Clinical and Oculomotor Publications - Eye-Tracking

All EyeLink clinical and oculomotor research publications are listed below in alphabetical order based on the first author. You can search the publications using key words such as Saccadic Adaptation, Schizophrenia, Nystagmus, etc. You can also search for individual author names. If we missed any EyeLink clinical or oculomotor article, please email us!

1600 entries « ‹ 1 of 16 › »

David Aagten-Murphy; Paul M Bays

Automatic and intentional influences on saccade landing Journal Article

Journal of Neurophysiology, 118 , pp. 1105–1122, 2017.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Aagten-Murphy2017,
title = {Automatic and intentional influences on saccade landing},
author = {David Aagten-Murphy and Paul M Bays},
doi = {10.1152/jn.00141.2017},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},
volume = {118},
pages = {1105--1122},
abstract = {Saccadic eye movements enable us to rapidly direct our high-resolution fovea onto relevant parts of the visual world. However, while we can intentionally select a location as a saccade target, the wider visual scene also influences our executed movements. In the presence of multiple objects, eye movements may be “captured” to the location of a distractor object, or be biased toward the intermediate position between objects (the “global effect”). Here we examined how the relative strengths of the global effect and visual object capture changed with saccade latency, the separation between visual items and stimulus contrast. Importantly, while many previous studies have omitted giving observers explicit instructions, we instructed participants to either saccade to a specified target object or to the midpoint between two stimuli. This allowed us to examine how their explicit movement goal influenced the likelihood that their saccades terminated at either the target, distractor, or intermediate locations. Using a probabilistic mixture model, we found evidence that both visual object capture and the global effect co-occurred at short latencies and declined as latency increased. As object separation increased, capture came to dominate the landing positions of fast saccades, with reduced global effect. Using the mixture model fits, we dissociated the proportion of unavoidably captured saccades to each location from those intentionally directed to the task goal. From this we could extract the time course of competition between automatic capture and intentional targeting. We show that task instructions substantially altered the distribution of saccade landing points, even at the shortest latencies. NEW & NOTEWORTHY When making an eye movement to a target location, the presence of a nearby distractor can cause the saccade to unintentionally terminate at the distractor itself or the average position in between stimuli. With probabilistic mixture models, we quantified how both unavoidable capture and goal-di rected targeting were influenced by changing the task and the target-distractor separation. Using this novel technique, we could extract the time course over which automatic and intentional processes compete for control of saccades.},
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Saccadic eye movements enable us to rapidly direct our high-resolution fovea onto relevant parts of the visual world. However, while we can intentionally select a location as a saccade target, the wider visual scene also influences our executed movements. In the presence of multiple objects, eye movements may be “captured” to the location of a distractor object, or be biased toward the intermediate position between objects (the “global effect”). Here we examined how the relative strengths of the global effect and visual object capture changed with saccade latency, the separation between visual items and stimulus contrast. Importantly, while many previous studies have omitted giving observers explicit instructions, we instructed participants to either saccade to a specified target object or to the midpoint between two stimuli. This allowed us to examine how their explicit movement goal influenced the likelihood that their saccades terminated at either the target, distractor, or intermediate locations. Using a probabilistic mixture model, we found evidence that both visual object capture and the global effect co-occurred at short latencies and declined as latency increased. As object separation increased, capture came to dominate the landing positions of fast saccades, with reduced global effect. Using the mixture model fits, we dissociated the proportion of unavoidably captured saccades to each location from those intentionally directed to the task goal. From this we could extract the time course of competition between automatic capture and intentional targeting. We show that task instructions substantially altered the distribution of saccade landing points, even at the shortest latencies. NEW & NOTEWORTHY When making an eye movement to a target location, the presence of a nearby distractor can cause the saccade to unintentionally terminate at the distractor itself or the average position in between stimuli. With probabilistic mixture models, we quantified how both unavoidable capture and goal-di rected targeting were influenced by changing the task and the target-distractor separation. Using this novel technique, we could extract the time course over which automatic and intentional processes compete for control of saccades.

Mathias Abegg; Dario Pianezzi; Jason J S Barton

A vertical asymmetry in saccades Journal Article

Journal of Eye Movement Research, 8 (5), pp. 1–10, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Larry Allen Abel; Zhong I Wang; Louis F Dell'Osso

Wavelet analysis in infantile nystagmus syndrome: Limitations and abilities Journal Article

Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 49 (8), pp. 3413–3423, 2008.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Irene Ablinger; Walter Huber; Kerstin I Schattka; Ralph Radach

Recovery in a letter-by-letter reader: More efficiency at the expense of normal reading strategy Journal Article

Neurocase, 19 (3), pp. 236–255, 2013.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Irene Ablinger; Kerstin Von Heyden; Christian Vorstius; Katja Halm; Walter Huber; Ralph Radach

An eye movement based reading intervention in lexical and segmental readers with acquired dyslexia Journal Article

Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 24 (6), pp. 833–867, 2014.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Irene Ablinger; Ralph Radach

Diverging receptive and expressive word processing mechanisms in a deep dyslexic reader Journal Article

Neuropsychologia, 81 , pp. 12–21, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Ablinger2016,
title = {Diverging receptive and expressive word processing mechanisms in a deep dyslexic reader},
author = {Irene Ablinger and Ralph Radach},
doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.11.023},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Neuropsychologia},
volume = {81},
pages = {12--21},
publisher = {Elsevier},
abstract = {We report on KJ, a patient with acquired dyslexia due to cerebral artery infarction. He represents an unusually clear case of an "output" deep dyslexic reader, with a distinct pattern of pure semantic reading. According to current neuropsychological models of reading, the severity of this condition is directly related to the degree of impairment in semantic and phonological representations and the resulting imbalance in the interaction between the two word processing pathways. The present work sought to examine whether an innovative eye movement supported intervention combining lexical and segmental therapy would strengthen phonological processing and lead to an attenuation of the extreme semantic over-involvement in KJ's word identification process. Reading performance was assessed before (T1) between (T2) and after (T3) therapy using both analyses of linguistic errors and word viewing patterns. Therapy resulted in improved reading aloud accuracy along with a change in error distribution that suggested a return to more sequential reading. Interestingly, this was in contrast to the dynamics of moment-to-moment word processing, as eye movement analyses still suggested a predominantly holistic strategy, even at T3. So, in addition to documenting the success of the therapeutic intervention, our results call for a theoretically important conclusion: Real-time letter and word recognition routines should be considered separately from properties of the verbal output. Combining both perspectives may provide a promising strategy for future assessment and therapy evaluation.},
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Leah Acker; Erica N Pino; Edward S Boyden; Robert Desimone

FEF inactivation with improved optogenetic methods Journal Article

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113 (46), pp. E7297–E7306, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

John F Ackermann; Michael S Landy

Choice of saccade endpoint under risk Journal Article

Journal of Vision, 13 (3), pp. 1–20, 2013.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Ackermann2013,
title = {Choice of saccade endpoint under risk},
author = {John F Ackermann and Michael S Landy},
doi = {10.1167/13.3.27},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Vision},
volume = {13},
number = {3},
pages = {1--20},
abstract = {Eye movements function to bring detailed information onto the high-resolution region of the retina. Previous research has shown that human observers select fixation points that maximize information acquisition and minimize target location uncertainty. In this study, we ask whether human observers choose the saccade endpoint that maximizes gain when there are explicit rewards associated with correctly detecting the target. Observers performed an 8-alternative forced-choice detection task for a contrast-defined target in noise. After a single saccade, observers indicated the target location. Each potential target location had an associated reward that was known to the observer. In some conditions, the reward at one location was higher than at the other locations. We compared human saccade endpoints to those of an ideal observer that maximizes expected gain given the respective human observer's visibility map, i.e., d' for target detection as a function of retinal location. Varying the location of the highest reward had a significant effect on human observers' distribution of saccade endpoints. Both human and ideal observers show a high density of saccades made toward the highest rewarded and actual target locations. But humans' overall spatial distributions of saccade endpoints differed significantly from the ideal observer as they made a greater number of saccade to locations far from the highest rewarded and actual target locations. Suboptimal choice of saccade endpoint, possibly in combination with suboptimal integration of information across saccades, had a significant effect on human observers' ability to correctly detect the target and maximize gain.},
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Robert Adam; Alexander Leff; Nihal Sinha; Christopher Turner; Paul Bays; Bogdan Draganski; Masud Husain

Dopamine reverses reward insensitivity in apathy following globus pallidus lesions Journal Article

Cortex, 49 (5), pp. 1292–1303, 2013.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Rick A Adams; Eduardo Aponte; Louise Marshall; Karl J Friston

Active inference and oculomotor pursuit: The dynamic causal modelling of eye movements Journal Article

Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 242 , pp. 1–14, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Adams2015,
title = {Active inference and oculomotor pursuit: The dynamic causal modelling of eye movements},
author = {Rick A Adams and Eduardo Aponte and Louise Marshall and Karl J Friston},
doi = {10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.01.003},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Neuroscience Methods},
volume = {242},
pages = {1--14},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
abstract = {Background: This paper introduces a new paradigm that allows one to quantify the Bayesian beliefs evidenced by subjects during oculomotor pursuit. Subjects' eye tracking responses to a partially occluded sinusoidal target were recorded non-invasively and averaged. These response averages were then analysed using dynamic causal modelling (DCM). In DCM, observed responses are modelled using biologically plausible generative or forward models - usually biophysical models of neuronal activity. New method: Our key innovation is to use a generative model based on a normative (Bayes-optimal) model of active inference to model oculomotor pursuit in terms of subjects' beliefs about how visual targets move and how their oculomotor system responds. Our aim here is to establish the face validity of the approach, by manipulating the content and precision of sensory information - and examining the ensuing changes in the subjects' implicit beliefs. These beliefs are inferred from their eye movements using the normative model. Results: We show that on average, subjects respond to an increase in the 'noise' of target motion by increasing sensory precision in their models of the target trajectory. In other words, they attend more to the sensory attributes of a noisier stimulus. Conversely, subjects only change kinetic parameters in their model but not precision, in response to increased target speed. Conclusions: Using this technique one can estimate the precisions of subjects' hierarchical Bayesian beliefs about target motion. We hope to apply this paradigm to subjects with schizophrenia, whose pursuit abnormalities may result from the abnormal encoding of precision.},
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Rick A Adams; Markus Bauer; Dimitris Pinotsis; Karl J Friston

Dynamic causal modelling of eye movements during pursuit: Confirming precision-encoding in V1 using MEG Journal Article

Neuroimage, 132 , pp. 175–189, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Adams2016,
title = {Dynamic causal modelling of eye movements during pursuit: Confirming precision-encoding in V1 using MEG},
author = {Rick A Adams and Markus Bauer and Dimitris Pinotsis and Karl J Friston},
doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.02.055},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Neuroimage},
volume = {132},
pages = {175--189},
publisher = {The Authors},
abstract = {This paper shows that it is possible to estimate the subjective precision (inverse variance) of Bayesian beliefs during oculomotor pursuit. Subjects viewed a sinusoidal target, with or without random fluctuations in its motion. Eye trajectories and magnetoencephalographic (MEG) data were recorded concurrently. The target was periodically occluded, such that its reappearance caused a visual evoked response field (ERF). Dynamic causal modelling (DCM) was used to fit models of eye trajectories and the ERFs. The DCM for pursuit was based on predictive coding and active inference, and predicts subjects' eye movements based on their (subjective) Bayesian beliefs about target (and eye) motion. The precisions of these hierarchical beliefs can be inferred from behavioural (pursuit) data. The DCM for MEG data used an established biophysical model of neuronal activity that includes parameters for the gain of superficial pyramidal cells, which is thought to encode precision at the neuronal level. Previous studies (using DCM of pursuit data) suggest that noisy target motion increases subjective precision at the sensory level: i.e., subjects attend more to the target's sensory attributes. We compared (noisy motion-induced) changes in the synaptic gain based on the modelling of MEG data to changes in subjective precision estimated using the pursuit data. We demonstrate that imprecise target motion increases the gain of superficial pyramidal cells in V1 (across subjects). Furthermore, increases in sensory precision – inferred by our behavioural DCM – correlate with the increase in gain in V1, across subjects. This is a step towards a fully integrated model of brain computations, cortical responses and behaviour that may provide a useful clinical tool in conditions like schizophrenia.},
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Mehmet N Ağaoğlu; Haluk Öğmen; Susana T L Chung

Unmasking saccadic uncrowding Journal Article

Vision Research, 127 , pp. 152–164, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Agaoglu2016b,
title = {Unmasking saccadic uncrowding},
author = {Mehmet N Ağaoğlu and Haluk Öğmen and Susana T L Chung},
doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2016.08.003},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Vision Research},
volume = {127},
pages = {152--164},
abstract = {Stimuli that are briefly presented around the time of saccades are often perceived with spatiotemporal distortions. These distortions do not always have deleterious effects on the visibility and identification of a stimulus. Recent studies reported that when a stimulus is the target of an intended saccade, it is released from both masking and crowding. Here, we investigated pre-saccadic changes in single and crowded letter recognition performance in the absence (Experiment 1) and the presence (Experiment 2) of backward masks to determine the extent to which saccadic “uncrowding” and “unmasking” mechanisms are similar. Our results show that pre-saccadic improvements in letter recognition performance are mostly due to the presence of masks and/or stimulus transients which occur after the target is presented. More importantly, we did not find any decrease in crowding strength before impending saccades. A simplified version of a dual-channel neural model, originally proposed to explain masking phenomena, with several saccadic add-on mechanisms, could account for our results in Experiment 1. However, this model falls short in explaining how saccades drastically reduced the effect of backward masking (Experiment 2). The addition of a remapping mechanism that alters the relative spatial positions of stimuli was needed to fully account for the improvements observed when backward masks followed the letter stimuli. Taken together, our results (i) are inconsistent with saccadic uncrowding, (ii) strongly support saccadic unmasking, and (iii) suggest that pre-saccadic letter recognition is modulated by multiple perisaccadic mechanisms with different time courses.},
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C J Aine; H J Bockholt; J R Bustillo; J M Cañive; A Caprihan; C Gasparovic; F M Hanlon; J M Houck; R E Jung; J Lauriello; J Liu; A R Mayer; N I Perrone-Bizzozero; S Posse; J M Stephen; J A Turner; V P Clark; Vince D Calhoun

Multimodal neuroimaging in schizophrenia: Description and dissemination Journal Article

Neuroinformatics, 15 (4), pp. 343–364, 2017.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Cordelia D Aitkin; Elio M Santos; Eileen Kowler

Anticipatory smooth eye movements in autism spectrum disorder Journal Article

PLoS ONE, 8 (12), pp. 1–11, 2013.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Aitkin2013,
title = {Anticipatory smooth eye movements in autism spectrum disorder},
author = {Cordelia D Aitkin and Elio M Santos and Eileen Kowler},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0083230},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
volume = {8},
number = {12},
pages = {1--11},
abstract = {Smooth pursuit eye movements are important for vision because they maintain the line of sight on targets that move smoothly within the visual field. Smooth pursuit is driven by neural representations of motion, including a surprisingly strong influence of high-level signals representing expected motion. We studied anticipatory smooth eye movements (defined as smooth eye movements in the direction of expected future motion) produced by salient visual cues in a group of high-functioning observers with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), a condition that has been associated with difficulties in either generating predictions, or translating predictions into effective motor commands. Eye movements were recorded while participants pursued the motion of a disc that moved within an outline drawing of an inverted Y-shaped tube. The cue to the motion path was a visual barrier that blocked the untraveled branch (right or left) of the tube. ASD participants showed strong anticipatory smooth eye movements whose velocity was the same as that of a group of neurotypical participants. Anticipatory smooth eye movements appeared on the very first cued trial, indicating that trial-by-trial learning was not responsible for the responses. These results are significant because they show that anticipatory capacities are intact in high-functioning ASD in cases where the cue to the motion path is highly salient and unambiguous. Once the ability to generate anticipatory pursuit is demonstrated, the study of the anticipatory responses with a variety of types of cues provides a window into the perceptual or cognitive processes that underlie the interpretation of events in natural environments or social situations.},
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Sara Ajina; Franco Pestilli; Ariel Rokem; Christopher Kennard; Holly Bridge

Human blindsight is mediated by an intact geniculo-extrastriate pathway Journal Article

eLife, 4 , pp. 1–23, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Sara Ajina; Geraint Rees; Christopher Kennard; Holly Bridge

Abnormal contrast responses in the extrastriate cortex of blindsight patients Journal Article

Journal of Neuroscience, 35 (21), pp. 8201–8213, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Ajina2015b,
title = {Abnormal contrast responses in the extrastriate cortex of blindsight patients},
author = {Sara Ajina and Geraint Rees and Christopher Kennard and Holly Bridge},
doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3075-14.2015},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Neuroscience},
volume = {35},
number = {21},
pages = {8201--8213},
abstract = {When the human primary visual cortex (V1) is damaged, the dominant geniculo-striate pathway can no longer convey visual information to the occipital cortex. However, many patients with such damage retain some residual visual function that must rely on an alternative pathway directly to extrastriate occipital regions. This residual vision is most robust for moving stimuli, suggesting a role for motion area hMT+. However, residual vision also requires high-contrast stimuli, which is inconsistent with hMT+ sensitivity to contrast in which even low-contrast levels elicit near-maximal neural activation. We sought to investigate this discrepancy by measuring behavioral and neural responses to increasing contrast in patients with V1 damage. Eight patients underwent behavioral testing and functional magnetic resonance imaging to record contrast sensitivity in hMT+ of their damaged hemisphere, using Gabor stimuli with a spatial frequency of 1 cycle/degrees. The responses from hMT+ of the blind hemisphere were compared with hMT+ and V1 responses in the sighted hemisphere of patients and a group of age-matched controls. Unlike hMT+, neural responses in V1 tend to increase linearly with increasing contrast, likely reflecting a dominant parvocellular channel input. Across all patients, the responses in hMT+ of the blind hemisphere no longer showed early saturation but increased linearly with contrast. Given the spatiotemporal parameters used in this study and the known direct subcortical projections from the koniocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus to hMT+, we propose that this altered contrast sensitivity in hMT+ could be consistent with input from the koniocellular pathway.},
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Sara Ajina; Holly Bridge

Blindsight relies on a functional connection between hMT+ and the lateral geniculate nucleus, not the pulvinar Journal Article

PLoS Biology, 16 (7), pp. 1–25, 2018.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Umair Akram; Jason G Ellis; Andriy Myachykov; Nicola L Barclay

Preferential attention towards the eye-region amongst individuals with insomnia Journal Article

Journal of Sleep Research, 26 (1), pp. 84–91, 2017.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Akram2017,
title = {Preferential attention towards the eye-region amongst individuals with insomnia},
author = {Umair Akram and Jason G Ellis and Andriy Myachykov and Nicola L Barclay},
doi = {10.1111/jsr.12456},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Sleep Research},
volume = {26},
number = {1},
pages = {84--91},
abstract = {People with insomnia often perceive their own facial appearance as more tired compared with the appearance of others. Evidence also highlights the eye-region in projecting tiredness cues to perceivers, and tiredness judgements often rely on preferential attention towards this region. Using a novel eye-tracking paradigm, this study examined: (i) whether individuals with insomnia display preferential attention towards the eyeregion, relative to nose and mouth regions, whilst observing faces compared with normal-sleepers; and (ii) whether an attentional bias towards the eye-region amongst individuals with insomnia is self-specific or general in nature. Twenty individuals with DSM-5 Insomnia Disorder and 20 normal-sleepers viewed 48 neutral facial photographs (24 of themselves, 24 of other people) for periods of 4000 ms. Eye movements were recorded using eye-tracking, and first fixation onset, first fixation duration and total gaze duration were examined for three interest-regions (eyes, nose, mouth). Significant group 9 interest-region interactions indicated that, regardless of the face presented, participants with insomnia were quicker to attend to, and spent more time observing, the eye-region relative to the nose and mouth regions compared with normal-sleepers. However, no group 9 face 9 interest-region interactions were established. Thus, whilst individuals with insomnia displayed preferential attention towards the eye-region in general, this effect was not accentuated during self-perception. Insomnia appears to be characterized by a general, rather than self-specific, attentional bias towards the eye-region. These findings contribute to our understanding of face perception in insomnia, and provide tentative support for cognitive models of insomnia demonstrating that individuals with insomnia monitor faces in general, with a specific focus around the eye-region, for cues associated with tiredness.},
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Naseem Al-aidroos; Jos J Adam; Martin H Fischer; Jay Pratt

Structured perceptual arrays and the modulation of Fitts's Law: Examining saccadic eye movements Journal Article

Journal of Motor Behavior, 40 (2), pp. 155–164, 2008.

Abstract | BibTeX

Naseem Al-Aidroos; Jay Pratt

Top-down control in time and space: Evidence from saccadic latencies and trajectories Journal Article

Visual Cognition, 18 (1), pp. 26–49, 2010.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Nadia Alahyane; Denis Pélisson

Adaptation of saccadic eye movements: Transfer and specificity Journal Article

Annals of New York Academy of Sciences, 1004 (1), pp. 69–77, 2003.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Nadia Alahyane; Ansgar Koene; Denis Pélisson

Transfer of adaptation from visually guided saccades to averaging saccades elicited by double visual targets Journal Article

European Journal of Neuroscience, 20 (3), pp. 827–836, 2004.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Alahyane2004,
title = {Transfer of adaptation from visually guided saccades to averaging saccades elicited by double visual targets},
author = {Nadia Alahyane and Ansgar Koene and Denis Pélisson},
doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03536.x},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},
volume = {20},
number = {3},
pages = {827--836},
abstract = {The adaptive mechanisms that control the amplitude of visually guided saccades (VGS) are only partially elucidated. In this study, we investigated, in six human subjects, the transfer of VGS adaptation to averaging saccades elicited by the simultaneous presentation of two visual targets. The generation of averaging saccades requires the transformation of two representations encoding the desired eye displacement toward each of the two targets into a single representation encoding the averaging saccade (averaging programming site). We aimed to evaluate whether VGS adaptation acts upstream (hypothesis 1) or at/below (hypothesis 2) the level of averaging saccades programming. Using the double-step target paradigm, we simultaneously induced a backward adaptation of 17.5 degrees horizontal VGS and a forward adaptation of 17.5 degrees oblique VGS performed along the +/- 40 degrees directions relative to the azimuth. We measured the effects of this dual adaptation protocol on averaging saccades triggered by two simultaneous targets located at 17.5 degrees along the +/- 40 degrees directions. To increase the yield of averaging saccades, we instructed the subjects to move their eyes as fast as possible to an intermediate position between the two targets. We found that the amplitude of averaging saccades was smaller after VGS adaptation than before and differed significantly from that predicted by hypothesis 1, but not by hypothesis 2, with an adaptation transfer of 50%. These findings indicate that VGS adaptation largely occurs at/below the averaging saccade programming site. Based on current knowledge of the neural substrate of averaging saccades, we suggest that VGS adaptation mainly acts at the level of the superior colliculus or downstream.},
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Nadia Alahyane; Denis Pélisson

Eye position specificity of saccadic adaptation Journal Article

Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 45 (1), pp. 123–130, 2004.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Nadia Alahyane; Denis Pélisson

Retention of saccadic adaptation in humans Journal Article

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1039 , pp. 558–562, 2005.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Nadia Alahyane; Denis Pélisson

Long-lasting modifications of saccadic eye movements following adaptation induced in the double-step target paradigm Journal Article

Learning and Memory, 12 (4), pp. 433–443, 2005.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Alahyane2005a,
title = {Long-lasting modifications of saccadic eye movements following adaptation induced in the double-step target paradigm},
author = {Nadia Alahyane and Denis Pélisson},
doi = {10.1101/lm.96405},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
journal = {Learning and Memory},
volume = {12},
number = {4},
pages = {433--443},
abstract = {The adaptation of saccadic eye movements to environmental changes occurring throughout life is a good model of motor learning and motor memory. Numerous studies have analyzed the behavioral properties and neural substrate of oculomotor learning in short-term saccadic adaptation protocols, but to our knowledge, none have tested the persistence of the oculomotor memory. In the present study, the double-step target protocol was used in five human subjects to adaptively decrease the amplitude of reactive saccades triggered by a horizontally-stepping visual target. We tested the amplitude of visually guided saccades just before and at different times (up to 19 days) after the adaptation session. The results revealed that immediately after the adaptation session, saccade amplitude was significantly reduced by 22% on average. Although progressively recovering over days, this change in saccade gain was still statistically significant on days 1 and 5, with an average retention rate of 36% and 19%, respectively. On day 11, saccade amplitude no longer differed from the pre-adaptation value. Adaptation was more effective and more resistant to recovery for leftward saccades than for rightward ones. Lastly, modifications of saccade gain related to adaptation were accompanied by a decrease of both saccade duration and peak velocity. A control experiment indicated that all these findings were specifically related to the adaptation protocol, and further revealed that no change in the main sequence relationships could be specifically related to adaptation. We conclude that in humans, the modifications of saccade amplitude that quickly develop during a double-step target adaptation protocol can remain in memory for a much longer period of time, reflecting enduring plastic changes in the brain.},
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Nadia Alahyane; Roméo Salemme; Christian Urquizar; Julien Cotti; Alain Guillaume; Jean-Louis Vercher; Denis Pélisson

Oculomotor plasticity: Are mechanisms of adaptation for reactive and voluntary saccades separate? Journal Article

Brain Research, 1135 (1), pp. 107–121, 2007.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Alahyane2007,
title = {Oculomotor plasticity: Are mechanisms of adaptation for reactive and voluntary saccades separate?},
author = {Nadia Alahyane and Roméo Salemme and Christian Urquizar and Julien Cotti and Alain Guillaume and Jean-Louis Vercher and Denis Pélisson},
doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2006.11.077},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Brain Research},
volume = {1135},
number = {1},
pages = {107--121},
abstract = {Saccadic eye movements are permanently controlled and their accuracy maintained by adaptive mechanisms that compensate for physiological or pathological perturbations. In contrast to the adaptation of reactive saccades (RS) which are automatically triggered by the sudden appearance of a single target, little is known about the adaptation of voluntary saccades which allow us to intentionally scan our environment in nearly all our daily activities. In this study, we addressed this issue in human subjects by determining the properties of adaptation of scanning voluntary saccades (SVS) and comparing these features to those of RS. We also tested the reciprocal transfers of adaptation between the two saccade types. Our results revealed that SVS and RS adaptations disclosed similar adaptation fields, time course and recovery levels, with only a slightly lower after-effect for SVS. Moreover, RS and SVS main sequences both remained unaffected after adaptation. Finally and quite unexpectedly, the pattern of adaptation transfers was asymmetrical, with a much stronger transfer from SVS to RS (79%) than in the reverse direction (22%). These data demonstrate that adaptations of RS and SVS share several behavioural properties but at the same time rely on partially distinct processes. Based on these findings, it is proposed that adaptations of RS and SVS may involve a neural network including both a common site and two separate sites specifically recruited for each saccade type.},
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}

N Alahyane; V Fonteille; C Urquizar; R Salemme; N Nighoghossian; D Pelisson; C Tilikete

Separate neural substrates in the human cerebellum for sensory-motor adaptation of reactive and of scanning voluntary saccades Journal Article

Cerebellum, 7 (4), pp. 595–601, 2008.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Alahyane2008a,
title = {Separate neural substrates in the human cerebellum for sensory-motor adaptation of reactive and of scanning voluntary saccades},
author = {N Alahyane and V Fonteille and C Urquizar and R Salemme and N Nighoghossian and D Pelisson and C Tilikete},
doi = {10.1007/s12311-008-0065-5},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {Cerebellum},
volume = {7},
number = {4},
pages = {595--601},
abstract = {Sensory-motor adaptation processes are critically involved in maintaining accurate motor behavior throughout life. Yet their underlying neural substrates and task-dependency bases are still poorly understood. We address these issues here by studying adaptation of saccadic eye movements, a well-established model of sensory-motor plasticity. The cerebellum plays a major role in saccadic adaptation but it has not yet been investigated whether this role can account for the known specificity of adaptation to the saccade type (e.g., reactive versus voluntary). Two patients with focal lesions in different parts of the cerebellum were tested using the double-step target paradigm. Each patient was submitted to two separate sessions: one for reactive saccades (RS) triggered by the sudden appearance of a visual target and the second for scanning voluntary saccades (SVS) performed when exploring a more complex scene. We found that a medial cerebellar lesion impaired adaptation of reactive-but not of voluntary-saccades, whereas a lateral lesion affected adaptation of scanning voluntary saccades, but not of reactive saccades. These findings provide the first evidence of an involvement of the lateral cerebellum in saccadic adaptation, and extend the demonstrated role of the cerebellum in RS adaptation to adaptation of SVS. The double dissociation of adaptive abilities is also consistent with our previous hypothesis of the involvement in saccadic adaptation of partially separated cerebellar areas specific to the reactive or voluntary task (Alahyane et al. Brain Res 1135:107-121 (2007)).},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Nadia Alahyane; Anne-Dominique Devauchelle; Roméo Salemme; Denis Pélisson

Spatial transfer of adaptation of scanning voluntary saccades in humans Journal Article

Neuroreport, 19 (1), pp. 37–41, 2008.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Nadia Alahyane; Christelle Lemoine-Lardennois; Coline Tailhefer; Thérèse Collins; Jacqueline Fagard; Karine Doré-Mazars

Development and learning of saccadic eye movements in 7- to 42-month-old children Journal Article

Journal of Vision, 16 (1), pp. 1–12, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Noor Z Al Dahhan; George K Georgiou; Rickie Hung; Douglas Munoz; Rauno Parrila; John R Kirby

Eye movements of university students with and without reading difficulties during naming speed tasks Journal Article

Annals of Dyslexia, 64 (2), pp. 137–150, 2014.

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Noor Z Al Dahhan; John R Kirby; Donald C Brien; Douglas P Munoz

Eye movements and articulations during a letter naming speed task: Children with and without Dyslexia Journal Article

Journal of Learning Disabilities, 50 (3), pp. 275–285, 2017.

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Ava-Ann Allman; Ulrich Ettinger; Ridha Joober; Gillian A O'Driscoll

Effects of methylphenidate on basic and higher-order oculomotor functions Journal Article

Journal of Psychopharmacology, 26 (11), pp. 1471–1479, 2012.

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Roy Amit; Dekel Abeles; Izhar Bar-Gad; Shlomit Yuval-Greenberg

Temporal dynamics of saccades explained by a self-paced process Journal Article

Scientific Reports, 7 (1), pp. 1–15, 2017.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Richard Amlôt; Robin Walker; Jon Driver; Charles Spence

Multimodal visual–somatosensory integration in saccade generation Journal Article

Neuropsychologia, 41 (1), pp. 1–15, 2003.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Amlot2003,
title = {Multimodal visual–somatosensory integration in saccade generation},
author = {Richard Aml{ô}t and Robin Walker and Jon Driver and Charles Spence},
doi = {10.1016/S0028-3932(02)00139-2},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-01-01},
journal = {Neuropsychologia},
volume = {41},
number = {1},
pages = {1--15},
abstract = {Neurophysiological studies have demonstrated multisensory interaction effects in the neural structures involved in saccade generation when visual, auditory or somatosensory stimuli are presented bimodally. Visual–auditory interaction effects have been demonstrated in numerous behavioural studies of saccades but little is known about interaction effects involving somatosensory stimuli. The present study examined visual–somatosensory interaction effects on saccade generation using a multisensory paradigm, whereby task-irrelevant distractors appeared spatially-coincident with, or remote from the designated saccade target. Somatosensory distractors reduced the latency of saccades when presented before the visual target and the greatest facilitation effectwas observed with spatially-coincident stimuli.Visual distractors spatially-coincident with a somatosensory target reduced latency (and increased peak velocity) when presented before and after the target.Visual distractors contralateral to somatosensory targets increased saccade latency and produced high error rates of saccades made to the distractor. The high error rates and latencymodulation with visual distractors is consistent with a bias for visual stimuli in the saccadic system. In the visual target condition, saccade latency was modulated by a somatosensory distractor that was entirely task-irrelevant and this effect was always greatest with spatially-coincident distractors. The multisensory distractor effects are discussed in terms of saccades being programmed to the non-target modality, the early triggering of a non-spatial saccade ‘when' signal, and multisensory neuronal enhancement effects.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Tatiana A Amor; Saulo D S Reis; Daniel Campos; Hans J Herrmann; José S Andrade

Persistence in eye movement during visual search Journal Article

Scientific Reports, 6 , pp. 1–12, 2016.

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Nicola C Anderson; Eduard Ort; Wouter Kruijne; Martijn Meeter; Mieke Donk

It depends on when you look at it: Salience influences eye movements in natural scene viewing and search early in time Journal Article

Journal of Vision, 15 (5), pp. 1–22, 2015.

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Elaine J Anderson; Marc S Tibber; Sam D Schwarzkopf; Sukhwinder S Shergill; Emilio Fernandez-Egea; Geraint Rees; Steven C Dakin

Visual population receptive fields in people with schizophrenia have reduced inhibitory surrounds Journal Article

Journal of Neuroscience, 37 (6), pp. 1546–1556, 2017.

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Neil K Archibald; Samuel B Hutton; Michael P Clarke; Urs P Mosimann; David J Burn

Visual exploration in Parkinson's disease and Parkinson's disease dementia Journal Article

Brain, 136 (3), pp. 739–750, 2013.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Archibald2013,
title = {Visual exploration in Parkinson's disease and Parkinson's disease dementia},
author = {Neil K Archibald and Samuel B Hutton and Michael P Clarke and Urs P Mosimann and David J Burn},
doi = {10.1093/brain/awt005},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Brain},
volume = {136},
number = {3},
pages = {739--750},
abstract = {Parkinson's disease, typically thought of as a movement disorder, is increasingly recognized as causing cognitive impairment and dementia. Eye movement abnormalities are also described, including impairment of rapid eye movements (saccades) and the fixations interspersed between them. Such movements are under the influence of cortical and subcortical networks commonly targeted by the neurodegeneration seen in Parkinson's disease and, as such, may provide a marker for cognitive decline. This study examined the error rates and visual exploration strategies of subjects with Parkinson's disease, with and without cognitive impairment, whilst performing a battery of visuo-cognitive tasks. Error rates were significantly higher in those Parkinson's disease groups with either mild cognitive impairment (P = 0.001) or dementia (P textless 0.001), than in cognitively normal subjects with Parkinson's disease. When compared with cognitively normal subjects with Parkinson's disease, exploration strategy, as measured by a number of eye tracking variables, was least efficient in the dementia group but was also affected in those subjects with Parkinson's disease with mild cognitive impairment. When compared with control subjects and cognitively normal subjects with Parkinson's disease, saccade amplitudes were significantly reduced in the groups with mild cognitive impairment or dementia. Fixation duration was longer in all Parkinson's disease groups compared with healthy control subjects but was longest for cognitively impaired Parkinson's disease groups. The strongest predictor of average fixation duration was disease severity. Analysing only data from the most complex task, with the highest error rates, both cognitive impairment and disease severity contributed to a predictive model for fixation duration F(2,76) = 12.52, P 0.001, but medication dose did not (r = 0.18},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Kiki Arkesteijn; Jeroen B J Smeets; Mieke Donk; Artem V Belopolsky

Target-distractor competition cannot be resolved across a saccade Journal Article

Scientific Reports, 8 (1), pp. 1–10, 2018.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

I T Armstrong; Douglas P Munoz

Inhibitory control of eye movements during oculomotor countermanding in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder Journal Article

Experimental Brain Research, 152 (4), pp. 444–452, 2003.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Armstrong2003a,
title = {Inhibitory control of eye movements during oculomotor countermanding in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder},
author = {I T Armstrong and Douglas P Munoz},
doi = {10.1007/s00221-003-1569-3},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-01-01},
journal = {Experimental Brain Research},
volume = {152},
number = {4},
pages = {444--452},
abstract = {Children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are impulsive, and that impulsiveness can be measured using a countermanding task. Although the overt behaviors of ADHD attenuate with age, it is not clear how well impulsiveness is controlled in adults with ADHD. We tested ADHD adults with an oculomotor countermanding task. The task included two conditions: on 75% of the trials, participants viewed a central fixation marker and then looked to an eccentric target that appeared simultaneous with the disappearance of the fixation marker; on 25% of the trials, a signal was presented at variable delays after target appearance. The signal instructed subjects to stop, or countermand, an eye movement to the target. A correct movement in this case would be to hold gaze at the central fixation location. We expected ADHD participants to be impulsive in their countermanding performance. Additionally, we expected that a visual stop signal at the central fixation location would assist oculomotor countermanding because the signal is presented in the "stop" location, at fixation. To test whether a central stop signal positively biased countermanding, we used a three types of stop signal to instruct the stop: a central visual marker, a peripheral visual signal, and a non-localized sound. All subjects performed best with the central visual stop signal. Subjects with ADHD were less able to countermand eye movements and were influenced more negatively by the non-central signals. Oculomotor countermanding may be useful for quantifying impulsive dysfunction in adults with ADHD especially if a non-central stop signal is applied.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

I T Armstrong; Douglas P Munoz

Attentional blink in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Influence of eye movements Journal Article

Experimental Brain Research, 152 (2), pp. 243–250, 2003.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Armstrong2003b,
title = {Attentional blink in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Influence of eye movements},
author = {I T Armstrong and Douglas P Munoz},
doi = {10.1007/s00221-003-1535-0},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-01-01},
journal = {Experimental Brain Research},
volume = {152},
number = {2},
pages = {243--250},
abstract = {The attentional blink paradigm tests attention by overloading it: a list of stimuli is presented very rapidly one after another at the same location on a computer screen, each item overwriting the last, and participants monitor the list using two criteria [e.g. detect the target (red letter) and identify the probe (letter p)]. If the interval between the target and the probe is greater than about 500 ms, both are usually reported correctly, but, when the interval between the target and the probe is within 200-500 ms, report of the probe declines. This decline is the attentional blink, an interval of time when attention is supposedly switching from the first criterion to the second. The attentional blink paradigm should be difficult to perform correctly without vigilantly attending to the rapidly presented list. Vigilance tasks are often used to assess attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Symptoms of the disorder include hyperactivity and attentional dysfunction; however, some people with ADHD also have difficulty maintaining gaze at a fixed location. We tested 15 adults with ADHD and their age- and sex-matched controls, measuring accuracy and gaze stability during the attentional blink task. ADHD participants reported fewer targets and probes, took longer to recover from the attentional blink, made more eye movements, and made identification errors consistent with non-perception of the letter list. In contrast, errors made by control participants were consistent with guessing (i.e., report of a letter immediately preceding or succeeding the correct letter). Excessive eye movements result in poorer performance for all participants; however, error patterns confirm that the weak performance of ADHD participants may be related to gaze instability as well as to attentional dysfunction.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Daniel S Asfaw; Pete R Jones; Nicholas D Smith; David P Crabb

Data on eye movements in people with glaucoma and peers with normal vision Journal Article

Data in Brief, 19 , pp. 1266–1273, 2018.

Abstract | BibTeX

Daniel S Asfaw; Pete R Jones; M M Vera; Nicholas D Smith; David P Crabb

Does glaucoma alter eye movements when viewing images of natural scenes ? A between-eye study Journal Article

Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 59 (8), pp. 3189–3198, 2018.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Asfaw2018a,
title = {Does glaucoma alter eye movements when viewing images of natural scenes ? A between-eye study},
author = {Daniel S Asfaw and Pete R Jones and M M Vera and Nicholas D Smith and David P Crabb},
doi = {10.1167/iovs.18-23779},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
volume = {59},
number = {8},
pages = {3189--3198},
abstract = {PURPOSE. To investigate whether glaucoma produces measurable changes in eye movements. METHODS. Fifteen glaucoma patients with asymmetric vision loss (difference in mean deviation [MD] textgreater 6 dB between eyes) were asked to monocularly view 120 images of natural scenes, presented sequentially on a computer monitor. Each image was viewed twice—once each with the better and worse eye. Patients' eye movements were recorded with an Eyelink 1000 eye-tracker. Eye-movement parameters were computed and compared within participants (better eye versus worse eye). These parameters included a novel measure: saccadic reversal rate (SRR), as well as more traditional metrics such as saccade amplitude, fixation counts, fixation duration, and spread of fixation locations (bivariate contour ellipse area [BCEA]). In addition, the associations of these parameters with clinical measures of vision were investigated. RESULTS. In the worse eye, saccade amplitude (p = 0.012; -13%) and BCEA (p = 0.005; -16 %) were smaller, while SRR was greater (p = 0.018; +16%). There was a significant correlation between the intereye difference in BCEA, and differences in MD values (Spearman's r = 0.65; p = 0.01), while differences in SRR were associated with differences in visual acuity (Spearman's r = 0.64; p = 0.01). Furthermore, between-eye differences in BCEA were a significant predictor of between-eye differences in MD: for every 1-dB difference in MD, BCEA reduced by 6.2% (95% confidence interval, 1.6%–10.3%). CONCLUSIONS. Eye movements are altered by visual field loss, and these changes are related to changes in clinical measures. Eye movements recorded while passively viewing images could potentially be used as biomarkers for visual field damage.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Mania Asgharpour; Mehdi Tehrani-Doost; Mehrnoosh Ahmadi; Hamid Moshki

Visual attention to emotional face in schizophrenia: An eye tracking study Journal Article

Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 10 (1), pp. 13–18, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Asgharpour2015,
title = {Visual attention to emotional face in schizophrenia: An eye tracking study},
author = {Mania Asgharpour and Mehdi Tehrani-Doost and Mehrnoosh Ahmadi and Hamid Moshki},
doi = {10.1186/1471-2180-9-74r1471-2180-9-74 [pii]},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {13--18},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Deficits in the processing of facial emotions have been reported extensively in patients with schizophrenia. To explore whether restricted attention is the cause of impaired emotion processing in these patients, we examined visual attention through tracking eye movements in response to emotional and neutral face stimuli in a group of patients with schizophrenia and healthy individuals. We also examined the correlation between visual attention allocation and symptoms severity in our patient group. METHOD: Thirty adult patients with schizophrenia and 30 matched healthy controls participated in this study. Visual attention data were recorded while participants passively viewed emotional-neutral face pairs for 500 ms. The relationship between the visual attention and symptoms severity were assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) in the schizophrenia group. Repeated Measures ANOVAs were used to compare the groups. RESULTS: Comparing the number of fixations made during face-pairs presentation, we found that patients with schizophrenia made fewer fixations on faces, regardless of the expression of the face. Analysis of the number of fixations on negative-neutral pairs also revealed that the patients made fewer fixations on both neutral and negative faces. Analysis of number of fixations on positive-neutral pairs only showed more fixations on positive relative to neutral expressions in both groups. We found no correlations between visual attention pattern to faces and symptom severity in schizophrenic patients. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that the facial recognition deficit in schizophrenia is related to decreased attention to face stimuli. Finding of no difference in visual attention for positive-neutral face pairs between the groups is in line with studies that have shown increased ability to positive emotional perception in these patients.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Serguei V Astafiev; Gordon L Shulman; Nicholas V Metcalf; Jennifer Rengachary; Christine L MacDonald; Deborah L Harrington; Jun Maruta; Joshua S Shimony; Jamshid Ghajar; Mithun Diwakar; Ming-Xiong X Huang; Roland R Lee; Maurizio Corbetta

Abnormal white matter blood-oxygen-level–dependent signals in chronic mild traumatic brain injury Journal Article

Journal of Neurotrauma, 32 (16), pp. 1254–1271, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Astafiev2015,
title = {Abnormal white matter blood-oxygen-level–dependent signals in chronic mild traumatic brain injury},
author = {Serguei V Astafiev and Gordon L Shulman and Nicholas V Metcalf and Jennifer Rengachary and Christine L MacDonald and Deborah L Harrington and Jun Maruta and Joshua S Shimony and Jamshid Ghajar and Mithun Diwakar and Ming-Xiong X Huang and Roland R Lee and Maurizio Corbetta},
doi = {10.1089/neu.2014.3547},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Neurotrauma},
volume = {32},
number = {16},
pages = {1254--1271},
abstract = {Concussion, or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), can cause persistent behavioral symptoms and cognitive impairment, but it is unclear if this condition is associated with detectable structural or functional brain changes. At two sites, chronic mTBI human subjects with persistent post-concussive symptoms (three months to five years after injury) and age- and education-matched healthy human control subjects underwent extensive neuropsychological and visual tracking eye movement tests. At one site, patients and controls also performed the visual tracking tasks while blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signals were measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Although neither neuropsychological nor visual tracking measures distinguished patients from controls at the level of individual subjects, abnormal BOLD signals were reliably detected in patients. The most consistent changes were localized in white matter regions: anterior internal capsule and superior longitudinal fasciculus. In contrast, BOLD signals were normal in cortical regions, such as the frontal eye field and intraparietal sulcus, that mediate oculomotor and attention functions necessary for visual tracking. The abnormal BOLD signals accurately differentiated chronic mTBI patients from healthy controls at the single-subject level, although they did not correlate with symptoms or neuropsychological performance. We conclude that subjects with persistent post-concussive symptoms can be identified years after their TBI using fMRI and an eye movement task despite showing normal structural MRI and DTI.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Serguei V Astafiev; Kristina L Zinn; Gordon L Shulman; Maurizio Corbetta

Exploring the physiological correlates of chronic mild traumatic brain injury symptoms Journal Article

NeuroImage: Clinical, 11 , pp. 10–19, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Jeroen Atsma; Femke Maij; Brian D Corneil; Pieter W Medendorp

No perisaccadic mislocalization with abruptly cancelled saccades Journal Article

Journal of Neuroscience, 34 (16), pp. 5497–5504, 2014.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Jeroen Atsma; Femke Maij; Mathieu Koppen; David E Irwin; Pieter W Medendorp

Causal inference for spatial constancy across saccades Journal Article

PLoS Computational Biology, 12 (3), pp. 1–20, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Atsma2016,
title = {Causal inference for spatial constancy across saccades},
author = {Jeroen Atsma and Femke Maij and Mathieu Koppen and David E Irwin and Pieter W Medendorp},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004766},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {PLoS Computational Biology},
volume = {12},
number = {3},
pages = {1--20},
abstract = {Our ability to interact with the environment hinges on creating a stable visual world despite the continuous changes in retinal input. To achieve visual stability, the brain must distinguish the retinal image shifts caused by eye movements and shifts due to movements of the visual scene. This process appears not to be flawless: during saccades, we often fail to detect whether visual objects remain stable or move, which is called saccadic suppression of displacement (SSD). How does the brain evaluate the memorized information of the presaccadic scene and the actual visual feedback of the postsaccadic visual scene in the computations for visual stability? Using a SSD task, we test how participants localize the presaccadic position of the fixation target, the saccade target or a peripheral non-foveated target that was displaced parallel or orthogonal during a horizontal saccade, and subsequently viewed for three different durations. Results showed different localization errors of the three targets, depending on the viewing time of the postsaccadic stimulus and its spatial separation from the presaccadic location. We modeled the data through a Bayesian causal inference mechanism, in which at the trial level an optimal mixing of two possible strategies, integration vs. separation of the presaccadic memory and the postsaccadic sensory signals, is applied. Fits of this model generally outperformed other plausible decision strategies for producing SSD. Our findings suggest that humans exploit a Bayesian inference process with two causal structures to mediate visual stability.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Sheena K Au-Yeung; Valerie Benson; Monica S Castelhano; Keith Rayner

Eye movement sequences during simple versus complex information processing of scenes in autism spectrum disorder Journal Article

Autism Research and Treatment, 2011 , pp. 1–7, 2011.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Sheena K Au-Yeung; Johanna K Kaakinen; Valerie Benson

Cognitive perspective-taking during scene perception in autism spectrum disorder: Evidence from eye movements Journal Article

Autism Research, 7 (1), pp. 84–93, 2014.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Sheena K Au-Yeung; Johanna K Kaakinen; Simon P Liversedge; Valerie Benson

Processing of written irony in autism spectrum disorder: An eye-movement study Journal Article

Autism Research, 8 (6), pp. 749–760, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Colas N Authié; Daniel R Mestre

Optokinetic nystagmus is elicited by curvilinear optic flow during high speed curve driving Journal Article

Vision Research, 51 (16), pp. 1791–1800, 2011.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Authie2011,
title = {Optokinetic nystagmus is elicited by curvilinear optic flow during high speed curve driving},
author = {Colas N Authié and Daniel R Mestre},
doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2011.06.010},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Vision Research},
volume = {51},
number = {16},
pages = {1791--1800},
abstract = {When analyzing gaze behavior during curve driving, it is commonly accepted that gaze is mostly located in the vicinity of the tangent point, being the point where gaze direction tangents the curve inside edge. This approach neglects the fact that the tangent point is actually motionless only in the limit case when the trajectory precisely follows the curve's geometry. In this study, we measured gaze behavior during curve driving, with the general hypothesis that gaze is not static, when exposed to a global optical flow due to self-motion. In order to study spatio-temporal aspects of gaze during curve driving, we used a driving simulator coupled to a gaze recording system. Ten participants drove seven runs on a track composed of eight curves of various radii (50, 100, 200 and 500. m), with each radius appearing in both right and left directions. Results showed that average gaze position was, as previously described, located in the vicinity of the tangent point. However, analysis also revealed the presence of a systematic optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) around the tangent point position. The OKN slow phase direction does not match the local optic flow direction, while slow phase speed is about half of the local speed. Higher directional gains are observed when averaging the entire optical flow projected on the simulation display, whereas the best speed gain is obtained for a 2° optic flow area, centered on the instantaneous gaze location. The present study confirms that the tangent point is a privileged feature in the dynamic visual scene during curve driving, and underlines a contribution of the global optical flow to gaze behavior during active self-motion.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Eric Avila; Jos N Van Der Geest; Sandra Kengne Kamga; Claire M Verhage; Opher Donchin; Maarten A Frens

Cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation effects on saccade adaptation Journal Article

Neural Plasticity, 2015 , pp. 1–9, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Reza Azadi; Mark R Harwood

Visual cues that are effective for contextual saccade adaptation Journal Article

Journal of Neurophysiology, 111 (11), pp. 2307–2319, 2014.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Bobby Azarian; Elizabeth G Esser; Matthew S Peterson

Evidence from the eyes: Threatening postures hold attention Journal Article

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23 (3), pp. 764–770, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Benjamin T Backus; Daniel Matza-Brown

The contribution of vergence change to the measurement of relative disparity Journal Article

Journal of Vision, 3 (11), pp. 727–750, 2003.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Stephen P Badham; Claire V Hutchinson

Characterising eye movement dysfunction in myalgic encephalomyelitis/ chronic fatigue syndrome Journal Article

Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 251 (12), pp. 2769–2776, 2013.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Badham2013,
title = {Characterising eye movement dysfunction in myalgic encephalomyelitis/ chronic fatigue syndrome},
author = {Stephen P Badham and Claire V Hutchinson},
doi = {10.1007/s00417-013-2431-3},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology},
volume = {251},
number = {12},
pages = {2769--2776},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: People who suffer from myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) often report that their eye movements are sluggish and that they have difficulties tracking moving objects. However, descriptions of these visual problems are based solely on patients' self-reports of their subjective visual experiences, and there is a distinct lack of empirical evidence to objectively verify their claims. This paper presents the first experimental research to objectively examine eye movements in those suffering from ME/CFS. METHODS: Patients were assessed for ME/CFS symptoms and were compared to age, gender, and education matched controls for their ability to generate saccades and smooth pursuit eye movements. RESULTS: Patients and controls exhibited similar error rates and saccade latencies (response times) on prosaccade and antisaccade tasks. Patients showed relatively intact ability to accurately fixate the target (prosaccades), but were impaired when required to focus accurately in a specific position opposite the target (antisaccades). Patients were most markedly impaired when required to direct their gaze as closely as possible to a smoothly moving target (smooth pursuit). CONCLUSIONS: It is hypothesised that the effects of ME/CFS can be overcome briefly for completion of saccades, but that continuous pursuit activity (accurately tracking a moving object), even for a short time period, highlights dysfunctional eye movement behaviour in ME/CFS patients. Future smooth pursuit research may elucidate and improve diagnosis of ME/CFS.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Jeremy B Badler; Philippe Lefèvre; Marcus Missal

Anticipatory pursuit is influenced by a concurrent timing task. Journal Article

Journal of Vision, 8 (16), pp. 1–9, 2008.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

T Balsdon; R Schweitzer; T L Watson; M Rolfs

All is not lost: Post-saccadic contributions to the perceptual omission of intra-saccadic streaks Journal Article

Consciousness and Cognition, 64 , pp. 19–31, 2018.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Daniela Balslev; Bartholomaus Odoj; Hans-Otto Karnath

Role of somatosensory cortex in visuospatial attention Journal Article

Journal of Neuroscience, 33 (46), pp. 18311–18318, 2013.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Balslev2013,
title = {Role of somatosensory cortex in visuospatial attention},
author = {Daniela Balslev and Bartholomaus Odoj and Hans-Otto Karnath},
doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1112-13.2013},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Neuroscience},
volume = {33},
number = {46},
pages = {18311--18318},
abstract = {The human somatosensory cortex (S1) is not among the brain areas usually associated with visuospatial attention. However, such a function can be presumed, given the recently identified eye proprioceptive input to S1 and the established links between gaze and attention. Here we investigated a rare patient with a focal lesion of the right postcentral gyrus that interferes with the processing of eye proprioception without affecting the ability to locate visual objects relative to her body or to execute eye movements. As a behavioral measure of spatial attention, we recorded fixation time during visual search and reaction time for visual discrimination in lateral displays. In contrast to a group of age-matched controls, the patient showed a gradient in looking time and in visual sensitivity toward the midline. Because an attention bias in the opposite direction, toward the ipsilesional space, occurs in patients with spatial neglect, in a second study, we asked whether the incidental coinjury of S1 together with the neglect-typical perisylvian lesion leads to a milder neglect. A voxelwise lesion behavior mapping analysis of a group of right-hemisphere stroke patients supported this hypothesis. The effect of an isolated S1 lesion on visual exploration and visual sensitivity as well as the modulatory role of S1 in spatial neglect suggest a role of this area in visuospatial attention. We hypothesize that the proprioceptive gaze signal in S1, although playing only a minor role in locating visual objects relative to the body, affects the allocation of attention in the visual space.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Chiara Banfi; Ferenc Kemény; Melanie Gangl; Gerd Schulte-Körne; Kristina Moll; Karin Landerl

Visual attention span performance in German-speaking children with differential reading and spelling profiles: No evidence of group differences Journal Article

Plos One, 13 (6), pp. 1–17, 2018.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Sonia Bansal; Laurence C Jayet Bray; Matthew S Peterson; Wilsaan M Joiner

The effect of saccade metrics on the corollary discharge contribution to perceived eye location Journal Article

Journal of Neurophysiology, 113 (9), pp. 3312–3322, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Bansal2015,
title = {The effect of saccade metrics on the corollary discharge contribution to perceived eye location},
author = {Sonia Bansal and Laurence C {Jayet Bray} and Matthew S Peterson and Wilsaan M Joiner},
doi = {10.1152/jn.00771.2014},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},
volume = {113},
number = {9},
pages = {3312--3322},
abstract = {The effect of saccade metrics on the corollary discharge contribution to per- ceived eye location. J Neurophysiol 113: 3312–3322, 2015. First published March 11, 2015; doi:10.1152/jn.00771.2014.—Corollary discharge (CD) is hypothesized to provide the movement information (direction and amplitude) required to compensate for the saccade- induced disruptions to visual input. Here, we investigated to what extent these conveyed metrics influence perceptual stability in human subjects with a target-displacement detection task. Subjects made saccades to targets located at different amplitudes (4°, 6°, or 8°) and directions (horizontal or vertical). During the saccade, the target disappeared and then reappeared at a shifted location either in the same direction or opposite to the movement vector. Subjects reported the target displacement direction, and from these reports we deter- mined the perceptual threshold for shift detection and estimate of target location. Our results indicate that the thresholds for all ampli- tudes and directions generally scaled with saccade amplitude. Addi- tionally, subjects on average produced hypometric saccades with an estimated CD gain ⬍1. Finally, we examined the contribution of different error signals to perceptual performance, the saccade error (movement-to-movement variability in saccade amplitude) and visual error (distance between the fovea and the shifted target location). Perceptual judgment was not influenced by the fluctuations in move- ment amplitude, and performance was largely the same across move- ment directions for different magnitudes of visual error. Importantly, subjects reported the correct direction of target displacement above chance level for very small visual errors (⬍0.75°), even when these errors were opposite the target-shift direction. Collectively, these results suggest that the CD-based compensatory mechanisms for visual disruptions are highly accurate and comparable for saccades with different metrics.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

The effect of saccade metrics on the corollary discharge contribution to per- ceived eye location. J Neurophysiol 113: 3312–3322, 2015. First published March 11, 2015; doi:10.1152/jn.00771.2014.—Corollary discharge (CD) is hypothesized to provide the movement information (direction and amplitude) required to compensate for the saccade- induced disruptions to visual input. Here, we investigated to what extent these conveyed metrics influence perceptual stability in human subjects with a target-displacement detection task. Subjects made saccades to targets located at different amplitudes (4°, 6°, or 8°) and directions (horizontal or vertical). During the saccade, the target disappeared and then reappeared at a shifted location either in the same direction or opposite to the movement vector. Subjects reported the target displacement direction, and from these reports we deter- mined the perceptual threshold for shift detection and estimate of target location. Our results indicate that the thresholds for all ampli- tudes and directions generally scaled with saccade amplitude. Addi- tionally, subjects on average produced hypometric saccades with an estimated CD gain ⬍1. Finally, we examined the contribution of different error signals to perceptual performance, the saccade error (movement-to-movement variability in saccade amplitude) and visual error (distance between the fovea and the shifted target location). Perceptual judgment was not influenced by the fluctuations in move- ment amplitude, and performance was largely the same across move- ment directions for different magnitudes of visual error. Importantly, subjects reported the correct direction of target displacement above chance level for very small visual errors (⬍0.75°), even when these errors were opposite the target-shift direction. Collectively, these results suggest that the CD-based compensatory mechanisms for visual disruptions are highly accurate and comparable for saccades with different metrics.

Carol J Y Bao; Cristina Rubino; Alisdair Taylor; Jason J S Barton

The effects of homonymous hemianopia in experimental studies of alexia Journal Article

Neuropsychologia, 70 , pp. 156–164, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Bao2015a,
title = {The effects of homonymous hemianopia in experimental studies of alexia},
author = {Carol J Y Bao and Cristina Rubino and Alisdair Taylor and Jason J S Barton},
doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.02.026},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Neuropsychologia},
volume = {70},
pages = {156--164},
publisher = {Elsevier},
abstract = {Pure alexia is characterized by an increased word-length effect in reading. However, this disorder is usually accompanied by right homonymous hemianopia, which itself can cause a mildly increased word-length effect. Some alexic studies have used hemianopic patients with modest word-length effects: it is not clear (a) whether they had pure alexia and (b) if not, whether their results could be explained by the field defect. Our goal was to determine if impairments in visual processing claimed to be related to alexia could be replicated in homonymous hemianopia alone. Twelve healthy subjects performed five experiments used in two prior studies of alexia, under both normal and simulated hemianopic conditions, using a gaze-contingent display generated by an eye-tracker. We replicated the increased word-length effect for reading time with right homonymous hemianopia, and showed a similar effect for a lexical decision task. Simulated hemianopia impaired scanning accuracy for letter or number strings, and slowed object part processing, though the effect of configuration was not greater under hemianopic viewing. Hemianopia impaired the identification of words whose letters appeared and disappeared sequentially on the screen, with better performance on a cumulative presentation in which the letters remained on the screen. The reporting of trigrams was less accurate with hemianopia, though syllabic structure did not influence the results. We conclude that some impairments that have been attributed to the processing defects underlying alexia may actually be due to right homonymous hemianopia. Our results underline the importance of considering the contribution of accompanying low-level visual impairments when studying high-level processes.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Pinglei Bao; Christopher J Purington; Bosco S Tjan

Using an achiasmic human visual system to quantify the relationship between the fMRI BOLD signal and neural response Journal Article

eLife, 4 (NOVEMBER2015), pp. 1–21, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Bengi Baran; David Correll; Tessa C Vuper; Alexandra Morgan; Simon J Durrant; Dara S Manoach; Robert Stickgold

Spared and impaired sleep-dependent memory consolidation in schizophrenia Journal Article

Schizophrenia Research, 199 , pp. 83–89, 2018.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Baran2018,
title = {Spared and impaired sleep-dependent memory consolidation in schizophrenia},
author = {Bengi Baran and David Correll and Tessa C Vuper and Alexandra Morgan and Simon J Durrant and Dara S Manoach and Robert Stickgold},
doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2018.04.019},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
volume = {199},
pages = {83--89},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
abstract = {Objective: Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are the strongest predictor of disability and effective treatment is lacking. This reflects our limited mechanistic understanding and consequent lack of treatment targets. In schizophrenia, impaired sleep-dependent memory consolidation correlates with reduced sleep spindle activity, suggesting sleep spindles as a potentially treatable mechanism. In the present study we investigated whether sleep-dependent memory consolidation deficits in schizophrenia are selective. Methods: Schizophrenia patients and healthy individuals performed three tasks that have been shownto undergo sleep-dependent consolidation: the Word Pair Task (verbal declarative memory), the Visual Discrimination Task (visuoperceptual procedural memory), and the Tone Task (statistical learning). Memory consolidation was tested 24 h later, after a night of sleep. Results: Compared with controls, schizophrenia patients showed reduced overnight consolidation ofword pair learning. In contrast, both groups showed similar significant overnight consolidation of visuoperceptual procedural memory. Neither group showed overnight consolidation of statistical learning. Conclusion: The present findings extend the known deficits in sleep-dependent memory consolidation in schizophrenia to verbal declarative memory, a core, disabling cognitive deficit. In contrast, visuoperceptual procedural memorywas spared. These findings support the hypothesis that sleep-dependent memory consolidation deficits in schizophrenia are selective, possibly limited to tasks that rely on spindles. These findings reinforce the importance ofdeficient sleep-dependent memory consolidation among the cognitive deficits ofschizophrenia and suggest sleep physiology as a potentially treatable mechanism.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Niraj Barot; Rebecca J McLean; Irene Gottlob; Frank A Proudlock

Reading performance in infantile nystagmus Journal Article

Ophthalmology, 120 (6), pp. 1232–1238, 2013.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Maria J Barraza-Bernal; Katharina Rifai; Siegfried Wahl

Transfer of an induced preferred retinal locus of fixation to everyday life visual tasks Journal Article

Journal of Vision, 17 (14), pp. 2, 2017.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Maria J Barraza-Bernal; Katharina Rifai; Siegfried Wahl

A preferred retinal location of fixation can be induced when systematic stimulus relocations are applied Journal Article

Journal of Vision, 17 (2), pp. 1–13, 2017.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Maria J Barraza-Bernal; Katharina Rifai; Siegfried Wahl

The retinal locus of fixation in simulations of progressing central scotomas Journal Article

Journal of Vision, 18 (1), pp. 1–12, 2018.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Barraza-Bernal2018,
title = {The retinal locus of fixation in simulations of progressing central scotomas},
author = {Maria J Barraza-Bernal and Katharina Rifai and Siegfried Wahl},
doi = {10.1167/18.1.7},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Vision},
volume = {18},
number = {1},
pages = {1--12},
abstract = {Patients with central scotoma use a preferred retinal locus (PRL) of fixation to perform visual tasks. Some of the conditions that cause central scotoma are progressive, and as a consequence, the PRL needs to be adjusted throughout the progression. The present study investigates the peripheral locus of fixation in subjects under a simulation of progressive central scotoma. Five normally sighted subjects participated in the study. A foveally centered mask of varying size was presented to simulate the scotoma. Initially, subjects developed a peripheral locus of fixation under simulation of a 68 scotoma, which was used as a baseline. The progression was simulated in two separate conditions: a gradual progression and an abrupt progression. In the gradual progression, the diameter of the scotoma increased by a fixed amount of either 18 or 28 of visual angle, thus scotomas of 88, 108, and 118 of visual angle were simulated. In the abrupt progression, the diameter was adjusted individually to span the area of the visual field used by the current peripheral locus of fixation. Subjects located the peripheral locus of fixation along the same meridian under simulation of scotoma progression. Furthermore, no differences between the fixation stability of the baseline locus of fixation and the incremental progression locus of fixation were found whereas, in abrupt progression, the fixation stability decreased significantly. These results provide first insight into fixation behavior in a progressive scotoma and may contribute to the development of training tools for patients with progressive central maculopathies.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Pablo A Barrionuevo; Nathaniel Nicandro; Jason J McAnany; Andrew J Zele; Paul Gamlin; Dingcai Cao

Assessing rod, cone, and melanopsin contributions to human pupil flicker responses Journal Article

Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 55 (2), pp. 719–727, 2014.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Barrionuevo2014,
title = {Assessing rod, cone, and melanopsin contributions to human pupil flicker responses},
author = {Pablo A Barrionuevo and Nathaniel Nicandro and Jason J McAnany and Andrew J Zele and Paul Gamlin and Dingcai Cao},
doi = {10.1167/iovs.13-13252},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
volume = {55},
number = {2},
pages = {719--727},
abstract = {PURPOSE: We determined the relative contributions of rods, cones, and melanopsin to pupil responses in humans using temporal sinusoidal stimulation for light levels spanning the low mesopic to photopic range. METHODS: A four-primary Ganzfeld photostimulator controlled flicker stimulations at seven light levels (-2.7 to 2 log cd/m(2)) and five frequencies (0.5-8 Hz). Pupil diameter was measured using a high-resolution eye tracker. Three kinds of sinusoidal photoreceptor modulations were generated using silent substitution: rod modulation, cone modulation, and combined rod and cone modulation in phase (experiment 1) or cone phase shifted (experiment 2) from a fixed rod phase. The melanopsin excitation was computed for each condition. A vector sum model was used to estimate the relative contribution of rods, cones, and melanopsin to the pupil response. RESULTS: From experiment 1, the pupil frequency response peaked at 1 Hz at two mesopic light levels for the three modulation conditions. Analyzing the rod-cone phase difference for the combined modulations (experiment 2) identified a V-shaped response amplitude with a minimum between 135° and 180°. The pupil response phases increased as cone modulation phase increased. The pupil amplitude increased with increasing light level for cone, and combined (in-phase rod and cone) modulation, but not for the rod modulation. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that cone- and rod-pathway contributions are more predominant than melanopsin contribution to the phasic pupil response. The combined rod, cone, and melanopsin inputs to the phasic state of the pupil light reflex follow linear summation.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Pablo A Barrionuevo; Dingcai Cao

Luminance and chromatic signals interact differently with melanopsin activation to control the pupil light response Journal Article

Journal of Vision, 16 (11), pp. 29, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Barrionuevo2016,
title = {Luminance and chromatic signals interact differently with melanopsin activation to control the pupil light response},
author = {Pablo A Barrionuevo and Dingcai Cao},
doi = {10.1167/16.11.29},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Vision},
volume = {16},
number = {11},
pages = {29},
abstract = {Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) express the photopigment melanopsin. These cells receive afferent inputs from rods and cones, which provide inputs to the postreceptoral visual pathways. It is unknown, however, how melanopsin activation is integrated with postreceptoral signals to control the pupillary light reflex. This study reports human flicker pupillary responses measured using stimuli generated with a five-primary photostimulator that selectively modulated melanopsin, rod, S-, M-, and L-cone excitations in isolation, or in combination to produce postreceptoral signals. We first analyzed the light adaptation behavior of melanopsin activation and rod and cones signals. Second, we determined how melanopsin is integrated with postreceptoral signals by testing with cone luminance, chromatic blue-yellow, and chromatic red-green stimuli that were processed by magnocellular (MC), koniocellular (KC), and parvocellular (PC) pathways, respectively. A combined rod and melanopsin response was also measured. The relative phase of the postreceptoral signals was varied with respect to the melanopsin phase. The results showed that light adaptation behavior for all conditions was weaker than typical Weber adaptation. Melanopsin activation combined linearly with luminance, S-cone, and rod inputs, suggesting the locus of integration with MC and KC signals was retinal. The melanopsin contribution to phasic pupil responses was lower than luminance contributions, but much higher than S-cone contributions. Chromatic red-green modulation interacted with melanopsin activation nonlinearly as described by a "winner-takes-all" process, suggesting the integration with PC signals might be mediated by a postretinal site.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Sarah Bate; Catherine Haslam; Jeremy J Tree; Timothy L Hodgson

Evidence of an eye movement-based memory effect in congenital prosopagnosia Journal Article

Cortex, 44 (7), pp. 806–819, 2008.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Sarah Bate; Catherine Haslam; Ashok Jansari; Timothy L Hodgson

Covert face recognition relies on affective valence in congenital prosopagnosia Journal Article

Cognitive Neuropsychology, 26 (4), pp. 391–411, 2009.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Sarah Bate; Rachel Bennetts; Joseph A Mole; James A Ainge; Nicola J Gregory; Anna K Bobak; Amanda Bussunt

Rehabilitation of face-processing skills in an adolescent with prosopagnosia: Evaluation of an online perceptual training programme Journal Article

Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 25 (5), pp. 733–762, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Louise Beattie; Markus Bindemann; Simon D Kyle; Stephany M Biello

Attention to beds in natural scenes by observers with insomnia symptoms Journal Article

Behaviour Research and Therapy, 92 , pp. 51–56, 2017.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Elizabeth H Beck; Anthony A Amato; Steven A Greenberg; Elizabeth H Beck

Improvement of internuclear ophthalmoparesis in multiple sclerosis with dalfampridine Journal Article

Neurology, 83 , pp. 192–194, 2014.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Jeffrey S Bedwell; Christopher C Spencer; Chi C Chan; Pamela D Butler; Pejman Sehatpour; Joseph Schmidt

The P1 visual-evoked potential, red light, and transdiagnostic psychiatric symptoms Journal Article

Brain Research, 1687 , pp. 144–154, 2018.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Bedwell2018,
title = {The P1 visual-evoked potential, red light, and transdiagnostic psychiatric symptoms},
author = {Jeffrey S Bedwell and Christopher C Spencer and Chi C Chan and Pamela D Butler and Pejman Sehatpour and Joseph Schmidt},
doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2018.03.002},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Brain Research},
volume = {1687},
pages = {144--154},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
abstract = {A reduced P1 visual-evoked potential amplitude has been reported across several psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia-spectrum, bipolar, and depressive disorders. In addition, a difference in P1 amplitude change to a red background compared to its opponent color, green, has been found in schizophrenia-spectrum samples. The current study examined whether specific psychiatric symptoms that related to these P1 abnormalities in earlier studies would be replicated when using a broad transdiagnostic sample. The final sample consisted of 135 participants: 26 with bipolar disorders, 25 with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, 19 with unipolar depression, 62 with no current psychiatric disorder, and 3 with disorders in other categories. Low (8%) and high (64%) contrast check arrays were presented on gray, green, and red background conditions during electroencephalogram, while an eye tracker monitored visual fixation on the stimuli. Linear regressions across the entire sample (N = 135) found that greater severity of both clinician-rated and self-reported delusions/magical thinking correlated with a reduced P1 amplitude on the low contrast gray (neutral) background condition. In addition, across the entire sample, higher self-reported constricted affect was associated with a larger decrease in P1 amplitude (averaged across contrast conditions) to the red, compared to green, background. All relationships remained statistically significant after covarying for diagnostic class, suggesting that they are relatively transdiagnostic in nature. These findings indicate that early visual processing abnormalities may be more directly related to specific transdiagnostic symptoms such as delusions and constricted affect rather than specific psychiatric diagnoses or broad symptom factor scales.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Sara A Beedie; Philip J Benson; Ina Giegling; Dan Rujescu; David M St. Clair

Smooth pursuit and visual scanpaths: Independence of two candidate oculomotor risk markers for schizophrenia Journal Article

The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 13 (3), pp. 200–210, 2012.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

R J van Beers

The sources of variability in saccadic eye movements Journal Article

Journal of Neuroscience, 27 (33), pp. 8757–8770, 2007.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Beers2007,
title = {The sources of variability in saccadic eye movements},
author = {R J van Beers},
doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2311-07.2007},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Neuroscience},
volume = {27},
number = {33},
pages = {8757--8770},
abstract = {Our movements are variable, but the origin of this variability is poorly understood. We examined the sources of variability in human saccadic eye movements. In two experiments, we measured the spatiotemporal variability in saccade trajectories as a function of movement direction and amplitude. One of our new observations is that the variability in movement direction is smaller for purely horizontal and vertical saccades than for saccades in oblique directions. We also found that saccade amplitude, duration, and peak velocity are all correlated with one another. To determine the origin of the observed variability, we estimated the noise in motor commands from the observed spatiotemporal variability, while taking into account the variability resulting from uncertainty in localization of the target. This analysis revealed that uncertainty in target localization is the major source of variability in saccade endpoints, whereas noise in the magnitude of the motor commands explains a slightly smaller fraction. In addition, there is temporal variability such that saccades with a longer than average duration have a smaller than average peak velocity. This noise model has a large generality because it correctly predicts the variability in other data sets, which contain saccades starting from very different initial locations. Because the temporal noise most likely originates in movement planning, and the motor command noise in movement execution, we conclude that uncertainty in sensory signals and noise in movement planning and execution all contribute to the variability in saccade trajectories. These results are important for understanding how the brain controls movement.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Nathalie N Bélanger; Michelle Lee; Elizabeth R Schotter

Young skilled deaf readers have an enhanced perceptual span in reading Journal Article

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 71 (1), pp. 291–301, 2018.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Christian Bellebaum; Irene Daum; B Koch; M Schwarz; K P Hoffmann

The role of the human thalamus in processing corollary discharge Journal Article

Brain, 128 (5), pp. 1139–1154, 2005.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Bellebaum2005,
title = {The role of the human thalamus in processing corollary discharge},
author = {Christian Bellebaum and Irene Daum and B Koch and M Schwarz and K P Hoffmann},
doi = {10.1093/brain/awh474},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
journal = {Brain},
volume = {128},
number = {5},
pages = {1139--1154},
abstract = {Corollary discharge signals play an important role in monitoring self-generated movements to guarantee spatial constancy. Recent work in macaques suggests that the thalamus conveys corollary discharge information of upcoming saccades passing from the superior colliculus to the frontal eye field. The present study aimed to investigate the involvement of the thalamus in humans by assessing the effect of thalamic lesions on the processing of corollary discharge information. Thirteen patients with selective thalamic lesions and 13 healthy age-matched control subjects performed a saccadic double-step task in which retino-spatial dissonance was induced, i.e. the retinal vector of the second target and the movement vector of the second saccade were different. Thus, the subjects could not rely on retinal information alone, but had to use corollary discharge information to correctly perform the second saccade. The amplitudes of first and second saccades were significantly smaller in patients than in controls. Five thalamic lesion patients showed unilateral deficits in using corollary discharge information, as revealed by asymmetries compared with the other patients and controls. Three patients with lateral thalamic lesions including the ventrolateral nucleus (VL) were impaired contralaterally to the side of damage and one patient with a lesion in the mediodorsal thalamus (MD) was impaired ipsilaterally to the lesion. The largest asymmetry was found in a patient with a bilateral thalamic lesion. The results provide evidence for a thalamic involvement in the processing of corollary discharge information in humans, with a potential role of both the VL and MD nuclei},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Christian Bellebaum; Klaus-Peter Hoffmann; Irene Daum

Post-saccadic updating of visual space in the posterior parietal cortex in humans Journal Article

Behavioural Brain Research, 163 (2), pp. 194–203, 2005.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Joachim Bellet; Chih-Yang Chen; Ziad M Hafed

Sequential hemifield gating of alpha and beta behavioral performance oscillations after microsaccades Journal Article

Journal of Neurophysiology, 118 , pp. 2789–2805, 2017.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Caren Bellmann; Mary Feely; Michael D Crossland; Stamatina A Kabanarou; Gary S Rubin

Fixation stability using central and pericentral fixation targets in patients with age-related macular degeneration Journal Article

Ophthalmology, 111 (12), pp. 2265–2270, 2004.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Bellmann2004,
title = {Fixation stability using central and pericentral fixation targets in patients with age-related macular degeneration},
author = {Caren Bellmann and Mary Feely and Michael D Crossland and Stamatina A Kabanarou and Gary S Rubin},
doi = {10.1016/j.ophtha.2004.06.019},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Ophthalmology},
volume = {111},
number = {12},
pages = {2265--2270},
abstract = {To determine fixation stability for central and pericentral fixation targets in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Comparative study. Twelve patients having late-stage AMD involving the fovea and 10 age-matched controls having no other eye diseases and visual acuity better than 20/25. Six different fixation targets (1°cross; 1°filled circle; 1°letter x; small 4-point diamond; large 4-point diamond using dimensions as in a field analyzer; large-crossover whole-image diagonal with open 1°center) were presented on a high-resolution monitor. Before examination, subjects were given verbal instructions to move their eye to see the center of the target best. Fixation stability was measured for the preferred eye, with the fellow eye occluded, using a gaze tracker. Fixation stability was quantified by calculating the bivariate contour ellipse area (BCEA) over 30 seconds for each target. For statistical analysis, BCEA values (minutes of arc2) were converted into their logarithms. The absolute retinal scotoma for the study eye was determined using a scanning laser ophthalmoscope. Bivariate contour ellipse area. Visual acuity in patients (age range, 57-87 years) ranged from 20/32 to 20/600. The lowest BCEA values were found for the 1°letter x in patients (mean, 12052.2%±254.0%) and for the 1°cross in normal subjects (mean, 1286.9%±47.8%); the highest BCEA values were found for the small 4-point diamond in patients (mean, 23109.5%±298.3%) and for the large 4-point diamond in normals (age range, 62-79 years) (mean, 3229.2%±105.4%). The difference between the targets was significant for normal subjects (analysis of variance [ANOVA], Ptextless0.01) but not for patients (ANOVA, Ptextgreater0.05). In normals, BCEA values were significantly lower for central fixation targets than for pericentral fixation targets (Ptextless0.01). Fixation is significantly less stable for pericentral fixation targets in normal subjects, indicating an advantage for central fixation targets. These results are particularly significant for any clinical and experimental testing method that requires the patient to maintain stable fixation.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

To determine fixation stability for central and pericentral fixation targets in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Comparative study. Twelve patients having late-stage AMD involving the fovea and 10 age-matched controls having no other eye diseases and visual acuity better than 20/25. Six different fixation targets (1°cross; 1°filled circle; 1°letter x; small 4-point diamond; large 4-point diamond using dimensions as in a field analyzer; large-crossover whole-image diagonal with open 1°center) were presented on a high-resolution monitor. Before examination, subjects were given verbal instructions to move their eye to see the center of the target best. Fixation stability was measured for the preferred eye, with the fellow eye occluded, using a gaze tracker. Fixation stability was quantified by calculating the bivariate contour ellipse area (BCEA) over 30 seconds for each target. For statistical analysis, BCEA values (minutes of arc2) were converted into their logarithms. The absolute retinal scotoma for the study eye was determined using a scanning laser ophthalmoscope. Bivariate contour ellipse area. Visual acuity in patients (age range, 57-87 years) ranged from 20/32 to 20/600. The lowest BCEA values were found for the 1°letter x in patients (mean, 12052.2%±254.0%) and for the 1°cross in normal subjects (mean, 1286.9%±47.8%); the highest BCEA values were found for the small 4-point diamond in patients (mean, 23109.5%±298.3%) and for the large 4-point diamond in normals (age range, 62-79 years) (mean, 3229.2%±105.4%). The difference between the targets was significant for normal subjects (analysis of variance [ANOVA], Ptextless0.01) but not for patients (ANOVA, Ptextgreater0.05). In normals, BCEA values were significantly lower for central fixation targets than for pericentral fixation targets (Ptextless0.01). Fixation is significantly less stable for pericentral fixation targets in normal subjects, indicating an advantage for central fixation targets. These results are particularly significant for any clinical and experimental testing method that requires the patient to maintain stable fixation.

Artem V Belopolsky; Jan Theeuwes

Selection within visual memory representations activates the oculomotor system Journal Article

Neuropsychologia, 49 (6), pp. 1605–1610, 2011.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Artem V Belopolsky; Jan Theeuwes

Updating the premotor theory: The allocation of attention is not always accompanied by saccade preparation Journal Article

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 38 (4), pp. 902–914, 2012.

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@article{Belopolsky2012,
title = {Updating the premotor theory: The allocation of attention is not always accompanied by saccade preparation},
author = {Artem V Belopolsky and Jan Theeuwes},
doi = {10.1037/a0028662},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance},
volume = {38},
number = {4},
pages = {902--914},
abstract = {There is an ongoing controversy regarding the relationship between covert attention and saccadic eye movements. While there is quite some evidence that the preparation of a saccade is obligatory preceded by a shift of covert attention, the reverse is not clear: Is allocation of attention always accompanied by saccade preparation? Recently, a shifting and maintenance account was proposed suggesting that shifting and maintenance components of covert attention differ in their relation to the oculomotor system. Specifically, it was argued that a shift of covert attention is always accompanied by activation of the oculomotor program, while maintaining covert attention at a location can be accompanied either by activation or suppression of oculomotor program, depending on the probability of executing an eye movement to the attended location. In the present study we tested whether there is such an obligatory coupling between shifting of attention and saccade preparation and how quickly saccade preparation gets suppressed. The results showed that attention shifting was always accompanied by saccade preparation whenever covert attention had to be shifted during visual search, as well as in response to exogenous or endogenous cues. However, for the endogenous cues the saccade program to the attended location was suppressed very soon after the attention shift was completed. The current findings support the shifting and maintenance account and indicate that the premotor theory needs to be updated to include a shifting and maintenance component for the cases in which covert shifts of attention are made without the intention to execute a saccade.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

A V Belopolsky; S Van der Stigchel

Saccades curve away from previously inhibited locations: Evidence for the role of priming in oculomotor competition Journal Article

Journal of Neurophysiology, 110 (10), pp. 2370–2377, 2013.

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Alessandro Benedetto; Paola Binda

Dissociable saccadic suppression of pupillary and perceptual responses to light Journal Article

Journal of Neurophysiology, 115 (3), pp. 1243–1251, 2016.

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Alessandro Benedetto; Maria Concetta Morrone

Saccadic suppression is embedded within extended oscillatory modulation of sensitivity Journal Article

Journal of Neuroscience, 37 (13), pp. 3661–3670, 2017.

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Brittany Benjamin; Christopher Macomb; Alisha Martin; Aaron L Cecala

Preliminary Report: Can color act as a contextual cue in human saccadic adaptation? Journal Article

Bios, 87 (1), pp. 9–20, 2016.

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Philip J Benson; Ute Leonards; Robert M Lothian; David M St. Clair; Marco C G Merlo

Visual scan paths in first-episode schizophrenia and cannabis-induced psychosis Journal Article

Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 32 (4), pp. 267–274, 2007.

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@article{Benson2007,
title = {Visual scan paths in first-episode schizophrenia and cannabis-induced psychosis},
author = {Philip J Benson and Ute Leonards and Robert M Lothian and David M {St. Clair} and Marco C G Merlo},
doi = {10.1111/bjd.13740},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience},
volume = {32},
number = {4},
pages = {267--274},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Patterns of successive saccades and fixations (scan paths) that are made while viewing images are often spatially restricted in schizophrenia, but the relation with cannabis-induced psychosis has not been examined. We used higher-order statistical methods to examine spatiotemporal characteristics of scan paths to determine whether viewing behaviour was distinguishable on a continuum. METHODS: Patients with early acute first-episode paranoid schizophrenia (SCH; n = 11), cannabis-induced psychosis (CIP; n = 6) and unaffected control subjects (n = 22) undertook a task requiring free viewing of facial, fractal and landscape images for 5 seconds while their eye movements were recorded. Frequencies and distributions of saccades and fixations were calculated in relation to image regions examined during each trial. RESULTS: Findings were independent of image category, indicating generalized scanning deficits. Compared with control subjects, patients with SCH and CIP made fewer saccades and fewer fixations of longer duration. In turn, the spatial distribution of fixations in CIP patients was more clustered than in SCH and control subjects. The diversity of features fixated in subjects with CIP was also lower than in SCH patients and control subjects. CONCLUSION: A continuous approach to characterizing scan path changes in different phenotypes suggests that CIP shares some of the abnormalities of SCH but can be distinguished with measures that are sensitive to cognitive strategies active or inhibited during visual exploration.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Philip J Benson; Sara A Beedie; Elizabeth Shephard; Ina Giegling; Dan Rujescu; David St. Clair

Simple viewing tests can detect eye movement abnormalities that distinguish schizophrenia cases from controls with exceptional accuracy Journal Article

Biological Psychiatry, 72 (9), pp. 716–724, 2012.

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@article{Benson2012,
title = {Simple viewing tests can detect eye movement abnormalities that distinguish schizophrenia cases from controls with exceptional accuracy},
author = {Philip J Benson and Sara A Beedie and Elizabeth Shephard and Ina Giegling and Dan Rujescu and David {St. Clair}},
doi = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.04.019},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
volume = {72},
number = {9},
pages = {716--724},
publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},
abstract = {Background: We have investigated which eye-movement tests alone and combined can best discriminate schizophrenia cases from control subjects and their predictive validity. Methods: A training set of 88 schizophrenia cases and 88 controls had a range of eye movements recorded; the predictive validity of the tests was then examined on eye-movement data from 34 9-month retest cases and controls, and from 36 novel schizophrenia cases and 52 control subjects. Eye movements were recorded during smooth pursuit, fixation stability, and free-viewing tasks. Group differences on performance measures were examined by univariate and multivariate analyses. Model fitting was used to compare regression, boosted tree, and probabilistic neural network approaches. Results: As a group, schizophrenia cases differed from control subjects on almost all eye-movement tests, including horizontal and Lissajous pursuit, visual scanpath, and fixation stability; fixation dispersal during free viewing was the best single discriminator. Effects were stable over time, and independent of sex, medication, or cigarette smoking. A boosted tree model achieved perfect separation of the 88 training cases from 88 control subjects; its predictive validity on retest assessments and novel cases and control subjects was 87.8%. However, when we examined the whole data set of 298 assessments, a cross-validated probabilistic neural network model was superior and could discriminate all cases from controls with near perfect accuracy at 98.3%. Conclusions: Simple viewing patterns can detect eye-movement abnormalities that can discriminate schizophrenia cases from control subjects with exceptional accuracy. textcopyright 2012 Society of Biological Psychiatry.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Valerie Benson; Monica S Castelhano; Sheena K Au-Yeung; Keith Rayner

Eye movements reveal no immediate"WOW" ("which one's weird") effect in autism spectrum disorder Journal Article

The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 65 (6), pp. 1139–1150, 2012.

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Valerie Benson; Magdalena Ietswaart; David Milner

Eye movements and verbal report in a single case of visual neglect Journal Article

PLoS ONE, 7 (8), pp. 1–11, 2012.

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Valerie Benson; Monica S Castelhano; Philippa L Howard; Nida Latif; Keith Rayner

Looking, seeing and believing in autism: Eye movements reveal how subtle cognitive processing differences impact in the social domain Journal Article

Autism Research, 9 (8), pp. 879–887, 2016.

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Douwe P Bergsma; G Van Der Wildt

Visual training of cerebral blindness patients gradually enlarges the visual field Journal Article

British Journal of Ophthalmology, 94 (1), pp. 88–96, 2010.

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Douwe P Bergsma; J A Elshout; G J van der Wildt; A V van den Berg

Transfer effects of training-induced visual field recovery in patients with chronic stroke Miscellaneous

2012.

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@misc{Bergsma2012,
title = {Transfer effects of training-induced visual field recovery in patients with chronic stroke},
author = {Douwe P Bergsma and J A Elshout and G J van der Wildt and A V van den Berg},
doi = {10.1310/tsr1903-212},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
booktitle = {Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation},
volume = {19},
number = {3},
pages = {212--225},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Visual training of light detection in the transition zone between blind and healthy hemianopic visual fields leads to improvement of color and simple pattern recognition. Recently, we demonstrated that visual field enlargement (VFE) also occurs when an area just beyond the transition zone is stimulated. In the current study, we attempted to determine whether this peripheral training also causes improvement in color and shape perception and reading speed. Further, we evaluated which measure of VFE relates best to improvements in performance: the average border shift (ABS) in degrees or the estimated amount of cortical surface gain (ECSG) in millimeters, using the cortical magnification factor (CMF).$backslash$n$backslash$nMETHOD: Twelve patients received 40 sessions of 1-hour restorative function training (RFT). Before and after training, we measured visual fields and reading speed. Additionally, color and shape perception in the trained visual field area was measured in 7 patients.$backslash$n$backslash$nRESULTS: VFE was found for 9 of 12 patients. Significant improvements were observed in reading speed for 8 of 12 patients and in color and shape perception for 3 of 7 patients. ECSG correlates significantly with performance; ABS does not. Our data indicate that the threshold ECSG, needed for significant changes in color and shape perception and reading speed, is about 6 mm.$backslash$n$backslash$nCONCLUSIONS: White stimulus training-induced VFE can lead to improved color and shape perception and to increased reading speed in and beyond the pretraining transition zone if ECSG is sufficiently large. The latter depends on the eccentricity of the VFE.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}

Douwe P Bergsma; Joris A Elshout; Albert V van den Berg

Segregation of spontaneous and training induced recovery from visual field defects in subacute stroke patients Journal Article

Frontiers in Neurology, 8 , pp. 1–12, 2017.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Bergsma2017,
title = {Segregation of spontaneous and training induced recovery from visual field defects in subacute stroke patients},
author = {Douwe P Bergsma and Joris A Elshout and Albert V van den Berg},
doi = {10.3389/fneur.2017.00681},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Frontiers in Neurology},
volume = {8},
pages = {1--12},
abstract = {Whether rehabilitation after stroke profits from an early start is difficult to establish as the contributions of spontaneous recovery and treatment are difficult to tease apart. Here, we use a novel training design to dissociate these components for visual rehabilitation of subacute stroke patients with visual field defects such as hemianopia. Visual discrimination training was started within 6 weeks after stroke in 17 patients. Spontaneous and training-induced recoveries were distinguished by training one-half of the defect for 8 weeks, while monitoring spontaneous recovery in the other (control) half of the defect. Next, trained and control regions were swapped, and training continued for another 8 weeks. The same paradigm was also applied to seven chronic patients for whom spontaneous recovery can be excluded and changes in the control half of the defect point to a spillover effect of training. In both groups, field stability was assessed during a no-intervention period. Defect reduction was significantly greater in the trained part of the defect than in the simultaneously untrained part of the defect irrespective of training onset (p = 0.001). In subacute patients, training contributed about twice as much to their defect reduction as the spontaneous recovery. Goal Attainment Scores were significantly and positively correlated with the total defect reduction (p = 0.01), percentage increase reading speed was significantly and positively correlated with the defect reduction induced by training (epoch 1: p = 0.0044; epoch 2: p = 0.023). Visual training adds significantly to the spontaneous recovery of visual field defects, both during training in the early and the chronic stroke phase. However, field recovery as a result of training in this subacute phase was as large as in the chronic phase. This suggests that patients benefited primarily of early onset training by gaining access to a larger visual field sooner.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Douwe P Bergsma; Mies van Genderen; Carlien Roelofzen; Serge O Dumoulin; Alessio Fracasso; Giorgio L Porro; Marnix Naber

Gaze-contingent flicker pupil perimetry detects scotomas in patients with cerebral visual impairments or glaucoma Journal Article

Frontiers in Neurology, 9 , pp. 1–12, 2018.

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Jean-Baptiste Bernard; Susana T L Chung

The role of external features in face recognition with central vision loss Journal Article

Optometry and Vision Science, 93 (5), pp. 510–520, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Bernard2016b,
title = {The role of external features in face recognition with central vision loss},
author = {Jean-Baptiste Bernard and Susana T L Chung},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002503},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Optometry and Vision Science},
volume = {93},
number = {5},
pages = {510--520},
abstract = {PURPOSE: We evaluated how the performance of recognizing familiar face images depends on the internal (eyebrows, eyes, nose, mouth) and external face features (chin, outline of face, hairline) in individuals with central vision loss. METHODS: In experiment 1, we measured eye movements for four observers with central vision loss to determine whether they fixated more often on the internal or the external features of face images while attempting to recognize the images. We then measured the accuracy for recognizing face images that contained only the internal, only the external, or both internal and external features (experiment 2) and for hybrid images where the internal and external features came from two different source images (experiment 3) for five observers with central vision loss and four age-matched control observers. RESULTS: When recognizing familiar face images, approximately 40% of the fixations of observers with central vision loss was centered on the external features of faces. The recognition accuracy was higher for images containing only external features (66.8 ± 3.3% correct) than for images containing only internal features (35.8 ± 15.0%), a finding contradicting that of control observers. For hybrid face images, observers with central vision loss responded more accurately to the external features (50.4 ± 17.8%) than to the internal features (9.3 ± 4.9%), whereas control observers did not show the same bias toward responding to the external features. CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to people with normal vision who rely more on the internal features of face images for recognizing familiar faces, individuals with central vision loss show a higher dependence on using external features of face images.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

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