than when the speaker was obscured. This effect was more pronounced for SVO than OVS sentences in both tasks. Interactions of speaker gaze and sentence structure were more pervasive in role-relations verification: participants verified the role relations faster for SVO than OVS sentences, and faster when they had seen the speaker shift gaze than when the speaker was obscured. When sentence and template role-relations matched, gaze-following even eliminated the SVO-OVS response-time differences. Thus, gaze-following is robust even when the speaker is seated at an angle to the listener; it varies depending on the syntactic structure and thematic role relations conveyed by a sentence; and its effects can extend to delayed post-sentence comprehension processes. These results suggest that speaker gaze effects contribute pervasively to visual attention and comprehension processes and should thus be accommodated by accounts of situated language comprehension.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kruegel2012,

title = {Fixation positions after skipping saccades: A single space makes a large difference},

author = {André Krügel and Françoise Vitu and Ralf Engbert},

doi = {10.3758/s13414-012-0365-1},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics},

volume = {74},

number = {8},

pages = {1556–1561},

abstract = {During reading, saccadic eye movements are generated to shift words into the center of the visual field for lexical processing. Recently, Krügel and Engbert (Vision Research 50:1532-1539, 2010) demonstrated that within-word fixation positions are largely shifted to the left after skipped words. However, explanations of the origin of this effect cannot be drawn from normal reading data alone. Here we show that the large effect of skipped words on the distribution of within-word fixation positions is primarily based on rather subtle differences in the low-level visual information acquired before saccades. Using arrangements of "x" letter strings, we reproduced the effect of skipped character strings in a highly controlled single-saccade task. Our results demonstrate that the effect of skipped words in reading is the signature of a general visuomotor phenomenon. Moreover, our findings extend beyond the scope of the widely accepted range-error model, which posits that within-word fixation positions in reading depend solely on the distances of target words. We expect that our results will provide critical boundary conditions for the development of visuomotor models of saccade planning during reading.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lamers2012,

title = {Tracking referents in discourse},

author = {Monique Lamers and Wilbert Spooren},

doi = {10.1075/dujal.1.1.06lam},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Dutch Journal of Applied Linguistics},

volume = {1},

number = {1},

pages = {59–79},

abstract = {<p>This reading study registered eye movements to investigate the influence of different discourse constructional factors on anaphor resolution in written discourse. More specifically, the study focused on the influence of the possible interplay of proximity between a possible referent and the anaphor and amount of elaboration on the time course of the different processes involved in anaphor resolution. Results at the anaphoric expression and the area immediately following the anaphoric expression reveal an effect of elaboration, but only in total reading times and second pass reading times. No effects were found at the reinstated referent. These results indicate that the difference in saliency between two possible referents almost directly influences anaphor resolution. We discuss these findings in relation to the time course of different processes in anaphor resolution such as bonding and resolution, in combination with a reading strategy that readers are satisfied with a superficial interpretation.</p>},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lewis2012,

title = {Prereading questions and online text comprehension},

author = {Mark Rose Lewis and Michael C. Mensink},

doi = {10.1080/0163853X.2012.662801},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Discourse Processes},

volume = {49},

number = {5},

pages = {367–390},

abstract = {Prereading questions can be an effective tool for directing students' learning. However, it is not always clear what the online effects of a set of prereading questions will be. In two experiments, this study investigated whether readers direct additional attention to and learn more from sentences that are potentially relevant to a set of prereading questions. Eye-tracking data indicated that participants directed additional attention (as indicated by first-pass reinspection and lookback duration) to sentences that were potentially relevant to the prereading questions they had received. Participants also learned more information from these sentences (as indicated by free recall rates). Judgment data suggested that the featural similarity (both lexical and semantic) of a sentence to a prereading question can be a strong indicator that a sentence will be deemed potentially relevant by readers. Results are discussed with respect to an account of instructional effects in which featural similarity drives early attentional allocation through memory-based processes.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Li2012,

title = {Dividing lines at the word boundary position helps reading in Chinese},

author = {Xingshan Li and Wenchan Zhao and Alexander Pollatsek},

doi = {10.3758/s13423-012-0270-6},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Psychonomic Bulletin & Review},

volume = {19},

number = {5},

pages = {929–934},

abstract = {Unlike in English, the Chinese printing and writing systems usually do not respect a word boundary when they split lines; thus, characters belonging to a word can be on two different lines. In this study, we examined whether dividing a word across two lines interferes with Chinese reading and found that reading times were shorter when characters belonging to a word were on a single line rather than on adjacent lines. Eye movement data indicated that gaze durations in a region around the word boundary were longer and fixations were closer to the beginnings and ends of the lines when words were split across lines. These results suggest that words are processed as a whole in Chinese reading, so that word boundaries should be respected when deciding how to split lines in the Chinese writing system. They also suggest that the length of return sweeps in reading can be cognitively guided.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lowder2012,

title = {The pistol that injured the cowboy: Difficulty with inanimate subject-verb integration is reduced by structural separation},

author = {Matthew W. Lowder and Peter C. Gordon},

doi = {10.1016/j.jml.2012.03.006},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},

volume = {66},

number = {4},

pages = {819–832},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {Previous work has suggested that the difficulty normally associated with processing an object-extracted relative clause (ORC) compared to a subject-extracted relative clause (SRC) is increased when the head noun phrase (NP1) is animate and the embedded noun phrase (NP2) is inanimate, compared to the reverse animacy configuration. Two eye-tracking experiments were conducted to determine whether the apparent effects of NP animacy on the ORC-SRC asymmetry reflect distinct processes of interpretation that operate at NP2 and NP1. Experiment 1 revealed a localized difficulty interpreting the embedded action verb when the preceding NP2 was inanimate as compared to animate, but this difficulty in subject-verb integration did not extend to the broader region of words in the RC and matrix verb where difficulty was observed in processing ORCs as compared to SRCs. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the difficulty associated with integrating an inanimate NP with an action verb is reduced when the two appear in separate clauses, as in the case of an SRC.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Marelli2012,

title = {Frequency effects in the processing of Italian nominal compounds: Modulation of headedness and semantic transparency},

author = {Marco Marelli and Claudio Luzzatti},

doi = {10.1016/j.jml.2012.01.003},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},

volume = {66},

number = {4},

pages = {644–664},

abstract = {There is a general debate as to whether constituent representations are accessed in compound processing. The present study addresses this issue, exploiting the properties of Italian compounds to test the role of headedness and semantic transparency in constituent access. In a first experiment, a lexical decision task was run on nominal compounds. Significant interactions between constituent-frequencies, headedness and semantic transparency emerged, indicating facilitatory frequency effects for transparent and head-final compounds, thus highlighting the importance of the semantic and structural properties of the compounds in lexical access. In a second experiment, converging evidence was sought in an eye-tracking study. The compounds were embedded into sentence contexts, and fixation durations were measured. The results did in fact confirm the effect observed in the first experiment. The results are consistent with a multi-route model of compound processing, but also indicate the importance of a semantic route dedicated to the conceptual combination of constituent meanings.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Masserang2012,

title = {Transposed letter effects in prefixed words: Implications for morphological decomposition},

author = {Kathleen M. Masserang and Alexander Pollatsek},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Cognitive Psychology},

volume = {24},

number = {4},

pages = {476–495},

abstract = {Acrucial issue in word encoding is whether morphemes are involved in early stages. One paradigm that tests for this employs the transposed letter (TL) effect the difference in the times to process a word (misfile) when it is preceded by a transposed letter (TL) prime (mifsile) and when it is preceded by a substitute letter (SL) prime (mintile) and examines whether the TL effect is smaller when the two adjacent letters cross a morpheme boundary. The evidence from prior studies is not consistent. Experiments 1 and 2 employed a parafoveal preview paradigm in which the transposed letters either crossed the prefix-stem boundary or did not, and found a clear TL effect regardless of whether the two letters crossed the morpheme boundary. Experiment 3 replicated this finding employing a masked priming lexical-decision paradigm. It thus appears that morphemes are not involved in early processes in English that are sensitive to letter order. There is some evidence for morphemicmodulation of the TL effect in other languages; thus, the properties of the language may modulate when morphemes influence early letter position encoding.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Mathot2012,

title = {It's all about the transient: Intra-saccadic onset stimuli do not capture attention},

author = {Sebastiaan Mathôt and Jan Theeuwes},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Eye Movement Research},

volume = {5},

number = {2},

pages = {1–12},

abstract = {An abrupt onset stimulus was presented while the participants' eyes were in motion. Because of saccadic suppression, participants did not perceive the visual transient that normally accompanies the sudden appearance of a stimulus. In contrast to the typical finding that the presentation of an abrupt onset captures attention and interferes with the parti cipants' responses, we found that an intra-saccadic abrupt onset does not capture attention: It has no effect beyond that of increasing the set-size of the search array by one item. This finding favours the local transient account of attentional capture over the novel object hypothesis.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{McQueen2012,

title = {Changing only the probability that spoken words will be distorted changes how they are recognized},

author = {James M. McQueen and Falk Huettig},

doi = {10.1121/1.3664087},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},

volume = {131},

number = {1},

pages = {509–517},

abstract = {An eye-tracking experiment examined contextual flexibility in speech processing in response to distortions in spoken input. Dutch participants heard Dutch sentences containing critical words and saw four-picture displays. The name of one picture either had the same onset phonemes as the critical word or had a different first phoneme and rhymed. Participants fixated on onset-overlap more than rhyme-overlap pictures, but this tendency varied with speech quality. Relative to a baseline with noise-free sentences, participants looked less at onset-overlap and more at rhyme-overlap pictures when phonemes in the sentences (but not in the critical words) were replaced by noises like those heard on a badly tuned AM radio. The position of the noises (word-initial or word-medial) had no effect. Noises elsewhere in the sentences apparently made evidence about the critical word less reliable: Listeners became less confident of having heard the onset-overlap name but also less sure of having not heard the rhyme-overlap name. The same acoustic information has different effects on spoken-word recognition as the probability of distortion changes. © 2012 Acoustical Society of America.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Meyer2012,

title = {Effects of speech rate and practice on the allocation of visual attention in multiple object naming},

author = {Antje S. Meyer and Linda Wheeldon and Femke Meulen and Agnieszka E. Konopka},

doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00039},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},

volume = {3},

pages = {39},

abstract = {Earlier studies had shown that speakers naming several objects typically look at each object until they have retrieved the phonological form of its name and therefore look longer at objects with long names than at objects with shorter names. We examined whether this tight eye-to-speech coordination was maintained at different speech rates and after increasing amounts of practice. Participants named the same set of objects with monosyllabic or disyllabic names on up to 20 successive trials. In Experiment 1, they spoke as fast as they could, whereas in Experiment 2 they had to maintain a fixed moderate or faster speech rate. In both experiments, the durations of the gazes to the objects decreased with increasing speech rate, indicating that at higher speech rates, the speakers spent less time planning the object names. The eye-speech lag (the time interval between the shift of gaze away from an object and the onset of its name) was independent of the speech rate but became shorter with increasing practice. Consistent word length effects on the durations of the gazes to the objects and the eye-speech lags were only found in Experiment 2. The results indicate that shifts of eye gaze are often linked to the completion of phonological encoding, but that speakers can deviate from this default coordination of eye gaze and speech, for instance when the descriptive task is easy and they aim to speak fast.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Mirman2012,

title = {Damage to temporo-parietal cortex decreases incidental activation of thematic relations during spoken word comprehension},

author = {Daniel Mirman and Kristen M. Graziano},

doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.04.024},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Neuropsychologia},

volume = {50},

number = {8},

pages = {1990–1997},

publisher = {Elsevier},

abstract = {Both taxonomic and thematic semantic relations have been studied extensively in behavioral studies and there is an emerging consensus that the anterior temporal lobe plays a particularly important role in the representation and processing of taxonomic relations, but the neural basis of thematic semantics is less clear. We used eye tracking to examine incidental activation of taxonomic and thematic relations during spoken word comprehension in participants with aphasia. Three groups of participants were tested: neurologically intact control participants (N=14), individuals with aphasia resulting from lesions in left hemisphere BA 39 and surrounding temporo-parietal cortex regions (N=7), and individuals with the same degree of aphasia severity and semantic impairment and anterior left hemisphere lesions (primarily inferior frontal gyrus and anterior temporal lobe) that spared BA 39 (N=6). The posterior lesion group showed reduced and delayed activation of thematic relations, but not taxonomic relations. In contrast, the anterior lesion group exhibited longer-lasting activation of taxonomic relations and did not differ from control participants in terms of activation of thematic relations. These results suggest that taxonomic and thematic semantic knowledge are functionally and neuroanatomically distinct, with the temporo-parietal cortex playing a particularly important role in thematic semantics.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Myachykov2012,

title = {Determinants of structural choice in visually situated sentence production},

author = {Andriy Myachykov and Simon Garrod and Christoph Scheepers},

doi = {10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.09.006},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Acta Psychologica},

volume = {141},

number = {3},

pages = {304–315},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Three experiments investigated how perceptual, structural, and lexical cues affect structural choices during English transitive sentence production. Participants described transitive events under combinations of visual cueing of attention (toward either agent or patient) and structural priming with and without semantic match between the notional verb in the prime and the target event. Speakers had a stronger preference for passive-voice sentences (1) when their attention was directed to the patient, (2) upon reading a passive-voice prime, and (3) when the verb in the prime matched the target event. The verb-match effect was the by-product of an interaction between visual cueing and verb match: the increase in the proportion of passive-voice responses with matching verbs was limited to the agent-cued condition. Persistence of visual cueing effects in the presence of both structural and lexical cues suggests a strong coupling between referent-directed visual attention and Subject assignment in a spoken sentence.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Myachykov2012a,

title = {Referential and visual cues to structural choice in visually situated sentence production},

author = {Andriy Myachykov and Dominic Thompson and Simon Garrod and Christoph Scheepers},

doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00396},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},

volume = {2},

pages = {396},

abstract = {We investigated how conceptually informative (referent preview) and conceptually uninformative (pointer to referent's location) visual cues affect structural choice during production of English transitive sentences. Cueing the Agent or the Patient prior to presenting the target-event reliably predicted the likelihood of selecting this referent as the sentential Subject, triggering, correspondingly, the choice between active and passive voice. Importantly, there was no difference in the magnitude of the general Cueing effect between the informative and uninformative cueing conditions, suggesting that attentionally driven structural selection relies on a direct automatic mapping mechanism from attentional focus to the Subject's position in a sentence. This mechanism is, therefore, independent of accessing conceptual, and possibly lexical, information about the cued referent provided by referent preview.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Nakamura2012,

title = {Immediate use of prosody and context in predicting a syntactic structure},

author = {Chie Nakamura and Manabu Arai and Reiko Mazuka},

doi = {10.1016/j.cognition.2012.07.016},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Cognition},

volume = {125},

number = {2},

pages = {317–323},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Numerous studies have reported an effect of prosodic information on parsing but whether prosody can impact even the initial parsing decision is still not evident. In a visual world eye-tracking experiment, we investigated the influence of contrastive intonation and visual context on processing temporarily ambiguous relative clause sentences in Japanese. Our results showed that listeners used the prosodic cue to make a structural prediction before hearing disambiguating information. Importantly, the effect was limited to cases where the visual scene provided an appropriate context for the prosodic cue, thus eliminating the explanation that listeners have simply associated marked prosodic information with a less frequent structure. Furthermore, the influence of the prosodic information was also evident following disambiguating information, in a way that reflected the initial analysis. The current study demonstrates that prosody, when provided with an appropriate context, influences the initial syntactic analysis and also the subsequent cost at disambiguating information. The results also provide first evidence for pre-head structural prediction driven by prosodic and contextual information with a head-final construction.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Paterson2012,

title = {Eye movements reveal effects of visual content on eye guidance and lexical access during reading},

author = {Kevin B. Paterson and Victoria A. McGowan and Timothy R. Jordan},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0041766},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {7},

number = {8},

pages = {e41766},

abstract = {Background: Normal reading requires eye guidance and activation of lexical representations so that words in text can be identified accurately. However, little is known about how the visual content of text supports eye guidance and lexical activation, and thereby enables normal reading to take place. Methods and Findings: To investigate this issue, we investigated eye movement performance when reading sentences displayed as normal and when the spatial frequency content of text was filtered to contain just one of 5 types of visual content: very coarse, coarse, medium, fine, and very fine. The effect of each type of visual content specifically on lexical activation was assessed using a target word of either high or low lexical frequency embedded in each sentence Results: No type of visual content produced normal eye movement performance but eye movement performance was closest to normal for medium and fine visual content. However, effects of lexical frequency emerged early in the eye movement record for coarse, medium, fine, and very fine visual content, and were observed in total reading times for target words for all types of visual content. Conclusion: These findings suggest that while the orchestration of multiple scales of visual content is required for normal eye-guidance during reading, a broad range of visual content can activate processes of word identification independently. Implications for understanding the role of visual content in reading are discussed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Paulmann2012,

title = {How emotional prosody guides your way: Evidence from eye movements},

author = {Silke Paulmann and Debra Titone and Marc D. Pell},

doi = {10.1016/j.specom.2011.07.004},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Speech Communication},

volume = {54},

number = {1},

pages = {92–107},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {This study investigated cross-modal effects of emotional voice tone (prosody) on face processing during instructed visual search. Specifically, we evaluated whether emotional prosodic cues in speech have a rapid, mandatory influence on eye movements to an emotionally-related face, and whether these effects persist as semantic information unfolds. Participants viewed an array of six emotional faces while listening to instructions spoken in an emotionally congruent or incongruent prosody (e.g.; "Click on the happy face" spoken in a happy or angry voice). The duration and frequency of eye fixations were analyzed when only prosodic cues were emotionally meaningful (pre-emotional label window: "Click on the/..."), and after emotional semantic information was available (post-emotional label window: ".../happy face"). In the pre-emotional label window, results showed that participants made immediate use of emotional prosody, as reflected in significantly longer frequent fixations to emotionally congruent versus incongruent faces. However, when explicit semantic information in the instructions became available (post-emotional label window), the influence of prosody on measures of eye gaze was relatively minimal. Our data show that emotional prosody has a rapid impact on gaze behavior during social information processing, but that prosodic meanings can be overridden by semantic cues when linguistic information is task relevant.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Payne2012,

title = {Aging, parafoveal preview, and semantic integration in sentence processing: Testing the cognitive workload of wrap-up},

author = {Brennan R. Payne and Elizabeth A. L. Stine-Morrow},

doi = {10.1037/a0026540},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Psychology and Aging},

volume = {27},

number = {3},

pages = {638–649},

abstract = {The current study investigated the degree to which semantic-integration processes (“wrap-up”) during sentence understanding demand attentional resources by examining the effects of clause and sentence wrap-up on the parafoveal preview benefit (PPB) in younger and older adults. The PPB is defined as facilitation in processing word N + 1, based on information extracted while the eyes are fixated on word N, and is known to be reduced by processing difficulty at word N. Participants read passages in which word N occurred in a sentence-internal, clause-final, or sentence-final position, and a gaze-contingent boundary-change paradigm was used to manipulate the information available in parafoveal vision for word N + 1. Wrap-up effects were found on word N for both younger and older adults. Early-pass measures (first-fixation duration and single-fixation duration) of the PPB on word N + 1 were reduced by clause wrap-up and sentence wrap-up on word N, with similar effects for younger and older adults. However, for intermediate (gaze duration) and later-pass measures (regression-path duration, and selective regression-path duration), sentence wrap-up (but not clause wrap-up) on word N differentially reduced the PPB of word N + 1 for older adults. These findings suggest that wrap-up is demanding and may be less efficient with advancing age, resulting in a greater cognitive processing load for older readers.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}