EyeLink眼动仪在临床和眼运动出版物中的应用

@article{Baumann2025,

title = {Perisaccadic perceptual mislocalization strength depends on the visual appearance of saccade targets},

author = {Matthias P. Baumann and Anna F. Denninger and Ziad M. Hafed},

doi = {10.1152/jn.00368.2024},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},

volume = {133},

pages = {85–100},

abstract = {We normally perceive a stable visual environment despite eye movements. To achieve such stability, visual processing integrates information across a given saccade, and laboratory hallmarks of such integration are robustly observed by presenting brief perisaccadic visual probes. In one classic phenomenon, probe locations are grossly mislocalized. This mislocalization is believed to depend, at least in part, on corollary discharge associated with saccade-related neuronal movement commands. However, we recently found that superior colliculus motor bursts, a known source of corollary discharge, can be different for different image appearances of the saccade target. Therefore, here we investigated whether perisaccadic mislocalization also depends on saccade target appearance. We asked human participants to generate saccades to either low (0.5 cycles/°) or high (5 cycles/°) spatial frequency gratings. We always placed a high-contrast target spot at grating center, to ensure matched saccades across image types. We presented a single, brief perisaccadic probe, which was high in contrast to avoid saccadic suppression, and the subjects pointed (via mouse cursor) at the seen probe location. We observed stronger perisaccadic mislocalization for low-spatial frequency saccade targets and for upper visual field probe locations. This was despite matched saccade metrics and kinematics across conditions, and it was also despite matched probe visibility for the different saccade target images (low vs. high spatial frequency). Assuming that perisaccadic visual mislocalization depends on corollary discharge, our results suggest that such discharge might relay more than just spatial saccade vectors to the visual system; saccade target visual features can also be transmitted.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Brief visual probes are grossly mislocalized when presented in the temporal vicinity of saccades. Although the mechanisms of such mislocalization are still under investigation, one component of them could derive from corollary discharge signals associated with saccade movement commands. Here, we were motivated by the observation that superior colliculus movement bursts, one source of corollary discharge, vary with saccade target image appearance. If so, then perisaccadic mislocalization should also do so, which we confirmed.},

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@article{Chen2025a,

title = {Microsaccade behavior associated with inhibitory control in athletes in the antisaccade task},

author = {Jui‐Tai T. Chen and Yi Hsuan Chang and Cesar Barquero and Moeka Mong Jia Teo and Nai Wen Kan and Chin An Wang},

doi = {10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102818},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Psychology of Sport and Exercise},

volume = {78},

pages = {1–13},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {The ability to achieve a state of readiness before upcoming tasks, known as a preparatory set, is critical for athletic performance. Here, we investigated these preparatory processes associated with inhibitory control using the anti-saccade paradigm, in which participants are instructed, prior to target appearance, either to automatically look at the target (pro-saccade) or to suppress this automatic response and intentionally look in the opposite direction (anti-saccade). We focused on microsaccadic eye movements that happen before saccade responses in either pro- or anti-saccade tasks, as these microsaccades reflect ongoing preparatory processes during saccade planning before execution. We hypothesized that athletes, compared to non-athletes, would demonstrate better preparation, given research generally indicating higher inhibitory control in athletes. Our findings showed that microsaccade rates decreased before target appearance, with lower rates observed during anti-saccade preparation compared to pro-saccade preparation. However, microsaccade rates and metrics did not differ significantly between athletes and non-athletes. Moreover, reduced microsaccade rates were associated with improved task performance in non-athletes, leading to higher accuracy and faster saccade reaction times (SRTs) in trials without microsaccades. For athletes, only SRTs were affected by microsaccade occurrence. Moreover, the modulation of microsaccadic inhibition on accuracy was more pronounced in non-athletes compared to athletes. In conclusion, while microsaccade responses were modulated by task preparation, differences between athletes and non-athletes were non-significant. These findings, for the first time, highlight the potential of using microsaccades as an online objective index to study preparatory sets in sports science research.},

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@article{Dore2025,

title = {Latency and amplitude of catch-up saccades to accelerating targets},

author = {Sydney Doré and Jonathan Coutinho and Aarlenne Z. Khan and Philippe Lefèvre and Gunnar Blohm},

doi = {10.1152/jn.00123.2024},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},

volume = {133},

number = {1},

pages = {3–13},

abstract = {To track moving targets, humans move their eyes using both saccades and smooth pursuit. If pursuit eye movements fail to accurately track the moving target, catch-up saccades are initiated to rectify the tracking error. It is well known that retinal position and velocity errors determine saccade latency and amplitude, but the extent to which retinal acceleration error influences these aspects is not well quantified. To test this, 13 adult human participants performed an experiment where they pursued accelerating/decelerating targets. During the ongoing pursuit, we introduced a randomly sized target step to evoke a catch-up saccade and analyzed its latency and amplitude. We observed that retinal acceleration error (computed over a 200 ms range centered 100 ms before the saccade) was a statistically significant predictor of saccade amplitude and latency. A multiple linear regression supported our hypothesis that retinal acceleration errors influence saccade amplitude in addition to the influence of retinal position and velocity errors. We also found that saccade latencies were shorter when retinal acceleration error increased the tracking error and vice versa. In summary, our findings support a model in which retinal acceleration error is used to compute a predicted position error ̴100 ms into the future to trigger saccades and determine saccade amplitude.},

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@article{Forbes2025,

title = {Oculomotor function in children and adolescents with autism, ADHD or co-occurring autism and ADHD},

author = {Elana J. Forbes and Jeggan Tiego and Joshua Langmead and Kathryn E. Unruh and Matthew W. Mosconi and Amy Finlay and Kathryn Kallady and Lydia Maclachlan and Mia Moses and Kai Cappel and Rachael Knott and Tracey Chau and Vishnu Priya Mohanakumar Sindhu and Alessio Bellato and Madeleine J. Groom and Rebecca Kerestes and Mark A. Bellgrove and Beth P. Johnson},

doi = {10.1007/s10803-024-06718-3},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders},

pages = {1–17},

publisher = {Springer US},

abstract = {Oculomotor characteristics, including accuracy, timing, and sensorimotor processing, are considered sensitive intermediate phenotypes for understanding the etiology of neurodevelopmental conditions, such as autism and ADHD. Oculomotor characteristics have predominantly been studied separately in autism and ADHD. Despite the high rates of co-occurrence between these conditions, only one study has investigated oculomotor processes among those with co-occurring autism + ADHD. Four hundred and five (n = 405; 226 males) Australian children and adolescents aged 4 to 18 years (M = 9.64 years; SD = 3.20 years) with ADHD (n = 64), autism (n = 66), autism + ADHD (n = 146), or neurotypical individuals (n = 129) were compared across four different oculomotor tasks: visually guided saccade, anti-saccade, sinusoidal pursuit and step-ramp pursuit. Confirmatory analyses were conducted using separate datasets acquired from the University of Nottingham UK (n = 17 autism},

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pubstate = {published},

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}

@article{Gutzeit2025,

title = {The impact of the degree of action voluntariness on sense of agency in saccades},

author = {Julian Gutzeit and Lynn Huestegge},

doi = {10.1016/j.concog.2024.103793},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Consciousness and Cognition},

volume = {127},

pages = {1–15},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {Experiencing a sense of agency (SoA), the feeling of being in control over one's actions and their outcomes, typically requires intentional and voluntary actions. Prior research has compared the association of voluntary versus completely involuntary actions with the SoA. Here, we leveraged unique characteristics of oculomotor actions to partially manipulate the degree of action voluntariness. Participants performed either highly automatized prosaccades or highly controlled (voluntary) anti-saccades, triggering a gaze-contingent visual action effect. We assessed explicit SoA ratings and temporal action and effect binding as an implicit SoA measure. Anti-saccades were associated with stronger action binding compared to prosaccades, demonstrating a robust association between higher action voluntariness and a stronger implicit sense of action agency. We conclude that our manipulation of action voluntariness may have impacted the implicit phenomenological feeling of bodily agency, but it did not affect the SoA over effect outcomes or explicit agency perception.},

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@article{Habibi2025,

title = {Saccade, pupil, and blink abnormalities in prodromal and manifest},

author = {Maha Habibi and Brian C. Coe and Donald C. Brien and Jeff Huang and Heidi C. Riek and Frank Bremmer and Lars Timmermann and Annette Janzen and Wolfgang H. Oertel and Douglas P. Munoz},

doi = {10.1177/1877718X241308193},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Parkinson's Disease},

pages = {1–11},

abstract = {Background: Saccade, pupil, and blink control are impaired in patients with α-synucleinopathies (αSYN): Parkinson's disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Isolated REM (rapid eye movement) Sleep Behavior Disorder (iRBD) is a prodromal stage of PD and MSA and a prime candidate for investigating early oculo-pupillo-motor abnormalities that may precede or predict conversion to clinically manifest αSYN. Objective: Determine whether saccade, pupil, and blink responses in iRBD are normal or similar to those identified in PD and MSA. Methods: Video-based eye-tracking was conducted with 68 patients with iRBD, 49 with PD, 17 with MSA, and 95 healthy controls (CTRL) performing an interleaved pro-/anti-saccade task that probed sensory, motor, and cognitive processes involved in eye movement control. Results: Horizontal saccade and blink behavior was intact in iRBD, but abnormal in PD and MSA. iRBD patients, however, demonstrated reduced pupil dilation size, which closely resembled the changes found in PD and MSA. In the iRBD group, the extent of these pupillary changes appeared to correlate with the degree of hyposmia and reduction in dopamine trans- porter imaging signal. Conclusions: Pupil abnormalities were present in iRBD, but blink and horizontal saccade responses were intact. Future longitudinal studies are required to determine which prodromal pupil abnormalities predict conversion from iRBD to PD or MSA and to identify the time window, in relation to conversion, when horizontal saccade responses become abnormal.},

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pubstate = {published},

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@article{Heeman2025,

title = {Saliency response in superior colliculus at the future saccade goal predicts fixation duration during free viewing of dynamic scenes},

author = {Jessica Heeman and Brian J. White and Stefan Van der Stigchel and Jan Theeuwes and Laurent Itti and Douglas P. Munoz},

doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0428-24.2024},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},

volume = {45},

number = {3},

pages = {1–10},

abstract = {Eye movements in daily life occur in rapid succession and often without a predefined goal. Using a free viewing task, we examined how fixation duration prior to a saccade correlates to visual saliency and neuronal activity in the superior colliculus (SC) at the saccade goal. Rhesus monkeys (three male) watched videos of natural, dynamic, scenes while eye movements were tracked and, simultaneously, neurons were recorded in the superficial and intermediate layers of the superior colliculus (SCs and SCi, respectively), a midbrain structure closely associated with gaze, attention, and saliency coding. Saccades that were directed into the neuron's receptive field (RF) were extrapolated from the data. To interpret the complex visual input, saliency at the RF location was computed during the pre-saccadic fixation period using a computational saliency model. We analyzed if visual saliency and neural activity at the saccade goal predicted pre-saccadic fixation duration. We report three major findings: (1) Saliency at the saccade goal inversely correlated with fixation duration, with motion and edge information being the strongest predictors. (2) SC visual saliency responses in both SCs and SCi were inversely related to fixation duration. (3) SCs neurons, and not SCi neurons, showed higher activation for two consecutive short fixations, suggestive of concurrent saccade processing during free viewing. These results reveal a close correspondence between visual saliency, SC processing, and the timing of saccade initiation during free viewing and are discussed in relation to their implication for understanding saccade initiation during real-world gaze behavior.},

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@article{Hooge2025,

title = {Eye tracker calibration: How well can humans refixate a target?},

author = {Ignace T. C. Hooge and Roy S. Hessels and Diederick C. Niehorster and Richard Andersson and Marta K. Skrok and Robert Konklewski and Patrycjusz Stremplewski and Maciej Nowakowski and Szymon Tamborski and Anna Szkulmowska and Maciej Szkulmowski and Marcus Nyström},

doi = {10.3758/s13428-024-02564-4},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Behavior Research Methods},

volume = {57},

number = {1},

pages = {1–10},

abstract = {Irrespective of the precision, the inaccuracy of a pupil-based eye tracker is about 0.5∘. This paper delves into two factors that potentially increase the inaccuracy of the gaze signal, namely, 1) Pupil-size changes and the pupil-size artefact (PSA) and 2) the putative inability of experienced individuals to precisely refixate a visual target. Experiment 1 utilizes a traditional pupil-CR eye tracker, while Experiment 2 employs a retinal eye tracker, the FreezeEye tracker, eliminating the pupil-based estimation. Results reveal that the PSA significantly affects gaze accuracy, introducing up to 0.5∘ inaccuracies during calibration and validation. Corrections based on the relation between pupil size and apparent gaze shift substantially reduce inaccuracies, underscoring the PSA's influence on eye-tracking quality. Conversely, Experiment 2 demonstrates humans' precise refixation abilities, suggesting that the accuracy of the gaze signal is not limited by human refixation inconsistencies.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kanamota2025,

title = {Tracking eye fixations during stimulus generalization tests},

author = {Juliano Setsuo Violin Kanamota and Gerson Yukio Tomanari and William J. McIlvane},

doi = {10.1007/s40732-024-00629-6},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Psychological Record},

pages = {1–10},

publisher = {Springer International Publishing},

abstract = {In the analysis of operant behavior, there is little empirical research on the relationship between observing responses and primary stimulus generalization. This work aimed to investigate eye fixations when S+ and S- dimensions were varied on generalization tests. Ten university students participated. Their training consisted of a MULT VI 1 s EXT schedule followed by MULT VI 2 s EXT schedule. Discriminative stimuli were three Gabor line tilts. S+ and S- had 45º and 135º slopes, respectively. After participants achieved discrimination indices of 75%, generalization tests in extinction began. There were two different conditions: (1) S+ was replaced by stimuli with angles of 15ο, 30ο, 45ο, 60ο, and 75ο (five participants). (2) S- was replaced by 105ο, 120ο, 135ο,, 150º, and 165º (five participants). In both training and tests, eye tracking equipment recorded observing responses defined as visual fixations. S+ variations yielded sharp observing response gradients. However, S- variations yielded flattened, bell-shaped, and U-shaped observing response gradients. These data contribute to the limited information on human observing during tests of primary stimulus generalization. The study provides a methodology for accomplishing a more complete characterization of behavioral processes that may be operative when normally capable adults are exposed to variations in S+ and S- on generalization tasks.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

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@article{Katrychuk2025,

title = {Oculomotor plan mathematical model in Kalman filter form with peak velocity-based neural pulse for continuous gaze prediction},

author = {Dmytro Katrychuk and Dillon J. Lohr and Oleg V. Komogortsev},

doi = {10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3528104},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {IEEE Access},

volume = {13},

pages = {11544–11559},

publisher = {IEEE},

abstract = {An oculomotor plant mathematical model (OPMM) employs physical and neurological characteristics of human visual system to define its dynamics. One of its most prominent applications in modern eye-tracking pipelines was hypothesized to be latency reduction via the means of eye movement prediction. However, this use case was only explored with OPMMs originally designed for saccade simulation. Such models typically relied on the neural pulse control being estimated from intended saccade amplitude - a property that becomes fully observed only after a saccade already ended, which greatly limits the model's prediction capabilities. We present the first OPMM designed with the prediction task in mind. We draw our inspiration from a "peak velocity - amplitude" main sequence relationship and propose to use saccade's peak velocity for neural pulse estimation. We additionally extend the prior work by evaluating the proposed model on the largest to date pool of 322 subjects against the naive zero displacement baseline and a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lee2025,

title = {Disrupted microsaccade responses in late-life depression},

author = {Yao-Tung Lee and Ying-Hsuan Tai and Yi-Hsuan Chang and Cesar Barquero and Shu-Ping Chao and Chin-An Wang},

doi = {10.1038/s41598-025-86399-9},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Scientific Reports},

volume = {15},

number = {1},

pages = {1–11},

abstract = {Late-life depression (LLD) is a psychiatric disorder in older adults, characterized by high prevalence and significant mortality rates. Thus, it is imperative to develop objective and cost-effective methods for detecting LLD. Individuals with depression often exhibit disrupted levels of arousal, and microsaccades, as a type of fixational eye movement that can be measured non-invasively, are known to be modulated by arousal. This makes microsaccades a promising candidate as biomarkers for LLD. In this study, we used a high-resolution, video-based eye-tracker to examine microsaccade behavior in a visual fixation task between LLD patients and age-matched healthy controls (CTRL). Our goal was to determine whether microsaccade responses are disrupted in LLD compared to CTRL. LLD patients exhibited significantly higher microsaccade peak velocities and larger amplitudes compared to CTRL. Although microsaccade rates were lower in LLD than in CTRL, these differences were not statistically significant. Additionally, while both groups displayed microsaccadic inhibition and rebound in response to changes in background luminance, this modulation was significantly blunted in LLD patients, suggesting dysfunction in the neural circuits responsible for microsaccade generation. Together, these findings, for the first time, demonstrate significant alterations in microsaccade behavior in LLD patients compared to CTRL, highlighting the potential of these disrupted responses as behavioral biomarkers for identifying individuals at risk for LLD.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lehet2025,

title = {Altered effective connectivity within a thalamocortical corollary discharge network in individuals with schizophrenia},

author = {Matthew Lehet and Beier Yao and Ivy F. Tso and Vaibhav A. Diwadkar and Jessica Fattal and Jacqueline Bao and Katharine N. Thakkar},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},

pages = {1–14},

abstract = {Background and Hypothesis: Sequential saccade planning requires corollary discharge (CD) signals that provide information about the planned landing location of an eye movement. These CD signals may be altered among individuals with schizophrenia (SZ), providing a potential mechanism to explain passivity and anomalous self-experiences broadly. In healthy controls (HC), a key oculomotor CD network transmits CD signals from the thalamus to the frontal eye fields (FEF) and the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and also remaps signals from FEF to IPS. Study Design: Here, we modeled fMRI data using dynamic causal modeling (DCM) to examine patient-control differences in effective connectivity evoked by a double-step (DS) task (30 SZ, 29 HC). The interrogated network was formed from a combination of (1) functionally identified FEF and IPS regions that robustly responded on DS trials and (2) anatomically identified thalamic regions involved in CD transmission. We also examined the relationship between clinical symptoms and effective connectivity parameters associated with task modulation of network pathways. Study Results: Network connectivity was indeed modulated by the DS task, which involves CD transmission. More importantly, we found reduced effective connectivity from thalamus to IPS in SZ, which was further correlated with passivity symptom severity. Conclusions: These results reaffirm the importance of IPS and thalamocortical connections in oculomotor CD signaling and provide mechanistic insights into CD alterations and consequently agency disturbances in schizophrenia.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Mairon2025,

title = {The polar saccadic flow model: Re-modeling the center bias from fixations to saccades},

author = {Rotem Mairon and Ohad Ben-shahar},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Vision Research},

volume = {228},

pages = {1–12},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Research indicates that a significant component of human eye movement behavior constitutes a set of consistent biases independent of visual content, the most well-known of which is the central bias. While all prior art focuses on representing saccadic motion and biases in Cartesian retinotopic coordinates, here we propose the Polar Saccadic Flow model, a novel approach for modeling saccades' space-dependent biases in a polar representation. By breaking saccades into orientation and amplitude, the Polar Saccadic Flow model enables more accurate modeling of these components, leading also to a better understanding of the saccadic bias. Moreover, the polar representation also uncovers hitherto unknown patterns and biases in eye movement data, allowing for a more detailed and nuanced analysis of saccadic behavior. These findings have implications for the study of human visual perception, can help to develop more accurate eye movement models, and also may improve eye tracking technologies.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Meier2025,

title = {Poor fixation stability does not account for motion perception deficits in amblyopia},

author = {Kimberly Meier and Simon Warner and Miriam Spering and Deborah Giaschi},

doi = {10.1038/s41598-024-83624-9},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Scientific Reports},

volume = {15},

number = {1},

pages = {1–14},

abstract = {People with amblyopia show deficits in global motion perception, especially at slow speeds. These observers are also known to have unstable fixation when viewing stationary fixation targets, relative to healthy controls. It is possible that poor fixation stability during motion viewing interferes with the fidelity of the input to motion-sensitive neurons in visual cortex. To probe these mechanisms at a behavioral level, we assessed motion coherence thresholds in adults with amblyopia while measuring fixation stability. Consistent with prior work, participants with amblyopia had elevated coherence thresholds for the slow speed stimuli, but not the fast speed stimuli, using either the amblyopic or the fellow eye. Fixation stability was elevated in the amblyopic eye relative to controls across all motion stimuli, and not selective for conditions on which perceptual deficits were observed. Fixation stability was not related to visual acuity, nor did it predict coherence thresholds. These results suggest that motion perception deficits might not be a result of poor input to the motion processing system due to unstable fixation, but rather due to processing deficits in motion-sensitive visual areas.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Morita2025,

title = {Anticipatory smooth eye movements scale with the probability of visual motion: Role of target speed and acceleration},

author = {Vanessa Carneiro Morita and David Souto and Guillaume S. Masson and Anna Montagnini},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {25},

number = {1},

pages = {1–22},

abstract = {Sensory-motor systems are able to extract statistical regularities in dynamic environments, allowing them to generate quicker responses and anticipatory behavior oriented towards expected events. Anticipatory smooth eye movements (aSEM) have been observed in primates when the temporal and kinematic properties of a forthcoming visual moving target are fully or partially predictable. However, the precise nature of the internal model of target kinematics which drives aSEM remains largely unknown, as well as its interaction with environmental predictability. In this study we investigated whether and how the probability of target speed or acceleration is taken into account for driving aSEM. We recorded eye movements in healthy human volunteers while they tracked a small visual target with either constant, accelerating or decelerating speed, keeping the direction fixed. Across experimental blocks, we manipulated the probability of the presented target motion properties, with either 100% probability of occurrence of one kinematic condition (fully-predictable sessions), or a mixture with different proportions of two conditions (mixture sessions). We show that aSEM are robustly modulated by the target kinematic properties. With constant-velocity targets, aSEM velocity scales linearly with target velocity across the blocked sessions, and it follows overall a probability-weighted average in the mixture sessions. Predictable target acceleration/deceleration does also have an influence on aSEM, but with more variability across participants. Finally, we show that the latency and eye acceleration at the initiation of visually-guided pursuit do also scale, overall, with the probability of target motion. This scaling is consistent with Bayesian integration of sensory and predictive information. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.},

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tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Navas‑Leon2025,

title = {Exploring eye‑movement changes as digital biomarkers and endophenotypes in subclinical eating disorders: An eye tracking study},

author = {Sergio Navas‑León and Milagrosa Sánchez‑Martín and Ana Tajadura‑Jiménez and Lize De Coster and Mercedes Borda‑Mas and Luis Morales},

doi = {10.1186/s12888-025-06583-z},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {BMC Psychiatry},

volume = {133},

pages = {1–12},

publisher = {BioMed Central},

abstract = {Objective: Previous research has indicated that patients with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) exhibit specific eye movement changes, identified through eye tracking sensor technology. These changes have been proposed as potential digital biomarkers and endophenotypes for early diagnosis and preventive clinical interventions. This study aims to explore whether these eye movement changes are also present in individuals with subclinical eating disorder (ED) symptomatology compared to control participants. Method: The study recruited participants using convenience sampling and employed the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire for initial screening. The sample was subsequently divided into two groups: individuals exhibiting subclinical ED symptomatology and control participants. Both groups performed various tasks, including a fixation task, prosaccade/antisaccade task, and memory‑guided task. Alongside these tasks, anxiety and premorbid intel‑ ligence were measured as potential confounding variables. The data were analyzed through means comparison and exploratory Pearson's correlations. Results No significant differences were found between the two groups in the three eye tracking tasks. Discussion The findings suggest that the observed changes in previous research might be more related to the clinical state of the illness rather than a putative trait. Implications for the applicability of eye movement changes as early biomarkers and endophenotypes for EDs in subclinical populations are discussed. Further research is needed to validate hese findings and understand their implications for preventive diagnostics.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Nguyen2025,

title = {A video-oculography study of fixation instability in myasthenia gravis},

author = {Elle Minh Ngoc Le Nguyen and Meaghan J. Clough and Joanne Fielding and Owen B. White},

doi = {10.3389/fneur.2025.1493418},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Neurology},

volume = {16},

pages = {1–9},

abstract = {Introduction: Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease that causes extraocular muscle weakness in up to 70–85% of patients, which can impact quality of life. Current diagnostic measures are not very sensitive for ocular MG. This study aimed to compare fixation instability (inability to maintain gaze on a target) in patients with MG with control participants using video-oculography. Methods: A prospective study of 20 age-and sex-matched MG and control participants was performed using a novel protocol with the EyeLink 1000 plus ©. Bivariate contour ellipse area (BCEA) analysis, number of fixations on a target, and percentage of dwell time of fixations in the target interest area (IA) were calculated. Inter-eye (right vs. left) comparisons were performed using paired t-tests, and inter-group (MG vs. control) comparisons were performed using independent samples t-tests. Results: There were no inter-eye differences in the BCEAs between control eyes and MG eyes. However, the BCEAs were larger in both the right (RE) and left (LE) eyes of MG patients in the right (RE p = 0.029, LE p = 0.033), left (RE p = 0.006, LE p = 0.004), upward (RE p = 0.009, LE p = 0.018), and downward (RE p = 0.006, LE p = 0.006) gaze holds of the controls. The total mean sum of gaze hold fixations in all directions was greater in MG patients than in control participants (354 ± 139 vs. 249 ± 135},

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@article{Nouri2025,

title = {Microsaccade selectivity as discriminative feature for object decoding},

author = {Salar Nouri and Amirali Soltani Tehrani and Niloufar Faridani and Ramin Toosi and Jalaledin Noroozi and Mohammad Reza A. Dehaqani},

doi = {10.1016/j.isci.2024.111584},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {iScience},

volume = {28},

number = {1},

pages = {1–19},

publisher = {The Author(s)},

abstract = {Microsaccades, a form of fixational eye movements, help maintain visual stability during stationary observations. This study examines the modulation of microsaccadic rates by various stimulus categories in monkeys and humans during a passive viewing task. Stimulus sets were grouped into four primary categories: human, animal, natural, and man-made. Distinct post-stimulus microsaccade patterns were identified across these categories, enabling successful decoding of the stimulus category with accuracy and recall of up to 85%. We observed that microsaccade rates are independent of pupil size changes. Neural data showed that category classification in the inferior temporal (IT) cortex peaks earlier than changes in microsaccade rates, suggesting feedback from the IT cortex influences eye movements after stimulus discrimination. These results contribute to neurobiological models, enhance human-machine interfaces, optimize experimental visual stimuli, and deepen understanding of microsaccades' role in object decoding.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Pagan2025,

title = {Aging and word predictability during reading: Evidence from eye movements and fixation-related potentials},

author = {Ascensión Pagán and Federica Degno and Sara V. Milledge and Richard D. Kirkden and Sarah J. White and Simon P. Liversedge and Kevin B. Paterson},

doi = {10.3758/s13414-024-02981-9},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics},

pages = {1–26},

publisher = {Springer US},

abstract = {The use of context to facilitate the processing of words is recognized as a hallmark of skilled reading. This capability is also hypothesized to change with older age because of cognitive changes across the lifespan. However, research investigating this issue using eye movements or event-related potentials (ERPs) has produced conflicting findings. Specifically, whereas eye-movement studies report larger context effects for older than younger adults, ERP findings suggest that context effects are diminished or delayed for older readers. Crucially, these contrary findings may reflect methodological differences, including use of unnatural sentence displays in ERP research. To address these limitations, we used a coregistration technique to record eye movements (EMs) and fixation-related potentials (FRPs) simultaneously while 44 young adults (18–30 years) and 30 older adults (65+ years) read sentences containing a target word that was strongly or weakly predicted by prior context. Eye-movement analyses were conducted over all data (full EM dataset) and only data matching FRPs. FRPs were analysed to capture early and later components 70–900 ms following fixation-onset on target words. Both eye-movement datasets and early FRPs showed main effects of age group and context, while the full EM dataset and later FRPs revealed larger context effects for older adults. We argue that, by using coregistration methods to address limitations of earlier ERP research, our experiment provides compelling complementary evidence from eye movements and FRPs that older adults rely more on context to integrate words during reading.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Parker2025a,

title = {The saccade target is prioritized for visual stability in naturalistic scenes},

author = {Jessica L. Parker and A. Caglar Tas},

doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2025.108541},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Vision Research},

volume = {227},

pages = {1–12},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {The present study investigated the mechanisms of visual stability using naturalistic scene images. In two experiments, we asked whether the visual system relies on spatial location of the saccade target, as previously found with simple dot stimuli, or relational positions of the objects in the scene during visual stability decisions. Using a modified version of the saccadic suppression of displacement task, we manipulated the information that is displaced in the scene as well as visual stability using intrasaccadic target blanking paradigm. There were four displacement conditions: saccade target, saccade source (Experiment 2 only), whole scene, and background. We also included a no-displacement control condition where everything remained stationary. Participants reported whether they detected any movement. The results showed that spatial displacements that occur in the saccade target object were more easily detected than any other displacements in the scene. Further, disrupting visual stability with blanking only improved displacement detection for the saccade target and saccade source objects, suggesting that saccade target and saccade source objects are both consulted in the establishment of visual stability, most likely due to both receiving selective attention before saccade execution. The present study is the first to show that the visual system uses similar visual stability mechanisms for simple dot stimuli and more naturalistic stimuli.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Piras2025,

title = {The role of the peripheral target in stimulating eye movements},

author = {Alessandro Piras},

doi = {10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102744},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Psychology of Sport & Exercise},

volume = {76},

pages = {1–10},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {The present study investigated the role of top-down and bottom-up processes during a deceptive sports strategy called “no-look passes” and how microsaccades and small saccades modulate these processes. The first experiment examined the role of expertise in modulating the shift of covert attention with the bottom-up procedure. Results showed more saccades of greater amplitude and faster peak velocity in amateur than in expert groups. In the second experiment, the shift of covert attention between top-down and bottom-up conditions was investigated in a group of expert basketball players. Analysis showed that athletes make more microsaccades during the bottom-up condition; meanwhile, during the top-down condition, they were pushed to make more small saccades to decide where to send the ball. The findings suggested that the top-down process stimulates the eyes to move more concerning the bottom-up condition. It could be explained by the fact that during the top-down condition, athletes do not have an "eyehold” that stimulates their attention. During the top-down condition, athletes had to shift their attention to both sides before making the pass, resulting in their eyes being more “hesitant” concerning the situation in which they are peripherally stimulated.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Pouget2025,

title = {Cognitive and kinematic markers of ketamine effects in behaving non-human primates},

author = {Pierre Pouget and Pierre Daye and Martin Paré},

doi = {10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.177185},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {European Journal of Pharmacology},

volume = {987},

pages = {1–7},

abstract = {Ketamine is widely used to probe cognitive functions relying on the properties of methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) synaptic transmission. Numerous works have proved that cognitive performance and adjustments in the decision or perceptual domains are affected after ketamine injection in general circulation of primates. Here, we take advantage of that in the brain stem; horizontal saccade deceleration is controlled by glycine-NMDAR-gated current, while gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) current controls vertical deceleration to demonstrate that despite general circulation level manipulation of NMDAR synaptic transmission, the kinematic of the saccade appeared to be in the motor brainstem generator circuit differentially maintained. The results show that the deacceleration of the saccade elicited toward a horizontal target was substantially decreased, while the deacceleration of a vertical saccade remained largely unaffected. These results provide functional distinct markers for estimating cognitive and kinematic NMDAR-gated specificity acting in the pre-frontal cortex while maintaining specificity among the GABA circuit of drugs in general circulation.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Sangoi2025,

title = {Efferent compared to afferent neural substrates of the vergence eye movement system evoked via fMRI},

author = {Ayushi Sangoi and Farzin Hajebrahimi and Suril Gohel and Mitchell Scheiman and Tara L. Alvarez},

doi = {10.3389/fnins.2024.1497326},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Neuroscience},

volume = {18},

pages = {1–13},

abstract = {Introduction: The vergence neural system was stimulated to dissect the afferent and efferent components of symmetrical vergence eye movement step responses. The hypothesis tested was whether the afferent regions of interest would differ from the efferent regions to serve as comparative data for future clinical patient population studies. Methods: Thirty binocularly normal participants participated in an oculomotor symmetrical vergence step block task within a functional MRI experiment compared to a similar sensory task where the participants did not elicit vergence eye movements. Results: For the oculomotor vergence task, functional activation was observed within the parietal eye field, supplemental eye field, frontal eye field, and cerebellar vermis, and activation in these regions was significantly diminished during the sensory task. Differences between the afferent sensory and efferent oculomotor experiments were also observed within the visual cortex. Discussion: Differences between the vergence oculomotor and sensory tasks provide a protocol to delineate the afferent and efferent portion of the vergence neural circuit. Implications with clinical populations and future therapeutic intervention studies are discussed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Schroth2025,

title = {Eye movements follow the dynamic shifts of attention through serial order in verbal working memory},

author = {Marie Schroth and Wim Fias and Muhammet Ikbal Sahan},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Scientific Reports},

volume = {15},

number = {1},

pages = {1–11},

abstract = {How are arbitrary sequences of verbal information retained and manipulated in working memory? Increasing evidence suggests that serial order in verbal WM is spatially coded and that spatial attention is involved in access and retrieval. Based on the idea that brain areas controlling spatial attention are also involved in oculomotor control, we used eye tracking to reveal how the spatial structure of serial order information is accessed in verbal working memory. In two experiments, participants memorized a sequence of auditory words in the correct order. While their eye movements were being measured, they named the memorized items in a self-determined order in Experiment 1 and in a cued order in Experiment 2. We tested the hypothesis that serial order in verbal working memory interacts with the spatial attention system whereby gaze patterns in visual space closely follow attentional shifts in the internal space of working memory. In both experiments, we found that the gaze shifts in visual space correlated with the spatial shifts of attention along the left-to-right one-dimensional mapping of serial order positions in verbal WM. These findings suggest that spatial attention is employed for dynamically searching through verbal WM and that eye movements reflect the spontaneous association of order and space even in the absence of visuospatial input.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Terravecchia2025,

title = {Different patterns of acute saccadic response to levodopa in de novo Parkinson's disease},

author = {Claudio Terravecchia and Giovanni Mostile and Clara Grazia Chisari and Federico Contrafatto and Andrea Salerno and Giulia Donzuso and Calogero Edoardo Cicero and Giorgia Sciacca and Alessandra Nicoletti and Mario Zappia},

doi = {10.1007/s00415-024-12802-6},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Neurology},

volume = {272},

number = {1},

pages = {1–10},

publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},

abstract = {Background: L-dopa (LD) effects on visually guided saccades (VGS) have been poorly investigated in de novo Parkinson's disease (PD) patients through a standardized acute challenge test. Objectives: To assess the acute saccadic effects of LD as well as possible different patterns of VGS response to LD in a consistent population of de novo PD. Methods: VGS were assessed among de novo PD at baseline and 2 h after the administration of LD/carbidopa 250/25 mg. Baseline instrumental assessments were compared with healthy controls (HCs). Results: Thirty-two de novo PD and 17 HCs were enrolled. PD patients showed lower upward velocities and amplitude than HCs, improving after LD administration. Two subgroups were identified among PD patients based on percent improvement or worsening of the most significant changing VGS parameter after LD administration: Group A (19 patients, showing improvement) and B (13 patients, showing worsening). Group A had at baseline reduced vertical, especially downward, velocities, gain and amplitude compared to Group B, with a significant improvement after LD. Conversely, in Group B, an LD-induced worsening effect on both horizontal and vertical VGS parameters was found. Comparing the two identified groups based on clinical–demographic characteristics, higher prevalence of female sex was found in Group B. Conclusions: De novo PD patients presented prominent vertical VGS impairment which improved acutely after LD administration. Different patterns of acute saccadic responses to LD were also shown, suggesting a possible role of VGS in PD phenotyping.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Tosato2025,

title = {Performance modulations phase-locked to action depend on internal state},

author = {Tommaso Tosato and Guillaume Dumas and Gustavo Rohenkohl and Pascal Fries},

doi = {10.1016/j.isci.2024.111691},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {iScience},

volume = {28},

number = {1},

pages = {1–13},

publisher = {The Author(s)},

abstract = {Previous studies have shown that perceptual performance can be modulated at specific frequencies phase-locked to self-paced motor actions, but findings have been inconsistent. To investigate this effect at the population level, we tested 50 participants who performed a self-paced button press followed by a threshold-level detection task, using both fixed- and random-effects analyses. Contrary to expectations, the aggregated data showed no significant action-related modulation. However, when accounting for internal states, we found that trials during periods of low performance or following a missed detection exhibited significant modulation at approximately 17 Hz. Additionally, participants with no false alarms showed similar modulation. These effects were significant in random effects tests, suggesting that they generalize to the population. Our findings indicate that action-related perceptual modulations are not always detectable but may emerge under specific internal conditions, such as lower attentional engagement or higher decision criteria, particularly in the beta-frequency range.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Vasilev2025,

title = {Unexpected sounds induce a rapid inhibition of eye-movement responses},

author = {Martin R. Vasilev and Zeynep Ozkan and Julie A. Kirkby and Antje Nuthmann and Fabrice B. R. Parmentier},

doi = {10.1111/psyp.14728},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Psychophysiology},

volume = {62},

pages = {1–19},

abstract = {Abstract Unexpected sounds have been shown to trigger a global and transient inhibition of motor responses. Recent evidence suggests that eye movements may also be inhibited in a similar way, but it is not clear how quickly unexpected sounds can affect eye-movement responses. Additionally, little is known about whether they affect only voluntary saccades or also reflexive saccades. In this study, participants performed a pro-saccade and an anti- saccade task while the timing of sounds relative to stimulus onset was manipulated. Pro-saccades are generally reflexive and stimulus-driven, whereas anti- saccades require the generation of a voluntary saccade in the opposite direction of a peripheral stimulus. Unexpected novel sounds inhibited the execution of both pro- and anti-saccades compared to standard sounds, but the inhibition was stronger for anti-saccades. Novel sounds affected response latencies as early as 150 ms before the peripheral cue to make a saccade, all the way to 25 ms after the cue to make a saccade. Interestingly, unexpected sounds also reduced anti-saccade task errors, indicating that they aided inhibitory control. Overall, these results suggest that unexpected sounds yield a global and rapid inhibition of eye-movement responses. This inhibition also helps suppress reflexive eye-movement responses in favor of more voluntarily generated},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wang2025,

title = {Aperiodic pupil fluctuations at rest predict orienting of visual attention},

author = {Rongwei Wang and Jianrong Jia},

doi = {10.1111/psyp.14755},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Psychophysiology},

volume = {62},

number = {1},

pages = {1–10},

abstract = {The aperiodic exponent of the power spectrum of signals in several neuroimaging modalities has been found to be related to the excitation/inhibition balance of the neural system. Leveraging the rich temporal dynamics of resting-state pupil fluctuations, the present study investigated the association between the aperiodic exponent of pupil fluctuations and the neural excitation/inhibition balance in attentional processing. In separate phases, we recorded participants' pupil size during resting state and assessed their attentional orienting using the Posner cueing tasks with different cue validities (i.e., 100% and 50%). We found significant correlations between the aperiodic exponent of resting pupil fluctuations and both the microsaccadic and behavioral cueing effects. Critically, this relationship was particularly evident in the 50% cue-validity condition rather than in the 100% cue-validity condition. The microsaccadic responses mediated the association between the aperiodic exponent and the behavioral response. Further analysis showed that the aperiodic exponent of pupil fluctuations predicted the self-rated hyperactivity/impulsivity trait across individuals, suggesting its potential as a marker of attentional deficits. These findings highlight the rich information contained in pupil fluctuations and provide a new approach to assessing the neural excitation/inhibition balance in attentional processing.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Yan2025b,

title = {Metrics of two-dimensional smooth pursuit are diverse across participants and stable across days},

author = {Yao Yan and Yilin Wu and Hoi Ming Ken Yip Nicholas and Nicholas Seow Chiang Price},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {25},

number = {2},

pages = {1–18},

abstract = {Smooth pursuit eye movements are used to volitionally track moving objects, keeping their image near the fovea. Pursuit gain, the ratio of eye to stimulus speed, is used to quantify tracking accuracy and is usually close to 1 for healthy observers. Although previous studies have shown directional asymmetries such as horizontal gain exceeding vertical gain, the temporal stability of these biases and the correlation between oculomotor metrics for tracking in different directions and speeds have not been investigated. Here, in testing sessions 4 to 10 days apart, 45 human observers tracked targets moving along two-dimensional trajectories. Horizontal, vertical, and radial pursuit gain had high test–retest reliability (mean intraclass correlation 0.84). The frequency of all saccades and anticipatory saccades during pursuit also had high test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients = 0.66 and 0.73, respectively). In addition, gain metrics showed strong intermetric correlation, and saccade metrics separately showed strong intercorrelation; however, gain and saccade metrics showed only weak intercorrelation. These correlations are likely to originate from a mixture of sensory, motor, and integrative mechanisms. The test–retest reliability of multiple distinct pursuit metrics represents a “pursuit identity” for individuals, but we argue against this ultimately contributing to an oculomotor biomarker.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Yang2025,

title = {The aiming advantages in experienced first-person shooter gamers: Evidence from eye movement patterns},

author = {Liu Yang and Wenmao Zhang and Peitao Li and Hongjie Tang and Shuying Chen and Xinhong Jin},

doi = {10.1016/j.chb.2025.108573},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Computers in Human Behavior},

volume = {165},

pages = {1–12},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {The esports industry is expanding rapidly, with First-Person Shooter (FPS) games gaining unprecedented popularity, attracting millions of players and viewers worldwide. Proficiency in aiming is crucial in FPS games, serving as a critical factor for performance and victory. The present study explores the aiming advantages of experienced FPS players by analyzing their eye movement patterns under varying spatial and temporal conditions. Utilizing eye-tracking technology, data were collected from 63 participants, including 28 experienced FPS players and 35 non-FPS players. Task performance and eye movement indices such as accuracy, execution time, fixation count, and saccade count were analyzed. Results indicated that experienced FPS players exhibit faster execution times and more efficient eye movement patterns. Specifically, they more frequently exhibited the 0-fixation-1-saccade pattern, characterized by a single saccade without fixation, while showing fewer patterns requiring multiple corrective adjustments. This enhanced efficiency in visual search and eye-hand coordination likely contributes to their superior performance. Moreover, the study found that target distance and appearance latency significantly affect task performance and eye movement behavior. Greater distances and higher temporal uncertainty negatively impact performance, while spatiotemporal interactions are most influential near the fovea. These findings highlight the critical role of efficient eye movement patterns in enhancing aiming performance and suggest that FPS players could benefit from targeted eye-hand coordination training.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Zhang2025c,

title = {Dynamics of S-cone contributions to the initiation of saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements},

author = {Yuan Zhang and Giulia Agosti and Shuchen Guan and Doris I. Braun and Karl R. Gegenfurtner},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Journal of the Optical Society of America A},

volume = {42},

number = {5},

pages = {256–265},

abstract = {We investigated the interplaybetween luminance and heterochromatic brightness in guidingoculomotor behavior, particularly in saccades and smooth pursuit eye movements. We were particularly interested in testing whether mechanisms for eye target selection incorporate contributions from S-cones. Luminance, typically measured using the CIE's luminous efficiency function V(λ), has limitations in representing the perceived brightness of hetero- chromatic stimuli, especiallywith bluish and yellowish lights. S-cones do not contribute significantly to luminance but do influence brightness perception. To examine the S-cone contributions to oculomotor behavior, we mea- sured the target choices ofsaccades and smooth pursuit between equi-luminant bluish and yellowish stimuli, with paradigms producing a wide range of latencies. Our results show that at shorter latencies, luminance primarily drives both eye movements, with equi-luminant bluish and yellowish stimuli being chosen equally often.However, as latency increases, participants tend to choose bluish stimuli more frequently, suggesting that heterochromatic brightness plays a major role in longer-latency eye movements. This indicates that S-cone input may influence target selection as latency increases, highlighting a dynamic interaction between luminance and brightness in oculomotor decisions.We were particularly interested in investigating whether the mechanism responsible for eye movement target selection incorporates S-cone activity.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Cersosimo2025,

title = {Novel metaphor processing in dyslexia: A visual world eye-tracking study},

author = {Rita Cersosimo and Paul E. Engelhardt and Leigh Fernandez and Filippo Domaneschi},

doi = {10.1080/0163853X.2024.2445904},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Discourse Processes},

pages = {1–21},

publisher = {Routledge},

abstract = {Metaphor comprehension has been investigated in neurodevelopmental disorders, but studies devoted to adults with dyslexia are few and present inconsistent results. The present study sought to investigate how adults with dyslexia process novel metaphors. Individual differences in vocabulary, working memory, and Theory of Mind were also assessed. An online metaphor comprehension task based on the Visual World Paradigm was carried out with eye-tracking. Metaphors and corresponding literal sentences were aurally presented in isolation, and participants were asked to select a picture that best corresponded to the sentence they heard. Our results indicated that participants with dyslexia chose metaphor interpretations at a similar rate as did the control group. However, online processing data indicated generally slower response times, with a particular delay in processing metaphorical utterances. Eye movement analyses provided further insights into the underlying nature of the processing slowdowns, highlighting specific challenges encountered by individuals with dyslexia when interpreting figurative language.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Cholewa2025,

title = {Predictive use of grammatical gender during noun phrase decoding: An eye-tracking study with German children with developmental language disorder},

author = {Jürgen Cholewa and Annika Kirschenkern and Frederike Steinke and Thomas Günther},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research},

pages = {1–19},

abstract = {Purpose: Predictive language comprehension has become a major topic in psycholinguistic research. The study described in this article aims to investigate if German children with developmental language disorder (DLD) use grammatical gender agreement to predict the continuation of noun phrases in the same way as it has been observed for typically developing (TD) children. The study also seeks to differentiate between specific and general deficits in predictive processing by exploring the anticipatory use of semantic information. Additionally, the research examines whether the processing of gender and semantic information varies with the speed of stimulus presentation. Method: The study included 30 children with DLD (average age = 8.7 years) and 26 TD children (average age = 8.4 years) who participated in a visual-world eye- tracking study. Noun phrases, consisting of an article, an adjective, and a noun, were presented that matched with only one of two target pictures. The phrases contained a gender cue, a semantic cue, a combination of both, or none of these cues. The cues were provided by the article and/or adjective and could be used to identify the target picture before the noun itself was presented. Results: Both groups, TD children and those with DLD, utilized predictive processing strategies in response to gender agreement and semantic information when decoding noun phrases. However, children with DLD were only able to consider gender cues when noun phrases were presented at a slower speech rate, and even then, their predictive certainty remained below the typical level for their age. Conclusion: Based on these findings, the article discusses the potential relevance of the prediction framework for explaining comprehension deficits in chil- dren with DLD, as well as the clinical implications of the results.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Hur2025,

title = {Adolescent social anxiety is associated with diminished discrimination of anticipated threat and safety in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis},

author = {Juyoen Hur and Rachael M. Tillman and Hyung Cho Kim3 and Paige Didier and Allegra S. Anderson and Samiha Islam and Melissa D. Stockbridge and Andres De Los Reyes and Kathryn A. DeYoung and Jason F. Smith and Alexander J. Shackman},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science},

volume = {134},

number = {1},

pages = {41–56},

abstract = {Social anxiety-which typically emerges in adolescence-lies on a continuum and, when extreme, can be devastating. Socially anxious individuals are prone to heightened fear, anxiety, and the avoidance of contexts associated with potential social scrutiny. Yet most neuroimaging research has focused on acute social threat. Much less attention has been devoted to understanding the neural systems recruited during the uncertain anticipation of potential encounters with social threat. Here we used a novel fMRI paradigm to probe the neural circuitry engaged during the anticipation and acute presentation of threatening faces and voices in a racially diverse sample of 66 adolescents selectively recruited to encompass a range of social anxiety and enriched for clinically significant levels of distress and impairment. Results demonstrated that adolescents with more severe social anxiety symptoms experience heightened distress when anticipating encounters with social threat, and reduced discrimination of uncertain social threat and safety in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST), a key division of the central extended amygdala (EAc). Although the EAc-including the BST and central nucleus of the amygdala-was robustly engaged by the acute presentation of threatening faces and voices, the degree of EAc engagement was unrelated to the severity of social anxiety. Together, these observations provide a neurobiologically grounded framework for conceptualizing adolescent social anxiety and set the stage for the kinds of prospective-longitudinal and mechanistic research that will be necessary to determine causation and, ultimately, to develop improved interventions for this often-debilitating illness.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Jurkiewicz2025,

title = {Attentional modulation of peripheral pointing hypometria in healthy participants: An insight into optic ataxia?},

author = {Tristan Jurkiewicz and Audrey Vialatte and Yaffa Yeshurun and Laure Pisella},

doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2025.109084},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Neuropsychologia},

volume = {208},

pages = {1–12},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Damage to the superior parietal lobule and intraparietal sulcus (SPL-IPS) causes optic ataxia (OA), characterized by pathological gaze-centered hypometric pointing to targets in the affected peripheral visual field. The SPL-IPS is also involved in covert attention. Here, we investigated the possible link between attention and action. This study investigated the effect of attention on pointing performance in healthy participants and two OA patients. In invalid trials, targets appeared unpredictably across different visual fields and eccentricities. Valid trials involved cued targets at specific locations. The first experiment used a central cue with 75% validity, the second used a peripheral cue with 50% validity. The effect of attention on pointing variability (noise) or time was expected as a confirmation of cueing efficiency. Critically, if OA reflects an attentional deficit, then healthy participants, in the invalid condition (without attention), were expected to produce the gaze-centered hypometric pointing bias characteristic of OA. Results: revealed main effects of validity on pointing biases in all participants with central predictive cueing, but not with peripheral low predictive cueing. This suggests that the typical underestimation of visual eccentricity in OA (visual field effect) at least partially results from impaired endogenous attention orientation toward the affected visual field.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Knippenberg2025,

title = {Negative auditory hallucinations are associated with increased activation of the defensive motivational system in schizophrenia},

author = {Anna R. Knippenberg and Sabrina Yavari and Gregory P. Strauss},

doi = {10.1016/j.scog.2024.100334},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Schizophrenia Research: Cognition},

volume = {39},

pages = {1–6},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {Auditory hallucinations (AH) are the most common symptom of psychosis. The voices people hear make comments that are benign or even encouraging, but most often voices are threatening and derogatory. Negative AH are often highly distressing and contribute to suicide risk and violent behavior. Biological mechanisms underlying the valence of voices (i.e., positive, negative, neutral) are not well delineated. In the current study, we examined whether AH voice valence was associated with increased activation of the Defensive Motivational System, as indexed by central and autonomic system response to unpleasant stimuli. Data were evaluated from two studies that used a common symptom rating instrument, the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scale (PSY-RATS), to measure AH valence. Participants included outpatients diagnosed with SZ. Tasks included: Study 1: Trier Social Stress Task while heart rate was recorded via electrocardiography (N = 27); Study 2: Passive Viewing Task while participants were exposed to pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral images from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) library while eye movements, pupil dilation, and electroencephalography were recorded (N = 25). Results indicated that negative voice content was significantly associated with: 1) increased heart rate during an acute social stressor, 2) increased pupil dilation to unpleasant images, 3) higher neural reactivity to unpleasant images, and 4) a greater likelihood of having bottom-up attention drawn to unpleasant stimuli. Findings suggest that negative AH are associated with greater Defensive Motivational System activation in terms of central and autonomic nervous system response.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Li2025,

title = {Eye-tracking based visual search training in social anxiety: Effects on attentional bias, attentional control, gaze behavior, and anxious responses to a speech task},

author = {Ting Xun Li and Chi Wen Liang},

doi = {10.1007/s10608-024-10522-9},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Cognitive Therapy and Research},

volume = {49},

pages = {62–74},

abstract = {Background: Attentional bias modification (ABM) is a computerized treatment for anxiety. Most ABMs using a dot-probe task aim to direct anxious individuals' attention away from threats. Recently, a new ABM approach using a visual search task (i.e., ABM-positive-search) has been developed to facilitate the allocation of attention toward positive stimuli. This study examined the efficacies of two versions of ABM-positive-search in socially anxious individuals. Methods: Eighty-six participants were randomly assigned to the search positive in threat (SP-T; n = 28), search positive in neutral (SP-N; n = 29), or control training (CT) (n = 29) group. All participants completed four training sessions within two weeks. Attentional bias, attentional control, self-report social anxiety, and anxiety responses (i.e., subjective anxiety, psychophysiological reactivity, and gaze behavior) to the speech task were assessed pre-training and post-training. Results: Results showed that ABM-positive-search trainings facilitated disengagement from threats compared to CT. Regardless of group, participants exhibited a reduction in attention allocation to negative feedback during speech. However, only SP-N increased attention allocation to positive feedback. Participants in three groups showed a decrease in subjective anxiety but no changes in psychophysiological reactivity to speech challenge from pre-training to post-training. ABM-positive-search trainings had no beneficial effects on attentional control or self-report social anxiety when compared with CT. Conclusions: The findings do not support the efficacy of ABM-positive-search trainings for social anxiety.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lugtmeijer2025,

title = {Visual feature processing in a large stroke cohort: Evidence against modular organization},

author = {Selma Lugtmeijer and Aleksandra M. Sobolewska and The Visual Brain Group and Edward H. F. Haan and H. Steven Scholte},

doi = {10.1093/brain/awaf009},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Brain},

pages = {1–11},

publisher = {Oxford University Press},

abstract = {Mid-level visual processing represents a crucial stage between basic sensory input and higher-level object recognition. The conventional model posits that fundamental visual qualities, such as colour and motion, are processed in specialized, retinotopic brain regions (e.g. V4 for colour, MT/V5 for motion). Using atlas-based lesion–symptom mapping and disconnectome maps in a cohort of 307 ischaemic stroke patients, we examined the neuroanatomical correlates underlying the processing of eight mid-level visual qualities.Contrary to the predictions of the standard model, our results did not reveal consistent relationships between processing impairments and damage to traditionally associated brain regions. Although we validated our methodology by confirming the established relationship between visual field defects and damage to primary visual areas (V1, V2 and V3), we found no reliable evidence linking processing deficits to specific regions in the posterior brain.These findings challenge the traditional modular view of visual processing and suggest that mid-level visual processing might be more distributed across neural networks than previously thought. This supports alternative models where visual maps represent constellations of co-occurring information rather than specific qualities.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Rahimi2025,

title = {Sub-symptom threshold aerobic exercise improves executive function during the early stage of sport-related concussion recovery},

author = {Alma Rahimi and Azar Ayaz and Chloe Edgar and Gianna Jeyarajan and Darryl Putzer and Michael Robinson and Matthew Heath and Alma Rahimi and Azar Ayaz and Chloe Edgar and Gianna Jeyarajan and Darryl Putzer and Michael Robinson and Matthew Heath and Feb Sub-symptom},

doi = {10.1080/02640414.2025.2453337},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Sports Sciences},

pages = {1–14},

publisher = {Routledge},

abstract = {We examined whether persons with a sport-related concussion (SRC) derive a postexercise executive function (EF) benefit, and whether a putative benefit is related to an exercise-mediated increase in cerebral blood flow (CBF). Participants with an SRC completed the Buffalo Concussion Bike Test to determine the heart rate threshold (HRt) associated with symptom exacerbation and/or voluntary exhaustion. On a separate day, SRC participants – and healthy controls (HC group) – completed 20-min of aerobic exercise at 80% HRt while middle cerebral artery velocity (MCAv) was measured to estimate CBF. The antisaccade task (i.e. saccade mirror-symmetrical to target) was completed pre- and postexercise to evaluate EF. SRC and HC groups showed a comparable exercise-mediated increase in CBF (ps < .001), and both groups elicited a postexercise EF benefit (ps < .001); however, the benefit was unrelated to the magnitude of the MCAv change. Moreover, SRC symptomology was not increased when assessed immediately postexercise and showed a 24 h follow-up benefit. Accordingly, persons with an SRC demonstrated an EF benefit following a single bout of sub-symptom threshold aerobic exercise. Moreover, the exercise intervention did not result in symptom exacerbation and thus demonstrates that a tailored aerobic exercise program may support cognitive and symptom recovery following an SRC.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Rubinstein2025,

title = {Oculomotor challenges in macular degeneration impact motion extrapolation},

author = {Jason F. Rubinstein and Noelia Gabriela Alcalde and Adrien Chopin and Preeti Verghese},

doi = {10.1167/jov.25.1.17},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {25},

number = {1},

pages = {1–19},

abstract = {Macular degeneration (MD), which affects the central visual field including the fovea, has a profound impact on acuity and oculomotor control.We used a motion extrapolation task to investigate the contribution of various factors that potentially impact motion estimation, including the transient disappearance of the target into the scotoma, increased position uncertainty associated with eccentric target positions, and increased oculomotor noise due to the use of a non-foveal locus for fixation and for eye movements. Observers performed a perceptual baseball task where they judged whether the target would intersect or miss a rectangular region (the plate). The target was extinguished before reaching the plate and participants were instructed either to fixate a marker or smoothly track the target before making the judgment.We tested nine eyes of six participants with MD and four control observers with simulated scotomata that matched those of individual participants with MD. Both groups used their habitual oculomotor locus—eccentric preferred retinal locus (PRL) for MD and fovea for controls. In the fixation condition, motion extrapolation was less accurate for controls with simulated scotomata than without, indicating that occlusion by the scotoma impacted the task. In both the fixation and pursuit conditions, MD participants with eccentric preferred retinal loci typically had worse motion extrapolation than controls with a matched artificial scotoma and foveal preferred retinal loci. Statistical analysis revealed occlusion and target eccentricity significantly impacted motion extrapolation in the pursuit condition, indicating that these factors make it challenging to estimate and track the path of a moving target in MD.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Shackman2025,

title = {Blunted ventral striatal reactivity to social reward is associated with more severe motivation and pleasure deficits in psychosis},

author = {Alexander J. Shackman and Jason F. Smith and Ryan D. Orth and Christina L. G Savage and Paige R. Didier and Julie M. Mccarthy and Melanie E. Bennett and Jack J. Blanchard},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},

pages = {1–36},

abstract = {Background and Hypothesis: Among individuals living with psychotic disorders, social impairment is common, debilitating, and challenging to treat. While the roots of this impairment are undoubtedly complex, converging lines of evidence suggest that social motivation and pleasure (MAP) deficits play a central role. Yet most neuroimaging studies have focused on monetary rewards, precluding deci- sive inferences. Study Design: Here we leveraged parallel social and monetary incentive delay functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigms to test whether blunted reactivity to social incentives in the ventral striatum—a key component of the distributed neural circuit mediating appetitive motivation and hedonic pleasure—is associated with more severe MAP symptoms in a transdiagnostic adult sample enriched for psychosis. To maximize ecological validity and translational relevance, we capitalized on naturalistic audiovisual clips of an established social partner expressing positive feedback. Study Results: Although both paradigms robustly engaged the ventral striatum, only reactivity to social incentives was associated with clinician-rated MAP deficits. This association remained significant when controlling for other symptoms, binary diagnostic status, or striatal reactivity to monetary incentives. Follow-up analyses suggested that this association predominantly reflects diminished activation during the presentation of social reward. Conclusions: These observations provide a neurobiologically grounded framework for conceptualizing the social-anhedonia symptoms and social impairments that characterize many individuals living with psychotic disorders and underscore the need to develop targeted intervention strategies.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Stroman2025,

title = {Evidence of a persistent altered neural state in people with fibromyalgia syndrome during functional MRI studies and its relationship with pain and anxiety},

author = {Patrick W. Stroman and Roland Staud and Caroline F. Pukall},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0316672},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {20},

number = {1},

pages = {1–25},

abstract = {Altered neural signaling in fibromyalgia syndrome (FM) was investigated with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We employed a novel fMRI network analysis method, Structural and Physiological Modeling (SAPM), which provides more detailed information than previous methods. The study involved brain fMRI data from participants with FM (N = 22) and a control group (HC},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Suveg2025,

title = {The relationship between spatial release from masking and listening effort among cochlear implant users with single-sided deafness},

author = {Lukas Suveg and Tanvi Thakkar and Emily Burg and Shelly P. Godar and Daniel Lee and Ruth Y. Litovsky},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Ear & Hearing},

pages = {1–16},

abstract = {Objectives: To examine speech intelligibility and listening effort in a group of patients with single-sided deafness (SSD) who received a cochlear implant (CI). There is limited knowledge on how effectively SSD-CI users can integrate electric and acoustic inputs to obtain spatial hearing benefits that are important for navigating everyday noisy environments. The present study examined speech intelligibility in quiet and noise simultaneously with measuring listening effort using pupillometry in individuals with SSD before, and 1 year after, CI activation. The study was designed to examine whether spatial separation between target and interfering speech leads to improved speech understanding (spatial release from masking [SRM]), and is associated with a decreased effort (spatial release from listening effort [SRE]) measured with pupil dilation (PPD). Design: Eight listeners with adult-onset SSD participated in two visits: (1) pre-CI and (2) post-CI (1 year after activation). Target speech consisted of Electrical and Electronics Engineers sentences and masker speech consisted of AzBio sentences. Outcomes were measured in three target-masker configurations with the target fixed at 0° azimuth: (1) quiet, (2) co-located target/maskers, and (3) spatially separated (±90° azimuth) target/maskers. Listening effort was quantified as change in peak proportional PPD on the task relative to baseline dilation. Participants were tested in three listening modes: acoustic-only, CI-only, and SSD-CI (both ears). At visit 1, the acoustic-only mode was tested in all three target-masker configurations. At visit 2, the acoustic-only and CI-only modes were tested in quiet, and the SSD-CI listening mode was tested in all three target-masker configurations. Results: Speech intelligibility scores in quiet were at the ceiling for the acoustic-only mode at both visits, and in the SSD-CI listening mode at visit 2. In quiet, at visit 2, speech intelligibility scores were significantly worse in the CI-only listening modes than in all other listening modes. Comparing SSD-CI listening at visit 2 with pre-CI acoustic-only listening at visit 1, speech intelligibility scores for co-located and spatially separated configurations showed a trend toward improvement (higher scores) that was not significant. However, speech intelligibility was significantly higher in the separated compared with the co-located configuration in acoustic-only and SSD-CI listening modes, indicating SRM. PPD evoked by speech presented in quiet was significantly higher with CI-only listening at visit 2 compared with acoustic-only listening at visit 1. However, there were no significant differences between co-located and spatially separated configurations on PPD, likely due to the variability among this small group of participants. There was a negative correlation between SRM and SRE, indicating that improved speech intelligibility with spatial separation of target and masker is associated with a greater decrease in listening effort on those conditions. Conclusions: The small group of patients with SSD-CI in the present study demonstrated improved speech intelligibility from spatial separation of target and masking speech, but PPD measures did not reveal the effects of spatial separation on listening effort. However, there was an association between the improvement in speech intelligibility (SRM) and the reduction in listening effort (SRE) from spatial separation of target and masking speech.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{TorresSanchez2025,

title = {VNS-induced dose-dependent pupillary response in refractory epilepsy},

author = {Andrés Torres Sánchez and Marie Dawant and Venethia Danthine and Inci Cakiroglu and Roberto Santalucia and Enrique Ignacio Germany Morrison and Antoine Nonclercq and Riëm El Tahry},

doi = {10.1016/j.clinph.2025.01.006},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Clinical Neurophysiology},

volume = {171},

pages = {67–75},

abstract = {Purpose: The Locus Coeruleus (LC) plays a vital role by releasing norepinephrine, which contributes to the antiepileptic effects of Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS). LC activity also influences pupil dilation. Investigating VNS dose-dependent Pupillary Dilation Response (PDR) may provide novel neurophysiological insights into therapeutic response and allow for an objective and personalized optimization of stimulation parameters. Methods: Fourteen VNS-implanted patients (9 responders, 5 non-responders) treated for at least 6 months were retrospectively recruited. VNS intensities were adjusted from 0.25 mA to 2.25 mA, or to the highest tolerable level. Concurrently, we tracked pupil size in the left eye and gathered patients' subjective perception scores. Individual curve fitting was used to explore the relationship between VNS intensity and PDR. Results: PDR increased with stimulation intensity, particularly in responders. In 6 patients, an inverted U-shaped relationship between intensity and PDR was observed 2–3 s after stimulation onset. A significant interaction was found between VNS intensity and responder status, independent of subjective perception. Conclusions: VNS induces a dose-dependent PDR, which differs between responders and non-responders. In nearly half the patients, the dose–response relationship was characterized by an inverted U-shape with a maximal VNS effect. Significance: We propose VNS-induced PDR as a novel biomarker of VNS response.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Tulimieri2025,

title = {Impairments in proprioceptively-referenced limb and eye movements in chronic stroke},

author = {Duncan T. Tulimieri and Amelia Decarie and Tarkeshwar Singh and Jennifer A. Semrau},

doi = {10.1177/15459683241289123},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair},

volume = {39},

number = {1},

pages = {47 –57},

abstract = {Background: Upper limb proprioceptive impairments are common after stroke and affect daily function. Recent work has shown that stroke survivors have difficulty using visual information to improve proprioception. It is unclear how eye movements are impacted to guide action of the arm after stroke. Here, we aimed to understand how upper limb proprioceptive impairments impact eye movements in individuals with stroke. Methods: Control (N = 20) and stroke participants (N = 20) performed a proprioceptive matching task with upper limb and eye movements. A KINARM exoskeleton with eye tracking was used to assess limb and eye kinematics. The upper limb was passively moved by the robot and participants matched the location with either an arm or eye movement. Accuracy was measured as the difference between passive robot movement location and active limb matching (Hand-End Point Error) or active eye movement matching (Eye-End Point Error). Results: We found that individuals with stroke had significantly larger Hand (2.1×) and Eye-End Point (1.5×) Errors compared to controls. Further, we found that proprioceptive errors of the hand and eye were highly correlated in stroke participants (r =.67},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wall2025,

title = {Preserved but un-sustained responses to bids for dyadic engagement in school-age children with Autism},

author = {Carla A. Wall and Caitlin Hudac and Kelsey Dommer and Beibin Li and Adham Atyabi and Claire Foster and Quan Wang and Erin Barney and Yeojin Amy Ahn and Minah Kim and Monique Mahony and Raphael Bernier and Pamela Ventola and Frederick Shic},

doi = {10.1007/s10803-024-06691-x},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders},

pages = {1–9},

abstract = {Purpose: Dynamic eye-tracking paradigms are an engaging and increasingly used method to study social attention in autism. While prior research has focused primarily on younger populations, there is a need for developmentally appropriate tasks for older children. Methods: This study introduces a novel eye-tracking task designed to assess school-aged children's attention to speakers involved in conversation. We focused on a primary outcome of attention to speakers' faces during conversation between three actors and during emulated bids for dyadic engagement (dyadic bids). Results: In a sample of 161 children (78 autistic, 83 neurotypical), children displayed significantly lower overall attention to faces compared to their neurotypical peers (p <.0001). Contrary to expectations, both groups demonstrated preserved attentional responses to dyadic bids, with no significant group differences. However, a divergence was observed following the dyadic bid: neurotypical children showed more attention to other conversational agents' faces than autistic children (p =.017). Exploratory analyses in the autism group showed that reduced attention to faces was associated with greater autism features during most experimental conditions. Conclusion: These findings highlight key differences in how autistic and neurotypical children engage with social cues, particularly in dynamic and interactive contexts. The preserved response to dyadic bids in autism, alongside the absence of post-bid attentional shifts, suggests nuanced and context-dependent social attention mechanisms that should be considered in future research and intervention strategies.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wall2025a,

title = {Similar gap-overlap profiles in children with fragile x syndrome and IQ-matched autism},

author = {Carla A. Wall and Frederick Shic and Elizabeth A. Will and Quan Wang and Jane E. Roberts},

doi = {10.1007/s10803-024-06245-1},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders},

volume = {55},

pages = {891–903},

abstract = {Purpose: Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a single-gene disorder characterized by moderate to severe cognitive impairment and a high association with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Atypical visual attention is a feature of FXS, ASD, and ADHD. Thus, studying early attentional patterns in young children with FXS can offer insight into early emerging neurocognitive processes underlying challenges and contribute to our understanding of common and unique features of ASD and ADHD in FXS. Methods: The present study examined visual attention indexed by the gap-overlap paradigm in children with FXS (n = 39) compared to children with ASD matched on intellectual ability and age (n = 40) and age-matched neurotypical controls (n = 34). The relationship between gap-overlap performance and intellectual ability, ASD, and ADHD across groups was characterized. Saccadic reaction times (RT) were collected across baseline, gap, and overlap conditions. Results: Results indicate no group differences in RT for any conditions. However, RT of the ASD and NT groups became slower throughout the experiment whereas RT of the FXS group did not change, suggesting difficulties in habituation for the FXS group. There was no relationship between RT and intellectual ability, ADHD, or ASD symptoms in the FXS and ASD groups. In the NT group, slower RT was related to elevated ADHD symptoms only. Conclusion: Taken together, findings suggest that the social attention differences documented in FXS and ASD may be due to other cognitive factors, such as reward or motivation, rather than oculomotor control of visual attention.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wang2025a,

title = {Skip-AttSeqNet: Leveraging skip connection and attention-driven Seq2seq model to enhance eye movement event detection in Parkinson's disease},

author = {Xin Wang and Lizhou Fan and Haiyun Li and Xiaochan Bi and Wenjing Jiang and Xin Ma},

doi = {10.1016/j.bspc.2024.106862},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Biomedical Signal Processing and Control},

volume = {99},

pages = {1–17},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {To address the limitations of traditional algorithms in detecting eye movement events, particularly in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, this study introduces Skip-AttSeqNet. It presents an innovative approach combining skip-connected, one-dimensional convolutional neural networks with an attention-enhanced, bidirectional long short-term memory network. This hybrid architecture significantly advances smooth pursuit (SP) event detection, as evidenced by its performance on both the GazeCom dataset and a unique dataset of PD patient eye movements. Key innovations in this work include the utilization of skip connections and attention mechanisms, along with optimized training–validation set division, collectively enhancing the model's accuracy while mitigating overfitting. Skip-AttSeqNet outperforms existing algorithms, achieving a 3.2% higher sample-level F1 score and a notable 6.2% increase in event-level F1 scores for SP detection. Furthermore, we established a smooth-pursuit experimental paradigm and identified significant differences in saccade and SP features between PD patients and healthy older adults through statistical analysis using the Mann–Whitney test. These findings underscore the potential of eye movement metrics as biomarkers for PD, thereby not only strengthening PD diagnosis but also enriching the intersection of computer vision and biomedical research domains.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Zhu2025,

title = {Transformer-based fusion model for mild depression recognition with EEG and pupil area signals},

author = {Jing Zhu and Yuanlong Li and Changlin Yang and Hanshu Cai and Xiaowei Li and Bin Hu},

doi = {10.1007/s11517-024-03269-8},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Medical and Biological Engineering & Computing},

pages = {1–17},

publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},

abstract = {Early detection and treatment are crucial for the prevention and treatment of depression; compared with major depression, current researches pay less attention to mild depression. Meanwhile, analysis of multimodal biosignals such as EEG, eye movement data, and magnetic resonance imaging provides reliable technical means for the quantitative analysis of depression. However, how to effectively capture relevant and complementary information between multimodal data so as to achieve efficient and accurate depression recognition remains a challenge. This paper proposes a novel Transformer-based fusion model using EEG and pupil area signals for mild depression recognition. We first introduce CSP into the Transformer to construct single-modal models of EEG and pupil data and then utilize attention bottleneck to construct a mid-fusion model to facilitate information exchange between the two modalities; this strategy enables the model to learn the most relevant and complementary information for each modality and only share the necessary information, which improves the model accuracy while reducing the computational cost. Experimental results show that the accuracy of the EEG and pupil area signals of single-modal models we constructed is 89.75% and 84.17%, the precision is 92.04% and 95.21%, the recall is 89.5% and 71%, the specificity is 90% and 97.33%, the F1 score is 89.41% and 78.44%, respectively, and the accuracy of mid-fusion model can reach 93.25%. Our study demonstrates that the Transformer model can learn the long-term time-dependent relationship between EEG and pupil area signals, providing an idea for designing a reliable multimodal fusion model for mild depression recognition based on EEG and pupil area signals.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Amly2024,

title = {Modeling saccade reaction time in marmosets: The contribution of earlier visual response and variable inhibition},

author = {Wajd Amly and Chih-Yang Chen and Tadashi Isa},

doi = {10.3389/fnsys.2024.1478019},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience},

volume = {18},

pages = {1–12},

abstract = {Marmosets are expected to serve as a valuable model for studying the primate visuomotor system due to their similar oculomotor behaviors to humans and macaques. Despite these similarities, differences exist; challenges in training marmosets on tasks requiring suppression of unwanted saccades, having consistently shorter, yet more variable saccade reaction times (SRT) compared to humans and macaques. This study investigates whether the short and variable SRT in marmosets is related to differences in visual signal transduction and variability in inhibitory control. We refined a computational SRT model, adjusting parameters to better capture the marmoset SRT distribution in a gap saccade task. Our findings indicate that visual information processing is faster in marmosets, and that saccadic inhibition is more variable compared to other species.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{AuYeung2024,

title = {The effects of pramipexole on motivational vigour during a saccade task: A placebo-controlled study in healthy adults},

author = {Sheena K. Au-Yeung and Don Chamith Halahakoon and Alexander Kaltenboeck and Philip Cowen and Michael Browning and Sanjay G. Manohar},

doi = {10.1007/s00213-024-06567-z},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Psychopharmacology},

volume = {241},

number = {7},

pages = {1365–1375},

abstract = {Motivation allows us to energise actions when we expect reward and is reduced in depression. This effect, termed motivational vigour, has been proposed to rely on central dopamine, with dopaminergic agents showing promise in the treatment of depression. This suggests that dopaminergic agents might act to reduce depression by increasing the effects of reward or by helping energise actions. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether the dopamine agonist pramipexole enhanced motivational vigour during a rewarded saccade task. In addition, we asked whether the effects of pramipexole on vigour differ between reward contingent on performance and guaranteed reward. Healthy adult participants were randomised to receive either pramipexole (n = 19) or placebo (controls n = 18) for 18 days. The vigour of saccades was measured twice, once before the administration of study medication (Time 1) and after taking it for 12–15 days (Time 2). To separate motivation by contingency vs. reward, saccadic vigour was separately measured when (1) rewards were contingent on performance (2) delivered randomly with matched frequency, (3) when reward was guaranteed, (4) when reward was not present at all. Motivation increased response vigour, as expected. Relative to placebo, pramipexole also increased response vigour. However, there was no interaction, meaning that the effects of reward were not modulated by drug, and there was no differential drug effect on contingent vs. guaranteed rewards. The effect of pramipexole on vigour could not be explained by a speed/accuracy trade-off, nor by autonomic arousal as indexed by pupillary dilation. Chronic D2 stimulation increases general vigour, energising movements in healthy adults irrespective of extrinsic reward.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Azadi2024,

title = {Hypometria of saccadic eye movements to targets in rapid circular motion},

author = {Reza Azadi and Alex O. Holcombe and Jay A. Edelman},

doi = {10.1167/JOV.24.1.2},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {24},

number = {1},

pages = {1–19},

abstract = {Saccades to objects moving on a straight trajectory take the velocity of the object into account. However, it is not known whether saccades can compensate for curved trajectories, nor is it known how they are affected by high target speeds. In Experiment 1, participants made a saccade in a delayed saccade task to a target moving in a circular trajectory. Surprisingly, saccades to high-speed moving targets were severely hypometric, with gains of only 55% for trajectories of the largest angular speed (2 revolutions per second) and eccentricity (12°). They also had unusually low peak velocities. In Experiment 2, the target jumped along a circular path around a central fixation point. Hypometria was still severe, except for very large jumps. Experiment 3 was like Experiment 1, except that a landmark was positioned on the trajectory of the target, and participants were instructed to make a saccade to the landmark or to its memorized location. This ameliorated hypometria considerably. Given the delayed nature of the tasks of Experiments 1 and 2, participants had considerable time to program a voluntary saccade to a location on the trajectory, if not to the rapidly moving target itself. Nevertheless, the abnormal saccade properties indicate that motor programming was compromised. These results indicate that motor output can be inextricably bound to sensory input to its detriment, even during a highly voluntary motor act; that apparent motion can produce this behavior; and that such abnormal saccades can be “rescued” by the presence of a stable visual goal.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Balestrieri2024,

title = {Alpha-band lateralization and microsaccades elicited by exogenous cues do not track attentional orienting},

author = {Elio Balestrieri and René Michel and Niko A. Busch},

doi = {10.1523/ENEURO.0076-23.2023},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {eNeuro},

volume = {11},

number = {2},

pages = {1–14},

abstract = {We explore the world by constantly shifting our focus of attention toward salient stimuli and then disengaging from them in search of new ones. The alpha rhythm (8–13 Hz) has been suggested as a pivotal neural substrate of these attentional shifts, due to its local synchronization and desynchroni-zation that suppress irrelevant cortical areas and facilitate relevant areas, a phenomenon called alpha lateralization. Whether alpha lateralization tracks the focus of attention from orienting toward a salient stimulus to disengaging from it is still an open question. We addressed it by leveraging the phenomenon of inhibition of return (IOR), consisting of an initial facilitation in response times (RTs) for stimuli appearing at an exogenously cued location, followed by a suppression of that location. Our behavioral data from human participants showed a typical IOR effect with both early facilitation and subsequent inhibition. In contrast, alpha lateralized in the cued direction after the behavioral facilitation effect and never re-lateralized compatibly with the behavioral inhibition. Furthermore, we analyzed the interaction between alpha lateralization and microsaccades: while alpha was lateralized toward the cued location, microsaccades were mostly oriented away from it. Crucially, the two phenomena showed a significant positive correlation. These results indicate that alpha lateralization reflects primarily the processing of salient stimuli, challenging the view that alpha lateralization is directly involved in exogenous atten-tional orienting per se. We discuss the relevance of the present findings for an oculomotor account of alpha lateralization as a modulator of cortical excitability in preparation of a saccade.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Baumert2024,

title = {Effects of lorazepam on saccadic eye movements – evidence from prosaccade and free viewing tasks},

author = {Philine M. Baumert and Kaja Faßbender and Maximilian W. M. Wintergerst and Jan H. Terheyden and Behrem Aslan and Tom Foulsham and Wolf Harmening and Ulrich Ettinger},

doi = {10.1007/s00213-024-06672-z},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Psychopharmacology},

volume = {242},

number = {2},

pages = {271–284},

publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},

abstract = {Rationale: Peak velocities of saccadic eye movements are reduced after benzodiazepine administration. Even though this is an established effect, past research has only examined it in horizontal prosaccade tasks. Objectives: The spectrum of saccadic eye movements, however, is much larger. Therefore, we aimed to make a first attempt at filling this research gap by testing benzodiazepine effects on saccades under different experimental task conditions. Methods: 1 mg lorazepam or placebo was administered (within-subjects, double-blind, in randomised order) to n = 30 healthy adults. Participants performed an extended version of the prosaccade task, including vertical saccade directions and different stimulus eccentricities, as well as a free viewing task. Results: Results from the prosaccade task confirmed established effects of benzodiazepines as well as saccade direction on saccadic parameters but additionally showed that the drug effect on peak velocity was independent of saccade direction. Remarkably, in the free viewing task peak velocities as well as other saccade parameters were unaffected by lorazepam. Furthermore, exploration patterns during free viewing did not change under lorazepam. Conclusions: Overall, our findings further consolidate the peak velocity of prosaccades as a biomarker of sedation. Additionally, we suggest that sedative effects of low doses of benzodiazepines may be compensated in tasks that more closely resemble natural eye movement behaviour, possibly due to the lack of time constraints or via neurophysiological processes related to volition.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Borot2024,

title = {Prefrontal cortex activity and functional organisation in dual-task ocular pursuit is affected by concurrent upper limb movement},

author = {Lénaïc Borot and Ruth Ogden and Simon J. Bennett},

doi = {10.1038/s41598-024-57012-2},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Scientific Reports},

volume = {14},

number = {1},

pages = {1–12},

publisher = {Nature Publishing Group UK},

abstract = {Tracking a moving object with the eyes seems like a simple task but involves areas of prefrontal cortex (PFC) associated with attention, working memory and prediction. Increasing the demand on these processes with secondary tasks can affect eye movements and/or perceptual judgments. This is particularly evident in chronic or acute neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease or mild traumatic brain injury. Here, we combined near infrared spectroscopy and video-oculography to examine the effects of concurrent upper limb movement, which provides additional afference and efference that facilitates tracking of a moving object, in a novel dual-task pursuit protocol. We confirmed the expected effects on judgement accuracy in the primary and secondary tasks, as well as a reduction in eye velocity when the moving object was occluded. Although there was limited evidence of oculo-manual facilitation on behavioural measures, performing concurrent upper limb movement did result in lower activity in left medial PFC, as well as a change in PFC network organisation, which was shown by Graph analysis to be locally and globally more efficient. These findings extend upon previous work by showing how PFC is functionally organised to support eye-hand coordination when task demands more closely replicate daily activities.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Boutachkourt2024,

title = {Gazing into spatiotemporal ‘known unknowns': The influence of uncertainty on pupil size and saccadic eye movements},

author = {Aïcha Boutachkourt and Dominika Drcażyk and Marcus Missal},

doi = {10.1038/s41598-024-68233-w},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Scientific Reports},

volume = {14},

number = {1},

pages = {1–11},

publisher = {Nature Publishing Group UK},

abstract = {Expectation of a future stimulus increases the preparedness to act once it actually appears and results in reduced latency of the appropriate motor response. Real world events are uncertain both spatially and/or temporally but this uncertainty could itself be expected. In the presence of both expected spatial and temporal uncertainty, which one should be prioritized by the motor system could depend on the context. Therefore, we investigated the relative weight of expected spatial and temporal uncertainty during the preparation of a saccadic eye movement. A reaction time task was used with a variable foreperiod between a warning and an imperative visual stimuli. Expected temporal and/or spatial uncertainty associated with the stimulus was cued. We found that before imperative stimulus onset, pupil dilation increased with expected temporal uncertainty but was unaltered by spatial uncertainty. After imperative stimulus onset, both types of expected uncertainty affected saccade latency. Maximum eye velocity was modulated by expected spatial uncertainty only. In conclusion, expected temporal and spatial uncertainty do not have the same impact on preparation and execution of a motor response. There could be a prioritization of the relevant information as a function of the evolving expected uncertainty context during the task.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Boz2024,

title = {Age-related saccadic reaction time associated with attention and working memory},

author = {Hatice Eraslan Boz and Işil Yaǧmur Tüfekçi and Müge Akkoyun and Koray Koçoǧlu and Gülden Akdal},

doi = {10.4103/nsn.nsn_125_24},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Neurological Sciences and Neurophysiology},

volume = {41},

number = {4},

pages = {231–236},

abstract = {Objective: This study examined saccadic reaction time (SRT) in visually guided saccades according to age and its relationship with attention and working memory. Materials and Methods: The study participants were divided into three groups: young adulthood (18-39 years), middle adulthood (40-59 years old), and older age groups (over 60 years). A total of 85 participants, including 20 young aged, 26 middle aged, and 39 older aged, participated in the study. SRT was recorded using the EyeLink 1000 Plus eye tracker, and 32 trials were conducted. In addition, neuropsychological tests assessing attention and working memory including the Trail Making Test (TM), Digit Span (DS), and Stroop test were applied to the participants. Results: SRTs were prolonged in the middle adulthood (P = 0.026) and older age group compared with young adulthood (P = 0.002). However, SRT did not differ between the middle adulthood and older age groups (P > 0.05). In addition, SRT was moderately positively and negatively correlated with TM-A (r = 0.355},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Braw2024,

title = {Chronic pain: Utility of an eye-tracker integrated stand-alone performance validity test},

author = {Yoram C. Braw and Tomer Elbaum and Tamar Lupu and Motti Ratmansky},

doi = {10.1007/s12207-024-09507-6},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Psychological Injury and Law},

volume = {17},

number = {2},

pages = {139–151},

publisher = {Springer US},

abstract = {Noncredible cognitive performance among chronic pain patients garners increased clinical attention. The Word Memory Test (WMT)—a well-established stand-alone validity indicator—was recently integrated with an eye tracker, and its utility was assessed using healthy simulators. The current study expands on this earlier work by assessing the utility of the eye-tracker integrated WMT to detect noncredible cognitive performance in the context of chronic pain. Chronic pain outpatients were randomly assigned to either a simulation (i.e., patients simulating cognitive impairment; n = 22) or honest control (i.e., patients performing to the best of their ability; n = 23) conditions. They then completed the WMT's immediate recognition (IR) subtest while their eye movements were recorded. Simulators gazed less at relevant stimuli and gazed more at irrelevant stimuli than controls. Sensitivity levels tended to be low to moderate when maintaining specificities ≥ 90%, as customary in the field. While a previously developed scale that integrates eye movement measures using a logistic regression did not adequately differentiate the groups, conjunctive rules (i.e., the participant was required to fail both the WMT's classification scheme and the eye movement measure with the strongest discriminative capacity) were associated with higher specificities than those of the WMT's conventional classification scheme. Overall, the eye-tracker integrated WMT shows initial clinical utility for detecting noncredible cognitive performance. Decreasing costs of eye trackers and enhanced usability will hopefully encourage further research of their utility for detecting noncredible cognitive performance and integration of this novel technology with other stand-alone validity indicators.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Broda2024,

title = {Individual differences in face salience and rapid face saccades},

author = {Maximilian Davide Broda and Petra Borovska and Benjamin Haas},

doi = {10.1167/jov.24.6.16},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {24},

number = {6},

pages = {1–11},

abstract = {Humans saccade to faces in their periphery faster than to other types of objects. Previous research has highlighted the potential importance of the upper face region in this phenomenon, but it remains unclear whether this is driven by the eye region. Similarly, it remains unclear whether such rapid saccades are exclusive to faces or generalize to other semantically salient stimuli. Furthermore, it is unknown whether individuals differ in their face-specific saccadic reaction times and, if so, whether such differences could be linked to differences in face fixations during free viewing. To explore these open questions, we invited 77 participants to perform a saccadic choice task in which we contrasted faces as well as other salient objects, particularly isolated face features and text, with cars. Additionally, participants freely viewed 700 images of complex natural scenes in a separate session, which allowed us to determine the individual proportion of first fixations falling on faces. For the saccadic choice task, we found advantages for all categories of interest over cars. However, this effect was most pronounced for images of full faces. Full faces also elicited faster saccades compared with eyes, showing that isolated eye regions are not sufficient to elicit face-like responses. Additionally, we found consistent individual differences in saccadic reaction times toward faces that weakly correlated with face salience during free viewing. Our results suggest a link between semantic salience and rapid detection, but underscore the unique status of faces. Further research is needed to resolve the mechanisms underlying rapid face saccades.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Brus2024,

title = {Causal phase-dependent control of non-spatial attention in human prefrontal cortex},

author = {Jeroen Brus and Joseph A. Heng and Valeriia Beliaeva and Fabian Gonzalez Pinto and Antonino Mario Cassarà and Esra Neufeld and Marcus Grueschow and Lukas Imbach and Rafael Polanía},

doi = {10.1038/s41562-024-01820-z},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Nature Human Behaviour},

volume = {8},

number = {4},

pages = {743–757},

publisher = {Springer US},

abstract = {Non-spatial attention is a fundamental cognitive mechanism that allows organisms to orient the focus of conscious awareness towards sensory information that is relevant to a behavioural goal while shifting it away from irrelevant stimuli. It has been suggested that attention is regulated by the ongoing phase of slow excitability fluctuations of neural activity in the prefrontal cortex, a hypothesis that has been challenged with no consensus. Here we developed a behavioural and non-invasive stimulation paradigm aiming at modulating slow excitability fluctuations of the inferior frontal junction. Using this approach, we show that non-spatial attention can be selectively modulated as a function of the ongoing phase of exogenously modulated excitability states of this brain structure. These results demonstrate that non-spatial attention relies on ongoing prefrontal excitability states, which are probably regulated by slow oscillatory dynamics, that orchestrate goal-oriented behaviour.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Buschermoehle2024,

title = {Comparing the performance of beamformer algorithms in estimating orientations of neural sources},

author = {Yvonne Buschermöhle and Malte B. Höltershinken and Tim Erdbrügger and Jan Ole Radecke and Andreas Sprenger and Till R. Schneider and Rebekka Lencer and Joachim Gross and Carsten H. Wolters},

doi = {10.1016/j.isci.2024.109150},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {iScience},

volume = {27},

number = {3},

pages = {1–21},

abstract = {The efficacy of transcranial electric stimulation (tES) to effectively modulate neuronal activity depends critically on the spatial orientation of the targeted neuronal population. Therefore, precise estimation of target orientation is of utmost importance. Different beamforming algorithms provide orientation estimates; however, a systematic analysis of their performance is still lacking. For fixed brain locations, EEG and MEG data from sources with randomized orientations were simulated. The orientation was then estimated (1) with an EEG and (2) with a combined EEG-MEG approach. Three commonly used beamformer algorithms were evaluated with respect to their abilities to estimate the correct orientation: Unit-Gain (UG), Unit-Noise-Gain (UNG), and Array-Gain (AG) beamformer. Performance depends on the signal-to-noise ratios for the modalities and on the chosen beamformer. Overall, the UNG and AG beamformers appear as the most reliable. With increasing noise, the UG estimate converges to a vector determined by the leadfield, thus leading to insufficient orientation estimates.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Campbell2024a,

title = {Fast saccades to faces during the feedforward sweep},

author = {Alison Campbell and James W. Tanaka},

doi = {10.1167/JOV.24.4.16},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {24},

number = {4},

pages = {1–15},

abstract = {Saccadic choice tasks use eye movements as a response method, typically in a task where observers are asked to saccade as quickly as possible to an image of a prespecified target category. Using this approach, face-selective saccades have been observed within 100 ms poststimulus. When taking into account oculomotor processing, this suggests that faces can be detected in as little as 70 to 80 ms. It has therefore been suggested that face detection must occur during the initial feedforward sweep, since this latency leaves little time for feedback processing. In the current experiment, we tested this hypothesis using backward masking—a technique shown to primarily disrupt feedback processing while leaving feedforward activation relatively intact. Based on minimum saccadic reaction time, we found that face detection benefited from ultra-fast, accurate saccades within 110 to 160 ms and that these eye movements are obtainable even under extreme masking conditions that limit perceptual awareness. However, masking did significantly increase the median SRT for faces. In the manual responses, we found remarkable detection accuracy for faces and houses, even when participants indicated having no visual experience of the test images. These results provide evidence for the view that the saccadic bias to faces is initiated by coarse information used to categorize faces in the feedforward sweep but that, in most cases, additional processing is required to quickly reach the threshold for saccade initiation.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Campbell2024b,

title = {The cervico-ocular reflex changes following treatment in individuals with subclinical neck pain: A randomized control trial},

author = {Devonte Campbell and Paul Yielder and Ushani Ambalavanar and Heidi Haavik and Bernadette Murphy},

doi = {10.1007/s00221-024-06915-7},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Experimental Brain Research},

pages = {2531–2544},

abstract = {Individuals with subclinical neck pain (SCNP) exhibit altered cerebellar processing, likely due to disordered sensorimotor integration of inaccurate proprioceptive input. This association between proprioceptive feedback and SMI has been captured in cervico-ocular reflex (COR) differences where SCNP showed higher gain than healthy participants. Previous neurophysiological research demonstrated improved cerebellar processing in SCNP participants following a single treatment session, but it is unknown whether these neurophysiological changes transfer to cerebellar function. In a parallel group, randomized control trial conducted at Ontario Tech University, 27 right-hand dominant SCNP participants were allocated to the 8-week chiropractic care (n = 15; 7M & 8 F) or 8-week control (n = 12; 6M & 6 F) group. COR gain (ratio of eye movement to trunk movement) was assessed using an eye-tracking device at baseline and at post 8-weeks (treatment vs. no treatment). COR gain (10 trials): participants gazed at a circular target that disappeared after 3 s, while a motorized chair rotated their trunk at a frequency of 0.04 Hz, with an amplitude of 5º, for 2 minutes. A 2 × 2 repeated measures ANOVA was performed. COR gain was significantly reduced following 8-weeks of chiropractic care compared to the SCNP control (8-weeks of no treatment) group (p = 0.012, ηp2 = 0.237). The decrease in COR gain following treatment is likely due to normalized proprioceptive feedback from the neck, enabling improved processing and integration within the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Charlton2024,

title = {Abstract deliberation by visuomotor neurons in prefrontal cortex},

author = {Julie A. Charlton and Robbe L. T. Goris},

doi = {10.1038/s41593-024-01635-1},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Nature Neuroscience},

volume = {27},

number = {6},

pages = {1167–1175},

publisher = {Springer US},

abstract = {During visually guided behavior, the prefrontal cortex plays a pivotal role in mapping sensory inputs onto appropriate motor plans. When the sensory input is ambiguous, this involves deliberation. It is not known whether the deliberation is implemented as a competition between possible stimulus interpretations or between possible motor plans. Here we study neural population activity in the prefrontal cortex of macaque monkeys trained to flexibly report perceptual judgments of ambiguous visual stimuli. We find that the population activity initially represents the formation of a perceptual choice before transitioning into the representation of the motor plan. Stimulus strength and prior expectations both bear on the formation of the perceptual choice, but not on the formation of the action plan. These results suggest that prefrontal circuits involved in action selection are also used for the deliberation of abstract propositions divorced from a specific motor plan, thus providing a crucial mechanism for abstract reasoning.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Christofalos2024,

title = {Lower-level oculomotor deficits in schizophrenia during multi-line reading: Evidence from return-sweeps},

author = {Andriana L. Christofalos and Madison Laks and Stephanie Wolfer and Elisa C. Dias and Daniel C. Javitt and Heather Sheridan},

doi = {10.1177/17470218231220752},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology},

volume = {77},

number = {7},

pages = {1533–1543},

abstract = {Reading fluency deficits in schizophrenia (Sz) have been attributed to dysfunction in both lower-level, oculomotor processing and higher-level, lexical processing, according to the two-hit deficit model. Given that prior work examining reading deficits in individuals with Sz has primarily focused on single-line and single-word reading tasks, eye movements that are unique to passage reading, such as return-sweep saccades, have not yet been examined in Sz. Return-sweep saccades are large eye movements that are made when readers move from the end of one line to the beginning of the next line during natural passage reading. Examining return-sweeps provides an opportunity to examine lower-level, oculomotor deficits during reading under circumstances when upcoming higher-level, lexical information is not available for visual processing because visual acuity constraints do not permit detailed lexical processing of line-initial words when return-sweeps are programmed. To examine the source of reading deficits in Sz, we analysed an existing data set in which participants read multi-line passages with manipulations to line spacing. Readers with Sz made significantly more return-sweep targeting errors followed by corrective saccades compared with healthy controls. Both groups showed similar effects of line spacing on return-sweep targeting accuracy, suggesting similar sensitivities to visual crowding during reading. Furthermore, the patterns of fixation durations in readers with Sz corroborate prior work indicating reduced parafoveal processing of upcoming words. Together, these findings suggest that lower-level visual and oculomotor dysfunction contribute to reading deficits in Sz, providing support for the two-hit deficit model.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Chuikova2024,

title = {Eye movement correlates of working memory capacity: Evidence from the reading span task},

author = {Zhanna V. Chuikova and Anna I. Izmalkova and Polina I. Shirokova and Yury Y. Shtyrov and Andriy V. Myachykov},

doi = {10.17323/1813-8918-2024-3-472-487},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Psychology, Journal of the Higher School of Economics},

volume = {21},

number = {3},

pages = {472–487},

abstract = {In reading, eye movements are typically influenced by both higher-level and lower-level cognitive processes that are affected by individual differences such as working memory capacity. However, the extent to which working memory impacts reading under increasing task demands remains uncertain. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the influence of working memory capacity, assessed via the n-back task, on peak saccade velocity during reading when an additional memory task is introduced. Thirty-one healthy participants with normal or corrected-to-normal vision read sentences performing either comprehension task or dual task on comprehension and working memory span. The results of the comprehension task were used as a baseline to track the differences in eye movement measures in the dual task with the increasing task demand. Participants who performed well in the n-back task exhibited higher peak saccade velocity during both single and dual reading tasks, particularly as the task demands increased: reading for comprehension while simultaneously maintaining six items in working memory was associated with the highest peak saccade velocity. Conversely, those with n-back lower performance did not display significant changes in peak saccade velocity. This discrepancy is attributed to task-induced variations in arousal among high-performing individuals. The study underscores the importance of individual differences in working memory and suggests a potential link between arousal and cognitive processes involved in reading comprehension.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Coe2024,

title = {Automated analysis pipeline for extracting saccade, pupil, and blink parameters using video-based eye tracking},

author = {Brian C. Coe and Jeff Huang and Donald C. Brien and Brian J. White and Rachel Yep and Douglas P. Munoz},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Vision},

volume = {8},

number = {1},

pages = {1–20},

abstract = {The tremendous increase in the use of video-based eye tracking has made it possible to collect eye tracking data from thousands of participants. The traditional procedures for the manual detection and classification of saccades and for trial categorization (e.g., correct vs. incorrect) are not viable for the large datasets being collected. Additionally, video-based eye trackers allow for the analysis of pupil responses and blink behaviors. Here, we present a detailed description of our pipeline for collecting, storing, and cleaning data, as well as for organizing participant codes, which are fairly lab-specific but nonetheless, are important precursory steps in establishing standardized pipelines. More importantly, we also include descriptions of the automated detection and classification of saccades, blinks, “blincades” (blinks occurring during saccades), and boomerang saccades (two nearly simultaneous saccades in opposite directions where speed-based algorithms fail to split them), This is almost entirely task-agnostic and can be used on a wide variety of data. We additionally describe novel findings regarding post-saccadic oscillations and provide a method to achieve more accurate estimates for saccade end points. Lastly, we describe the automated behavior classification for the interleaved pro/anti-saccade task (IPAST), a task that probes voluntary and inhibitory control. This pipeline was evaluated using data collected from 592 human participants between 5 and 93 years of age, making it robust enough to handle large clinical patient datasets. In summary, this pipeline has been optimized to consistently handle large datasets obtained from diverse study cohorts (i.e., developmental, aging, clinical) and collected across multiple laboratory sites.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Coop2024,

title = {Pre-saccadic neural enhancements in marmoset area MT},

author = {Shanna H. Coop and Jacob L. Yates and Jude F. Mitchell},

doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2034-22.2023},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},

volume = {44},

number = {4},

pages = {1–16},

abstract = {Each time we make an eye movement, attention moves before the eyes, resulting in a perceptual enhancement at the target. Recent psychophysical studies suggest that this pre-saccadic attention enhances the visual features at the saccade target, whereas covert attention causes only spatially selective enhancements. While previous nonhuman primate studies have found that pre-saccadic attention does enhance neural responses spatially, no studies have tested whether changes in neural tuning reflect an automatic feature enhancement. Here we examined pre-saccadic attention using a saccade foraging task developed for marmoset monkeys (one male and one female). We recorded from neurons in the middle temporal area with peripheral receptive fields that contained a motion stimulus, which would either be the target of a saccade or a distracter as a saccade was made to another location. We established that marmosets, like macaques, show enhanced pre-saccadic neural responses for saccades toward the receptive field, including increases in firing rate and motion information. We then examined if the specific changes in neural tuning might support feature enhancements for the target. Neurons exhibited diverse changes in tuning but predominantly showed additive and multiplicative increases that were uniformly applied across motion directions. These findings confirm that marmoset monkeys, like macaques, exhibit pre-saccadic neural enhancements during saccade foraging tasks with minimal training requirements. However, at the level of individual neurons, the lack of feature-tuned enhancements is similar to neural effects reported during covert spatial attention.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Cutter2024,

title = {Eye-movements during reading and noisy-channel inference making},

author = {Michael G. Cutter and Kevin B. Paterson and Ruth Filik},

doi = {10.1016/j.jml.2024.104513},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},

volume = {137},

pages = {1–16},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {This novel experiment investigates the relationship between readers' eye movements and their use of “noisy channel” inferences when reading implausible sentences, and how this might be affected by cognitive aging. Young (18–26 years) and older (65–87 years) adult participants read sentences which were either plausible or implausible. Crucially, readers could assign a plausible interpretation to the implausible sentences by inferring that a preposition (i.e., to) had been unintentionally omitted or included. Our results reveal that readers' fixation locations within such sentences are associated with the likelihood of them inferring the presence or absence of this critical preposition to reach a plausible interpretation. Moreover, our older adults were more likely to make these noisy-channel inferences than the younger adults, potentially because their poorer visual processing and greater linguistic experience promote such inference-making. We propose that the present findings provide novel experimental evidence for a perceptual contribution to noisy-channel inference-making during reading.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Vries2024,

title = {Microsaccades track location-based object rehearsal in visual working memory},

author = {Eelke Vries and Freek Ede},

doi = {10.1523/ENEURO.0276-23.2023},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {eNeuro},

volume = {11},

number = {1},

pages = {1–14},

abstract = {Besides controlling eye movements, the brain's oculomotor system has been implicated in the control of covert spatial attention and the rehearsal of spatial information in working memory. We investigated whether the oculomotor system also contributes to rehearsing visual objects in working memory when object location is never asked about. To address this, we tracked the incidental use of locations for mnemonic rehearsal via directional biases in microsaccades while participants maintained two visual objects (colored oriented gratings) in working memory. By varying the stimulus configuration (horizon-tal, diagonal, and vertical) at encoding, we could quantify whether microsaccades were more aligned with the configurational axis of the memory contents, as opposed to the orthogonal axis. Experiment 1 revealed that microsaccades continued to be biased along the axis of the memory content several sec-onds into the working memory delay. In Experiment 2, we confirmed that this directional microsaccade bias was specific to memory demands, ruling out lingering effects from passive and attentive encoding of the same visual objects in the same configurations. Thus, by studying microsaccade directions, we uncover oculomotor-driven rehearsal of visual objects in working memory through their associated locations.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Duan2024,

title = {SARS-CoV-2 infection impairs oculomotor functions: A longitudinal eye-tracking study},

author = {Xiaoting Duan and Zhiguo Wang and Zehao Huang and Shuai Zhang and Gancheng Zhu and Rong Wang},

doi = {10.16910/jemr.17.1.2},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Eye Movement Research},

volume = {17},

number = {1},

pages = {1–16},

abstract = {Although Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 infection (SARS-CoV-2) is primarily recognized as a respiratory disease, mounting evidence suggests that it may lead to neurological and cognitive impairments. The current study used three eye-tracking tasks (free-viewing, fixation, and smooth pursuit) to assess the oculomotor functions of mild infected cases over six months with symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected volunteers. Fifty symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected, and 24 self-reported healthy controls completed the eye-tracking tasks in an initial assessment. Then, 45, and 40 symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected completed the tasks at 2- and 6-months post-infection, respectively. In the initial assessment, symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected exhibited impairments in diverse eye movement metrics. Over the six months following infection, the infected reported overall improvement in health condition, except for self-perceived mental health. The eye movement patterns in the free-viewing task shifted toward a more focal processing mode and there was no significant improvement in fixation stability among the infected. A linear discriminant analysis shows that eye movement metrics could differentiate the infected from healthy controls with an accuracy of approximately 62%, even 6 months post-infection. These findings suggest that symptomatic SARSCoV-2 infection may result in persistent impairments in oculomotor functions, and the employment of eye-tracking technology can offer valuable insights into both the immediate and long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Future studies should employ a more balanced research design and leverage advanced machine-learning methods to comprehensively investigate the impact of SARSCoV-2 infection on oculomotor functions.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Edelman2024,

title = {The effect of cancer and cancer treatment on attention control: Evidence from anti-saccade performance},

author = {Jay A. Edelman and Tim A. Ahles and Maria Camilla Estelle and Isabella Mohr and Yuelin Li and Robert Melara and James C. Root},

doi = {10.1007/s11764-024-01711-2},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Cancer Survivorship},

pages = {1–10},

publisher = {Springer US},

abstract = {Purpose: Cancer and cancer treatment have been associated with cognitive changes in survivorship, with forgetfulness and distractibility reported years post-treatment. Deficits in attention control may explain these difficulties. We assessed breast cancer survivors using a primary measure of attention control, the saccade/antisaccade task, to assess the effects of diagnosis and treatment. Methods: Saccade performance was studied in a cohort of breast cancer patients at two time points, (1) after surgery before adjuvant treatment and (2) approximately 2 years after enrollment, and compared to non-cancer controls. Saccade performance was assessed in a prosaccade task as well as in visually guided and unguided antisaccade tasks. We assessed the frequency of directional errors and saccadic reaction time. Results: Survivors were more likely than controls to make directional errors in an unguided antisaccade task, with older survivors exhibiting the most significant difficulties following adjuvant treatment. Survivor and control performance were much more similar in a visually guided antisaccade task. Conclusions: These results indicate a main effect of cancer diagnosis on attention control, with greater deficits following treatment and in older survivors. Deficits in attention control may lead to greater difficulties in the initial learning of information, explaining reports of forgetfulness in survivors. Implications for Cancer Survivors: These findings underscore the enduring impact of cancer and its treatment on attention control, particularly highlighting that older breast cancer survivors may experience more pronounced difficulties with inhibitory control in daily life. Antisaccade performance may provide a useful metric for quantifying this impact.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Elgort2024a,

title = {Previewing novel words before reading affects their processing during reading: An eye-movement study with first and second language readers},

author = {Irina Elgort and Ross Wetering and Tara Arrow and Elisabeth Beyersmann},

doi = {10.1111/lang.12579},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Language Learning},

volume = {74},

number = {1},

pages = {78–110},

abstract = {In this study, we examined the effect of previewing unfamiliar vocabulary on the real-time reading behavior of first language (L1) and second language (L2) readers. University students with English as their L1 or L2 read passages with embedded pseudowords. In a within-participant manipulation, definitions of the pseudowords were either previewed before reading or reviewed after reading. Previewing significantly affected reading behavior on early and late eye-movement measures, and the patterns of change on the first three contextual encounters with the pseudowords differed for L1 and L2 readers. On the multiple-choice cloze posttest, encountering novel words in reading followed by definitions resulted in somewhat more accurate responses for L1 but not L2 participants. The learning condition did not affect the results of the meaning recall posttest. These findings contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between vocabulary support approaches and the reading behavior of L1 and L2 readers when they encounter unfamiliar words in texts.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{EraslanBoz2024a,

title = {Uncorrected errors and correct saccades in the antisaccade task distinguish between early-stage Alzheimer's disease dementia, amnestic mild cognitive impairment, and normal aging},

author = {Hatice Eraslan Boz and Koray Koçoğlu and Müge Akkoyun and Işıl Yağmur Tüfekci and Merve Ekin and Pınar Özçelik and Gülden Akdal},

doi = {10.1080/13825585.2023.2198191},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition},

volume = {31},

number = {3},

pages = {457–478},

publisher = {Routledge},

abstract = {Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia is a degenerative illness that is characterized by a gradual decline in cognitive abilities. Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) is seen as a precursor to AD. The changes in antisaccade performance that can be seen in MCI may provide important clues in the early detection of AD. Therefore, the antisaccade deficits in AD and aMCI remain a research question. This study aimed to examine antisaccade responses and the relationship between antisaccade and cognitive function in AD, aMCI, and healthy controls (HC). This study included 30 patients with early-stage AD, 34 with aMCI, and 32 HC. Patients with AD showed higher rates of uncorrected error, anticipatory saccades and corrected errors, as well as decreased correct saccade rates, and shortened saccade latency compared to aMCI and HC in this study. Patients with aMCI exhibited increased rates of express saccades relative to HC. The antisaccade task and cognitive domains were found to be significantly related. Our study showed that the rate of correct saccades has the capacity to distinguish AD from HC with 87% sensitivity and 86% specificity (AUC = 0.93, p < 0.001). In addition, the rate of uncorrected errors was found to be capable of distinguishing AD from HC with 84% sensitivity and 83% specificity (AUC = 0.91, p < 0.001). This study presented promising findings that these parameters can be used clinically to differentiate AD and aMCI from healthy older individuals.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Facchin2024,

title = {Systematic assessment of square-wave jerks in progressive supranuclear palsy: A video-oculographic study},

author = {Alessio Facchin and Jolanda Buonocore and Marianna Crasà and Aldo Quattrone and Andrea Quattrone},

doi = {10.1007/s00415-024-12617-5},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Neurology},

volume = {271},

number = {10},

pages = {6639–6646},

publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},

abstract = {Background: The presence of frequent macro-square-wave jerks (SWJs) has been recently included in the diagnostic criteria for progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). The aim of the current video-oculographic study was to systematically assess the presence and features of SWJs during a brief fixation task in PSP, in comparison with Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and healthy controls (HC). Methods: Thirty-eight PSP patients, 55 PD patients and 40 HC were enrolled in the study. All patients underwent a video-oculographic (VOG) examination including a 5-s fixation task, and the number, duration and amplitude of SWJs were recorded. The diagnostic performance of several SWJs parameters were then compared in distinguishing PSP from PD patients and controls. Results: PSP patients showed a higher number and amplitude of SWJs compared to PD patients and controls. At least two SWJs within the 5-s fixation task were observed in 81.6% of PSP patients, 52.7% of PD patients and 25% of HC. The SWJs amplitude was the parameter showing the highest performances in distinguishing PSP from PD (AUC: 0.78) and HC (AUC: 0.88), outperforming the SWJ number and duration. The SWJ amplitude was larger in PSP-Richardson's syndrome than in PSP-Parkinsonism patients, while no difference was found between PSP patients with different degrees of vertical ocular motor dysfunction. Conclusions: This video-oculographic study provides robust evidence of larger SWJs number and amplitude in PSP than in PD patients, with some potential for differential diagnosis, supporting the inclusion of this ocular sign in PSP criteria.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Fahrenthold2024,

title = {Training in cortically blinded fields appears to confer patient-specific benefit against retinal thinning},

author = {Berkeley K. Fahrenthold and Matthew R. Cavanaugh and Madhura Tamhankar and Byron L. Lam and Steven E. Feldon and Brent A. Johnson and Krystel R. Huxlin},

doi = {10.1167/iovs.65.4.29},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},

volume = {65},

number = {4},

pages = {1–12},

abstract = {PURPOSE. Damage to the adult primary visual cortex (V1) causes vision loss in the contralateral hemifield, initiating a process of transsynaptic retrograde degeneration (TRD). Here, we examined retinal correlates of TRD using a new metric to account for global changes in inner retinal thickness and asked if perceptual training in the intact or blind field impacts its progression. METHODS. We performed a meta-analysis of optical coherence tomography data in 48 participants with unilateral V1 stroke and homonymous visual defects who completed clinical trial NCT03350919. After measuring the thickness of the macular ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer (GCL-IPL) and the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), we computed individual laterality indices (LI) at baseline and after ∼6 months of daily motion discrimination training in the intact or blind field. Increasingly positive LI denoted greater layer thinning in retinal regions affected versus unaffected by the cortical damage. RESULTS. Pretraining, the affected GCL-IPL and RNFL were thinner than their unaffected counterparts, generating LI values positively correlated with time since stroke. Participants trained in their intact field exhibited increased LIGCL-IPL. Those trained in their blind field had no significant change in LIGCL-IPL. LIRNFL did not change in either group. CONCLUSIONS. Relative shrinkage of the affected versus unaffected macular GCL-IPL can be reliably measured at an individual level and increases with time post-V1 stroke. Relative thinning progressed during intact-field training but appeared to be halted by training within the blind field, suggesting a potentially neuroprotective effect of this simple behavioral intervention.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Fan2024a,

title = {Analyses of eye movement parameters in children with anisometropic amblyopia},

author = {Yunwei Fan and Huaxin Zuo and Ping Chu and Qian Wu and Li Li and Yuan Wang and Wenhong Cao and Yunyu Zhou and Lijuan Huang and Ningdong Li},

doi = {10.1186/s12886-024-03539-x},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {BMC Ophthalmology},

volume = {24},

number = {1},

pages = {1–9},

abstract = {Objective: To investigate the characteristics of eye movement in children with anisometropic amblyopia, and to compare those characteristics with eye movement in a control group. Methods: 31 children in the anisometropic amblyopia group (31 amblyopic eyes in group A, 31 contralateral eyes in group B) and 24 children in the control group (48 eyes in group C). Group A was subdivided into groups Aa (severe amblyopia) and Ab (mild-moderate amblyopia). The overall age range was 6–12 years (mean, 7.83 ± 1.79 years). All children underwent ophthalmic examinations; eye movement parameters including saccade latency and amplitude were evaluated using an Eyelink1000 eye tracker. Data Viewer and MATLAB software were used for data analysis. Results: Mean and maximum saccade latencies, as well as mean and maximum saccade amplitudes, were significantly greater in group A than in groups B and C before and after treatment (P < 0.05). Mean and maximum saccade latencies were significantly different among groups Aa, Ab, and C (P < 0.05). Pupil trajectories in two detection modes suggested that binocular fixation was better than monocular fixation. Conclusions: Eye movement parameters significantly differed between contralateral normal eyes and control eyes. Clinical evaluation of children with anisometropic amblyopia should not focus only on static visual acuity, but also on the assessment of eye movement.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Foucher2024,

title = {Unveiling deceptive intentions: Insights from fixations and pupil size},

author = {Valentin Foucher and Anke Huckauf},

doi = {10.1145/3655612},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction},

volume = {8},

pages = {1–17},

abstract = {Recognition of deceptive intentions from the eyes has been of appealing interest in the last decades but is still unresolved. Here, we report the development of a paradigm based on the Concealed Information Test enabling the study of various kinds of deception, that is, faking and concealing. Based on a card game, we compared fixation as well as pupil behaviour while participants were instructed to fake, conceal, or tell the truth. We realized two different layouts of stimulus presentation. Fixations differed between concealing versus faking and telling the truth; pupil size additionally unveiled the object of deception. We infer that various kinds of deceptive behaviour must be carefully distinguished, and contribute to how to use gaze measures as indicators of deceptive intentions.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Fraga2024,

title = {Computational approaches to apply the String Edit Algorithm to create accurate visual scan paths},

author = {Ricardo Palma Fraga and Ziho Kang},

doi = {10.16910/JEMR.17.4.4},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Eye Movement Research},

volume = {17},

number = {4},

pages = {1–19},

abstract = {Eye movement detection algorithms (e.g., I-VT) require the selection of thresholds to identify eye fixations and saccadic movements from gaze data. The choice of threshold is important, as thresholds too low or large may fail to accurately identify eye fixations and saccades. An inaccurate threshold might also affect the resulting visual scan path, the time-ordered sequence of eye fixations and saccades, carried out by the participant. Commonly used approaches to evaluate threshold accuracy can be manually laborious, or require information about the expected visual scan paths of participants, which might not be available. To address this issue, we propose two different computational approaches, labeled as “between-participants comparisons” and “within-participants comparisons.” The approaches were evaluated using the open-source Gazebase dataset, which contained a bullseye-target tracking task, where participants were instructed to follow the movements of a bullseye-target. The predetermined path of the bullseye-target enabled us to evaluate our proposed approaches against the expected visual scan path. The approaches identified threshold values (220°/s and 210°/s) that were 83% similar to the expected visual scan path, outperforming a 30°/s benchmark threshold (41.5%). These methods might assist researchers in identifying accurate threshold values for the IVT algorithm or potentially other eye movement detection algorithms.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Friedman2024,

title = {Evidence for five types of fixation during a random saccade eye tracking task and changes in fixation duration as a function of time-on-task},

author = {Lee Friedman and Oleg V. Komogortsev},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0310436},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {PloS ONE},

volume = {19},

number = {9},

pages = {1–26},

abstract = {Our interest was to evaluate changes in fixation duration as a function of time-on-task (TOT) during a random saccade task. We employed a large, publicly available dataset. The frequency histogram of fixation durations was multimodal and modelled as a Gaussian mixture. For this specific task, we found five fixation types. The "ideal" response would be a single accurate saccade after each target movement, with a typical saccade latency of 200-250 msec, followed by a long fixation (> 800 msec) until the next target jump. We found fixations like this, but they comprised only 10% of all fixations and were the first fixation after target movement only 23.4% of the time. More frequently (57.4% of the time), the first fixation after target movement was short (117.7 msec mean) and was commonly followed by a corrective saccade. Across the entire 100 sec of the task, median total fixation duration decreased. This decrease was approximated with a power law fit with R2 = 0.94. A detailed examination of the frequency of each of our five fixation types over time on task (TOT) revealed that the three shortest duration fixation types became more and more frequent with TOT whereas the two longest fixations became less and less frequent. In all cases, the changes over TOT followed power law relationships, with R2 values between 0.73 and 0.93. We concluded that, over the 100 second duration of our task, long fixations are common in the first 15 to 22 seconds but become less common after that. Short fixations are relatively uncommon in the first 15 to 22 seconds but become more and more common as the task progressed. Apparently. the ability to produce an ideal response, although somewhat likely in the first 22 seconds, rapidly declines. This might be related to a noted decline in saccade accuracy over time.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Geiser2024,

title = {Comparison of uni- and multimodal motion stimulation on visual neglect: A proof-of-concept study},

author = {Nora Geiser and Brigitte Charlotte Kaufmann and Samuel Elia Johannes Knobel and Dario Cazzoli and Tobias Nef and Thomas Nyffeler},

doi = {10.1016/j.cortex.2023.10.018},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Cortex},

volume = {171},

pages = {194–203},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Spatial neglect is characterized by the failure to attend stimuli presented in the contralesional space. Typically, the visual modality is more severely impaired than the auditory one. This dissociation offers the possibility of cross-modal interactions, whereby auditory stimuli may have beneficial effects on the visual modality. A new auditory motion stimulation method with music dynamically moving from the right to the left hemispace has recently been shown to improve visual neglect. The aim of the present study was twofold: a) to compare the effects of unimodal auditory against visual motion stimulation, i.e., smooth pursuit training, which is an established therapeutical approach in neglect therapy and b) to explore whether a combination of auditory + visual motion stimulation, i.e., multimodal motion stimulation, would be more effective than unimodal auditory or visual motion stimulation. 28 patients with left-sided neglect due to a first-ever, right-hemispheric subacute stroke were included. Patients either received auditory, visual, or multimodal motion stimulation. The between-group effect of each motion stimulation condition as well as a control group without motion stimulation was investigated by means of a one-way ANOVA with the patient's visual exploration behaviour as an outcome variable. Our results showed that unimodal auditory motion stimulation is equally effective as unimodal visual motion stimulation: both interventions significantly improved neglect compared to the control group. Multimodal motion stimulation also significantly improved neglect, however, did not show greater improvement than unimodal auditory or visual motion stimulation alone. Besides the established visual motion stimulation, this proof-of-concept study suggests that auditory motion stimulation seems to be an alternative promising therapeutic approach to improve visual attention in neglect patients. Multimodal motion stimulation does not lead to any additional therapeutic gain. In neurorehabilitation, the implementation of either auditory or visual motion stimulation seems therefore reasonable.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Gerharz2024,

title = {Age effects on predictive eye movements for action},

author = {Leonard Gerharz and Eli Brenner and Jutta Billino and Dimitris Voudouris},

doi = {10.1167/jov.24.6.8},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {24},

number = {6},

pages = {1–12},

abstract = {When interacting with the environment, humans typically shift their gaze to where information is to be found that is useful for the upcoming action. With increasing age, people become slower both in processing sensory information and in performing their movements. One way to compensate for this slowing down could be to rely more on predictive strategies. To examine whether we could find evidence for this, we asked younger (19-29 years) and older (55-72 years) healthy adults to perform a reaching task wherein they hit a visual target that appeared at one of two possible locations. In separate blocks of trials, the target could appear always at the same location (predictable), mainly at one of the locations (biased), or at either location randomly (unpredictable). As one might expect, saccades toward predictable targets had shorter latencies than those toward less predictable targets, irrespective of age. Older adults took longer to initiate saccades toward the target location than younger adults, even when the likely target location could be deduced. Thus we found no evidence of them relying more on predictive gaze. Moreover, both younger and older participants performed more saccades when the target location was less predictable, but again no age-related differences were found. Thus we found no tendency for older adults to rely more on prediction.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ghasia2024,

title = {Inter-ocular fixation instability of amblyopia: relationship to visual acuity, strabismus, nystagmus, stereopsis, vergence, and age},

author = {Fatema Ghasia and Lawrence Tychsen},

doi = {10.1016/j.ajo.2024.06.021},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {American Journal of Ophthalmology},

volume = {267},

pages = {230–248},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {PURPOSE: Amblyopia damages visual sensory and ocular motor functions. One manifestation of the damage is abnormal fixational eye movements. Tiny fixation movements are normal; however, when these exceed a normal range, the behavior is labeled “fixation instability” (FI). Here we compare FI between normal and amblyopic subjects, and evaluate the relationship between FI and severity of amblyopia, strabismus angle, nystagmus, stereopsis, vergence, and subject age. METHODS: Fixation eye movements were recorded using infrared video-oculography from 47 controls (15.3 ± 12.2 years of age) and 104 amblyopic subjects (13.3 ± 11.2 years of age) during binocular and monocular viewing. FI and vergence instability were quantified as the bivariate contour ellipse area (BCEA). We also calculated the ratio of FI between the 2 eyes: right eye/left eye for controls, amblyopic eye/fellow eye for amblyopes. Multiple regression analysis evaluated how FI related to a range of visuo-motor measures. RESULTS: During binocular viewing, the FI of fellow and amblyopic eye, vergence instability, and inter-ocular FI ratios were least in anisometropic and most in mixed amblyopia (P < .05). Each correlated positively with the strabismus angle (P < .01). During monocular viewing, subjects with deeper amblyopia (P < .01) and larger strabismus angles (P < .05) had higher inter-ocular FI ratios. In all, 27% of anisometropic and >65% of strabismic/mixed amblyopes had nystagmus. Younger age and nystagmus increased FI and vergence instability (P < .05) but did not affect the inter-ocular FI ratios (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative recording of perturbed eye movements in children reveal a major functional deficit linked to amblyopia. Imprecise fixation, measured as inter-ocular FI ratios, may be used as a robust marker for amblyopia and strabismus severity. NOTE: Publication of this article is sponsored by the American Ophthalmological Society.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Gnetov2024,

title = {Reading proficiency predicts spatial eye-movement control in the first and second language},

author = {Daniil Gnetov and Victor Kuperman},

doi = {10.1037/xlm0001325},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition},

volume = {50},

number = {8},

pages = {1315–1328},

abstract = {Research on first language (L1) reading has long since established the link between the proficiency of the reader and their efficiency in oculomotor control. More proficient readers make longer saccades and land closer to the word's center, which is a word's optimal viewing position, and make fewer refixations. Eye-tracking studies of second language (L2) reading have so far provided little evidence in this regard. This study analyzes spatial oculomotor measures in the Multilingual Eye-movement Corpus, which contains data on English text reading and its component skills from 543 participants representing 12 different L1s. Our analyses establish a strong role of proficiency in English, both for L1 and L2 readers of English. While most effects replicated ones observed in L1 reading, we also found that more proficient readers of English were less accurate in targeting optimal viewing positions. We link this finding to Fitts' law of motor control for aimed movements. This article discusses the theoretical implications of the novel findings for reading research.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Goettker2024,

title = {Spatial and directional tuning of serial dependence for tracking eye movements},

author = {A. Goettker and E. E. M. Stewart},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {24},

number = {12},

pages = {1–16},

abstract = {An attractive influence of past sensory experience on current behavior has been observed in many domains ranging from perceptual decisions to motor responses. However, it is unclear what sort of information is integrated across trials, especially for oculomotor behavior. Here we provide a detailed investigation of the spatial and directional tuning of serial dependence for oculomotor tracking. Across multiple experiments, we measured oculomotor responses to sequences of movements: the first movement (prior) could move at different velocities (5 deg/s or 15 deg/s), and could vary in its spatial location or direction relative to the following movement. The second movement (probe) was constant across all experiments and moved at 10 deg/s. We observed that eye velocity for the probe was faster when following the fast prior compared to following the slow prior, replicating attractive serial dependence. Importantly, this effect stayed consistent for distances of up to 30 deg between prior and probe, indicating a retinotopic reference frame. When we manipulated the direction of the prior, we observed that the influence of the prior on eye velocity, as well as eye direction, was stronger for prior directions more similar to the probe direction, and the magnitude of the effect on eye velocity and eye direction was correlated. Across all experiments, we observed that even when the prior moved in the opposite direction, there was a residual attractive effect. This suggests that serial dependence for oculomotor tracking consists of two components, one retinotopic, direction-tuned component and one more general component that is not direction specific.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Goettker2024a,

title = {Individual differences link sensory processing and motor control},

author = {Alexander Goettker and Karl R. Gegenfurtner},

doi = {10.1037/rev0000477},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Psychological Review},

pages = {1–18},

abstract = {Research on saccadic and pursuit eye movements led to great advances in our understanding of sensorimotor processing and human behavior. However, studies often have focused on isolated saccadic and pursuit eye movements measured with respect to different sensory information (static vs. dynamic targets). Here, we leveraged interindividual differences across a carefully balanced combination of different tasks to demonstrate that critical links in the control of oculomotor behavior were previously missed. We observed correlations in eye movement behavior across tasks, but only when compared with the same sensory information (e.g., pursuit gain and accuracy of saccades to moving targets). Within the same task, the coordination of saccadic and pursuit eye movements was tailored to the strengths of the individual: observers with more accurate saccades to moving targets rely on them more to catch up with moving targets. Our results have profound implications for the theoretical understanding of sensorimotor processing for oculomotor control. They necessitate a reevaluation of previous data used to map brain circuits for saccadic and pursuit eye movements measured with different types of relevant sensory information. Additionally, they underscore the importance of moving beyond average observations to embrace individual differences as a rich source of information. These individual differences not only reveal the strengths and weaknesses of observers. When combined across different tasks, they allow insights about why observers behave differently in a given task.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Goettker2024b,

title = {Sensorimotor confidence for tracking eye movements},

author = {Alexander Goettker and Shannon M. Locke and Karl R. Gegenfurtner and Pascal Mamassian},

doi = {10.1167/jov.24.8.12},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {24},

number = {8},

pages = {1–11},

abstract = {For successful interactions with the world, we often have to evaluate our own performance. Although eye movements are one of the most frequent actions we perform, we are typically unaware of them. Here, we investigated whether there is any evidence for metacognitive sensitivity for the accuracy of eye movements. Participants tracked a dot cloud as it followed an unpredictable sinusoidal trajectory and then reported if they thought their performance was better or worse than their average tracking performance. Our results show above-chance identification of better tracking behavior across all trials and also for repeated attempts of the same target trajectories. Sensitivity in discriminating performance between better and worse trials was stable across sessions, but judgements within a trial relied more on performance in the final seconds. This behavior matched previous reports when judging the quality of hand movements, although overall metacognitive sensitivity for eye movements was significantly lower.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Greilich2024,

title = {Microsaccadic suppression of peripheral perceptual detection performance as a function of foveated visual image appearance},

author = {Julia Greilich and Matthias P. Baumann and Ziad M. Hafed},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {24},

number = {11},

pages = {1–21},

abstract = {Microsaccades are known to be associated with a deficit in perceptual detection performance for brief probe flashes presented in their temporal vicinity. However, it is still not clear how such a deficit might depend on the visual environment across which microsaccades are generated. Here, and motivated by studies demonstrating an interaction between visual background image appearance and perceptual suppression strength associated with large saccades, we probed peripheral perceptual detection performance of human subjects while they generated microsaccades over three different visual backgrounds. Subjects fixated near the center of a low spatial frequency grating, a high spatial frequency grating, or a small white fixation spot over an otherwise gray background. When a computer process detected a microsaccade, it presented a brief peripheral probe flash at one of four locations (over a uniform gray background), and at different times. After collecting full psychometric curves, we found that both perceptual detection thresholds and slopes of psychometric curves were impaired for peripheral flashes in the immediate temporal vicinity of microsaccades, and they recovered with later flash times. Importantly, the threshold elevations, but not the psychometric slope reductions, were stronger for the white fixation spot than for either of the two gratings. Thus, like with larger saccades, microsaccadic suppression strength can show a certain degree of image-dependence. However, unlike with larger saccades, stronger microsaccadic suppression did not occur with low spatial frequency textures. This observation might reflect the different spatio-temporal retinal transients associated with the small microsaccades in our study versus larger saccades. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Grogan2024,

title = {Muscarinic receptors mediate motivation via preparatory neural activity in humans},

author = {John P. Grogan and Matthias Raemaekers and Maaike M. H. Swieten and Alexander L. Green and Martin J. Gillies and Sanjay G. Manohar},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {eLife},

volume = {13},

pages = {1–28},

abstract = {Motivation depends on dopamine, but might be modulated by acetylcholine which influences 10 dopamine release in the striatum, and amplifies motivation in animal studies. A corresponding effect in humans would be important clinically, since anticholinergic drugs are frequently used in Parkinson's disease, a condition that can also disrupt motivation. Reward and dopamine make us more ready to respond, as indexed by reaction times (RT), and move faster, sometimes termed vigour. These effects may be controlled by preparatory processes that can be tracked using EEG. We 15 measured vigour in a placebo-controlled, double-blinded study of trihexyphenidyl (THP), a muscarinic antagonist, with an incentivised eye movement task and EEG. Participants responded faster and with greater vigour when incentives were high, but THP blunted these motivation effects, suggesting that muscarinic receptors facilitate invigoration by reward. Preparatory EEG build-up (contingent negative variation; CNV) was strengthened by high incentives and by muscarinic 20 blockade. The amplitude of preparatory activity predicted both vigour and RT, although over distinct scalp regions. Frontal activity predicted vigour, whereas a larger, earlier, central component predicted RT. Indeed the incentivisation of RT was partly mediated by the CNV, though vigour was not. Moreover, the CNV mediated the drug's effect on dampening incentives, suggesting that muscarinic receptors underlie the motivational influence on this preparatory activity. Taken 25 together, these findings show that a muscarinic blocker used to treat Parkinson's disease impairs motivated action in healthy people, and that medial frontal preparatory neural activity mediates this for RT.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Guadron2024,

title = {Post-saccadic oscillations of the pupil and lens reduce fixation stability in retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration},

author = {Leslie Guadron and Samuel A. Titchener and Carla J. Abbott and Lauren N. Ayton and A. John Opstal and Matthew A. Petoe and Jeroen Goossens},

doi = {10.1167/iovs.65.5.39},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},

volume = {65},

number = {5},

pages = {1–14},

abstract = {PURPOSE. Post-saccadic oscillations (PSOs) reflect movements of gaze that result from motion of the pupil and lens relative to the eyeball rather than eyeball rotations. Here, we analyzed the characteristics of PSOs in subjects with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinitis pigmentosa (RP), and normal vision (NV). Our aim was to assess the differences in PSOs between people with vision loss and healthy controls because PSOs affect retinal image stability after each saccade. METHODS. Participants completed a horizontal saccade task and their gaze was measured using a pupil-based eye tracker. Oscillations occurring in the 80 to 200 ms post-saccadic period were described with a damped oscillation model. We compared the amplitude, decay time constant, and frequency of the PSOs for the three different groups. We also examined the correlation between these PSO parameters and the amplitude, peak velocity, and final deceleration of the preceding saccades. RESULTS. Subjects with vision loss (AMD},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Guan2024,

title = {Individual differences reveal similarities in serial dependence effects across perceptual tasks, but not to oculomotor tasks},

author = {Shuchen Guan and Alexander Goettker},

doi = {10.1167/jov.24.12.2},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {24},

number = {12},

pages = {1–14},

abstract = {Serial dependence effects have been observed across a wide range of perceptual and oculomotor tasks. This opens up the question of whether these effects observed share underlying mechanisms. Here we measured serial dependence effects in a semipredictable environment for the same group of observers across four different tasks, two perceptual (color and orientation judgments) and two oculomotor (tracking moving targets and the pupil light reflex). By leveraging individual differences, we searched for links in the magnitude of serial dependence effects across the different tasks. On the group level, we observed significant attractive serial dependence effects for all tasks, except the pupil response. The rare absence of a serial dependence effect for the reflex-like pupil light response suggests that sequential effects require cortical processing or even higher-level cognition. For the tasks with significant serial dependence effects, there was substantial and reliable variance in the magnitude of the sequential effects. We observed a significant relationship in the strength of serial dependence for the two perceptual tasks, but no relation between the perceptual tasks and oculomotor tracking. This emphasizes differences in processing between perception and oculomotor control. The lack of a correlation across all tasks indicates that it is unlikely that the relation between the individual differences in the magnitude of serial dependence is driven by more general mechanisms related to for example working memory. It suggests that there are other shared perceptual or decisional mechanisms for serial dependence effects across different low-level perceptual tasks.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Gunawardane2024,

title = {A fusion algorithm based on a constant velocity model for improving the measurement of saccade parameters with electrooculography},

author = {Palpolage Don Shehan Hiroshan Gunawardane and Raymond Robert MacNeil and Leo Zhao and James Theodore Enns and Clarence Wilfred Silva and Mu Chiao},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Sensors},

volume = {24},

number = {540},

pages = {1–19},

abstract = {Abstract: Electrooculography (EOG) serves as a widely employed technique for tracking saccadic eye movements in a diverse array of applications. These encompass the identification of various medical conditions and the development of interfaces facilitating human–computer interaction. Nonetheless, EOG signals are often met with skepticism due to the presence of multiple sources of noise interference. These sources include electroencephalography, electromyography linked to facial and extraocular muscle activity, electrical noise, signal artifacts, skin-electrode drifts, impedance fluctuations over time, and a host of associated challenges. Traditional methods of addressing these issues, such as bandpass filtering, have been frequently utilized to overcome these challenges but have the associated drawback of altering the inherent characteristics of EOG signals, encompassing their shape, magnitude, peak velocity, and duration, all of which are pivotal parameters in research studies. In prior work, several model-based adaptive denoising strategies have been introduced, incorporating mechanical and electrical model-based state estimators. However, these approaches are really complex and rely on brain and neural control models that have difficulty processing EOG signals in real time. In this present investigation, we introduce a real-time denoising method grounded in a constant velocity model, adopting a physics-based model-oriented approach. This approach is underpinned by the assumption that there exists a consistent rate of change in the cornea-retinal potential during saccadic movements. Empirical findings reveal that this approach remarkably preserves EOG saccade signals, resulting in a substantial enhancement of up to 29% in signal preservation during the denoising process when compared to alternative techniques, such as bandpass filters, constant acceleration models, and model-based fusion methods. wibble99:},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Guo2024c,

title = {The HPA and SAM axis mediate the impairment of creativity under stress},

author = {Xiaoyu Guo and Yifan Wang and Yuecui Kan and Meilin Wu and Linden J. Ball and Haijun Duan},

doi = {10.1111/psyp.14472},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Psychophysiology},

volume = {61},

number = {3},

pages = {1–18},

abstract = {With the ever-changing social environment, individual creativity is facing a severe challenge induced by stress. However, little is known regarding the underlying mechanisms by which acute stress affects creative cognitive processing. The current research explored the impacts of the neuroendocrine response on creativity under stress and its underlying cognitive flexibility mechanisms. The enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay was employed to assess salivary cortisol, which acted as a marker of stress-induced activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. Eye blink rate (EBR) and pupil diameter were measured as respective indicators of dopamine and noradrenaline released by the activation of the sympathetic–adrenal–medullary (SAM) axis. The Wisconsin card task (WCST) measured cognitive flexibility, while the alternative uses task (AUT) and the remote association task (RAT) measured separately divergent and convergent thinking in creativity. Results showed higher cortisol increments following acute stress induction in the stress group than control group. Ocular results showed that the stress manipulation significantly increased EBR and pupil diameter compared to controls, reflecting increased SAM activity. Further analysis revealed that stress-released cortisol impaired the originality component of the AUT, reducing cognitive flexibility as measured by perseverative errors on the WCST task. Serial mediation analyses showed that both EBR and pupil diameter were also associated with increased perseverative errors leading to poor originality on the AUT. These findings confirm that physiological arousal under stress can impair divergent thinking through the regulation of different neuroendocrine pathways, in which the deterioration of flexible switching plays an important mediating role.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Gutzeit2024,

title = {Eye did this! Sense of agency in eye movements},

author = {Julian Gutzeit and Lisa Weller and Felicitas Muth and Jens Kürten and Lynn Huestegge},

doi = {10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.104121},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Acta Psychologica},

volume = {243},

pages = {1–16},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {This study investigates the sense of agency (SoA) for saccades with implicit and explicit agency measures. In two eye tracking experiments, participants moved their eyes towards on-screen stimuli that subsequently changed color. Participants then either reproduced the temporal interval between saccade and color-change (Experiment 1) or reported the time points of these events with an auditory Libet clock (Experiment 2) to measure temporal binding effects as implicit indices of SoA. Participants were either made to believe to exert control over the color change or not (agency manipulation). Explicit ratings indicated that the manipulation of causal beliefs and hence agency was successful. However, temporal binding was only evident for caused effects, and only when a sufficiently sensitive procedure was used (auditory Libet clock). This suggests a feebler connection between temporal binding and SoA than previously proposed. The results also provide evidence for a relatively fast acquisition of sense of agency for previously never experienced types of action-effect associations. This indicates that the underlying processes of action control may be rooted in more intricate and adaptable cognitive models than previously thought. Oculomotor SoA as addressed in the present study presumably represents an important cognitive foundation of gaze-based social interaction (social sense of agency) or gaze-based human-machine interaction scenarios. Public significance statement: In this study, sense of agency for eye movements in the non-social domain is investigated in detail, using both explicit and implicit measures. Therefore, it offers novel and specific insights into comprehending sense of agency concerning effects induced by eye movements, as well as broader insights into agency pertaining to entirely newly acquired types of action-effect associations. Oculomotor sense of agency presumably represents an important cognitive foundation of gaze-based social interaction (social agency) or gaze-based human-machine interaction scenarios. Due to peculiarities of the oculomotor domain such as the varying degree of volitional control, eye movements could provide new information regarding more general theories of sense of agency in future research.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Hanning2024,

title = {Presaccadic attention depends on eye movement direction and is related to v1 cortical magnification},

author = {Nina M. Hanning and Marc M. Himmelberg and Marisa Carrasco},

doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1023-23.2023},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},

volume = {44},

number = {12},

pages = {1–10},

abstract = {With every saccadic eye movement, humans bring new information into their fovea to be processed with high visual acuity. Notably, perception is enhanced already before a relevant item is foveated: During saccade preparation, presaccadic attention shifts to the upcoming fixation location, which can be measured via behavioral correlates such as enhanced visual performance or modulations of sensory feature tuning. The coupling between saccadic eye movements and attention is assumed to be robust and mandatory and considered a mechanism facilitating the integration of pre- and postsaccadic information. However, until recently it had not been investigated as a function of saccade direction. Here, we measured contrast response functions during fixation and saccade preparation in male and female observers and found that the pronounced response gain benefit typically elicited by presaccadic attention is selectively lacking before upward saccades at the group level—some observers even showed a cost. Individual observer's sensitivity before upward saccades was negatively related to their amount of surface area in primary visual cortex representing the saccade target, suggesting a potential compensatory mechanism that optimizes the use of the limited neural resources processing the upper vertical meridian. Our results raise the question of how perceptual continuity is achieved and how upward saccades can be accurately targeted despite the lack of—theoretically required—presaccadic attention.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Heeman2024,

title = {The adaptive global effect: Luminance contrast modulates the global effect zone},

author = {Jessica Heeman and Jan Theeuwes and Stefan Van der Stigchel},

doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2024.108454},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Vision Research},

volume = {222},

pages = {1–13},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {When two peripheral objects are presented in close proximity, saccades towards one of these objects land at a weighted average location between the two objects. This phenomenon, known as the ‘global effect' or ‘saccade averaging', disappears when the distance between the objects increases. When objects are further apart, outside the averaging zone, saccades land on one of the objects with little or no saccade averaging. Although it is known that the strength of the global effect is dependent on the specific features of the two objects, it is unclear if the size of the zone in which averaging can occur (i.e., the averaging zone) is adaptive. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether the size of the averaging zone adapts to variations in object luminance contrast of the objects. In order to systematically assess changes in the averaging zone, in two experiments, observers made saccadic eye movements while the luminance of the target and the distractor varied. We report three major findings: 1) When a distractor was more luminant relative to the target, the averaging zone increased (Exp. 1). Notably, saccade averaging never entirely ceased to exist, even for remote distractors. 2) When target and distractor were equiluminant, the averaging zone did not change with absolute luminance (Exp. 2). 3) Higher (relative and absolute) luminance increased the averaging zone especially for shorter saccadic response times (SRT). We conclude that the averaging zone is adaptive and becomes larger with increasing relative luminance and especially when SRTs are short.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Heins2024,

title = {Oculomotor behavior can be adjusted on the basis of artificial feedback signals indicating externally caused errors},

author = {Frauke Heins and Markus Lappe},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0302872},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {19},

number = {5},

pages = {1–29},

abstract = {Whether a saccade is accurate and has reached the target cannot be evaluated during its execution, but relies on post-saccadic feedback. If the eye has missed the target object, a secondary corrective saccade has to be made to align the fovea with the target. If a systematic post-saccadic error occurs, adaptive changes to the oculomotor behavior are made, such as shortening or lengthening the saccade amplitude. Systematic post-saccadic errors are typically attributed internally to erroneous motor commands. The corresponding adaptive changes to the motor command reduce the error and the need for secondary corrective saccades, and, in doing so, restore accuracy and efficiency. However, adaptive changes to the oculomotor behavior also occur if a change in saccade amplitude is beneficial for task performance, or if it is rewarded. Oculomotor learning thus is more complex than reducing a post-saccadic position error. In the current study, we used a novel oculomotor learning paradigm and investigated whether human participants are able to adapt their oculomotor behavior to improve task performance even when they attribute the error externally. The task was to indicate the intended target object among several objects to a simulated humanmachine interface by making eye movements. The participants were informed that the system itself could make errors. The decoding process depended on a distorted landing point of the saccade, resulting in decoding errors. Two different types of visual feedback were added to the post-saccadic scene and we compared how participants used the different feedback types to adjust their oculomotor behavior to avoid errors. We found that task performance improved over time, regardless of the type of feedback. Thus, error feedback from the simulated human-machine interface was used for post-saccadic error evaluation. This indicates that 1) artificial visual feedback signals and 2) externally caused errors might drive adaptive changes to oculomotor behavior.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Hershman2024,

title = {Insights from eye blinks into the cognitive processes involved in visual word recognition},

author = {Ronen Hershman and David L. Share and Elisabeth M. Weiss and Avishai Henik and Adi Shechter},

doi = {10.5334/joc.343},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Cognition},

volume = {7},

number = {1},

pages = {1–9},

abstract = {Behavioral differences in speed and accuracy between reading familiar and unfamiliar words are well-established in the empirical literature. However, these standard measures of skill proficiency are limited in their ability to capture the moment-to-moment processing involved in visual word recognition. In the present study, the effect of word familiarity was initially investigated using an eye blink rate among adults and children. The probability of eye blinking was higher for familiar (real) words than for unfamiliar (pseudo)words. This counterintuitive pattern of results suggests that the processing of unfamiliar (pseudo)words is more demanding and perhaps less rewarding than the processing of familiar (real) words, as previously observed in both behavioral and pupillometry data. Our findings suggest that the measurement of eye blinks might shed new light on the cognitive processes involved in visual word recognition and other domains of human cognition.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Hof2024,

title = {Measuring and predicting the effect of remyelinating therapy in multiple sclerosis: A randomised controlled trial protocol (RESTORE)},

author = {Sam Hof and Laurentius J. Rijn and Bernard M. J. Uitdehaag and Jenny A. Nij Bijvank and Axel Petzold},

doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2023-076651},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {BMJ Open},

volume = {14},

number = {1},

pages = {1–7},

abstract = {Introduction Remyelination failure hampers symptomatic recovery in multiple sclerosis (MS), underlining the importance of developing remyelinating therapies. Optic neuritis is currently the most established method of measuring remyelination in MS trials. Complementary more generalisable methods of measuring remyelination are required to confirm treatment efficacy. Measuring internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) with infrared oculography provides such a method. Moreover, this method can be expanded with a test for selecting likely treatment responders by using fampridine. The aim of this trial is to investigate the (long-term) remyelinating effects of clemastine fumarate in patients with MS and INO and to evaluate if treatment response can be predicted using fampridine. Methods and analysis RESTORE is a single-centre double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial of clemastine fumarate versus placebo. Prior to clemastine treatment improvement in oculographic features of INO after a single 10 mg dose of fampridine is measured in all participants and used to predict the treatment response to clemastine. Eighty individuals with MS and INO will be 1:1 randomised to 4 mg of clemastine fumarate two times a day for 6 months or equivalent placebo. Our primary outcome is improvement in the Versional Dysconjugacy Index-area under the curve, measured by infrared oculography after 6 months of treatment. Participants are assessed for persistent treatment effects 6, 18 and 30 months after end of treatment. Secondary outcome measures include other oculography parameters including double-step saccades, retinal imaging, visual acuities, physical disability, cognition and patient-reported outcomes.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Hong2024,

title = {Serial dependence in smooth pursuit eye movements of preadolescent children and adults},

author = {Bao Hong and Jing Chen and Wenjun Huang and Li Li},

doi = {10.1167/iovs.65.14.37},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},

volume = {65},

number = {14},

pages = {1–12},

abstract = {Purpose: Serial dependence refers to the attraction of current perceptual responses toward previously seen stimuli. Despite extensive research on serial dependence, fundamental questions, such as how serial dependence changes with development, whether it affects the perception of sensory input, and what qualifies as serial dependence, remain unresolved. The current study aims to address these questions. Methods: We tested 81 children (8-9 years) and 77 adults (18-30 years) with an ocular tracking task in which participants used their eyes to track a target moving in a specific direction on each trial. This task examined both the open-loop (pursuit initiation) and closed-loop (steady-state tracking) smooth pursuit eye movements. Results: We found an attractive bias in pursuit direction toward previously seen target motion direction during pursuit initiation but not sustained pursuit in both children and adults. Such a bias displayed both feature- and temporal-tuning characteristics of serial dependence, showed oblique-cardinal directional anisotropy, and was more pronounced in children than adults. The greater effect of serial dependence around oblique than cardinal directions and its increased magnitude in children compared to adults can be explained by the larger variability in pursuit direction around oblique directions and in children, as predicted by the Bayesian framework. Conclusions: Serial dependence in smooth pursuit occurs early during pursuit initiation when the response is driven by the perception of sensory input. Age-related changes in serial dependence reflect the fine-tuning of general brain functions, enhancing precision in tracking a moving target and thus reducing serial dependence effects.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}