Developmental Eye-Tracking Publications - SR Research

All EyeLink developmental research publications (infants / children / aging) are listed below in alphabetical order based on the first author. You can search the publications using key words such as Infant, Reading, Word Recognition, etc. You can also search for individual author names. If we missed any EyeLink developmental article, please email us!

379 entries « ‹ 1 of 4 › »

Mehrnoosh Ahmadi; Mitra Judi; Anahita Khorrami; Javad Mahmoudi-Gharaei; Mehdi Tehrani-Doost

Initial orientation of attention towards emotional faces in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Journal Article

Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 6 (3), pp. 87–91, 2011.

Abstract | BibTeX

Nadia Alahyane; Christelle Lemoine-Lardennois; Coline Tailhefer; Thérèse Collins; Jacqueline Fagard; Karine Doré-Mazars

Development and learning of saccadic eye movements in 7- to 42-month-old children Journal Article

Journal of Vision, 16 (1), pp. 1–12, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Noor Z Al Dahhan; John R Kirby; Donald C Brien; Douglas P Munoz

Eye movements and articulations during a letter naming speed task: Children with and without Dyslexia Journal Article

Journal of Learning Disabilities, 50 (3), pp. 275–285, 2017.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Eric S Allard; Elizabeth A Kensinger

Age-related differences in neural recruitment during the use of cognitive reappraisal and selective attention as emotion regulation strategies Journal Article

Frontiers in Psychology, 5 , pp. 1–10, 2014.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Allard2014,
title = {Age-related differences in neural recruitment during the use of cognitive reappraisal and selective attention as emotion regulation strategies},
author = {Eric S Allard and Elizabeth A Kensinger},
doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00296},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
volume = {5},
pages = {1--10},
abstract = {The present study examined age differences in the timing and neural recruitment within lateral and medial PFC while younger and older adults hedonically regulated their responses to unpleasant film clips. When analyses focused on activity during the emotional peak of the film clip (the most emotionally salient portion of the film), several age differences emerged. When comparing regulation to passive viewing (combined effects of selective attention and reappraisal) younger adults showed greater regulation related activity in lateral PFC (DLPFC, VLPFC, OFC) and medial PFC (ACC) while older adults showed greater activation within a region DLPFC. When assessing distinct effects of the regulation conditions, an ANOVA revealed a significant Age x Regulation Condition interaction within bilateral DLPFC and ACC; older adults but not young adults showed greater recruitment within these regions for reappraisal than selective attention. When examining activity at the onset of the film clip and at its emotional peak, the timing of reappraisal-related activity within VLPFC differed between age groups: younger adults showed greater activity at film onset while older adults showed heightened activity during the peak. Our results suggest that older adults rely more heavily on PFC recruitment when engaging cognitively demanding reappraisal strategies while PFC-mediated regulation might not be as task-specific for younger adults. Older adults' greater reliance on cognitive control processing during emotion regulation may also be reflected in the time needed to implement these strategies.},
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Eric S Allard; Elizabeth A Kensinger

Age-related differences in functional connectivity during cognitive emotion regulation Journal Article

Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 69 (6), pp. 852–860, 2014.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Allard2014a,
title = {Age-related differences in functional connectivity during cognitive emotion regulation},
author = {Eric S Allard and Elizabeth A Kensinger},
doi = {10.1093/geronb/gbu108},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences},
volume = {69},
number = {6},
pages = {852--860},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Successful emotion regulation partly depends on our capacity to modulate emotional responses through the use of cognitive strategies. Age may affect the strategies employed most often; thus, we examined younger and older adults' neural network connectivity when employing two different strategies: cognitive reappraisal and selective attention.$backslash$n$backslash$nMETHOD: The current study used psychophysiological interaction analyses to examine functional connectivity with a region of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) because it is a core part of an emotion regulation network showing relative structural preservation with age.$backslash$n$backslash$nRESULTS: Functional connectivity between ACC and prefrontal cortex (PFC) was greater for reappraisal relative to selective attention and passive viewing conditions for both age groups. For younger adults, ACC was more strongly connected with lateral dorsolateral PFC, ventrolateral PFC, dorsomedial PFC, and posterior cingulate regions during reappraisal. For older adults, stronger connectivity during reappraisal was observed primarily in ventromedial PFC and orbitofrontal cortex.$backslash$n$backslash$nDISCUSSION: Our results suggest that although young and older adults engage PFC networks during regulation, and particularly during reappraisal, the regions within these networks might differ. Additionally, these results clarify that, despite prior evidence for age-related declines in the structure and function of those regions, older adults are able to recruit ACC and PFC regions as part of coherent network during emotion regulation.},
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Ted S Altschuler; Sophie Molholm; John S Butler; Manuel R Mercier; Alice B Brandwein; John J Foxe

The effort to close the gap: Tracking the development of illusory contour processing from childhood to adulthood with high-density electrical mapping Journal Article

NeuroImage, 90 , pp. 360–373, 2014.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Altschuler2014,
title = {The effort to close the gap: Tracking the development of illusory contour processing from childhood to adulthood with high-density electrical mapping},
author = {Ted S Altschuler and Sophie Molholm and John S Butler and Manuel R Mercier and Alice B Brandwein and John J Foxe},
doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.12.029},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {NeuroImage},
volume = {90},
pages = {360--373},
abstract = {The adult human visual system can efficiently fill-in missing object boundaries when low-level information from the retina is incomplete, but little is known about how these processes develop across childhood. A decade of visual-evoked potential (VEP) studies has produced a theoretical model identifying distinct phases of contour completion in adults. The first, termed a perceptual phase, occurs from approximately 100-200. ms and is associated with automatic boundary completion. The second is termed a conceptual phase occurring between 230 and 400. ms. The latter has been associated with the analysis of ambiguous objects which seem to require more effort to complete. The electrophysiological markers of these phases have both been localized to the lateral occipital complex, a cluster of ventral visual stream brain regions associated with object-processing. We presented Kanizsa-type illusory contour stimuli, often used for exploring contour completion processes, to neurotypical persons ages 6-31 (N. = 63), while parametrically varying the spatial extent of these induced contours, in order to better understand how filling-in processes develop across childhood and adolescence. Our results suggest that, while adults complete contour boundaries in a single discrete period during the automatic perceptual phase, children display an immature response pattern-engaging in more protracted processing across both timeframes and appearing to recruit more widely distributed regions which resemble those evoked during adult processing of higher-order ambiguous figures. However, children older than 5. years of age were remarkably like adults in that the effects of contour processing were invariant to manipulation of contour extent.},
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Kenn Apel; Danielle Brimo; Elizabeth B Wilson-Fowler; Christian Vorstius; Ralph Radach

Children develop initial orthographic knowledge during storybook reading Journal Article

Scientific Studies of Reading, 17 (4), pp. 286–302, 2013.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Emily Atkinson; Matthew W Wagers; Jeffrey Lidz; Colin Phillips; Akira Omaki

Developing incrementality in filler-gap dependency processing Journal Article

Cognition, 179 , pp. 132–149, 2018.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Atkinson2018,
title = {Developing incrementality in filler-gap dependency processing},
author = {Emily Atkinson and Matthew W Wagers and Jeffrey Lidz and Colin Phillips and Akira Omaki},
doi = {10.1016/j.cognition.2018.05.022},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Cognition},
volume = {179},
pages = {132--149},
abstract = {Much work has demonstrated that children are able to use bottom-up linguistic cues to incrementally interpret sentences, but there is little understanding of the extent to which children's comprehension mechanisms are guided by top-down linguistic information that can be learned from distributional regularities in the input. Using a visual world eye tracking experiment and a corpus analysis, the current study investigates whether 5- and 6-year-old children incrementally assign interpretations to temporarily ambiguous wh-questions like What was Emily eating the cake with __? In the visual world eye-tracking experiment, adults demonstrated evidence for active dependency formation at the earliest region (i.e., the verb region), while 6-year-old children demonstrated a spill-over effect of this bias in the subsequent NP region. No evidence for this bias was found in 5-year-olds, although the speed of arrival at the ultimately correct instrument interpretation appears to be modulated by the vocabulary size. These results suggest that adult-like active formation of filler-gap dependencies begins to emerge around age 6. The corpus analysis of filler-gap dependency structures in adult corpora and child corpora demonstrate that the distributional regularities in either corpora are equally in favor of early, incremental completion of filler-gap dependencies, suggesting that the distributional information in the input is either not relevant to this incremental bias, or that 5-year-old children are somehow unable to recruit this information in real-time comprehension. Taken together, these findings shed light on the origin of the incremental processing bias in filler-gap dependency processing, as well as on the role of language experience and cognitive constraints in the development of incremental sentence processing mechanisms.},
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Emma L Axelsson; Rachelle L Dawson; Sharon Y Yim; Tashfia Quddus

Mine, mine, mine: Self-reference and children's retention of novel words Journal Article

Frontiers in Psychology, 9 , pp. 1–9, 2018.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Axelsson2018,
title = {Mine, mine, mine: Self-reference and children's retention of novel words},
author = {Emma L Axelsson and Rachelle L Dawson and Sharon Y Yim and Tashfia Quddus},
doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00958},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
volume = {9},
pages = {1--9},
abstract = {Adults demonstrate enhanced memory for words encoded as belonging to themselves compared to those belonging to another. Known as the self-reference effect, there is evidence for the effect in children as young as three. Toddlers are efficient in linking novel words to novel objects, but have difficulties retaining multiple word-object associations. The aim here was to investigate the self-reference ownership paradigm on 3-year-old children's retention of novel words. Following exposure to each of four novel word-object pairings, children were told that objects either belonged to them or another character. Children demonstrated significantly higher immediate retention of self-referenced compared to other-referenced items. Retention was also tested 4 h later and the following morning. Retention for self- and other-referenced words was significantly higher than chance at both delayed time points, but the difference between the self- and other-referenced words was no longer significant. The findings suggest that when it comes to toddlers' retention of multiple novel words there is an initial memory enhancing effect for self- compared to other-referenced items, but the difference diminishes over time. Children's looking times during the self-reference presentations were positively associated with retention of self-referenced words 4 h later. Looking times during the other-reference presentations were positively associated with proportional looking at other-referenced items during immediate retention testing. The findings have implications for children's memory for novel words and future studies could test children's explicit memories for the ownership manipulation itself and whether the effect is superior to other forms of memory supports such as ostensive naming.},
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Emma L Axelsson; Jaclyn Swinton; Amanda I Winiger; Jessica S Horst

Napping and toddlers' memory for fast-mapped words Journal Article

First Language, 38 (6), pp. 582–595, 2018.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Nicole D Ayasse; Arthur Wingfield

A tipping point in listening effort: Effects of linguistic complexity and age-related hearing loss on sentence comprehension Journal Article

Trends in Hearing, 22 , pp. 1–14, 2018.

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Senay Aydin; Niall C Strang; Velitchko Manahilov

Age-related deficits in attentional control of perceptual rivalry Journal Article

Vision Research, 77 , pp. 32–40, 2013.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Aydin2013,
title = {Age-related deficits in attentional control of perceptual rivalry},
author = {Senay Aydin and Niall C Strang and Velitchko Manahilov},
doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2012.11.010},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Vision Research},
volume = {77},
pages = {32--40},
abstract = {Some aspects of attentional processing are known to decline with normal aging. To understand how age affects the attentional control of perceptual stability, we investigated age-related changes in voluntarily controlled perceptual rivalry. Durations of the dominant percept, produced by an ambiguous Rubin vase-faces figure, were measured in conditions that required passive viewing and attentional control: holding and switching the dominant percept. During passive viewing, mean dominance duration in the older group was significantly longer (63%) than the dominance duration found in the young group. This age-related deficit could be due to a decline in the apparent strength of the alternating percepts as a result of higher contrast gain of visual cortical activity and a reduction in the amount of attentional resources allocated to the ambiguous stimulus in older people compared to young adults. In comparison to passive viewing, holding the dominant percept did not significantly alter the dominance durations in the older group, while the dominance durations in the young group were increased (~100%). The dominance durations for both age groups in switch conditions were reduced compared to their passive viewing durations (~40%). The inability of older people to voluntarily prolong the duration of the dominant percept suggests that they may have abnormal attentional mechanisms, which are inefficient at enhancing the effective strength of the dominant percept. Results suggest that older adults have difficulty holding attended visual objects in focus, a problem that could affect their ability to carry out everyday tasks.},
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Cathleen Bache; Anne Springer; Hannes Noack; Waltraud Stadler; Franziska Kopp; Ulman Lindenberger; Markus Werkle-Bergner

10-month-old infants are sensitive to the time course of perceived actions: Eye-tracking and EEG evidence Journal Article

Frontiers in Psychology, 8 , pp. 1–18, 2017.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Chiara Banfi; Ferenc Kemény; Melanie Gangl; Gerd Schulte-Körne; Kristina Moll; Karin Landerl

Visuo-spatial cueing in children with differential reading and spelling profiles Journal Article

PLoS ONE, 12 (7), pp. 1–20, 2017.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Banfi2017,
title = {Visuo-spatial cueing in children with differential reading and spelling profiles},
author = {Chiara Banfi and Ferenc Kemény and Melanie Gangl and Gerd Schulte-Körne and Kristina Moll and Karin Landerl},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0180358},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
volume = {12},
number = {7},
pages = {1--20},
abstract = {Dyslexia has been claimed to be causally related to deficits in visuo-spatial attention. In particular, inefficient shifting of visual attention during spatial cueing paradigms is assumed to be associated with problems in graphemic parsing during sublexical reading. The current study investigated visuo-spatial attention performance in an exogenous cueing paradigm in a large sample (N = 191) of third and fourth graders with different reading and spelling profiles (controls, isolated reading deficit, isolated spelling deficit, combined deficit in reading and spelling). Once individual variability in reaction times was taken into account by means of z-transformation, a cueing deficit (i.e. no significant difference between valid and invalid trials) was found for children with combined deficits in reading and spelling. However, poor readers without spelling problems showed a cueing effect comparable to controls, but exhibited a particularly strong right-over-left advantage (position effect). Isolated poor spellers showed a significant cueing effect, but no position effect. While we replicated earlier findings of a reduced cueing effect among poor nonword readers (indicating deficits in sublexical processing), we also found a reduced cueing effect among children with particularly poor orthographic spelling (indicating deficits in lexical processing). Thus, earlier claims of a specific association with nonword reading could not be confirmed. Controlling for ADHD-symptoms reported in a parental questionnaire did not impact on the statistical analysis, indicating that cueing deficits are not caused by more general attentional limitations. Between 31 and 48% of participants in the three reading and/or spelling deficit groups as well as 32% of the control group showed reduced spatial cueing. These findings indicate a significant, but moderate association between certain aspects of visuo-spatial attention and subcomponents of written language processing, the causal status of which is yet unclear.},
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Dyslexia has been claimed to be causally related to deficits in visuo-spatial attention. In particular, inefficient shifting of visual attention during spatial cueing paradigms is assumed to be associated with problems in graphemic parsing during sublexical reading. The current study investigated visuo-spatial attention performance in an exogenous cueing paradigm in a large sample (N = 191) of third and fourth graders with different reading and spelling profiles (controls, isolated reading deficit, isolated spelling deficit, combined deficit in reading and spelling). Once individual variability in reaction times was taken into account by means of z-transformation, a cueing deficit (i.e. no significant difference between valid and invalid trials) was found for children with combined deficits in reading and spelling. However, poor readers without spelling problems showed a cueing effect comparable to controls, but exhibited a particularly strong right-over-left advantage (position effect). Isolated poor spellers showed a significant cueing effect, but no position effect. While we replicated earlier findings of a reduced cueing effect among poor nonword readers (indicating deficits in sublexical processing), we also found a reduced cueing effect among children with particularly poor orthographic spelling (indicating deficits in lexical processing). Thus, earlier claims of a specific association with nonword reading could not be confirmed. Controlling for ADHD-symptoms reported in a parental questionnaire did not impact on the statistical analysis, indicating that cueing deficits are not caused by more general attentional limitations. Between 31 and 48% of participants in the three reading and/or spelling deficit groups as well as 32% of the control group showed reduced spatial cueing. These findings indicate a significant, but moderate association between certain aspects of visuo-spatial attention and subcomponents of written language processing, the causal status of which is yet unclear.

Chiara Banfi; Ferenc Kemény; Melanie Gangl; Gerd Schulte-Körne; Kristina Moll; Karin Landerl

Visual attention span performance in German-speaking children with differential reading and spelling profiles: No evidence of group differences Journal Article

Plos One, 13 (6), pp. 1–17, 2018.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Wesley R Barnhart; Samuel Rivera; Christopher W Robinson

Effects of linguistic labels on visual attention in children and young adults Journal Article

Frontiers in Psychology, 9 , pp. 1–11, 2018.

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Wesley R Barnhart; Samuel Rivera; Christopher W Robinson

Different patterns of modality dominance across development Journal Article

Acta Psychologica, 182 , pp. 154–165, 2018.

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Carol L Baym; Naiman A Khan; Jim M Monti; Lauren B Raine; Eric S Drollette; Davis R Moore; Mark R Scudder; Arthur F Kramer; Charles H Hillman; Neal J Cohen

Dietary lipids are differentially associated with hippocampal-dependent relational memory in prepubescent children Journal Article

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 99 (5), pp. 1026–1033, 2014.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Baym2014,
title = {Dietary lipids are differentially associated with hippocampal-dependent relational memory in prepubescent children},
author = {Carol L Baym and Naiman A Khan and Jim M Monti and Lauren B Raine and Eric S Drollette and Davis R Moore and Mark R Scudder and Arthur F Kramer and Charles H Hillman and Neal J Cohen},
doi = {10.3945/ajcn.113.079624},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {American Journal of Clinical Nutrition},
volume = {99},
number = {5},
pages = {1026--1033},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Studies in rodents and older humans have shown that the hippocampus-a brain structure critical to relational/associative memory-has remarkable plasticity as a result of lifestyle factors (eg, exercise). However, the effect of dietary intake on hippocampal-dependent memory during childhood has remained unexamined.$backslash$n$backslash$nOBJECTIVE: We investigated the cross-sectional relation of dietary components characteristic of the Western diet, including saturated fatty acids (SFAs), omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids, and refined sugar, with hippocampal-dependent relational memory in prepubescent children.$backslash$n$backslash$nDESIGN: Participants aged 7-9 y (n = 52) reported their dietary intake by using the Youth-Adolescent Food-Frequency Questionnaire and completed memory tasks designed to assess relational (hippocampal-dependent) and item (hippocampal-independent) memory. Performance on the memory tasks was assessed with both direct (accuracy) and indirect (eye movement) measures.$backslash$n$backslash$nRESULTS: Partial correlations adjusted for body mass index showed a positive relation between relational memory accuracy and intake of omega-3 fatty acids and a negative relation of both relational and item memory accuracy with intake of SFAs. Potential confounding factors of age, sex, intelligence quotient, socioeconomic status, pubertal timing, and aerobic fitness (maximal oxygen volume) were not significantly related to any of the dietary intake measures. Eye movement measures of relational memory (preferential viewing to the target stimulus) showed a negative relation with intake of added sugar.$backslash$n$backslash$nCONCLUSIONS: SFA intake was negatively associated with both forms of memory, whereas omega-3 fatty acid intake was selectively positively associated with hippocampal-dependent relational memory. These findings are among the first to show a link between habitual dietary intake and cognitive health as pertaining to hippocampal function in childhood.},
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BACKGROUND: Studies in rodents and older humans have shown that the hippocampus-a brain structure critical to relational/associative memory-has remarkable plasticity as a result of lifestyle factors (eg, exercise). However, the effect of dietary intake on hippocampal-dependent memory during childhood has remained unexamined.$backslash$n$backslash$nOBJECTIVE: We investigated the cross-sectional relation of dietary components characteristic of the Western diet, including saturated fatty acids (SFAs), omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids, and refined sugar, with hippocampal-dependent relational memory in prepubescent children.$backslash$n$backslash$nDESIGN: Participants aged 7-9 y (n = 52) reported their dietary intake by using the Youth-Adolescent Food-Frequency Questionnaire and completed memory tasks designed to assess relational (hippocampal-dependent) and item (hippocampal-independent) memory. Performance on the memory tasks was assessed with both direct (accuracy) and indirect (eye movement) measures.$backslash$n$backslash$nRESULTS: Partial correlations adjusted for body mass index showed a positive relation between relational memory accuracy and intake of omega-3 fatty acids and a negative relation of both relational and item memory accuracy with intake of SFAs. Potential confounding factors of age, sex, intelligence quotient, socioeconomic status, pubertal timing, and aerobic fitness (maximal oxygen volume) were not significantly related to any of the dietary intake measures. Eye movement measures of relational memory (preferential viewing to the target stimulus) showed a negative relation with intake of added sugar.$backslash$n$backslash$nCONCLUSIONS: SFA intake was negatively associated with both forms of memory, whereas omega-3 fatty acid intake was selectively positively associated with hippocampal-dependent relational memory. These findings are among the first to show a link between habitual dietary intake and cognitive health as pertaining to hippocampal function in childhood.

Ensar Becic; Arthur F Kramer; Walter R Boot

Age-related differences in the use of background layout in visual search Journal Article

Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 14 (2), pp. 109–125, 2007.

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Ensar Becic; Walter R Boot; Arthur F Kramer

Training older adults to search more effectively: Scanning strategy and visual search in dynamic displays Journal Article

Psychology and Aging, 23 (2), pp. 461–466, 2008.

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Yvonne Behnke

How textbook design may influence learning with geography textbooks Journal Article

Nordidactica – Journal of Humanities and Social Science Education, 1 , pp. 38–62, 2016.

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Nathalie N Bélanger; Michelle Lee; Elizabeth R Schotter

Young skilled deaf readers have an enhanced perceptual span in reading Journal Article

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 71 (1), pp. 291–301, 2018.

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Eva Belke; Antje S Meyer

Single and multiple object naming in healthy ageing Journal Article

Language and Cognitive Processes, 22 (8), pp. 1178–1211, 2007.

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Boaz M Ben-David; Craig G Chambers; Meredyth Daneman; Kathleen M Pichora-Fuller; Eyal M Reingold; Bruce A Schneider

Effects of aging and noise on real-time spoken word recognition: Evidence from eye movements Journal Article

Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 54 , pp. 243–262, 2011.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Ben-David2011,
title = {Effects of aging and noise on real-time spoken word recognition: Evidence from eye movements},
author = {Boaz M Ben-David and Craig G Chambers and Meredyth Daneman and Kathleen M Pichora-Fuller and Eyal M Reingold and Bruce A Schneider},
doi = {10.1044/1092-4388(2010/09-0233)},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research},
volume = {54},
pages = {243--262},
abstract = {PURPOSE: To use eye tracking to investigate age differences in real-time lexical processing in quiet and in noise in light of the fact that older adults find it more difficult than younger adults to understand conversations in noisy situations. METHOD: Twenty-four younger and 24 older adults followed spoken instructions referring to depicted objects, for example, "Look at the candle." Eye movements captured listeners' ability to differentiate the target noun (candle) from a similar-sounding phonological competitor (e.g., candy or sandal). Manipulations included the presence/absence of noise, the type of phonological overlap in target-competitor pairs, and the number of syllables. RESULTS: Having controlled for age-related differences in word recognition accuracy (by tailoring noise levels), similar online processing profiles were found for younger and older adults when targets were discriminated from competitors that shared onset sounds. Age-related differences were found when target words were differentiated from rhyming competitors and were more extensive in noise. CONCLUSIONS: Real-time spoken word recognition processes appear similar for younger and older adults in most conditions; however, age-related differences may be found in the discrimination of rhyming words (especially in noise), even when there are no age differences in word recognition accuracy. These results highlight the utility of eye movement methodologies for studying speech processing across the life span.},
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Rachel J Bennetts; Joseph Mole; Sarah Bate

Super-recognition in development: A case study of an adolescent with extraordinary face recognition skills Journal Article

Cognitive Neuropsychology, 34 (6), pp. 357–376, 2017.

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Elika Bergelson; Daniel Swingley

At 6-9 months, human infants know the meanings of many common nouns Journal Article

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109 (9), pp. 3253–3258, 2012.

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Elika Bergelson; Daniel Swingley

The acquisition of abstract words by young infants Journal Article

Cognition, 127 (3), pp. 391–397, 2013.

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Elika Bergelson; Daniel Swingley

Young toddlers' word comprehension is flexible and efficient Journal Article

PLoS ONE, 8 (8), 2013.

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Elika Bergelson; Richard N Aslin

Nature and origins of the lexicon in 6-mo-olds Journal Article

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114 (49), pp. 12916–12921, 2017.

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Lisa R Betts; Christopher P Taylor; Allison B Sekuler; Patrick J Bennett

Aging reduces center-surround antagonism in visual motion processing Journal Article

Neuron, 45 (3), pp. 361–366, 2005.

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Lisa R Betts; Allison B Sekuler; Patrick J Bennett

The effects of aging on orientation discrimination Journal Article

Vision Research, 47 (13), pp. 1769–1780, 2007.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Betts2007,
title = {The effects of aging on orientation discrimination},
author = {Lisa R Betts and Allison B Sekuler and Patrick J Bennett},
doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2007.02.016},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Vision Research},
volume = {47},
number = {13},
pages = {1769--1780},
abstract = {The current experiments measured orientation discrimination thresholds in younger (mean age ≈ 23 years) and older (mean age ≈ 66 years) subjects. In Experiment 1, the contrast needed to discriminate Gabor patterns (0.75, 1.5, and 3 c/deg) that differed in orientation by 12 deg was measured for different levels of external noise. At all three spatial frequencies, discrimination thresholds were significantly higher in older than younger subjects when external noise was low, but not when external noise was high. In Experiment 2, discrimination thresholds were measured as a function of stimulus contrast by varying orientation while contrast was fixed. The resulting threshold-vs-contrast curves had very similar shapes in the two age groups, although the curve obtained from older subjects was shifted to slightly higher contrasts. At contrasts greater than 0.05, thresholds in both older and younger subjects were approximately constant at 0.5 deg. The results from Experiments 1 and 2 suggest that age differences in orientation discrimination are due solely to differences in equivalent input noise. Using the same methods as Experiment 1, Experiment 3 measured thresholds in 6 younger observers as a function of external noise and retinal illuminance. Although reducing retinal illumination increased equivalent input noise, the effect was much smaller than the age difference found in Experiment 1. Therefore, it is unlikely that differences in orientation discrimination were due solely to differences in retinal illumination. Our findings are consistent with recent physiological experiments that have found elevated spontaneous activity and reduced orientation tuning on visual cortical neurons in senescent cats (Hua, T., Li, X., He, L., Zhou, Y., Wang, Y., Leventhal, A. G. (206). Functional degradation of visual cortical cells in old cats.},
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Rainer Beurskens; Otmar Bock

Age-related decline of peripheral visual processing: The role of eye movements Journal Article

Experimental Brain Research, 217 (1), pp. 117–124, 2012.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Beurskens2012,
title = {Age-related decline of peripheral visual processing: The role of eye movements},
author = {Rainer Beurskens and Otmar Bock},
doi = {10.1007/s00221-011-2978-3},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Experimental Brain Research},
volume = {217},
number = {1},
pages = {117--124},
abstract = {Earlier work suggests that the area of space from which useful visual information can be extracted (useful field of view, UFoV) shrinks in old age. We investigated whether this shrinkage, documented previously with a visual search task, extends to a bimanual tracking task. Young and elderly subjects executed two concurrent tracking tasks with their right and left arms. The separation between tracking displays varied from 3 to 35 cm. Subjects were asked to fixate straight ahead (condition FIX) or were free to move their eyes (condition FREE). Eye position was registered. In FREE, young subjects tracked equally well at all display separations. Elderly subjects produced higher tracking errors, and the difference between age groups increased with display separation. Eye movements were comparable across age groups. In FIX, elderly and young subjects tracked less well at large display separations. Seniors again produced higher tracking errors in FIX, but the difference between age groups did not increase reliably with display separation. However, older subjects produced a substantial number of illicit saccades, and when the effect of those saccades was factored out, the difference between young and older subjects' tracking did increase significantly with display separation in FIX. We conclude that the age-related shrinkage of UFoV, previously documented with a visual search task, is observable with a manual tracking task as well. Older subjects seem to partly compensate their deficit by illicit saccades. Since the deficit is similar in both conditions, it may be located downstream from the convergence of retinal and oculomotor signals.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Jutta Billino; Goedele van Belle; Bruno Rossion; Gudrun Schwarzer

The nature of individual face recognition in preschool children: Insights from a gaze-contingent paradigm Journal Article

Cognitive Development, 47 , pp. 168–180, 2018.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Eileen E Birch; Jingyun Wang; Joost Felius; David R Stager; Richard W Hertle

Fixation control and eye alignment in children treated for dense congenital or developmental cataracts Journal Article

Journal of AAPOS, 16 (2), pp. 156–160, 2012.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Birch2012,
title = {Fixation control and eye alignment in children treated for dense congenital or developmental cataracts},
author = {Eileen E Birch and Jingyun Wang and Joost Felius and David R Stager and Richard W Hertle},
doi = {10.1016/j.jaapos.2011.11.007},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Journal of AAPOS},
volume = {16},
number = {2},
pages = {156--160},
publisher = {American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus},
abstract = {Background: Many children treated for cataracts develop strabismus and nystagmus; however, little is known about the critical period for adverse ocular motor outcomes with respect to age of onset and duration. Methods: Children who had undergone extraction of dense cataracts by the age of 5 years were enrolled postoperatively. Ocular alignment was assessed regularly throughout follow-up. Fixation stability and associated ocular oscillations were determined from eye movement recordings at ≥5 years old. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate whether laterality (unilateral vs bilateral), age at onset, and/or duration of visual deprivation were associated with adverse ocular motor outcomes and to determine multivariate odds ratios (ORs). Results: A total of 41 children were included. Of these, 27 (66%) developed strabismus; 29 (71%) developed nystagmus. Congenital onset was associated with significant risk for strabismus (OR, 5.3; 95% CI, 1.1-34.1); infantile onset was associated with significant risk for nystagmus (OR, 13.6; 95% CI, 1.6-302). Duration textgreater6 weeks was associated with significant risk for both strabismus (OR, 9.1; 95% CI, 1.9-54.2) and nystagmus (OR, 46.2; 95% CI, 6.0-1005). Congenital onset was associated with significant risk for interocular asymmetry in severity of nystagmus (OR, 25.0; 95% CI, 2.6-649), as was unilateral cataract (OR, 58.9; 95% CI, 5.1-2318). Conclusions: Laterality (unilateral vs bilateral) and age at onset were significant nonmodifiable risk factors for adverse ocular motor outcomes. Duration of deprivation was a significant modifiable risk factor for adverse ocular motor outcomes. The current study demonstrated that reduced risk for nystagmus and strabismus was associated with deprivation ≤6 weeks.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

James Blundella; Steven Frissona; Anupam Chakrapanib; Paul Gissenc; Chris Hendrikszd; Suresh Vijaye; Andrew Olson

Oculomotor abnormalities in children with Niemann-Pick type C Journal Article

Molecular Genetics and Metabolism, 123 (2), pp. 159–168, 2018.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Blundella2018,
title = {Oculomotor abnormalities in children with Niemann-Pick type C},
author = {James Blundella and Steven Frissona and Anupam Chakrapanib and Paul Gissenc and Chris Hendrikszd and Suresh Vijaye and Andrew Olson},
doi = {10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.11.004},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Molecular Genetics and Metabolism},
volume = {123},
number = {2},
pages = {159--168},
publisher = {Elsevier},
abstract = {Niemann-Pick type C (NP-C) is a rare recessive disorder associated with progressive supranuclear gaze palsy. Degeneration occurs initially for vertical saccades and later for horizontal saccades. There are studies of oculo- motor degeneration in adult NP-C patients [1, 2] but no comparable studies in children. We used high-resolution video-based eye tracking to record monocular vertical and horizontal eye movements in 2 neurological NP-C pa- tients (children with clinically observable oculomotor abnormalities) and 3 pre-neurological NP-C patients (children without clinically observable oculomotor abnormalities). Saccade onset latency, saccade peak velocity and saccade curvature were compared to healthy controls (N= 77). NP-C patients had selective impairments of vertical sac- cade peak velocity and vertical saccade curvature, with slower peak velocities and greater curvature. Changes were more pronounced in neurological than pre-neurological patients, showing that these measures are sensitive to disease progress, but abnormal curvature and slowed downward saccades were present in both groups, showing that eye- tracking can register disease-related changes before these are evident in a clinical exam. Both slowing, curvature and the detailed characteristics of the curvature we observed are predicted by the detailed characteristics of RIMLF population codes. Onset latencies were not different from healthy controls. High-resolution video-based eye tracking is a promising sensitive and objective method to measure NP-C disease severity and neurological onset. It may also help evaluate responses to therapeutic interventions.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Hazel I Blythe; Tuomo Häikiö; Raymond Bertam; Simon P Liversedge; Jukka Hyönä

Reading disappearing text: Why do children refixate words? Journal Article

Vision Research, 51 (1), pp. 84–92, 2011.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Hazel I Blythe; Feifei Liang; Chuanli Zang; Jingxin Wang; Guoli Yan; Xuejun Bai; Simon P Liversedge

Inserting spaces into Chinese text helps readers to learn new words: An eye movement study Journal Article

Journal of Memory and Language, 67 (2), pp. 241–254, 2012.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Hazel I Blythe; Ascensión Pagán; Megan Dodd

Beyond decoding: Phonological processing during silent reading in beginning readers Journal Article

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 41 (4), pp. 1244–1252, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Agnieszka Bojko; Arthur F Kramer; Matthew S Peterson

Age equivalence in switch costs for prosaccade and antisaccade tasks Journal Article

Psychology and Aging, 19 (1), pp. 226–234, 2004.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Jantina Bolhuis; Thorsten Kolling; Monika Knopf

Looking in the eyes to discriminate: Linking infants' habituation speed to looking behaviour using faces Journal Article

International Journal of Behavioral Development, 40 (3), pp. 243–252, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Bolhuis2016,
title = {Looking in the eyes to discriminate: Linking infants' habituation speed to looking behaviour using faces},
author = {Jantina Bolhuis and Thorsten Kolling and Monika Knopf},
doi = {10.1177/0165025414564094},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {International Journal of Behavioral Development},
volume = {40},
number = {3},
pages = {243--252},
abstract = {Studies showed that individual differences in encoding speed as well as looking behaviour during the encoding of facial stimuli can relate to differences in subsequent face discrimination. Nevertheless, a direct linkage between encoding speed and looking behaviour during the encoding of facial stimuli and the role of these encoding characteristics for subsequent discrimination has not been investigated yet. In the present habituation study, an eye-tracker was used to investigate how individual differences in encoding speed (number of habituation trials) relate to individual differences in looking behaviour on faces and the internal facial features (eyes, nose, and mouth) during encoding as well as discrimination. Forty infants habituated to a photograph of a female face. In a subsequent dishabituation phase, a new face was followed by the familiar one. As expected, the results showed that most of the infants were able to habituate to the face and that they managed to discriminate between the new and the familiar face. Furthermore, correlations and analyses of variance showed that individual differences in encoding during habituation related to differences in looking behaviour during habituation as well as dishabituation. Slower-habituating infants could better discriminate between the new and the familiar face and showed a higher interest in the eyes during habi-tuation as well as dishabituation than faster-habituating infants. These data underline that individual differences in encoding speed relate to individual differences in looking behaviour and that increased looking behaviour to important social cues might help subsequent discrimination.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Arielle Borovsky; Sarah C Creel

Children and adults integrate talker and verb information in online processing Journal Article

Developmental Psychology, 50 (5), pp. 1600–1613, 2014.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Arielle Borovsky; Kim Sweeney; Jeffrey L Elman; Anne Fernald

Real-time interpretation of novel events across childhood Journal Article

Journal of Memory and Language, 73 (1), pp. 1–14, 2014.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Arielle Borovsky; Erica M Ellis; Julia L Evans; Jeffrey L Elman

Lexical leverage: Category knowledge boosts real-time novel word recognition in 2-year-olds Journal Article

Developmental Science, 19 (6), pp. 918–932, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Arielle Borovsky; Erica M Ellis; Julia L Evans; Jeffrey L Elman

Semantic structure in vocabulary knowledge interacts with lexical and sentence processing in infancy Journal Article

Child Development, 87 (6), pp. 1893–1908, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Marie Line Bosse; Sonia Kandel; Chloé Prado; Sylviane Valdois

Does visual attention span relate to eye movements during reading and copying? Book

38, 2014.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Alison C Bowling; Peter Lindsay; Belinda G Smith; Kerri Storok

Saccadic eye movements as indicators of cognitive function in older adults Journal Article

Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 22 (2), pp. 201–219, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Bowling2015,
title = {Saccadic eye movements as indicators of cognitive function in older adults},
author = {Alison C Bowling and Peter Lindsay and Belinda G Smith and Kerri Storok},
doi = {10.1080/13825585.2014.901290},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition},
volume = {22},
number = {2},
pages = {201--219},
abstract = {Older adults appear to have greater difficulty ignoring distractions during day-to-day activities than younger adults. To assess these effects of age, the ability of adults aged between 50 and 80 years to ignore distracting stimuli was measured using the antisaccade and oculomotor capture tasks. In the antisaccade task, observers are instructed to look away from a visual cue, whereas in the oculomotor capture task, observers are instructed to look toward a colored singleton in the presence of a concurrent onset distractor. Index scores of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) were compared with capture errors, and with prosaccade errors on the antisaccade task. A higher percentage of capture errors were made on the oculomotor capture tasks by the older members of the cohort compared to the younger members. There was a weak relationship between the attention index and capture errors, but the visuospatial/constructional index was the strongest predictor of prosaccade error rate in the antisaccade task. The saccade reaction times (SRTs) of correct initial saccades in the oculomotor capture task were poorly correlated with age, and with the neurospsychological tests, but prosaccade SRTs in both tasks moderately correlated with antisaccade error rate. These results were interpreted in terms of a competitive integration (or race) model. Any variable that reduces the strength of the top-down neural signal to produce a voluntary saccade, or that increases saccade speed, will enhance the likelihood that a reflexive saccade to a stimulus with an abrupt onset will occur.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Paul M Brunet; Jennifer J Heisz; Catherine J Mondloch; David I Shore; Louis A Schmidt

Shyness and face scanning in children Journal Article

Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23 (7), pp. 909–914, 2009.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Rudolf Burggraaf; Jos N van der Geest; Maarten A Frens; Ignace T C Hooge

Visual search accelerates during adolescence Journal Article

Journal of Vision, 18 (5), pp. 1–11, 2018.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Melanie Rose Burke; Charlotte Poyser; Ingo Schiessl

Age-related deficits in visuospatial memory are due to changes in preparatory set and eye-hand coordination Journal Article

Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 70 (5), pp. 682–690, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Sarah E Burke; Immanuel Babu Henry Samuel; Qing Zhao; Jackson Cagle; Ronald A Cohen; Benzi Kluger; Mingzhou Ding

Task-based cognitive fatigability for older adults and validation of mental fatigability subscore of pittsburgh fatigability scale Journal Article

Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 10 , pp. 1–7, 2018.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Burke2018,
title = {Task-based cognitive fatigability for older adults and validation of mental fatigability subscore of pittsburgh fatigability scale},
author = {Sarah E Burke and Immanuel Babu Henry Samuel and Qing Zhao and Jackson Cagle and Ronald A Cohen and Benzi Kluger and Mingzhou Ding},
doi = {10.3389/fnagi.2018.00327},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience},
volume = {10},
pages = {1--7},
abstract = {Cognitive fatigue and cognitive fatigability are distinct constructs. Cognitive fatigue reflects perception of cognitive fatigue outside of the context of activity level and duration and can be reliably assessed via established instruments such as the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS). In contrast, cognitive fatigability reflects change in fatigue levels quantified within the context of the level and duration of cognitive activity, and currently there are no reliable measures of cognitive fatigability. A recently published scale, the Pittsburgh Fatigability Scale (PFS), attempts to remedy this problem with a focus on the aged population. While the physical fatigability subscore of PFS has been validated using physical activity derived measures, the mental fatigability subscore of PFS remains to be tested against equivalent measures derived from cognitive activities. To this end, we recruited 35 older, healthy adult participants (mean age 73.77 ± 5.9) to complete the PFS as well as a prolonged continuous performance of a Stroop task (textgreater2 h). Task-based assessments included time-on-task changes in self-reported fatigue scores (every 20 min), reaction time, and pupil diameter. Defining subjective fatigability, behavioral fatigability, and physiologic/autonomic fatigability to be the slope of change over time-on-task in the above three assessed variables, we found that the PFS mental subscore was not correlated with any of the three task-based fatigability measures. Instead, the PFS mental subscore was correlated with trait level fatigue measures FSS ($rho$ = 0.63, p textless 0.001), and MFIS cognitive subsection ($rho$ = 0.36},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

David Buttelmann; Andy Schieler; Nicole Wetzel; Andreas Widmann

Infants' and adults' looking behavior does not indicate perceptual distraction for constrained modelled actions − An eye-tracking study Journal Article

Infant Behavior and Development, 47 , pp. 103–111, 2017.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Buttelmann2017,
title = {Infants' and adults' looking behavior does not indicate perceptual distraction for constrained modelled actions − An eye-tracking study},
author = {David Buttelmann and Andy Schieler and Nicole Wetzel and Andreas Widmann},
doi = {10.1016/j.infbeh.2017.04.001},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Infant Behavior and Development},
volume = {47},
pages = {103--111},
publisher = {Elsevier},
abstract = {When observing a novel action, infants pay attention to the model's constraints when deciding whether to imitate this action or not. Gergely et al. (2002) found that more 14-month-olds copied a model's use of her head to operate a lamp when she used her head while her hands were free than when she had to use this means because it was the only means available to her (i.e., her hands were occupied). The perceptional distraction account (Beisert et al., 2012) claims that differences between conditions in terms of the amount of attention infants paid to the modeled action caused the differences in infants' performance between conditions. In order to investigate this assumption we presented 14-month-olds (N = 34) with an eye-tracking paradigm and analyzed their looking behavior when observing the head-touch demonstration in the two original conditions. Subsequently, they had the chance to operate the apparatus themselves, and we measured their imitative responses. In order to explore the perceptional processes taking place in this paradigm in adulthood, we also presented adults (N = 31) with the same task. Apart from the fact that we did not replicate the findings in imitation with our participants, the eye-tracking results do not support the perceptional distraction account: infants did not statistically differ − not even tendentially − in their amount of looking at the modeled action in both conditions. Adults also did not statistically differ in their looking at the relevant action components. However, both groups predominantly observed the relevant head action. Consequently, infants and adults do not seem to attend differently to constrained and unconstrained modelled actions.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Laura Cacciamani; Erica Wager; Mary A Peterson; Paige E Scalf

Age-related changes in perirhinal cortex sensitivity to configuration and part familiarity and connectivity to visual cortex Journal Article

Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 9 , pp. 1–15, 2017.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Cacciamani2017,
title = {Age-related changes in perirhinal cortex sensitivity to configuration and part familiarity and connectivity to visual cortex},
author = {Laura Cacciamani and Erica Wager and Mary A Peterson and Paige E Scalf},
doi = {10.3389/fnagi.2017.00291},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience},
volume = {9},
pages = {1--15},
abstract = {The perirhinal cortex (PRC) is a medial temporal lobe (MTL) structure known to be involved in assessing whether an object is familiar (i.e., meaningful) or novel. Recent evidence shows that the PRC is sensitive to the familiarity of both whole object configurations and their parts, and suggests the PRC may modulate part familiarity responses in V2. Here, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we investigated age-related decline in the PRC's sensitivity to part/configuration familiarity and assessed its functional connectivity to visual cortex in young and older adults. Participants categorized peripherally presented silhouettes as familiar ("real-world") or novel. Part/configuration familiarity was manipulated via three silhouette configurations: Familiar (parts/configurations familiar), Control Novel (parts/configurations novel), and Part-Rearranged Novel (parts familiar, configurations novel). "Real-world" judgments were less accurate than "novel" judgments, although accuracy did not differ between age groups. The fMRI data revealed differential neural activity, however: In young adults, a linear pattern of activation was observed in left hemisphere (LH) PRC, with Familiar textgreater Control Novel textgreater Part-Rearranged Novel. Older adults did not show this pattern, indicating age-related decline in the PRC's sensitivity to part/configuration familiarity. A functional connectivity analysis revealed a significant coupling between the PRC and V2 in the LH in young adults only. Older adults showed a linear pattern of activation in the temporopolar cortex (TPC), but no evidence of TPC-V2 connectivity. This is the first study to demonstrate age-related decline in the PRC's representations of part/configuration familiarity and its covariance with visual cortex.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Karen L Campbell; Naseem Al-Aidroos; Jay Pratt; Lynn Hasher

Repelling the young and attracting the old: Examining age-related differences in saccade trajectory deviations Journal Article

Psychology and Aging, 24 (1), pp. 163–168, 2009.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Karen L Campbell; Jennifer D Ryan

The effects of practice and external support on older adults' control of reflexive eye movements Journal Article

Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 16 (6), pp. 745–763, 2009.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Karen Lucia Campbell; Naseem Al-Aidroos; Robert Fatt; Jay Pratt; Lynn Hasher

The effects of multisensory targets on saccadic trajectory deviations: Eliminating age differences Journal Article

Experimental Brain Research, 201 (3), pp. 385–392, 2010.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Linda Campbell; Kathryn McCabe; Kate Leadbeater; Ulrich Schall; Carmel Loughland; Dominique Rich

Visual scanning of faces in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: Attention to the mouth or the eyes? Journal Article

Psychiatry Research, 177 (1-2), pp. 211–215, 2010.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Maria Nella Carminati; Pia Knoeferle

Priming younger and older adults' sentence comprehension: Insights from dynamic emotional facial expressions and pupil pize measures Journal Article

The Open Psychology Journal, 9 (1), pp. 129–148, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Carminati2016,
title = {Priming younger and older adults' sentence comprehension: Insights from dynamic emotional facial expressions and pupil pize measures},
author = {Maria Nella Carminati and Pia Knoeferle},
doi = {10.2174/1874350101609010129},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {The Open Psychology Journal},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {129--148},
abstract = {Background: Prior visual-world research has demonstrated that emotional priming of spoken sentence processing is rapidly modulated by age. Older and younger participants saw two photographs of a positive and of a negative event side-by-side and listened to a spoken sentence about one of these events. Older adults' fixations to the mentioned (positive) event were enhanced when the still photograph of a previously-inspected positive-valence speaker face was (vs. wasn't) emotionally congruent with the event/sentence. By contrast, the younger adults exhibited such an enhancement with negative stimuli only. Objective: The first aim of the current study was to assess the replicability of these findings with dynamic face stimuli (unfolding from neutral to happy or sad). A second goal was to assess a key prediction made by socio-emotional selectivity theory, viz. that the positivity effect (a preference for positive information) displayed by older adults involves cognitive effort. Method: We conducted an eye-tracking visual-world experiment. Results: Most priming and age effects, including the positivity effects, replicated. However, against our expectations, the positive gaze preference in older adults did not co-vary with a standard measure of cognitive effort - increased pupil dilation. Instead, pupil size was significantly bigger when (both younger and older) adults processed negative than positive stimuli. Conclusion: These findings are in line with previous research on the relationship between positive gaze preferences and pupil dilation. We discuss both theoretical and methodological implications of these results.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Alex de Carvalho; Isabelle Dautriche; Anne Christophe

Preschoolers use phrasal prosody online to constrain syntactic analysis Journal Article

Developmental Science, 19 (2), pp. 235–250, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Carvalho2016,
title = {Preschoolers use phrasal prosody online to constrain syntactic analysis},
author = {Alex de Carvalho and Isabelle Dautriche and Anne Christophe},
doi = {10.1111/desc.12300},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Developmental Science},
volume = {19},
number = {2},
pages = {235--250},
abstract = {Two experiments were conducted to investigate whether young children are able to take into account phrasal prosody when computing the syntactic structure of a sentence. Pairs of French noun/verb homophones were selected to create locally ambiguous sentences ([la petite ferme] [est tr? es jolie] ‘the small farm is very nice' vs. [la petite] [ferme la fen^ etre] ‘the little girl closes the window' – brackets indicate prosodic boundaries). Although these sentences start with the same three words, ferme is a noun (farm) in the former but a verb (to close) in the latter case. The only difference between these sentence beginnings is the prosodic structure, that reflects the syntactic structure (with a prosodic boundary just before the criticalwordwhen it is a verb, and just after it when it is a noun). Crucially, all words following the homophone were masked, such that prosodic cues were the only disambiguating information. Children successfully exploited prosodic information to assign the appropriate syntactic category to the target word, in both an oral completion task (4.5-year-olds, Experiment 1) and in a preferential looking paradigm with an eye- tracker (3.5-year-olds and 4.5-year-olds, Experiment 2). These results show that both groups of children exploit the position of a word within the prosodic structure when computing its syntactic category. In other words, even younger children of 3.5 years old exploit phrasal prosody online to constrain their syntactic analysis. This ability to exploit phrasal prosody to compute syntactic structure may help children parse sentences containing unknown words, and facilitate the acquisition of word meanings.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Alex de Carvalho; Isabelle Dautriche; Isabelle Lin; Anne Christophe

Phrasal prosody constrains syntactic analysis in toddlers Journal Article

Cognition, 163 , pp. 67–79, 2017.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Carvalho2017,
title = {Phrasal prosody constrains syntactic analysis in toddlers},
author = {Alex de Carvalho and Isabelle Dautriche and Isabelle Lin and Anne Christophe},
doi = {10.1016/j.cognition.2017.02.018},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Cognition},
volume = {163},
pages = {67--79},
abstract = {This study examined whether phrasal prosody can impact toddlers' syntactic analysis. French noun-verb homophones were used to create locally ambiguous test sentences (e.g., using the homophone as a noun: [le bébé souris] [a bien mangé] - [the baby mouse] [ate well] or using it as a verb: [le bébé] [sourit à sa maman] - [the baby] [smiles to his mother], where brackets indicate prosodic phrase boundaries). Although both sentences start with the same words (le-bebe-/suʁi/), they can be disambiguated by the prosodic boundary that either directly precedes the critical word /suʁi/ when it is a verb, or directly follows it when it is a noun. Across two experiments using an intermodal preferential looking procedure, 28-month-olds (Exp. 1 and 2) and 20-month-olds (Exp. 2) listened to the beginnings of these test sentences while watching two images displayed side-by-side on a TV-screen: one associated with the noun interpretation of the ambiguous word (e.g., a mouse) and the other with the verb interpretation (e.g., a baby smiling). The results show that upon hearing the first words of these sentences, toddlers were able to correctly exploit prosodic information to access the syntactic structure of sentences, which in turn helped them to determine the syntactic category of the ambiguous word and to correctly identify its intended meaning: participants switched their eye-gaze toward the correct image based on the prosodic condition in which they heard the ambiguous target word. This provides evidence that during the first steps of language acquisition, toddlers are already able to exploit the prosodic structure of sentences to recover their syntactic structure and predict the syntactic category of upcoming words, an ability which would be extremely useful to discover the meaning of novel words.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Nicholas D Cassavaugh; Arthur F Kramer; David E Irwin

Influence of task-irrelevant onset distractors on the visual search performance of young and old adults Journal Article

Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 10 (1), pp. 44–60, 2003.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Nicholas Cassavaugh; Arthur F Kramer; Matthew S Peterson

Aging and the strategic control of the fixation offset effect Journal Article

Psychology and Aging, 19 (2), pp. 357–361, 2004.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Jessica P K Chan; Daphne Kamino; Malcolm A Binns; Jennifer D Ryan

Can changes in eye movement scanning alter the age-related deficit in recognition memory? Journal Article

Frontiers in Psychology, 2 , pp. 1–11, 2011.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Cynthia Y H Chan; Antoni B Chan; Tatia M C Lee; Janet H Hsiao

Eye-movement patterns in face recognition are associated with cognitive decline in older adults Journal Article

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25 (6), pp. 2200–2207, 2018.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Minglei Chen; Hwawei Ko

Exploring the eye-movement patterns as Chinese children read texts: A developmental perspective Journal Article

Journal of Research in Reading, 34 (2), pp. 232–246, 2011.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Nicolas Chevalier; Bruno Dauvier; Agnès Blaye

From prioritizing objects to prioritizing cues: A developmental shift for cognitive control Journal Article

Developmental Science, 21 (2), pp. 1–8, 2018.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Lillian Chien; Rong Liu; Christopher Girkin; Miyoung Kwon

Higher contrast requirement for letter recognition and macular RGC+ layer thinning in glaucoma patients and older adults Journal Article

Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 58 (14), pp. 6221–6231, 2017.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Chien2017,
title = {Higher contrast requirement for letter recognition and macular RGC+ layer thinning in glaucoma patients and older adults},
author = {Lillian Chien and Rong Liu and Christopher Girkin and Miyoung Kwon},
doi = {10.1167/iovs.17-22621},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
volume = {58},
number = {14},
pages = {6221--6231},
abstract = {Purpose: Growing evidence suggests the involvement of the macula even in early stages of glaucoma. However, little is known about the impact of glaucomatous macular damage on central pattern vision. Here we examine the contrast requirement for letter recognition and its relationship with retinal thickness in the macular region. Methods: A total of 40 participants were recruited: 13 patients with glaucoma (mean age = 65.6 +/- 6.6 years), 14 age-similar normally sighted adults (59.1 +/- 9.1 years), and 13 young normally sighted adults (21.0 +/- 2.0 years). For each participant, letter-recognition contrast thresholds were obtained using a letter recognition task in which participants identified English letters presented at varying retinal locations across the central 12 degrees visual field, including the fovea. The macular retinal ganglion cell plus inner plexiform (RGC+) layer thickness was also evaluated using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Results: Compared to age-similar normal controls, glaucoma patients exhibited a significant increase in letter-recognition contrast thresholds (by 236%, P textless 0.001) and a significant decrease in RGC+ layer thickness (by 17%, P textless 0.001) even after controlling for age, pupil diameter, and visual acuity. Compared to normal young adults, older adults showed a significant increase in letter-recognition contrast thresholds and a significant decrease in RGC+ layer thickness. Across all subjects, the thickness of macular RGC+ layer was significantly correlated with letter-recognition contrast thresholds, even after correcting for pupil diameter and visual acuity (r = -0.65, P textless 0.001). Conclusions: Our results show that both glaucoma and normal aging likely bring about a thinning of the macular RGC+ layer; the macular RGC+ layer thickness appears to be associated with the contrast requirements for letter recognition in central vision.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Wonil Choi; Matthew W Lowder; Fernanda Ferreira; Tamara Y Swaab; John M Henderson

Effects of word predictability and preview lexicality on eye movements during reading: A comparison between young and older adults Journal Article

Psychology and Aging, 32 (3), pp. 232–242, 2017.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Antonios I Christou; Yvonne Wallis; Hayley Bair; Hayley Crawford; Steven Frisson; Maurice P Zeegers; Joseph P McCleery

BDNF Val66Met and 5-HTTLPR Genotype are Each Associated with Visual Scanning Patterns of Faces in Young Children Journal Article

Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 9 , pp. 1–12, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Christou2015,
title = {BDNF Val66Met and 5-HTTLPR Genotype are Each Associated with Visual Scanning Patterns of Faces in Young Children},
author = {Antonios I Christou and Yvonne Wallis and Hayley Bair and Hayley Crawford and Steven Frisson and Maurice P Zeegers and Joseph P McCleery},
doi = {10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00175},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience},
volume = {9},
pages = {1--12},
abstract = {Previous studies have documented both neuroplasticity-related BDNF VaI(66)Met and emotion regulation-related 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms as genetic variants that contribute to the processing of emotions from faces. More specifically, research has shown the BDNF Met allele and the 5-HTTLPR Short allele to be associated with mechanisms of negative affectivity that relate to susceptibility for psychopathology. We examined visual scanning pathways in response to angry, happy, and neutral faces in relation to BDNF VaI(66)Met and 5-HTTLPR genotyping in 49 children aged 4-7 years. Analyses revealed that variations in the visual processing of facial expressions of anger interacted with BDNF VaI(66)Met genotype, such that children who carried at least one low neuroplasticity Met allele exhibited a vigilance avoidance pattern of visual scanning compared to homozygotes for the high neuroplasticity Val allele. In a separate investigation of eye gaze towards the eye versus mouth regions of neutral faces, we observed that short allele 5-HTTLPR carriers exhibited reduced looking at the eye region compared with those with the higher serotonin uptake Long allele. Together, these findings suggest that genetic mechanisms early in life may influence the establishment of patterns of visual scanning of environmental stressors, which in conjunction with other factors such as negative life events, may lead to psychological difficulties and disorders in the later adolescent and adult years.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Antonios I Christou; Yvonne Wallis; Hayley Bair; Maurice Zeegers; Joseph P McCleery

Serotonin 5-HTTLPR Genotype Modulates Reactive Visual Scanning of Social and Non-social Affective Stimuli in Young Children Journal Article

Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 11 (June), pp. 1–12, 2017.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Christou2017,
title = {Serotonin 5-HTTLPR Genotype Modulates Reactive Visual Scanning of Social and Non-social Affective Stimuli in Young Children},
author = {Antonios I Christou and Yvonne Wallis and Hayley Bair and Maurice Zeegers and Joseph P McCleery},
doi = {10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00118},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience},
volume = {11},
number = {June},
pages = {1--12},
abstract = {Previous studies have documented the 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms as genetic variants that are involved in serotonin availability and also associated with emotion regulation and facial emotion processing. In particular, neuroimaging and behavioral studies of healthy populations have produced evidence to suggest that carriers of the Short allele exhibit heightened neurophysiological and behavioral reactivity when processing aversive stimuli, particularly in brain regions involved in fear. However, an additional distinction has emerged in the field, which highlights particular types of fearful information, i.e., aversive information which involves a social component versus non-social aversive stimuli. Although processing of each of these stimulus types (social and non-social) is believed to involve a subcortical neural system which includes the amygdala, evidence also suggests that the amygdala itself may be particularly responsive to socially significant environmental information, potentially due to the critical relevance of social information for humans. Examining individual differences in neurotransmitter systems which operate within this subcortical network, and in particular the serotonin system, may be critically informative for furthering our understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying responses to emotional and affective stimuli. In the present study we examine visual scanning patterns in response to both aversive and positive images of a social or non-social nature in relation to 5-HTTLPR genotypes, in 49 children aged 4-7 years. Results indicate that children with at least one Short 5-HTTLPR allele spent less time fixating the threat-related non-social stimuli, compared with participants with two copies of the Long allele. Interestingly, a separate set of analyses suggests that carriers of two copies of the short 5-HTTLPR allele also spent less time fixating both the negative and positive non-social stimuli. Together, these findings support the hypothesis that genetically mediated differences in serotonin availability mediate behavioral responses to different types of emotional stimuli in young children.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Previous studies have documented the 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms as genetic variants that are involved in serotonin availability and also associated with emotion regulation and facial emotion processing. In particular, neuroimaging and behavioral studies of healthy populations have produced evidence to suggest that carriers of the Short allele exhibit heightened neurophysiological and behavioral reactivity when processing aversive stimuli, particularly in brain regions involved in fear. However, an additional distinction has emerged in the field, which highlights particular types of fearful information, i.e., aversive information which involves a social component versus non-social aversive stimuli. Although processing of each of these stimulus types (social and non-social) is believed to involve a subcortical neural system which includes the amygdala, evidence also suggests that the amygdala itself may be particularly responsive to socially significant environmental information, potentially due to the critical relevance of social information for humans. Examining individual differences in neurotransmitter systems which operate within this subcortical network, and in particular the serotonin system, may be critically informative for furthering our understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying responses to emotional and affective stimuli. In the present study we examine visual scanning patterns in response to both aversive and positive images of a social or non-social nature in relation to 5-HTTLPR genotypes, in 49 children aged 4-7 years. Results indicate that children with at least one Short 5-HTTLPR allele spent less time fixating the threat-related non-social stimuli, compared with participants with two copies of the Long allele. Interestingly, a separate set of analyses suggests that carriers of two copies of the short 5-HTTLPR allele also spent less time fixating both the negative and positive non-social stimuli. Together, these findings support the hypothesis that genetically mediated differences in serotonin availability mediate behavioral responses to different types of emotional stimuli in young children.

Angela M Colcombe; Arthur F Kramer; David E Irwin; Mathew S Peterson; Stanley Colcombe; Sowon Hahn

Age-related effects of attentional and oculomotor capture by onsets and color singletons as a function of experience Journal Article

Acta Psychologica, 113 (2), pp. 205–225, 2003.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Yong-Qi Cong; Caroline Jungeb; Evin Aktarc; Maartje Raijmakersc; Anna Frankline; Disa Sautera

Pre-verbal infants perceive emotional facial expressions categorically Journal Article

Cognition and Emotion, pp. 1–13, 2018.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Amanda J Connolly; Nicole J Rinehart; Joanne Fielding

Saccade adaptation in young people diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Combined Type Journal Article

Neuroscience, 333 , pp. 27–34, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Simona E Constantinescu; Rebecca J McLean; James Innes; Irene Gottlob

Pseudo-monocular nystagmus associated with Duanes Syndrome: Report of two aases Journal Article

Strabismus, 23 (3), pp. 132–134, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

David P Crabb; Nicholas D Smith; Haogang Zhu

What's on TV? Detecting age-related neurodegenerative eye disease using eye movement scanpaths Journal Article

Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 6 , pp. 1–10, 2014.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Crabb2014,
title = {What's on TV? Detecting age-related neurodegenerative eye disease using eye movement scanpaths},
author = {David P Crabb and Nicholas D Smith and Haogang Zhu},
doi = {10.3389/fnagi.2014.00312},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience},
volume = {6},
pages = {1--10},
abstract = {PURPOSE: We test the hypothesis that age-related neurodegenerative eye disease can be detected by examining patterns of eye movement recorded whilst a person naturally watches a movie.$backslash$n$backslash$nMETHODS: Thirty-two elderly people with healthy vision (median age: 70, interquartile range [IQR] 64-75 years) and 44 patients with a clinical diagnosis of glaucoma (median age: 69, IQR 63-77 years) had standard vision examinations including automated perimetry. Disease severity was measured using a standard clinical measure (visual field mean deviation; MD). All study participants viewed three unmodified TV and film clips on a computer set up incorporating the Eyelink 1000 eyetracker (SR Research, Ontario, Canada). Eye movement scanpaths were plotted using novel methods that first filtered the data and then generated saccade density maps. Maps were then subjected to a feature extraction analysis using kernel principal component analysis (KPCA). Features from the KPCA were then classified using a standard machine based classifier trained and tested by a 10-fold cross validation which was repeated 100 times to estimate the confidence interval (CI) of classification sensitivity and specificity.$backslash$n$backslash$nRESULTS: Patients had a range of disease severity from early to advanced (median [IQR] right eye and left eye MD was -7 [-13 to -5] dB and -9 [-15 to -4] dB, respectively). Average sensitivity for correctly identifying a glaucoma patient at a fixed specificity of 90% was 79% (95% CI: 58-86%). The area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve was 0.84 (95% CI: 0.82-0.87).$backslash$n$backslash$nCONCLUSIONS: Huge data from scanpaths of eye movements recorded whilst people freely watch TV type films can be processed into maps that contain a signature of vision loss. In this proof of principle study we have demonstrated that a group of patients with age-related neurodegenerative eye disease can be reasonably well separated from a group of healthy peers by considering these eye movement signatures alone.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

PURPOSE: We test the hypothesis that age-related neurodegenerative eye disease can be detected by examining patterns of eye movement recorded whilst a person naturally watches a movie.$backslash$n$backslash$nMETHODS: Thirty-two elderly people with healthy vision (median age: 70, interquartile range [IQR] 64-75 years) and 44 patients with a clinical diagnosis of glaucoma (median age: 69, IQR 63-77 years) had standard vision examinations including automated perimetry. Disease severity was measured using a standard clinical measure (visual field mean deviation; MD). All study participants viewed three unmodified TV and film clips on a computer set up incorporating the Eyelink 1000 eyetracker (SR Research, Ontario, Canada). Eye movement scanpaths were plotted using novel methods that first filtered the data and then generated saccade density maps. Maps were then subjected to a feature extraction analysis using kernel principal component analysis (KPCA). Features from the KPCA were then classified using a standard machine based classifier trained and tested by a 10-fold cross validation which was repeated 100 times to estimate the confidence interval (CI) of classification sensitivity and specificity.$backslash$n$backslash$nRESULTS: Patients had a range of disease severity from early to advanced (median [IQR] right eye and left eye MD was -7 [-13 to -5] dB and -9 [-15 to -4] dB, respectively). Average sensitivity for correctly identifying a glaucoma patient at a fixed specificity of 90% was 79% (95% CI: 58-86%). The area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve was 0.84 (95% CI: 0.82-0.87).$backslash$n$backslash$nCONCLUSIONS: Huge data from scanpaths of eye movements recorded whilst people freely watch TV type films can be processed into maps that contain a signature of vision loss. In this proof of principle study we have demonstrated that a group of patients with age-related neurodegenerative eye disease can be reasonably well separated from a group of healthy peers by considering these eye movement signatures alone.

Trevor J Crawford; Eleanor S Smith; Donna M Berry

Eye gaze and aging: Selective and combined effects of working memory and inhibitory control Journal Article

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11 , pp. 1–10, 2017.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Crawford2017b,
title = {Eye gaze and aging: Selective and combined effects of working memory and inhibitory control},
author = {Trevor J Crawford and Eleanor S Smith and Donna M Berry},
doi = {10.3389/fnhum.2017.00563},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},
volume = {11},
pages = {1--10},
abstract = {Eye-tracking is increasingly studied as a cognitive and biological marker for the early signs of neuropsychological and psychiatric disorders. However, in order to make further progress, a more comprehensive understanding of the age-related effects on eye- tracking is essential. The antisaccade task requires participants to make saccadic eye movements away from a prepotent stimulus. Speculation on the cause of the observed age-related differences in the antisaccade task largely centers around two sources of cognitive dysfunction: inhibitory control (IC) and working memory (WM). The IC account views cognitive slowing and task errors as a direct result of the decline of inhibitory cognitive mechanisms. An alternative theory considers that a deterioration of WM is the cause of these age-related effects on behavior. The current study assessed IC and WM processes underpinning saccadic eye movements in young and older participants. This was achieved with three experimental conditions that systematically varied the extent to which WM and IC were taxed in the antisaccade task: a memory-guided task was used to explore the effect of increasing the WM load; a Go/No-Go task was used to explore the effect of increasing the inhibitory load; a ‘standard' antisaccade task retained the standard WM and inhibitory loads. Saccadic eye movements were also examined in a control condition: the standard prosaccade task where the load of WM and IC were minimal or absent. Saccade latencies, error rates and the spatial accuracy of saccades of older participants were compared to the same measures in healthy young controls across the conditions. The results revealed that aging is associated with changes in both IC and WM. Increasing the inhibitory load was associated with increased reaction times in the older group, while the increased WM load and the inhibitory load contributed to an increase in the antisaccade errors. These results reveal that aging is associated with changes in both IC and WM.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Eye-tracking is increasingly studied as a cognitive and biological marker for the early signs of neuropsychological and psychiatric disorders. However, in order to make further progress, a more comprehensive understanding of the age-related effects on eye- tracking is essential. The antisaccade task requires participants to make saccadic eye movements away from a prepotent stimulus. Speculation on the cause of the observed age-related differences in the antisaccade task largely centers around two sources of cognitive dysfunction: inhibitory control (IC) and working memory (WM). The IC account views cognitive slowing and task errors as a direct result of the decline of inhibitory cognitive mechanisms. An alternative theory considers that a deterioration of WM is the cause of these age-related effects on behavior. The current study assessed IC and WM processes underpinning saccadic eye movements in young and older participants. This was achieved with three experimental conditions that systematically varied the extent to which WM and IC were taxed in the antisaccade task: a memory-guided task was used to explore the effect of increasing the WM load; a Go/No-Go task was used to explore the effect of increasing the inhibitory load; a ‘standard' antisaccade task retained the standard WM and inhibitory loads. Saccadic eye movements were also examined in a control condition: the standard prosaccade task where the load of WM and IC were minimal or absent. Saccade latencies, error rates and the spatial accuracy of saccades of older participants were compared to the same measures in healthy young controls across the conditions. The results revealed that aging is associated with changes in both IC and WM. Increasing the inhibitory load was associated with increased reaction times in the older group, while the increased WM load and the inhibitory load contributed to an increase in the antisaccade errors. These results reveal that aging is associated with changes in both IC and WM.

Sarah C Creel

Phonological similarity and mutual exclusivity: On-line recognition of atypical pronunciations in 3-5-year-olds Journal Article

Developmental Science, 15 (5), pp. 697–713, 2012.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Sarah C Creel

Preschoolers' use of talker information in on-line comprehension Journal Article

Child Development, 83 (6), pp. 2042–2056, 2012.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Sarah C Creel

Impossible to _gnore: Word-form inconsistency slows preschool children's word-learning Journal Article

Language Learning and Development, 10 (1), pp. 68–95, 2014.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Sarah C Creel

Tipping the scales: Auditory cue weighting changes over development Journal Article

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 40 (3), pp. 1146–1160, 2014.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Sarah C Creel

Preschoolers' flexible use of talker information during word learning Book

73, 2014.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Sarah C Creel; Dolly P Rojo; Angelica Nicolle Paullada

Effects of contextual support on preschoolers' accented speech comprehension Journal Article

Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 146 , pp. 156–180, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Michael D Crossland; Antony B Morland; Mary P Feely; Elisabeth von dem Hagen; Gary S Rubin

The effect of age and fixation instability on retinotopic mapping of primary visual cortex Journal Article

Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 49 (8), pp. 3734–3739, 2008.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Crossland2008,
title = {The effect of age and fixation instability on retinotopic mapping of primary visual cortex},
author = {Michael D Crossland and Antony B Morland and Mary P Feely and Elisabeth von dem Hagen and Gary S Rubin},
doi = {10.1167/iovs.07-1621},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
volume = {49},
number = {8},
pages = {3734--3739},
abstract = {PURPOSE: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments determining the retinotopic structure of visual cortex have commonly been performed on young adults, who are assumed to be able to maintain steady fixation throughout the trial duration. The authors quantified the effects of age and fixation stability on the quality of retinotopic maps of primary visual cortex. METHODS: With the use of a 3T fMRI scanner, the authors measured cortical activity in six older and six younger normally sighted participants observing an expanding flickering checkerboard stimulus of 30 degrees diameter. The area of flattened primary visual cortex (V1) showing any blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activity to the visual stimulus and the area responding to the central 3.75 degrees of the stimulus (relating to the central ring of our target) were recorded. Fixation stability was measured while participants observed the same stimuli outside the scanner using an infrared gazetracker. RESULTS: There were no age-related changes in the area of V1. However, the proportion of V1 active to our visual stimulus was lower for the older observers than for the younger observers (overall activity: 89.8% of V1 area for older observers, 98.6% for younger observers; P textless0.05). This effect was more pronounced for the central 3.75 degrees of the target (older subjects, 26.4%; younger subjects, 40.7%; P textless0.02). No significant relationship existed between fixation stability and age or the magnitude of activity in the primary visual cortex. CONCLUSIONS: Although the cortical area remains unchanged, healthy older persons show less BOLD activity in V1 than do younger persons. Normal variations in fixation stability do not have a significant effect on the accuracy of experiments to determine the retinotopic structure of the visual cortex.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Fabrice Damon; David Méary; Paul C Quinn; Kang Lee; Elizabeth A Simpson; Annika Paukner; Stephen J Suomi; Olivier Pascalis

Preference for facial averageness: Evidence for a common mechanism in human and macaque infants Journal Article

Scientific Reports, 7 , pp. 1–11, 2017.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Meredyth Daneman; Brenda Hannon; Christine Burton

Are there age-related differences in shallow semantic processing of text? Evidence From eye movements Journal Article

Discourse Processes, 42 (2), pp. 177–203, 2006.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Isabelle Dautriche; Daniel Swingley; Anne Christophe

Learning novel phonological neighbors: Syntactic category matters Journal Article

Cognition, 143 , pp. 77–86, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Denton J DeLoss; Takeo Watanabe; George J Andersen

Optimization of perceptual learning: Effects of task difficulty and external noise in older adults Journal Article

Vision Research, 99 , pp. 37–45, 2014.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Denton J DeLoss; Takeo Watanabe; George J Andersen

Improving vision among older adults: Behavioral training to improve sight Journal Article

Psychological Science, 26 (4), pp. 456–466, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Benjamin Denkinger; Madeline Kinn

Own-age bias and positivity effects in facial recognition Journal Article

Experimental Aging Research, 44 (5), pp. 411–426, 2018.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Denkinger2018,
title = {Own-age bias and positivity effects in facial recognition},
author = {Benjamin Denkinger and Madeline Kinn},
doi = {10.1080/0361073X.2018.1521493},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Experimental Aging Research},
volume = {44},
number = {5},
pages = {411--426},
abstract = {Background/Study Context - In the current study, we evaluated two age-related differences in recognition memory: the own-age bias, wherein older and younger adults best recognize those of their own age group, and an age-related positivity effect, wherein older adults recall positive emotional information better than negative information relative to younger adults. We sought to extend previous research that jointly investigated these variables in recognition memory. Methods - Younger (age 18 – 27) and older (age 62 – 80) adults completed an incidental encoding task on a sequence of 50 positive, negative, or neutrally valenced images of older and younger adult faces. After a distractor task, participants made forced-choice recog- nition judgments and rated their decision confidence for images that were repeated with the same or a different emotional expression, and for novel, previously unseen faces. Results – Older and younger adults' recognition discriminability did not differ significantly between age groups. Notably, the data indi- cated an own-age bias in young adults, but not in older adults, and both age groups' recognition accuracy was greatest for faces that had originally been shown with a positive emotional expression. Conclusion - To our knowledge, this research is the first to demonstrate an own-age recognition bias in younger adults for emotional faces. Although our predictions of a differential impact by emotional faces on recognition of same and other-age faces were not supported, we identify a number of factors that contextualize these findings in the recent literature.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Moussa Diarra; Benjamin Rich Zendel; Jessica Benady‑Chorney; Caroll‑Ann Blanchette; Franco Lepore; Isabelle Peretz; Sylvie Belleville; Greg L West

Playing Super Mario increases oculomotor inhibition and frontal eye field grey matter in older adults Journal Article

Experimental Brain Research, pp. 1–11, 2018.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Adele Diederich; Hans Colonius; Annette Schomburg

Assessing age-related multisensory enhancement with the time-window-of-integration model Journal Article

Neuropsychologia, 46 (10), pp. 2556–2562, 2008.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Diederich2008b,
title = {Assessing age-related multisensory enhancement with the time-window-of-integration model},
author = {Adele Diederich and Hans Colonius and Annette Schomburg},
doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.03.026},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {Neuropsychologia},
volume = {46},
number = {10},
pages = {2556--2562},
abstract = {Although from multisensory research a great deal is known about how the different senses interact, there is little knowledge as to the impact of aging on these multisensory processes. In this study, we measured saccadic reaction time (SRT) of aged and young individuals to the onset of a visual target stimulus with and without an accessory auditory stimulus occurring (focused attention task). The response time pattern for both groups was similar: mean SRT to bimodal stimuli was generally shorter than to unimodal stimuli, and mean bimodal SRT was shorter when the auditory accessory was presented ipsilaterally rather than contralaterally to the target. The elderly participants were considerably slower than the younger participants under all conditions but showed a greater multisensory enhancement, that is, they seem to benefit more from bimodal stimulus presentation. In an attempt to weigh the contributions of peripheral sensory processes relative to more central cognitive processes possibly responsible for the difference in the younger and older adults, the time-window-of-integration (TWIN) model for crossmodal interaction in saccadic eye movements developed by the authors was fitted to the data from both groups. The model parameters suggest that (i) there is a slowing of the peripheral sensory processing in the elderly, (ii) as a result of this slowing, the probability of integration is smaller in the elderly even with a wider time-window-of-integration, and (iii) multisensory integration, if it occurs, manifests itself in larger neural enhancement in the elderly; however, because of (ii), on average the integration effect is not large enough to compensate for the peripheral slowing in the elderly.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Dyer M Diehl; Peter E Pidcoe

The influence of gaze stabilization and fixation on stepping reactions in younger and older adults Journal Article

Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy, 33 (1), pp. 19–25, 2010.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Yun Ding; Jing Zhao; Tao He; Yufei Tan; Lingshuang Zheng; Zhiguo Wang

Selective impairments in covert shifts of attention in Chinese dyslexic children Journal Article

Dyslexia, 22 (4), pp. 362–378, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Helen F Dodd; Jennifer L Hudson; Tracey Williams; Talia Morris; Rebecca S Lazarus; Yulisha Byrow

Anxiety and attentional bias in preschool-aged children: An eyetracking study Journal Article

Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43 (6), pp. 1055–1065, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Stéphanie Ducrot; Joël Pynte; Alain Ghio; Bernard Lété

Visual and linguistic determinants of the eyes' initial fixation position in reading development Journal Article

Acta Psychologica, 142 (3), pp. 287–298, 2013.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Géry D'Ydewalle; Wim De Bruycker

Eye movements of children and adults while reading television subtitles Journal Article

European Psychologist, 12 (3), pp. 196–205, 2007.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Caroline Ego; Jean-Jacques Orban de Xivry; Marie-Cécile Nassogne; Demet Yüksel; Philippe Lefèvre

The saccadic system does not compensate for the immaturity of the smooth pursuit system during visual tracking in children. Journal Article

Journal of neurophysiology, 110 (2), pp. 358–367, 2013.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Caroline Ego; Jean-Jacques Orban de Xivry; Marie-Cécile Nassogne; Demet Yüksel; Philippe Lefèvre; Philippe Lefe

Spontaneous improvement in oculomotor function of children with cerebral palsy Journal Article

Research in Developmental Disabilities, 36 , pp. 630–644, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Caroline Ego; Demet Yüksel; Jean-Jacques Orban de Xivry; Philippe Lefèvre

Development of internal models and predictive abilities for visual tracking during childhood Journal Article

Journal of Neurophysiology, 115 (1), pp. 301–309, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Sarah Eilers; Simon P Tiffin-Richards; Sascha Schroeder

Individual differences in children's pronoun processing during reading: Detection of incongruence is associated with higher reading fluency and more regressions Journal Article

Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 173 , pp. 250–267, 2018.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Eilers2018a,
title = {Individual differences in children's pronoun processing during reading: Detection of incongruence is associated with higher reading fluency and more regressions},
author = {Sarah Eilers and Simon P Tiffin-Richards and Sascha Schroeder},
doi = {10.1016/j.jecp.2018.04.005},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Child Psychology},
volume = {173},
pages = {250--267},
publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},
abstract = {In two eye tracking experiments, we tested fourth graders' and adults' sensitivity to gender feature mismatches during reading of pronouns and their susceptibility to interference of feature-matching entities in the sentence. In Experiment 1, we showed children and adults two-phrase sentences such as “Leonm/Lisaf shooed away the sparrowm/the seagullf and then hem ate the tasty sandwich.” Eye tracking measures showed no qualitative differences between children's and adults' processing of the pronouns. Both age groups showed longer gaze durations on subject mismatching than on matching pronouns, and there was no evidence of interference of a gender-matching object. Strikingly, in contrast to the adults, not all fourth graders reported detection of the subject gender mismatch. In Experiment 2, we replicated earlier results with a larger sample of children (N = 75) and found that only half of the fourth graders detected the gender mismatch during reading. The detectors' reading pattern at the pronoun differed from that of the non-detectors. Children who reported detection of the mismatch showed a reading pattern more similar to the adults. Children who did not report detection of the mismatch had comparably slower gaze durations and were less likely to make regressions directly at the pronoun. We conclude that children who read more fluently use their available processing resources to immediately repair grammatical inconsistencies encountered in a text.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Sarah Eilers; Simon P Tiffin-Richards; Sascha Schroeder

The repeated name penalty effect in children's natural reading: Evidence from eye tracking Journal Article

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 72 (3), pp. 403 –412, 2019.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

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