EyeLink Eye Trackers in Developmental Publications

@article{Wiegand2025,

title = {Contributions of distractor dwelling , skipping , and revisiting to age differences in visual search},

author = {Iris Wiegand and Mariska Van Pouderoijen and Joukje M. Oosterman and Kay Deckers and Gernot Horstmann},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Scientific Reports},

volume = {15},

pages = {1–28},

abstract = {Visual search becomes slower with aging, particularly when targets are difficult to discriminate from distractors. Multiple distractor rejection processes may contribute independently to slower search times: dwelling on, skipping of, and revisiting of distractors, measurable by eye-tracking. The present study investigated how age affects each of the distractor rejection processes, and how these contribute to the final search times in difficult (inefficient) visual search. In a sample of Dutch healthy adults (19–85 years), we measured reaction times and eye-movements during a target present/absent visual search task, with varying target-distractor similarity and visual set size. We found that older age was associated with longer dwelling and more revisiting of distractors, while skipping was unaffected by age. This suggests that increased processing time and reduced visuo-spatial memory for visited distractor locations contribute to age-related decline in visual search. Furthermore, independently of age, dwelling and revisiting contributed stronger to search times than skipping of distractors. In conclusion, under conditions of poor guidance, dwelling and revisiting have a major contribution to search times and age-related slowing in difficult visual search, while skipping is largely negligible.},

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@article{Zeng2025a,

title = {Age-related depreciation in predictive processing during Chinese reading: Insights from fixation-related potentials},

author = {Taishen Zeng and Longxia Lou and Zhifang Liu and Zhijun Zhang},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Current Psychology},

number = {2004},

pages = {1–11},

abstract = {To overcome methodological deficiencies in previous eye-tracking and event-related potentials (ERP) studies, the fixa- tion-related potential (FRP) approach was used to investigate how aging affects predictive processing in silent Chinese free-view reading. Forty older and 42 young adults participated in the experiment. All of them reported good reading abilities and none suffered from physical, mental, or cognitive diseases. The older participants were over 60 years of age (62.670 ± 3.018), and they did not differ from the younger group in the schooling years (11.43 vs. 12.10},

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@article{Lee2025,

title = {Disrupted microsaccade responses in late-life depression},

author = {Yao-Tung Lee and Ying-Hsuan Tai and Yi-Hsuan Chang and Cesar Barquero and Shu-Ping Chao and Chin-An Wang},

doi = {10.1038/s41598-025-86399-9},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Scientific Reports},

volume = {15},

number = {1},

pages = {1–11},

abstract = {Late-life depression (LLD) is a psychiatric disorder in older adults, characterized by high prevalence and significant mortality rates. Thus, it is imperative to develop objective and cost-effective methods for detecting LLD. Individuals with depression often exhibit disrupted levels of arousal, and microsaccades, as a type of fixational eye movement that can be measured non-invasively, are known to be modulated by arousal. This makes microsaccades a promising candidate as biomarkers for LLD. In this study, we used a high-resolution, video-based eye-tracker to examine microsaccade behavior in a visual fixation task between LLD patients and age-matched healthy controls (CTRL). Our goal was to determine whether microsaccade responses are disrupted in LLD compared to CTRL. LLD patients exhibited significantly higher microsaccade peak velocities and larger amplitudes compared to CTRL. Although microsaccade rates were lower in LLD than in CTRL, these differences were not statistically significant. Additionally, while both groups displayed microsaccadic inhibition and rebound in response to changes in background luminance, this modulation was significantly blunted in LLD patients, suggesting dysfunction in the neural circuits responsible for microsaccade generation. Together, these findings, for the first time, demonstrate significant alterations in microsaccade behavior in LLD patients compared to CTRL, highlighting the potential of these disrupted responses as behavioral biomarkers for identifying individuals at risk for LLD.},

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@article{LopezAssef2025,

title = {Task effects in children's word recall: Expanding the reverse production effect},

author = {Belén López Assef and Tania Zamuner},

doi = {10.1017/S0305000925000030},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Child Language},

pages = {1–13},

abstract = {Words said aloud are typically recalled more than words studied under other techniques. In certain circumstances, production does not lead to this memory advantage. We investigated the nature of this effect by varying the task during learning. Children aged five to six years were trained on novel words which required no action (Heard) compared to Verbal-Speech (production), Non-Verbal-Speech (stick out tongue), and Non-Verbal-Non-Speech (touch nose). Eye-tracking showed successful learning of novel words in all training conditions, but no differences between conditions. Both non-verbal tasks disrupted recall, demonstrating that encoding can be disrupted when children perform different types of concurrent actions.},

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@article{Matsunaga2025,

title = {Method for assessing visual saliency in children with cerebral/cortical visual impairment using generative artificial intelligence},

author = {Kate Matsunaga and Kleanthis Avramidis and Mark S. Borchert and Shrikanth Narayanan and Melinda Y. Chang},

doi = {10.3389/fnhum.2024.1506286},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},

volume = {18},

pages = {1–9},

abstract = {Cerebral/cortical visual impairment (CVI) is a leading cause of pediatric visual impairment in the United States and other developed countries, and is increasingly diagnosed in developing nations due to improved care and survival of children who are born premature or have other risk factors for CVI. Despite this, there is currently no objective, standardized method to quantify the diverse visual impairments seen in children with CVI who are young and developmentally delayed. We propose a method that combines eye tracking and an image-based generative artificial intelligence (AI) model (SegCLIP) to assess higher- and lower-level visual characteristics in children with CVI. We will recruit 40 CVI participants (aged 12 months to 12 years) and 40 age-matched controls, who will watch a series of images on a monitor while eye gaze position is recorded using eye tracking. SegCLIP will be prompted to generate saliency maps for each of the images in the experimental protocol. The saliency maps (12 total) will highlight areas of interest that pertain to specific visual features, allowing for analysis of a range of individual visual characteristics. Eye tracking fixation maps will then be compared to the saliency maps to calculate fixation saliency values, which will be assigned based on the intensity of the pixel corresponding to the location of the fixation in the saliency map. Fixation saliency values will be compared between CVI and control participants. Fixation saliency values will also be correlated to corresponding scores on a functional vision assessment, the CVI Range-CR. We expect that fixation saliency values on visual characteristics that require higher-level processing will be significantly lower in CVI participants compared to controls, whereas fixation saliency values on lower-level visual characteristics will be similar or higher in CVI participants. Furthermore, we anticipate that fixation saliency values will be significantly correlated to scores on corresponding items on the CVI Range-CR. Together, these findings would suggest that AI-enabled saliency analysis using eye tracking can objectively quantify abnormalities of lower- and higher-order visual processing in children with CVI. This novel technique has the potential to guide individualized interventions and serve as an outcome measure in future clinical trials.},

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@article{Adam2025,

title = {Perspective matters in goal-predictive gaze shifts during action observation: Results from 6-, 9-, and 12-month-olds and adults},

author = {Maurits Adam and Birgit Elsner and Norbert Zmyj},

doi = {10.1016/j.jecp.2024.106075},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Child Psychology},

volume = {249},

pages = {1–13},

publisher = {The Authors},

abstract = {Research on goal-predictive gaze shifts in infancy so far has mostly focused on the effect of infants' experience with observed actions or the effect of agency cues that the observed agent displays. However, the perspective from which an action is presented to the infants (egocentric vs. allocentric) has received only little attention from researchers despite the fact that the natural observation of own actions is always linked to an egocentric perspective, whereas the observation of others' actions is often linked to an allocentric perspective. The current study investigated the timing of 6-, 9-, and 12-month-olds' goal-predictive gaze behavior, as well as that of adults, during the observation of simple human grasping actions that were presented from either an egocentric or allocentric perspective (within-participants design). The results showed that at 6 and 9 months of age, the infants predicted the action goal only when observing the action from the egocentric perspective. The 12-month-olds and adults, in contrast, predicted the action in both perspectives. The results therefore are in line with accounts proposing an advantage of egocentric versus allocentric processing of social stimuli, at least early in development. This study is among the first to show this egocentric bias already during the first year of life.},

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@article{Axelsson2025,

title = {Toddlers' looking behaviours during referent selection and relationships with immediate and delayed retention},

author = {Emma L. Axelsson and Jessica S. Horst and Samantha L. Playford and Amanda I. Winiger},

doi = {10.1016/j.jml.2024.104596},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},

volume = {141},

pages = {1–15},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {The current study investigates whether children's attempts to solve referential ambiguity is best explained as a process-of-elimination or a novelty bias. We measured 2.5-year-old children's pointing and eye movements during referent selection trials and assessed whether this changes across repeated exposures. We also tested children's retention of novel words and how much focusing on novel targets during referent selection supports immediate and delayed retention as well as the effect of hearing the words ostensively named after referent selection. Time course analyses of children's looking during referent selection indicated that soon after noun onsets, in familiar target trials there was a greater focus on targets relative to chance, but in novel target trials, children focussed on targets less than chance, suggesting an initial focus on competitors. Children also took longer to focus on and point to novel compared to familiar targets. Thus, this converging evidence suggests referent selection is best described as a process-of-elimination. Ostensive naming also led to faster pointing at novel targets in subsequent trials and better delayed retention than the non-ostensive condition. In addition, a greater focus on novel targets during referent selection was associated with better immediate retention for the ostensive naming condition, but better delayed retention for the non-ostensive condition. Therefore, a focus on novelty may supplement weaker encoding, facilitating later retention.},

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@article{Bovo2025,

title = {The modulating effect of gestational age on attentional disengagement in toddlers},

author = {Martina Bovo and Sebastián Moyano and Giulia Calignano and Eloisa Valenza and María Ángeles Ballesteros-Duperon and María Rosario Rueda},

doi = {10.1016/j.infbeh.2024.102007},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Infant Behavior and Development},

volume = {78},

pages = {1–12},

abstract = {Gestational Age (GA) at birth plays a crucial role in identifying potential vulnerabilities to long-term difficulties in cognitive and behavioral development. The present study aims to explore the influence of gestational age on the efficiency of early visual attention orienting, as a potential marker for the development of specific high-level socio-cognitive skills. We administered the Gap-Overlap task to measure the attentional orienting and disengagement performance of 16-month-olds born between the 34th and 41st weeks of gestation. Our findings indicate that GA might be a significant predictor of attentional disengagement performance, with lower GAs associated with slower orienting of visual attention in the gap condition. Additionally, we discuss a possible influence of endogenous attention control on disengagement accuracy at this age, particularly among full-term infants. Overall, the findings highlight the role of GA as a key factor in evaluating early visual attention development, acting as a marker for detecting early vulnerabilities.},

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@article{Cholewa2025,

title = {Predictive use of grammatical gender during noun phrase decoding: An eye-tracking study with German children with developmental language disorder},

author = {Jürgen Cholewa and Annika Kirschenkern and Frederike Steinke and Thomas Günther},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research},

pages = {1–19},

abstract = {Purpose: Predictive language comprehension has become a major topic in psycholinguistic research. The study described in this article aims to investigate if German children with developmental language disorder (DLD) use grammatical gender agreement to predict the continuation of noun phrases in the same way as it has been observed for typically developing (TD) children. The study also seeks to differentiate between specific and general deficits in predictive processing by exploring the anticipatory use of semantic information. Additionally, the research examines whether the processing of gender and semantic information varies with the speed of stimulus presentation. Method: The study included 30 children with DLD (average age = 8.7 years) and 26 TD children (average age = 8.4 years) who participated in a visual-world eye- tracking study. Noun phrases, consisting of an article, an adjective, and a noun, were presented that matched with only one of two target pictures. The phrases contained a gender cue, a semantic cue, a combination of both, or none of these cues. The cues were provided by the article and/or adjective and could be used to identify the target picture before the noun itself was presented. Results: Both groups, TD children and those with DLD, utilized predictive processing strategies in response to gender agreement and semantic information when decoding noun phrases. However, children with DLD were only able to consider gender cues when noun phrases were presented at a slower speech rate, and even then, their predictive certainty remained below the typical level for their age. Conclusion: Based on these findings, the article discusses the potential relevance of the prediction framework for explaining comprehension deficits in chil- dren with DLD, as well as the clinical implications of the results.},

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@article{Hur2025,

title = {Adolescent social anxiety is associated with diminished discrimination of anticipated threat and safety in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis},

author = {Juyoen Hur and Rachael M. Tillman and Hyung Cho Kim3 and Paige Didier and Allegra S. Anderson and Samiha Islam and Melissa D. Stockbridge and Andres De Los Reyes and Kathryn A. DeYoung and Jason F. Smith and Alexander J. Shackman},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science},

volume = {134},

number = {1},

pages = {41–56},

abstract = {Social anxiety-which typically emerges in adolescence-lies on a continuum and, when extreme, can be devastating. Socially anxious individuals are prone to heightened fear, anxiety, and the avoidance of contexts associated with potential social scrutiny. Yet most neuroimaging research has focused on acute social threat. Much less attention has been devoted to understanding the neural systems recruited during the uncertain anticipation of potential encounters with social threat. Here we used a novel fMRI paradigm to probe the neural circuitry engaged during the anticipation and acute presentation of threatening faces and voices in a racially diverse sample of 66 adolescents selectively recruited to encompass a range of social anxiety and enriched for clinically significant levels of distress and impairment. Results demonstrated that adolescents with more severe social anxiety symptoms experience heightened distress when anticipating encounters with social threat, and reduced discrimination of uncertain social threat and safety in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST), a key division of the central extended amygdala (EAc). Although the EAc-including the BST and central nucleus of the amygdala-was robustly engaged by the acute presentation of threatening faces and voices, the degree of EAc engagement was unrelated to the severity of social anxiety. Together, these observations provide a neurobiologically grounded framework for conceptualizing adolescent social anxiety and set the stage for the kinds of prospective-longitudinal and mechanistic research that will be necessary to determine causation and, ultimately, to develop improved interventions for this often-debilitating illness.},

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@article{Sheng2025,

title = {An eye-tracking study on exploring children's visual attention to streetscape elements},

author = {Kaiyuan Sheng and Lian Liu and Feng Wang and Songnian Li and Xu Zhou},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Buildings},

volume = {15},

pages = {1–25},

abstract = {Urban street spaces play a crucial role in children's daily commuting and social activities. Therefore, the design of these spaces must give more consideration to children's perceptual preferences. Traditional street landscape perception studies often rely on sub- jective analysis, which lacks objective, data-driven insights. This study overcomes this limitation by using eye-tracking technology to evaluate children's preferences more scientif- ically. We collected eye-tracking data from 57 children aged 6–12 as they naturally viewed 30 images depicting school commuting environments. Data analysis revealed that the proportions of landscape elements in different street types influenced the visual perception characteristics of children in this age group. On well-maintained main and secondary roads, elements such as minibikes, people, plants, and grass attracted significant visual attention from children. In contrast, commercial streets and residential streets, character- ized by greater diversity in landscape elements, elicited more frequent gazes. Children's eye-tracking behaviors were particularly influenced by vibrant elements like walls, plants, cars, signboards, minibikes, and trade. Furthermore, due to the developmental immaturity of children's visual systems, no significant gender differences were observed in visual per- ception. Understanding children's visual landscape preferences provides a new perspective for researching the sustainable development of child-friendly cities at the community level. These findings offer valuable insights for optimizing the design of child-friendly streets.},

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@article{Slivka2025,

title = {Mask-wearing affects infants' selective attention to familiar and unfamiliar audiovisual speech},

author = {Lauren N. Slivka and Kenna R. H. Clayton and Greg D. Reynolds},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Developmental Psychology},

volume = {3},

pages = {1–8},

abstract = {This study examined the immediate effects of mask-wearing on infant selective visual attention to audiovisual speech in familiar and unfamiliar languages. Infants distribute their selective attention to regions of a speaker's face differentially based on their age and language experience. However, the potential impact wearing a face mask may have on infants' selective attention to audiovisual speech has not been systematically studied. We utilized eye tracking to examine the proportion of infant looking time to the eyes and mouth of a masked or unmasked actress speaking in a familiar or unfamiliar language. Six-month-old and 12-month-old infants (n = 42, 55% female, 91%White Non-Hispanic/Latino) were shown videos of an actress speaking in a familiar language (English) with and without a mask on, as well as videos of the same actress speaking in an unfamiliar language (German) with and without a mask. Overall, infants spent more time looking at the unmasked presentations compared to the masked presentations. Regardless of language familiarity or age, infants spent more time looking at the mouth area of an unmasked speaker and they spent more time looking at the eyes of a masked speaker. These findings indicate mask-wearing has immediate effects on the distribution of infant selective attention to different areas of the face of a speaker during audiovisual speech.},

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@article{Vingron2025,

title = {How words can guide our eyes: Increasing engagement with art through audio-guided visual search in young and older adults},

author = {Naomi Vingron and Lea Alexandra Müller Karoza and Nancy Azevedo and Aaron Johnson and Evdokimos Konstantinidis and Panagiotis Bamidis and Melissa Võ and Eva Kehayia},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {The Mental Lexicon},

pages = {1–12},

abstract = {Pursuing cognitively stimulating activities, such as engaging with art, is crucial to a healthy lifestyle. The current work simulates visits to an art museum in a laboratory setting. Using eye tracking, we explored how linguistically guided visual search may increase attention, enjoyment and retention of information when viewing art. Two groups of adults, young (under 35 years) and older (over 65 years) viewed ten paintings on a computer screen presented either with or without an accompanying audio-guide, while having their eye movements recorded. Audio-guides referred to specific areas of the painting, marked as Interest Areas (IA). Across age groups, as attested by gaze fixations, the audio-guides increased attention to these areas compared to free-viewing. Audio-guided viewing did not lead to a significantly increase over free-viewing in information recall accuracy or feelings of enjoyment and engagement. Overall, older adults did report feeling more positively about both audio-guided and free viewing than young adults. Thus, the use of audio-guides, specifically the gamification through linguistically guided visual search, may be a useful tool to promote meaningful attentional interactions with art.},

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@article{Wall2025,

title = {Preserved but un-sustained responses to bids for dyadic engagement in school-age children with Autism},

author = {Carla A. Wall and Caitlin Hudac and Kelsey Dommer and Beibin Li and Adham Atyabi and Claire Foster and Quan Wang and Erin Barney and Yeojin Amy Ahn and Minah Kim and Monique Mahony and Raphael Bernier and Pamela Ventola and Frederick Shic},

doi = {10.1007/s10803-024-06691-x},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders},

pages = {1–9},

abstract = {Purpose: Dynamic eye-tracking paradigms are an engaging and increasingly used method to study social attention in autism. While prior research has focused primarily on younger populations, there is a need for developmentally appropriate tasks for older children. Methods: This study introduces a novel eye-tracking task designed to assess school-aged children's attention to speakers involved in conversation. We focused on a primary outcome of attention to speakers' faces during conversation between three actors and during emulated bids for dyadic engagement (dyadic bids). Results: In a sample of 161 children (78 autistic, 83 neurotypical), children displayed significantly lower overall attention to faces compared to their neurotypical peers (p <.0001). Contrary to expectations, both groups demonstrated preserved attentional responses to dyadic bids, with no significant group differences. However, a divergence was observed following the dyadic bid: neurotypical children showed more attention to other conversational agents' faces than autistic children (p =.017). Exploratory analyses in the autism group showed that reduced attention to faces was associated with greater autism features during most experimental conditions. Conclusion: These findings highlight key differences in how autistic and neurotypical children engage with social cues, particularly in dynamic and interactive contexts. The preserved response to dyadic bids in autism, alongside the absence of post-bid attentional shifts, suggests nuanced and context-dependent social attention mechanisms that should be considered in future research and intervention strategies.},

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@article{Creel2025,

title = {Connecting the tots: Strong looking-pointing correlations in preschoolers' word learning and implications for continuity in language development},

author = {Sarah C. Creel},

doi = {10.1111/cdev.14157},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Child Development},

volume = {96},

pages = {87–103},

abstract = {How does one assess developmental change when the measures themselves change with development? Most developmental studies of word learning use either looking (infants) or pointing (preschoolers and older). With little empirical evidence of the relationship between the two measures, developmental change is difficult to assess. This paper analyzes 914 pointing, looking children (451 female, varied ethnicities, 2.5–6.5 years, dates: 2009–2019) in 36 word- or sound-learning experiments with two-alternative test trials. Looking proportions and pointing accuracy correlated strongly (r =.7). Counter to the “looks first” hypothesis, looks were not sensitive to incipient knowledge that pointing missed: when pointing is at chance, looking proportions are also. Results suggest one possible path forward for assessing continuous developmental change. Methodological best practices are discussed.},

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@article{Didier2025,

title = {The eyes have it: Alcohol-induced eye movement impairment and perceived impairment in older adults with and without alcohol use disorder},

author = {Nathan Didier and Dingcai Cao and Andrea C. King},

doi = {10.1111/acer.15509},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Alcohol, Clinical and Experimental Research},

number = {November},

pages = {1–11},

abstract = {Background: While alcohol has been shown to impair eye movements in young adults, little is known about alcohol-induced oculomotor impairment in older adults with longer histories of alcohol use. Here, we examined whether older adults with chronic alcohol use disorder (AUD) exhibit more acute tolerance than age-matched light drinkers (LD), evidenced by less alcohol-induced oculomotor impairment and perceived impairment. Method: Two random-order, double-blinded laboratory sessions with administration of alcohol (0.8 g/kg) or placebo. Participants (n = 117; 55 AUD, 62 LD) were 40–65 years of age. Eye tracking outcomes (pupil size, smooth pursuit gain, pro- and anti-saccadic velocity, latency, and accuracy) were measured at baseline and repeated at peak and declining breath alcohol intervals. Participants rated their perceived impairment during rising and declining intervals. Results: Following alcohol consumption, older adults with AUD (vs. LD) showed less impairment on smooth pursuit gain and reported lower perceived impairment, but both groups showed similar pupil dilation and impairment on saccadic measures. Conclusions: While alcohol impaired older adults with AUD less than LD in terms of their ability to track a predictably moving object (i.e., smooth pursuit), both drinking groups were equally sensitive to alcohol-induced delays in reaction time, reductions in velocity, and deficits in accuracy to randomly appearing objects (i.e., saccade tasks). Thus, despite decades of chronic excessive drinking, older adults with AUD exhibited similar oculomotor tolerance on pro- and anti-saccade eye movements relative to their light-drinking counterparts. Given that these individuals also perceived less impairment during intoxication, they may be at risk for injury and harm when they engage in real-life drinking bouts.},

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@article{Fernandez2025,

title = {Younger adults may be faster at making semantic predictions, but older adults are more efficient},

author = {Leigh B. Fernandez and Muzna Shehzad and Lauren V. Hadley},

doi = {10.1037/pag0000872},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Psychology and Aging},

pages = {1–8},

abstract = {While there is strong evidence that younger adults use contextual information to generate semantic predictions, findings from older adults are less clear. Age affects cognition in a variety of different ways that may impact prediction mechanisms; while the efficiency of memory systems and processing speed decrease, life experience leads to complementary increases in vocabulary size, real-world knowledge, and even inhibitory control. Using the visual world paradigm, we tested prediction in younger (n = 30, between 18 and 35 years of age) and older adults (n = 30, between 53 and 78 years of age). Importantly, we differentiated early stage predictions based on simple spreading activation from the more resource-intensive tailoring of predictions when additional constraining information is provided. We found that older adults were slower than younger adults in generating early stage predictions but then quicker than younger adults to tailor those predictions given additional information. This suggests that while age may lead to delays in first activating relevant lexical items when listening to speech, increased linguistic experience nonetheless increases the efficiency with which contextual information is used. These findings are consistent with reports of age having positive as well as negative impacts on cognition and suggest conflation of different stages of prediction as a basis for the inconsistency in the aging-related literature to date.},

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@article{OLeary2025,

title = {Congruent prosody reduces cognitive effort in memory for spoken sentences: A pupillometric study with young and older adults},

author = {Ryan M. O'Leary and Nicole M. Amichetti and Zoe Brown and Alexander J. Kinney and Arthur Wingfield},

doi = {10.1080/0361073X.2023.2286872},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Experimental Aging Research},

volume = {51},

number = {1},

pages = {35–58},

publisher = {Routledge},

abstract = {Background: In spite of declines in working memory and other processes, older adults generally maintain good ability to understand and remember spoken sentences. In part this is due to preserved knowledge of linguistic rules and their implementation. Largely overlooked, however, is the support older adults may gain from the presence of sentence prosody (pitch contour, lexical stress, intra-and inter-word timing) as an aid to detecting the structure of a heard sentence. Methods: Twenty-four young and 24 older adults recalled recorded sentences in which the sentence prosody corresponded to the clausal structure of the sentence, when the prosody was in conflict with this structure, or when there was reduced prosody uninformative with regard to the clausal structure. Pupil size was concurrently recorded as a measure of processing effort. Results: Both young and older adults' recall accuracy was superior for sentences heard with supportive prosody than for sentences with uninformative prosody or for sentences in which the prosodic marking and causal structure were in conflict. The measurement of pupil dilation suggested that the task was generally more effortful for the older adults, but with both groups showing a similar pattern of effort-reducing effects of supportive prosody. Conclusions: Results demonstrate the influence of prosody on young and older adults' ability to recall accurately multi-clause sentences, and the significant role effective prosody may play in preserving processing effort.},

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@article{Pagan2025,

title = {Aging and word predictability during reading: Evidence from eye movements and fixation-related potentials},

author = {Ascensión Pagán and Federica Degno and Sara V. Milledge and Richard D. Kirkden and Sarah J. White and Simon P. Liversedge and Kevin B. Paterson},

doi = {10.3758/s13414-024-02981-9},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics},

pages = {1–26},

publisher = {Springer US},

abstract = {The use of context to facilitate the processing of words is recognized as a hallmark of skilled reading. This capability is also hypothesized to change with older age because of cognitive changes across the lifespan. However, research investigating this issue using eye movements or event-related potentials (ERPs) has produced conflicting findings. Specifically, whereas eye-movement studies report larger context effects for older than younger adults, ERP findings suggest that context effects are diminished or delayed for older readers. Crucially, these contrary findings may reflect methodological differences, including use of unnatural sentence displays in ERP research. To address these limitations, we used a coregistration technique to record eye movements (EMs) and fixation-related potentials (FRPs) simultaneously while 44 young adults (18–30 years) and 30 older adults (65+ years) read sentences containing a target word that was strongly or weakly predicted by prior context. Eye-movement analyses were conducted over all data (full EM dataset) and only data matching FRPs. FRPs were analysed to capture early and later components 70–900 ms following fixation-onset on target words. Both eye-movement datasets and early FRPs showed main effects of age group and context, while the full EM dataset and later FRPs revealed larger context effects for older adults. We argue that, by using coregistration methods to address limitations of earlier ERP research, our experiment provides compelling complementary evidence from eye movements and FRPs that older adults rely more on context to integrate words during reading.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Redolfi2025,

title = {Processing adjectives in development: Evidence from eye-tracking},

author = {Michela Redolfi and Chiara Melloni},

doi = {10.1017/S0305000923000703},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Child Language},

volume = {52},

pages = {270–293},

abstract = {Combining adjective meaning with the modified noun is particularly challenging for children under three years. Previous research suggests that in processing noun-adjective phrases children may over-rely on noun information, delaying or omitting adjective interpretation. However, the question of whether this difficulty is modulated by semantic differences among (subsective) adjectives is underinvestigated. A visual-world experiment explores how Italian-learning children (N=38, 2;4-5;3) process noun-adjective phrases and whether their processing strategies adapt based on the adjective class. Our investigation substantiates the proficient integration of noun and adjective semantics by children. Nevertheless, alligning with previous research, a notable asymmetry is evident in the interpretation of nouns and adjectives, the latter being integrated more slowly. Remarkably, by testing toddlers across a wide age range, we observe a developmental trajectory in processing, supporting a continuity approach to children's development. Moreover, we reveal that children exhibit sensitivity to the distinct interpretations associated with each subsective adjective.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Reuter2025,

title = {Relative contributions of predictive vs associative processes to infant looking behavior during language comprehension},

author = {Tracy E Reuter and Lauren L Emberson},

doi = {10.1017/S0305000924000102},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Journal ofChild Language},

pages = {1–24},

abstract = {Numerous developmental findings suggest that infants and toddlers engage predictive processing during language comprehension. However, a significant limitation of this research is that associative (bottom-up) and predictive (top-down) explanations are not readily differentiated. Following adult studies that varied predictiveness relative to semantic-relatedness to differentiate associative vs. predictive processes, the present study used eye-tracking to begin to disentangle the contributions of bottom-up and top-down mechanisms to infants' real-time language processing. Replicating prior results, infants (14-19 months old) use successive semantically-related words across sentences (e.g., eat, yum, mouth) to predict upcoming nouns (e.g., cookie). However, we also provide evidence that using successive semantically-related words to predict is distinct from the bottom-up activation of the word itself. In a second experiment, we investigate the potential effects of repetition on the findings. This work is the first to reveal that infant language comprehension is affected by both associative and predictive processes.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Moss2024,

title = {The effects of question previewing on response accuracy and text processing: An eye-movement study},

author = {Corrin Moss and Scott P. Ardoin and Joshua A. Mellott and Katherine S. Binder},

doi = {10.1016/j.jsp.2024.101313},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Journal of School Psychology},

volume = {104},

pages = {1–16},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {The present study investigated the impact of manipulating reading strategies (i.e., reading the questions first [QF] or reading the passage first [PF]) during a reading comprehension test where we explored how reading strategy was related to student characteristics (i.e., reading achievement and working memory capacity). Participants' eye movements were monitored as they read 12 passages and answered multiple-choice questions. We examined differences in (a) response accuracy, (b) average total time on words in the text, (c) total task reading time, and (d) time reading text relevant to questions as a function of PF and QF strategies. Analyses were conducted to examine whether findings varied as a function of student characteristics (i.e., reading achievement and working memory capacity) and grade level (Grades 3, 5, and 8). Several interesting findings emerged from our study, including a limited effect of reading strategy use on response accuracy, with only eighth graders demonstrating better accuracy in the QF condition, and several demonstrations of PF leading to more efficient test-taking processes, including (a) longer average total reading times on words in the passage in the PF condition that could be associated with creating a better mental model of the text, (b) often being associated with less total-task time, and (c) being associated with more successful search strategies. Implications for providing teachers and students with strategies are discussed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Mueller2024,

title = {An influence of menopausal symptoms on mental health, emotion perception, and quality of life: A multi-faceted approach},

author = {Sven C. Mueller and Marta De Franceschi and Julia Brzozowska and Aleksandra M. Herman and Marco Ninghetto and Kalina Burnat and Monika Grymowicz and Artur Marchewka},

doi = {10.1007/s11136-024-03641-z},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Quality of Life Research},

volume = {33},

number = {7},

pages = {1925–1935},

publisher = {Springer International Publishing},

abstract = {Purpose: The menopausal transition brings with it many physical, cognitive, and affective changes in a woman's life, impacting quality of life. Whereas prior work has examined impact on general mental health and cognitive function, research on basic affective processing during menopause remains scarce. Methods: Using a median-split procedure, this pre-registered study examined the impact of stronger (N = 46 women) vs. milder (N = 47 women) menopausal symptoms using a behavioural task of subjective emotion perception (embody) and a passive eye tracking viewing task of emotional faces in addition to self-report questionnaires. After 3 months, participants completed the questionnaires again to examine whether objective measures of emotion perception (eye tracking) might predict mental health at follow-up. Results: As anticipated, women with stronger vs. milder menopausal symptoms reported increased symptoms of anxiety, depression, stress, emotion regulation difficulties, and lower quality of life during both time points. While no evidence was found in the behavioural task, eye tracking data indicated blunted emotion perception in women with high menopausal symptoms, while women with low symptoms spent more time looking at happy faces relative to fearful or surprised faces. Although eye tracking or hormonal data did not predict mental health at follow-up, a higher estradiol/FSH ratio indicated a higher quality of life. Conclusions: This study documented an impact of the menopausal transition and strength of menopausal symptoms in particular on objective emotion perception as well as mental health and quality of life in women suffering from stronger vs. milder menopausal symptoms. Clinical implications are discussed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Munoz2024,

title = {Saccade and pupil changes in children recovering from opsoclonus‐myoclonus ataxia syndrome reveal midbrain alterations in oculomotor circuits},

author = {Douglas P. Munoz and Brian J. White and Donald C. Brien and Kajaal Parbhoo and Carmen Yea and E. Ann Yeh},

doi = {10.1002/cns3.20078},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Annals of the Child Neurology Society},

volume = {2},

number = {3},

pages = {212–224},

abstract = {Objective: This study measured eye movements in children with a history of opsoclonus‐myoclonus ataxia syndrome in order to identify abnormalities in saccade and pupil behavior that map onto specific alterations in brainstem pathways. Methods: We used video‐based eye tracking while participants freely viewed 10 min of short (2–4 s) video clips without instructions. Clip transitions represented a large visual perturbation and we quantified multiple characteristics of saccade and pupil responses following these transitions in 13 children recovering from opsoclonus‐myoclonus and 13 healthy, age‐matched control participants. Results: The frequency of saccades and distribution of fixation durations differed between the groups. Following the clip transitions, children recovering from opsoclonus‐myoclonus ataxia syndrome exhibited longer time to initiate saccades, leading to a delay in harvesting visual information. Clip transitions to lighter clips produced similar pupil constriction responses in the two groups. However, clip transitions to darker clips produced dilation responses that were initiated earlier and of greater magnitude in opsoclonus‐myoclonus ataxia syndrome, suggesting removal or suppression of a signal that delays dilation. Interpretation: Children with a history of opsoclonus‐myoclonus ataxia syndrome demonstrated key abnormalities in saccade and pupil metrics. We propose a novel hypothesis in which dysfunction in the pathway from the superior colliculus to the mesencephalic and pontine reticular formation that houses the saccade and pupil premotor circuits could produce these results.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Nicholls2024,

title = {The impact of perceptual complexity on road crossing decisions in younger and older adults},

author = {Victoria I. Nicholls and Jan Wiener and Andrew Isaac Meso and Sebastien Miellet},

doi = {10.1038/s41598-023-49456-9},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Scientific Reports},

volume = {14},

number = {479},

pages = {1–14},

publisher = {Nature Publishing Group UK},

abstract = {Cognitive abilities decline with healthy ageing which can have a critical impact on day-to-day activities. One example is road crossing where older adults (OAs) disproportionally fall victim to pedestrian accidents. The current research examined two virtual reality experiments that investigated how the complexity of the road crossing situation impacts OAs (N = 19, ages 65–85) and younger adults (YAs},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ortlund2024,

title = {Oxidative stress as a potential mechanism linking gestational phthalate exposure to cognitive development in infancy},

author = {Kaegan E. Ortlund and Susan L. Schantz and Andrea Aguiar and Francheska M. Merced-Nieves and Megan L. Woodbury and Dana E. Goin and Antonia M. Calafat and Ginger L. Milne and Stephanie M. Eick},

doi = {10.1289/isee.2024.0073},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Neurotoxicology and Teratology},

volume = {106},

pages = {1–9},

abstract = {Background: Gestational exposure to phthalates, endocrine disrupting chemicals widely used in consumer products, has been associated with poor recognition memory in infancy. Oxidative stress may represent one pathway linking this association. Hence, we examined whether exposure to phthalates was associated with elevated oxidative stress during pregnancy, and whether oxidative stress mediates the relationship between phthalate exposure and recognition memory. Methods: Our analysis included a subset of mother-child pairs enrolled in the Illinois Kids Development Study (IKIDS},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Pan2024a,

title = {Printing words in alternating colors facilitates eye movements among young and older Chinese adults},

author = {Jinger Pan and Aiping Wang and Mingsha Zhang and Yiu Kei Tsang and Ming Yan},

doi = {10.3758/s13423-024-02581-6},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Psychonomic Bulletin and Review},

pages = {1–11},

publisher = {Springer US},

abstract = {It is well known that the Chinese writing system lacks visual cues for word boundaries, such as interword spaces. However, characters must be grouped into words or phrases for understanding, and the lack of interword spaces can cause certain ambiguity. In the current study, young and older Chinese adults' eye movements were recorded during their reading of naturally unspaced sentences, where consecutive words or nonwords were printed using alternating colors. The eye movements of both the Chinese young and older adults were clearly influenced by this explicit word boundary information. Across a number of eye-movement measures, in addition to a general age-related slowdown, the results showed that both groups benefited overall from the explicit color-based word boundary and experienced interference from the nonword boundary. Moreover, the manipulations showed stronger effects among the older adults. We discuss implications for practical application.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Parimoo2024,

title = {Are older adults susceptible to visual distraction when targets and distractors are spatially separated?},

author = {Shireen Parimoo and Anika Choi and Lauren Iafrate and Cheryl Grady and Rosanna Olsen},

doi = {10.1080/13825585.2022.2117271},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition},

volume = {31},

number = {1},

pages = {38–74},

publisher = {Routledge},

abstract = {Older adults show preserved memory for previously distracting information due to reduced inhibitory control. In some previous studies, targets and distractors overlap both temporally and spatially. We investigated whether age differences in attentional orienting and disengagement affect recognition memory when targets and distractors are spatially separated at encoding. In Experiments 1 and 2, eye movements were recorded while participants completed an incidental encoding task under covert (i.e., restricted viewing) and overt (i.e., free-viewing) conditions, respectively. The encoding task consisted of pairs of target and distractor item-color stimuli presented in separate visual hemifields. Prior to stimulus onset, a central cue indicated the location of the upcoming target. Participants were subsequently tested on their recognition of the items, their location, and the associated color. In Experiment 3, targets were validly cued on 75% of the encoding trials; on invalid trials, participants had to disengage their attention from the distractor and reorient to the target. Associative memory for colors was reduced among older adults across all experiments, though their location memory was only reduced in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, older and younger adults directed a similar proportion of fixations toward targets and distractors. Explicit recognition of distractors did not differ between age groups in any of the experiments. However, older adults were slower to correctly recognize distractors than false alarm to novel items in Experiment 2, suggesting some implicit memory for distraction. Together, these results demonstrate that older adults may only be vulnerable to encoding visual distraction when viewing behavior is unconstrained.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Pickard2024,

title = {Toddler screen use before bed and its effect on sleep and attention: A randomized clinical trial},

author = {Hannah Pickard and Petrina Chu and Claire Essex and Emily J. Goddard and Katie Baulcombe and Ben Carter and Rachael Bedford and Tim J. Smith},

doi = {10.1001/jamapediatrics.2024.3997},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {JAMA Pediatrics},

volume = {178},

number = {12},

pages = {1270–1279},

abstract = {IMPORTANCE Toddler screen time has been associated with poorer sleep and differences in attention. Understanding the causal impact of screen time on early development is of the highest importance. OBJECTIVE To test (1) the feasibility of the 7-week parent-administered screen time intervention (PASTI) in toddlers (aged 16-30 months) who have screen time in the hour before bed and (2) the impact of PASTI on toddlers' sleep and attention. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This assessor-blinded, UK-based randomized clinical trial was conducted between July 2022 and July 2023. This was a single-site study that enrolled families with a toddler aged between 16 and 30 months, living within 75 miles of the Babylab, and with 10 minutes or more of screen time in the hour before bed on 3 or more days a week. Exclusion criteria were (1) a genetic or neurological condition, (2) premature birth (<37 weeks), and (3) current participation in another study. INTERVENTIONS Families were randomized (1:1:1) to (1) PASTI: caregivers removed toddler screen time in the hour before bed and used activities from a bedtime box instead (eg, reading, puzzles); (2) bedtime box (BB only): used matched before-bed activities, with no mention of screen time; or (3) no intervention (NI): continued as usual. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Feasibility outcomes: participation rate, intervention adherence, retention, family experiences, and assessment acceptability. Efficacy outcomes: screen use, actigraphy-measured sleep, and eye-tracking attention measures. RESULTS A total of 427 families were screened, 164 were eligible (38.4%), and 105 families were randomized (mean [SD] age, 23.7 [4.6] months; 60 male [57%]). The trial was feasible, with 99% participant (104 of 105) retention and 94% of families (33 of 35) adhering to PASTI. PASTI showed reductions in parent-reported screen time (vs NI: Cohen d = -0.96; 95% CI, -1.32 to -0.60; vs BB only: Cohen d = -0.65; 95% CI, -1.03 to -0.27). PASTI showed small to medium improvements in objectively measured sleep efficiency (vs NI: Cohen d = 0.27; 95% CI, -0.11 to 0.66; vs BB only: Cohen d = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.17-0.96), night awakenings (vs NI: Cohen d = -0.28; 95% CI, -0.67 to 0.12; vs BB only: Cohen d = -0.31; 95% CI, -0.71 to 0.10), and reduced daytime sleep (vs NI: Cohen d = -0.30; 95% CI, -0.74 to 0.13) but no difference compared with BB only. There was no observable effect of PASTI on objective measures of attention. Compared with BB only, PASTI showed a difference on parent-reported effortful control (Cohen d = -0.40; 95% CI, -0.75 to -0.05) and inhibitory control (Cohen d = -0.48; 95% CI, -0.77 to -0.19), due to an increase in BB-only scores. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Results of this randomized clinical trial show that, supporting pediatric recommendations, removing screen time before toddler bedtime was feasible and showed modest preliminary beneficial effects on sleep. A future full confirmatory trial is needed before PASTI's adoption by parents and pediatricians.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Piot2024,

title = {Tonal interference in word learning? A comparison of Cantonese and French},

author = {Leonardo Piot and Hui Chen and Anthony Picaud and Maxine Dos Santos and Lionel Granjon and Zili Luo and Ann Wai Huen To and Regine Y. Lai and Hintat Cheung and Thierry Nazzi},

doi = {10.1016/j.jecp.2024.105883},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Child Psychology},

volume = {242},

pages = {1–26},

publisher = {The Author(s)},

abstract = {Most languages of the world use lexical tones to contrast words. Thus, understanding how individuals process tones when learning new words is fundamental for a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying word learning. The current study asked how tonal information is integrated during word learning. We investigated whether variability in tonal information during learning can interfere with the learning of new words and whether this is language and age dependent. Cantonese- and French-learning 30-month-olds (N = 97) and Cantonese- and French-speaking adults (N = 50) were tested with an eye-tracking task on their ability to learn phonetically different pairs of novel words in two learning conditions: a 1-tone condition in which each object was named with a single label and a 3-tone condition in which each object was named with three different labels varying in tone. We predicted learning in all groups in the 1-tone condition. For the 3-tone condition, because tones are part of the phonological system of Cantonese but not of French, we expected the Cantonese groups to either fail (toddlers) or show lower performance than in the 1-tone condition (adults), whereas the French groups might show less sensitivity to this manipulation. The results show that all participants learned in the 1-tone condition and were sensitive to tone variation to some extent. Learning in the 3-tone condition was impeded in both groups of toddlers. We argue that tonal interference in word learning likely comes from the phonological level in the Cantonese groups and from the acoustic level in the French groups.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Plate2024,

title = {Social threat processing in adults and children: Faster orienting to, but shorter dwell time on, angry faces during visual search},

author = {Rista C. Plate and Tralucia Powell and Rachael Bedford and Tim J. Smith and Ankur Bamezai and Quentin Wedderburn and Alexis Broussard and Natasha Soesanto and Caroline Swetlitz and Rebecca Waller and Nicholas J. Wagner},

doi = {10.1111/desc.13461},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Developmental Science},

volume = {27},

number = {3},

pages = {1–8},

abstract = {Attention to emotional signals conveyed by others is critical for gleaning information about potential social partners and the larger social context. Children appear to detect social threats (e.g., angry faces) faster than non-threatening social signals (e.g., neutral faces). However, methods that rely on behavioral responses alone are limited in identifying different attentional processes involved in threat detection or responding. To address this question, we used a visual search paradigm to assess behavioral (i.e., reaction time to select a target image) and attentional (i.e., eye-tracking fixations, saccadic shifts, and dwell time) responses in children (ages 7–10 years old},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Prendergast2024,

title = {Losing the thread: How three- and five-year-olds predict the outcome of a story when non-literal language is used to update events},

author = {Claire Prendergast},

doi = {10.1080/23311908.2024.2431422},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Cogent Psychology},

volume = {11},

number = {1},

pages = {1–15},

publisher = {Cogent},

abstract = {How do children learn to interpret nonliteral utterances nonliterally? A multidisciplinary report highlighting the role of reasoning about abstract meanings in nonliteral language comprehension is presented to shed light on why young children struggle to infer some, but not all, nonliteral meanings. An experimental paradigm using picture selection is then used to test differences in three- and five-year-old's predictions when idioms are used to update stories. Norwegian-speaking children (N = 162; N = 86 females) are asked to predict story outcomes that are based on cognitive heuristics. The results show that five-year-olds are more likely than three-year-olds to choose literal interpretations of idioms as outcomes (δ = 0.12). Five-year-olds choose the correct outcome more when there is no literal outcome available (δ = 0.15). The increase in literalism observed with age is explained through development in metalinguistic reflexivity. This suggests that children may increasingly hold speakers at their word, enabling access to abstract meanings over time.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{RaneLevendovszky2024,

title = {Preliminary investigations into human neurofluid transport using multiple novel non-contrast MRI methods},

author = {Swati Rane Levendovszky and Jaqueline Flores and Elaine R. Peskind and Lena Václavů and Matthias J. P. Osch and Jeffrey Iliff},

doi = {10.1177/0271678X241264407},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism},

volume = {44},

number = {12},

pages = {1580–1592},

abstract = {We discuss two potential non-invasive MRI methods to study phenomena related to subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) motion and perivascular fluid transport, and their association with sleep and aging. We apply diffusion-based intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) imaging to evaluate pseudodiffusion coefficient, D*, or CSF movement across large spaces like the subarachnoid space (SAS). We also performed perfusion-based multi-echo, Hadamard encoded arterial spin labeling (ASL) to evaluate whole brain cortical cerebral blood flow (CBF) and trans-endothelial exchange (Tex) of water from the vasculature into the perivascular space and parenchyma. Both methods were used in young adults (N = 9, 6 F, 23 ± 3 years old) in the setting of sleep and sleep deprivation. To study aging, 10 older adults (6 F, 67 ± 3 years old) were imaged after a night of normal sleep and compared with the young adults. D* in SAS was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced with sleep deprivation (0.016 ± 0.001 mm2/s) compared to normal sleep (0.018 ± 0.001 mm2/s) and marginally reduced with aging (0.017 ± 0.001 mm2/s},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Riley2024,

title = {Nonlinear changes in pupillary attentional orienting responses across the lifespan},

author = {Elizabeth Riley and Hamid Turker and Dongliang Wang and Khena M. Swallow and Adam K. Anderson and Eve De Rosa},

doi = {10.1007/s11357-023-00834-1},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {GeroScience},

volume = {46},

number = {1},

pages = {1017–1033},

publisher = {Springer International Publishing},

abstract = {The cognitive aging process is not necessarily linear. Central task-evoked pupillary responses, representing a brainstem-pupil relationship, may vary across the lifespan. Thus we examined, in 75 adults ranging in age from 19 to 86, whether task-evoked pupillary responses to an attention task may serve in as an index of cognitive aging. This is because the locus coeruleus (LC), located in the brainstem, is not only among the earliest sites of degeneration in pathological aging, but also supports both attentional and pupillary behaviors. We assessed brief, task-evoked phasic attentional orienting to behaviorally relevant and irrelevant auditory tones, stimuli known specifically to recruit the LC in the brainstem and evoke pupillary responses. Due to potential nonlinear changes across the lifespan, we used a novel data-driven analysis on 6 dynamic pupillary behaviors on 10% of the data to reveal cut off points that best characterized the three age bands: young (19–41 years old), middle aged (42–68 years old), and older adults (69 + years old). Follow-up analyses on independent data, the remaining 90%, revealed age-related changes such as monotonic decreases in tonic pupillary diameter and dynamic range, along with curvilinear phasic pupillary responses to the behaviorally relevant target events, increasing in the middle-aged group and then decreasing in the older group. Additionally, the older group showed decreased differentiation of pupillary responses between target and distractor events. This pattern is consistent with potential compensatory LC activity in midlife that is diminished in old age, resulting in decreased adaptive gain. Beyond regulating responses to light, pupillary dynamics reveal a nonlinear capacity for neurally mediated gain across the lifespan, thus providing evidence in support of the LC adaptive gain hypothesis.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Rosslund2024,

title = {Native and non-native vowel discrimination in 6-month-old Norwegian infants},

author = {Audun Rosslund and Julien Mayor and Alejandrina Cristia and Natalia Kartushina},

doi = {10.1016/j.infbeh.2024.101992},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Infant Behavior and Development},

volume = {77},

pages = {1–10},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {In the current preregistered study, we tested n = 67 6-month-old Norwegian infants' discrimination of a native vowel contrast /y-i/ and a non-native (British) vowel contrast /ʌ-æ/ in an eye-tracking habituation paradigm. Our results showed that, on a group level, infants did not discriminate either contrast. Yet, exploratory analyses revealed a negative association between infants' performance in each experiment, that is, better discrimination of the native contrast was associated with worse discrimination of the non-native contrast. Potentially, infants in this study might have been on the cusp of perceptual reorganisation towards their native language.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Abramowitz2024,

title = {Cochlear–implant simulated signal degradation exacerbates listening effort in older listeners},

author = {Jordan C. Abramowitz and Matthew J. Goupell and Kristina DeRoy Milvae},

doi = {10.1097/aud.0000000000001440},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Ear & Hearing},

volume = {45},

number = {2},

pages = {441–450},

abstract = {Objectives: Individuals with cochlear implants (CIs) often report that listening requires high levels of effort. Listening effort can increase with decreasing spectral resolution, which occurs when listening with a CI, and can also increase with age. What is not clear is whether these factors interact; older CI listeners potentially experience even higher listening effort with greater signal degradation than younger CI listeners. This study used pupillometry as a physiological index of listening effort to examine whether age, spectral resolution, and their interaction affect listening effort in a simulation of CI listening. Design: Fifteen younger normal-hearing listeners (ages 18 to 31 years) and 15 older normal-hearing listeners (ages 65 to 75 years) participated in this experiment; they had normal hearing thresholds from 0.25 to 4 kHz. Participants repeated sentences presented in quiet that were either unprocessed or vocoded, simulating CI listening. Stimuli frequency spectra were limited to below 4 kHz (to control for effects of age-related high-frequency hearing loss), and spectral resolution was decreased by decreasing the number of vocoder channels, with 32-, 16-, and 8-channel conditions. Behavioral speech recognition scores and pupil dilation were recorded during this task. In addition, cognitive measures of working memory and processing speed were obtained to examine if individual differences in these measures predicted changes in pupil dilation. Results: For trials where the sentence was recalled correctly, there was a significant interaction between age and spectral resolution, with significantly greater pupil dilation in the older normal-hearing listeners for the 8- and 32-channel vocoded conditions. Cognitive measures did not predict pupil dilation. Conclusions: There was a significant interaction between age and spectral resolution, such that older listeners appear to exert relatively higher listening effort than younger listeners when the signal is highly degraded, with the largest effects observed in the eight-channel condition. The clinical implication is that older listeners may be at higher risk for increased listening effort with a CI.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Adedeji2024,

title = {Children's reading of sublexical units in years three to five: A combined analysis of eye-movements and voice recording},

author = {Victoria I. Adedeji and Julie A. Kirkby and Martin R. Vasilev and Timothy J. Slattery},

doi = {10.1080/10888438.2023.2259522},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Scientific Studies of Reading},

volume = {28},

number = {2},

pages = {214–233},

publisher = {Routledge},

abstract = {Purpose: Children progress from making grapheme–phoneme connections to making grapho-syllabic connections before whole-word connections during reading development (Ehri, 2005a). More is known about the development of grapheme–phoneme connections than is known about grapho-syllabic connections. Therefore, we explored the trajectory of syllable use in English developing readers during oral reading. Method: Fifty-one English-speaking children (mean age: 8.9 years, 55% females, 88% monolinguals) in year groups three, four, and five read aloud sentences with an embedded target word, while their eye movements and voices were recorded. The targets contained six letters and were either one or two syllables. Result: Children in grade five had shorter gaze duration, shorter articulation duration, and larger spatial eye-voice span (EVS) than children in grade four. Children in grades three and four did not significantly differ on these measures. A syllable number effect was found for gaze duration but not for articulation duration and spatial EVS. Interestingly, one-syllable words took longer to process compared to two-syllable words, suggesting that more syllables may not always signify greater processing difficulty. Conclusion: Overall, children are sensitive to sublexical reading units; however, due to sample and stimuli limitations, these findings should be interpreted with caution and further research conducted.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{AlDahhan2024,

title = {Compensatory mechanisms amidst demyelinating disorders: Insights into cognitive preservation},

author = {Noor Z. Al Dahhan and Julie Tseng and Cynthia Medeiros and Sridar Narayanan and Douglas L. Arnold and Brian C. Coe and Douglas P. Munoz and E. Ann Yeh and Donald J. Mabbott},

doi = {10.1093/braincomms/fcae353},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Brain Communications},

volume = {6},

number = {6},

pages = {1–17},

publisher = {Oxford University Press},

abstract = {Demyelination disrupts the transmission of electrical signals in the brain and affects neurodevelopment in children with disorders such as multiple sclerosis and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-associated disorders. Although cognitive impairments are prevalent in these conditions, some children maintain cognitive function despite substantial structural injury. These findings raise an important question: in addition to the degenerative process, do compensatory neural mechanisms exist to mitigate the effects of myelin loss? We propose that a multi-dimensional approach integrating multiple neuroimaging modalities, including diffusion tensor imaging, magnetoencephalography and eye-tracking, is key to investigating this question. We examine the structural and functional connectivity of the default mode and executive control networks due to their significant roles in supporting higher-order cognitive processes. As cognitive proxies, we examine saccade reaction times and direction errors during an interleaved pro- (eye movement towards a target) and anti-saccade (eye movement away from a target) task. 28 typically developing children, 18 children with multiple sclerosis and 14 children with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-associated disorders between 5 and 18.9 years old were scanned at the Hospital for Sick Children. Tractography of diffusion MRI data examined structural connectivity. Intracellular and extracellular microstructural parameters were extracted using a white matter tract integrity model to provide specific inferences on myelin and axon structure. Magnetoencephalography scanning was conducted to examine functional connectivity. Within groups, participants had longer saccade reaction times and greater direction errors on the anti- versus pro-saccade task; there were no group differences on either task. Despite similar behavioural performance, children with demyelinating disorders had significant structural compromise and lower bilateral high gamma, higher left-hemisphere theta and higher right-hemisphere alpha synchrony relative to typically developing children. Children diagnosed with multiple sclerosis had greater structural compromise relative to children with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-associated disorders; there were no group differences in neural synchrony. For both patient groups, increased disease disability predicted greater structural compromise, which predicted longer saccade reaction times and greater direction errors on both tasks. Structural compromise also predicted increased functional connectivity, highlighting potential adaptive functional reorganisation in response to structural compromise. In turn, increased functional connectivity predicted faster saccade reaction times and fewer direction errors. These findings suggest that increased functional connectivity, indicated by increased alpha and theta synchrony, may be necessary to compensate for structural compromise and preserve cognitive abilities. Further understanding these compensatory neural mechanisms could pave the way for the development of targeted therapeutic interventions aimed at enhancing these mechanisms, ultimately improving cognitive outcomes for affected individuals.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Alladin2024,

title = {Children aged 5–13 years show adult-like disgust avoidance, but not proto-nausea},

author = {Sameer N. B. Alladin and Dani Berry and Evgeniya Anisimova and Ruth Judson and Poppy Whittaker and Edwin S. Dalmaijer},

doi = {10.1177/23982128241279616},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Brain and Neuroscience Advances},

volume = {8},

pages = {1–8},

abstract = {Disgust is a vital emotion in the avoidance of illness. Human adults across cultures show disgust towards sources of potential contamination or pathogens, and elect to avoid their ingestion or even to look at them. Stomach rhythms appear to play an important role: disgust reduces normogastric power, and the pharmacological normalisation of gastric state reduces disgust avoidance. Human children are remarkably slow to develop disgust as measured by self-report and facial expressions. Here, we investigate whether disgust-induced avoidance (measured using eye tracking) and changes in gastric rhythm (measured using electrogastrography) exist in children aged 5 to 13 years ( N = 45). We found that children in this bracket showed oculomotor avoidance of disgusting stimuli in a preferential-looking task, similar to adult samples in previous research. However, in contrast to adult samples in previous research, children did not show an attenuation in normogastric power. These findings could suggest that avoidance behaviour precedes gastric involvement during disgust. This would support the idea that children initially respond to parental modelling: parents set (and enforce) the social norm of disgust avoidance, and children initially conform and only later do they internalise disgust as an interoceptive signal. Alternatively, the employed stimuli could have been potent enough to induce oculomotor avoidance, but not a gastric response. Research is slim in this area, and future work should focus on elucidating the role of the stomach in disgust, and on longitudinal studies of disgust development from childhood to adolescence.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Baron2024,

title = {Grammatical gender in spoken word recognition in school-age Spanish monolingual and Spanish–English bilingual children},

author = {Alisa Baron and Katrina Connell and Daniel Kleinman and Lisa M. Bedore and Zenzi M. Griffin},

doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1295379},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},

volume = {15},

pages = {1–13},

abstract = {This study examined grammatical gender processing in school-aged children with varying levels of cumulative English exposure. Children participated in a visual world paradigm with a four-picture display where they heard a gendered article followed by a target noun and were in the context where all images were the same gender (same gender), where all of the distractor images were the opposite gender than the target noun (different gender), and where all of the distractor images were the opposite gender, but there was a mismatch in the gendered article and target noun pair. We investigated 51 children (aged 5;0–10;0) who were exposed to Spanish since infancy but varied in their amount of cumulative English exposure. In addition to the visual word paradigm, all children completed an article–noun naming task, a grammaticality judgment task, and standardized vocabulary tests. Parents reported on their child's cumulative English language exposure and current English language use. To investigate the time course of lexical facilitation effects, looks to the target were analyzed with a cluster-based permutation test. The results revealed that all children used gender in a facilitatory way (during the noun region), and comprehension was significantly inhibited when the article–noun pairing was ungrammatical rather than grammatical. Compared to children with less cumulative English exposure, children with more cumulative English exposure looked at the target noun significantly less often overall, and compared to younger children, older children looked at the target noun significantly more often overall. Additionally, children with lower cumulative English exposure looked at target nouns more in the different-gender condition than the same-gender condition for masculine items more than feminine items.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Baron2024a,

title = {Orthographic influences on phonological processing in children with and without reading difficulties: An eye-tracking study},

author = {Lauren S. Baron and Anna M. Ehrhorn and Peter Shlanta and Jane Ashby and Bethany A. Bell and Suzanne M. Adlof},

doi = {10.1007/s11145-024-10567-y},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Reading and Writing},

pages = {1–24},

abstract = {Phonological processing is an important contributor to decoding and spelling difficulties, but it does not fully explain word reading outcomes for all children. As orthographic knowledge is acquired, it influences phonological processing in typical readers. In the present study, we examined whether orthography affects phonological processing differently for children with current reading difficulties (RD), children with a history of reading difficulties who are currently presenting with typical word reading skills (Hx), and children with typical development and no history of reading difficulties (TD). School-aged children completed a phonological awareness task containing spoken words and pictures while eye movements were recorded. In this task, children had to pair a spoken stimulus word with one of four pictures that ended with the same sound. Within the task, stimulus-target picture pairs varied in the congruency and consistency of the orthographic and phonological mappings of their final consonant sounds. Eye movements revealed that children with typical word reading (the Hx and TD groups) showed better discrimination of the target from the foils compared to peers with underdeveloped word reading skills. All children were more accurate when stimulus-target pairs were congruent and consistent than when they were incongruent or inconsistent. Orthography plays an important role in the completion of phonological awareness tasks, even in the absence of written words and for children with a wide range of reading abilities. Results highlight the importance of considering orthography during interventions for phonological awareness and word reading.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Barrett2024,

title = {Age-related differences in saccadic indices of top–down guidance via short-term memory during visual search},

author = {Doug J. K. Barrett and Claire V. Hutchinson and Fengjun Zhang and Hongyu Xie and Jingxin Wang},

doi = {10.1037/pag0000825},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Psychology and Aging},

volume = {39},

number = {4},

pages = {421–435},

abstract = {Aging has been associated with significant declines in the speed and accuracy of visual search. These effects have been attributed partly to low-level (bottom–up) factors including reductions in sensory acuity and general processing speed. Aging is also associated with changes in top–down attentional control, but the impact of these on search is less well-understood. The present study investigated age-related differences in top–down attentional control by comparing the speed and accuracy of saccadic sampling in the presence and absence of top–down information about target color in young (YA) and older (OA) observers. Displays contained an equal number of red and blue Landholt stimuli. Targets were distinguished from distractors by a unique orientation, and observers reported the direction of the target's gap on each trial. Single-target cues signaled the color of the target with 100% validity. Dual-target cues indicated the target could be present in either colored subgroup. The results revealed reliable group differences in the benefits associated with top– down information on single-target cues compared to dual-target cues. On single-target searches, OA made significantly more saccades than YA to stimuli in the uncued color subset. Single-target cues also produced a smaller advantage in the time taken to fixate the target in OA compared to YA. These results support an agerelated decline in observers' use of top–down information to restrict sequences of saccades to a task-relevant subset of objects during visual search.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Begus2024,

title = {Infants evaluate informativeness of evidence and predict causal events as revealed in theta oscillations and predictive looking},

author = {Katarina Begus and Elizabeth Bonawitz},

doi = {10.1038/s44271-024-00131-3},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Communications Psychology},

volume = {2},

number = {1},

pages = {1–9},

publisher = {Springer US},

abstract = {This study investigates 16-month-old infants' sensitivity to the informativeness of evidence and its potential link to infants' ability to draw accurate causal inferences and predict unfolding events. Employing concurrent EEG and eye tracking, data from 66 infants revealed significantly increased theta oscillatory activity when infants expected to see causally unconfounded evidence compared to confounded evidence, suggesting heightened cognitive engagement in anticipation of informative evidence. Crucially, this difference was more pronounced in the subset of infants who later made correct predictions, suggesting that they had correctly inferred the causal structure based on the evidence presented. This research sheds light on infants' motivation to seek explanatory causal information, suggesting that even at 16 months, infants can strategically direct attention to situations conducive to acquiring informative evidence, potentially laying the groundwork for the impressive abilities of humans to rapidly acquire knowledge and develop causal theories of the world. Living},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Boz2024,

title = {Age-related saccadic reaction time associated with attention and working memory},

author = {Hatice Eraslan Boz and Işil Yaǧmur Tüfekçi and Müge Akkoyun and Koray Koçoǧlu and Gülden Akdal},

doi = {10.4103/nsn.nsn_125_24},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Neurological Sciences and Neurophysiology},

volume = {41},

number = {4},

pages = {231–236},

abstract = {Objective: This study examined saccadic reaction time (SRT) in visually guided saccades according to age and its relationship with attention and working memory. Materials and Methods: The study participants were divided into three groups: young adulthood (18-39 years), middle adulthood (40-59 years old), and older age groups (over 60 years). A total of 85 participants, including 20 young aged, 26 middle aged, and 39 older aged, participated in the study. SRT was recorded using the EyeLink 1000 Plus eye tracker, and 32 trials were conducted. In addition, neuropsychological tests assessing attention and working memory including the Trail Making Test (TM), Digit Span (DS), and Stroop test were applied to the participants. Results: SRTs were prolonged in the middle adulthood (P = 0.026) and older age group compared with young adulthood (P = 0.002). However, SRT did not differ between the middle adulthood and older age groups (P > 0.05). In addition, SRT was moderately positively and negatively correlated with TM-A (r = 0.355},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Brady2024,

title = {Effects of conflicting emotional cues on toddlers' emotion perception},

author = {Shannon M. Brady and Marissa Ogren and Scott P. Johnson},

doi = {10.1111/bjdp.12501},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {British Journal of Developmental Psychology},

volume = {42},

number = {3},

pages = {376–391},

abstract = {The communication of emotion is dynamic and occurs across multiple channels, such as facial expression and tone of voice. When cues are in conflict, interpreting emotion can become challenging. Here, we examined the effects of incongruent emotional cues on toddlers' interpretation of emotions. We presented 33 children (22–26 months},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Byrne2024,

title = {Eye-tracking measurement of attention bias to social threat among youth: A replication and extension study},

author = {Meghan E. Byrne and Sara Kirschner and Anita Harrewijn and Rany Abend and Amit Lazarov and Lucrezia Liuzzi and Katharina Kircanski and Simone P. Haller and Yair Bar-Haim and Daniel S. Pine},

doi = {10.1016/j.xjmad.2024.100075},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Mood & Anxiety Disorders},

volume = {8},

pages = {1–9},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {Attentional bias to social threat cues has been linked to heightened anxiety and irritability in youth. Yet, inconsistent methodology has limited replication and led to mixed findings. The current study aims to 1) replicate and extend two previous pediatric studies demonstrating a relationship between negative affectivity and attentional bias to social threat and 2) examine the test-retest reliability of an eye-tracking paradigm among a subsample of youth. Attention allocation to negative versus non-negative emotional faces was measured using a free-viewing eye-tracking task among youth (N = 185 total, 60 % female},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Chang2024a,

title = {Comparison of eye tracking and Teller acuity cards for visual acuity assessment in pediatric cortical/cerebral visual impairment (CVI)},

author = {Melinda Y. Chang and Mark S. Borchert},

doi = {10.1016/j.ajo.2023.11.024},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {American Journal of Ophthalmology},

volume = {260},

pages = {115–121},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {PURPOSE: To compare eye tracking and Teller acuity cards (TAC) for assessment of visual acuity in children with cortical, or cerebral, visual impairment (CVI). DESIGN: Reliability and validity study. METHODS: We recruited 41 children with CVI from a single academic pediatric neuro-ophthalmology clinic. All children performed eye tracking to measure visual acuity, and 26 children completed TAC assessment by a masked examiner. Additionally, 2 pediatric neuro-ophthalmologists graded visual behavior using the 6-level Visual Behavior Scale (VBS). Eye tracking and TAC were performed at baseline and at 1 month. Test–retest reliability of eye tracking and TAC were assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Eye tracking and TAC visual acuities were correlated with one another and VBS scores using the Spearman correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Test–retest reliability was excellent for eye tracking measurement of visual acuity (ICC = 0.81, P <.0001). For pediatric CVI, TAC test–retest reliability was fair (ICC = 0.42},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Chen2024i,

title = {How pupils of different ages perceive menus denoting metaphorical and metonymic expressions: Insights from eye-tracking},

author = {Xianglan Chen and Weiqian Liu and Yuming Ma and Zhongyang Sun},

doi = {10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104443},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Acta Psychologica},

volume = {249},

pages = {1–7},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {The “embodied” position on language comprehension proposes that metaphor or metonymy understanding can be presented in a distributed network based on previous sensorimotor experience. The current study attempted to investigate how children understood metaphor and metonymy.in the context of daily diet that provides rich sensory experience for children. We implemented an eye-tracking experiment where a 2 × 2 × 2 mixed design was employed. Thirty Chinese pupils aging from 6 to 12 were instructed to appreciate Chinese menus denoting metaphoric or metonymic expressions. Results of eye-tracking indicated that the dish image captioned with metaphorical names held the greatest attention of pupils, which held especially true for junior pupils. Moreover, the inclusion of Chinese pinyin in the menu served as a distractor that reduced pupils' attention to other menu elements. This study adds to the state of the art on embodied account of language by inspecting how the under-explored children perceived metaphorical and metonymic expressions. The context of everyday diet abundant in sensory experience managed to provide a more vivid scenario on this topic. It also provides practical insight into how to design menus to invoke particular sensory experience of infants who are undergoing both physical and mental development.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wang2024n,

title = {Ageing of grammatical advance planning in spoken sentence production: An eye movement study},

author = {Zhiyun Wang and Qingfang Zhang},

doi = {10.1007/s00426-023-01861-5},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Psychological Research},

volume = {88},

pages = {652–669},

publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},

abstract = {This study used an image-description paradigm with concurrent eye movement recordings to investigate differences of grammatical advance planning between young and older speakers in spoken sentence production. Participants were asked to produce sentences with simple or complex initial phrase structures (IPS) in Experiment 1 while producing individual words in Experiment 2. Young and older speakers showed comparable speaking latencies in sentence production task, whereas older speakers showed longer latencies than young speakers in word production task. Eye movement data showed that compared with young speakers, older speakers had higher fixation percentage on object 1, lower percentage of gaze shift from object 1 to 2, and lower fixation percentage on object 2 in simple IPS sentences, while they showed similar fixation percentage on object 1, similar percentage of gaze shift from object 1 to 2, and lower fixation percentage on object 2 in complex IPS sentences, indicating a decline of grammatical encoding scope presenting on eye movement patterns. Meanwhile, speech analysis showed that older speakers presented longer utterance duration, slower speech rate, and longer and more frequently occurred pauses in articulation, indicating a decline of speech articulation in older speakers. Thus, our study suggests that older speakers experience an ageing effect in the sentences with complex initial phrases due to limited cognitive resources.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wauters2024,

title = {Parental narrative style moderates the relation between pain-related attention and memory biases in youth with chronic pain},

author = {Aline Wauters and Dimitri M. L. Van Ryckeghem and Melanie Noel and Kendra Mueri and Sabine Soltani and Tine Vervoort},

doi = {10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003263},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Pain},

volume = {165},

pages = {126–137},

abstract = {Negatively biased pain memories robustly predict maladaptive pain outcomes in children. Both attention bias to pain and parental narrative style have been linked with the development of these negative biases, with previous studies indicating that how parents talk to their child about the pain might buffer the influence of children's attention bias to pain on the development of such negatively biased pain memories. This study investigated the moderating role of parental narrative style in the relation between pain-related attention and memory biases in a pediatric chronic pain sample who underwent a cold pressor task. Participants were 85 youth-parent dyads who reminisced about youth's painful event. Eye-tracking technology was used to assess youth's attention bias to pain information, whereas youth's pain-related memories were elicited 1 month later through telephone interview. Results indicated that a parental narrative style using less repetitive yes–no questions, more emotion words, and less fear words buffered the influence of high levels of youth's attention bias to pain in the development of negatively biased pain memories. Opposite effects were observed for youth with low levels of attention bias to pain. Current findings corroborate earlier results on parental reminiscing in the context of pain (memories) but stress the importance of matching narrative style with child characteristics, such as child attention bias to pain, in the development of negatively biased pain memories. Future avenues for parent–child reminiscing and clinical implications for pediatric chronic pain are discussed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Weirick2024,

title = {Syntactic flexibility and lexical encoding in aging sentence production: An eye tracking study},

author = {Joshua D. Weirick and Jiyeon Lee},

doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1304517},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},

volume = {15},

pages = {1–16},

abstract = {Purpose: Successful sentence production requires lexical encoding and ordering them into a correct syntactic structure. It remains unclear how different processes involved in sentence production are affected by healthy aging. We investigated (a) if and how aging affects lexical encoding and syntactic formulation during sentence production, using auditory lexical priming and eye tracking-while-speaking paradigms and (b) if and how verbal working memory contributes to age-related changes in sentence production. Methods: Twenty older and 20 younger adults described transitive and dative action pictures following auditory lexical primes, by which the relative ease of encoding the agent or theme nouns (for transitive pictures) and the theme and goal nouns (for dative pictures) was manipulated. The effects of lexical priming on off-line syntactic production and real-time eye fixations to the primed character were measured. Results: In offline production, older adults showed comparable priming effects to younger adults, using the syntactic structure that allows earlier mention of the primed lexical item in both transitive and dative sentences. However, older adults showed longer lexical priming effects on eye fixations to the primed character during the early stages of sentence planning. Preliminary analysis indicated that reduced verbal working memory may in part account for longer lexical encoding, particularly for older adults. Conclusion: These findings indicate that syntactic flexibility for formulating different grammatical structures remains largely robust with aging. However, lexical encoding processes are more susceptible to age-related changes, possibly due to changes in verbal working memory.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wever2024,

title = {Neural and affective responses to prolonged eye contact with parents in depressed and nondepressed adolescents},

author = {Mirjam C. M. Wever and Geert-Jan Will and Lisanne A. E. M. Houtum and Loes H. C. Janssen and Wilma G. M. Wentholt and Iris M. Spruit and Marieke S. Tollenaar and Bernet M. Elzinga},

doi = {10.3758/s13415-024-01169-w},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience},

volume = {24},

number = {3},

pages = {567–581},

publisher = {Springer US},

abstract = {Eye contact improves mood, facilitates connectedness, and is assumed to strengthen the parent–child bond. Adolescent depression is linked to difficulties in social interactions, the parent–child bond included. Our goal was to elucidate adolescents' affective and neural responses to prolonged eye contact with one's parent in nondepressed adolescents (HC) and how these responses are affected in depressed adolescents. While in the scanner, 59 nondepressed and 19 depressed adolescents were asked to make eye contact with their parent, an unfamiliar peer, an unfamiliar adult, and themselves by using videos of prolonged direct and averted gaze, as an approximation of eye contact. After each trial, adolescents reported on their mood and feelings of connectedness, and eye movements and BOLD-responses were assessed. In HCs, eye contact boosted mood and feelings of connectedness and increased activity in inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), temporal pole, and superior frontal gyrus. Unlike HCs, eye contact did not boost the mood of depressed adolescents. While HCs reported increased mood and feelings of connectedness to the sight of their parent versus others, depressed adolescents did not. Depressed adolescents exhibited blunted overall IFG activity. These findings show that adolescents are particularly sensitive to eye contact and respond strongly to the sight of their parents. This sensitivity seems to be blunted in depressed adolescents. For clinical purposes, it is important to gain a better understanding of how the responsivity to eye contact in general and with their parents in particular, can be restored in adolescents with depression.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wu2024d,

title = {The magnitude representations of fractions of Chinese students: Evidence from behavioral experiment and eye-tracking},

author = {Hao Wu and Yuding Zhang and Qiong Luo and Zhengzhou Zhu},

doi = {10.1007/s12144-023-04627-9},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Current Psychology},

volume = {43},

number = {5},

pages = {4113–4128},

abstract = {Early knowledge of fractions can largely predict later mathematical performance, and a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of fractions is fundamental to learning more advanced mathematics. The study aimed to explore the influencing factors and age characteristics of magnitude representations of fractions by a fraction comparison task, using subjects' eye-movement measures as direct evidence and the results of linear regression analyses as indirect evidence. The results found that the number of digits of fractions' components and types of fraction pairs jointly influence the magnitude representations of fractions. For one-digit fraction pairs with and without common components, componential representation is favored; for two-digit fraction pairs with common components, componential representation is preferred, while for two-digit fraction pairs without common components, holistic representation is selected. The representation styles are consistent across university students, junior high school students and primary school students, and there are significant age differences in representation levels, with university students being more flexible in their use of representation strategies of fractions than the other two ages, and junior high school students showing the same level with the primary school students. These results suggest that not only Chinese university students, but also Chinese primary and junior high school students can select and adapt representation strategies of fractions according to the characteristics and complexity of fraction processing tasks. The eye-movement technique can largely compensate for the shortcomings of the regression analysis paradigm and better reveal the critical cognitive processes involved in the processing of fractions.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Xiao2024,

title = {Infants' top-down perceptual modulation is specific to own-race faces},

author = {Naiqi G. Xiao and Hila Ghersin and Natasha D. Dombrowski and Alexandra M. Boldin and Lauren L. Emberson},

doi = {10.1016/j.jecp.2024.105889},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Child Psychology},

volume = {242},

pages = {1–17},

publisher = {The Author(s)},

abstract = {Recent studies have revealed the influence of higher-level cognitive systems in modulating perceptual processing (top-down perceptual modulation) in infancy. However, more research is needed to understand how top-down processes in infant perception contribute to early perceptual development. To this end, this study examined infants' top-down perception of own- and other-race faces to reveal whether top-down modulation is linked to the emergence of perceptual specialization. Infants first learned an association between a sound and faces, with the race of the faces manipulated between groups (own race vs. other race). We then tested infants' face perception across various levels of perceptual difficulty (manipulated by presentation duration) and indexed top-down perception by the change in perception when infants heard the sound previously associated with the face (predictive sound) versus an irrelevant sound. Infants exhibited top-down face perception for own-race faces (Experiment 1). However, we present new evidence that infants did not show evidence of top-down modulation for other-race faces (Experiment 2), suggesting an experience-based specificity of this capacity with more effective top-down modulation in familiar perceptual contexts. In addition, we ruled out the possibility that this face race effect was due to differences in infants' associative learning of the sound and faces between the two groups. This work has important implications for understanding the mechanisms supporting perceptual development and how they relate to top-down perception in infancy.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Xie2024,

title = {An empirical study on native Mandarin-speaking children's metonymy comprehension development},

author = {Songqiao Xie and Chunyan He},

doi = {10.1017/S0305000924000539},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Child Language},

pages = {1–28},

abstract = {This study investigates Mandarin-speaking children's (age 3–7) comprehension development of novel and conventional metonymy, combining online and offline methods. Both online and offline data show significantly better performances from the oldest group (6-to-7-year-old) and a delayed acquisition of conventional metonymy compared with novel metonymy. However, part of offline data shows no significant difference between adjacent age groups, while the eye-tracking data show a chronological development from age 3–7. Furthermore, in offline tasks, the three-year-old group features a high choice randomness and the four-to-five-year-olds show the longest reaction time. Therefore, we argue that, not only age but also metonymy type can influence metonymy acquisition, and that a lack of socio-cultural experience can be a source of acquisition difficulty for children under six. Methodologically speaking, we believe that online methods should not be considered superior to offline ones as they investigate different aspects of implicit and explicit language comprehension.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Xiong2024,

title = {Age-differential role of gaze reinstatement in recognition memory for negative visual stimuli},

author = {Jinli Xiong and Xianmin Gong and Quan Yang and Shufei Yin},

doi = {10.1093/geronb/gbae047},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences},

volume = {79},

number = {5},

pages = {1–9},

abstract = {Objectives: Although research has shown that the replay of encoding-specific gaze patterns during retrieval, known as gaze reinstatement, facilitates memory retrieval, little is known about whether it differentially associates with the negativity preference in memory (defined as enhanced memory for negative stimuli relative to neutral stimuli in this study) among younger and older adults. The present study aims to address this research gap. Methods: A total of 33 older adults (16 women; aged 58–69 years},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Xu2024a,

title = {Development of comprehension monitoring skill in Chinese children: Evidence from eye movement and probe interviews},

author = {Kunyu Xu and Yu-Min Ku and Chenlu Ma and Chien-Hui Lin and Wan-Chen Chang},

doi = {10.1007/s11409-023-09354-x},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Metacognition and Learning},

volume = {19},

number = {1},

pages = {103–121},

publisher = {Springer US},

abstract = {As an important construct in the cognitive process, comprehension monitoring has received much scholarly attention. Researchers have recognized comprehension monitoring as an ability closely linked with children's reading comprehension ability and working memory capacity. Evidence is also abundant to prove that comprehension monitoring skill develops with age. It remains unclear, however, how these factors interact during reading, particularly in low-grade children. Many previous empirical studies have only employed online or offline measurements to examine children's monitoring performance, which might lead to unsolid conclusions. In this study, we utilized both online eye-tracking measures and offline probe interviews to quantify the developmental features (i.e., evaluation and regulation) of comprehension monitoring skills among Chinese beginning readers. The results indicated that the comprehension monitoring performance, as quantified by eye-tracking measures, was positively related to their reading comprehension ability and working memory capacity. Moreover, the first-graders' performances lacked online regulation skills during the error-detecting tasks, while second-graders had relatively developed online monitoring performance. Additionally, the eye-tracking measures were found as a predictor for children's performances in probe interviews, as the readers with high comprehension ability and working memory capacity successfully reported more errors embedded in the self-designed reading materials. Therefore, the findings support the claim that children's comprehension monitoring is a developing skill associated with reading comprehension and working memory capacity and further question the existence of comprehension monitoring skills in beginning readers, especially first-graders.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Xu2024,

title = {Auditory challenges and listening effort in school-age children with autism: Insights from pupillary dynamics during speech-in-noise perception},

author = {Suyun Xu and Hua Zhang and Juan Fan and Xiaoming Jiang and Minyue Zhang and Jingjing Guan and Hongwei Ding and Yang Zhang},

doi = {10.1044/2024_JSLHR-23-00553},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research},

volume = {67},

number = {7},

pages = {2410–2453},

abstract = {Purpose: This study aimed to investigate challenges in speech-in-noise (SiN) processing faced by school-age children with autism spectrum conditions (ASCs) and their impact on listening effort. Method: Participants, including 23 Mandarin-speaking children with ASCs and 19 age-matched neurotypical (NT) peers, underwent sentence recognition tests in both quiet and noisy conditions, with a speech-shaped steady-state noise masker presented at 0-dB signal-to-noise ratio in the noisy condition. Recognition accuracy rates and task-evoked pupil responses were compared to assess behavioral performance and listening effort during auditory tasks. Results: No main effect of group was found on accuracy rates. Instead, significant effects emerged for autistic trait scores, listening conditions, and their interaction, indicating that higher trait scores were associated with poorer performance in noise. Pupillometric data revealed significantly larger and earlier peak dilations, along with more varied pupillary dynamics in the ASC group relative to the NT group, especially under noisy conditions. Importantly, the ASC group's peak dilation in quiet mirrored that of the NT group in noise. However, the ASC group consistently exhibited reduced mean dilations than the NT group. Conclusions: Pupillary responses suggest a different resource allocation pattern in ASCs: An initial sharper and larger dilation may signal an intense, narrowed resource allocation, likely linked to heightened arousal, engagement, and cognitive load, whereas a subsequent faster tail-off may indicate a greater decrease in resource availability and engagement, or a quicker release of arousal and cognitive load. The presence of noise further accentuates this pattern. This highlights the unique SiN processing challenges children with ASCs may face, underscoring the importance of a nuanced, individual-centric approach for interventions and support.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Yuan2024,

title = {Language systematizes attention: How relational language enhances relational representation by guiding attention},

author = {Lei Yuan and Miriam Novack and David Uttal and Steven Franconeri},

doi = {10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105671},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Cognition},

volume = {243},

pages = {1–14},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Language can affect cognition, but through what mechanism? Substantial past research has focused on how labeling can elicit categorical representation during online processing. We focus here on a particularly powerful type of language-relational language-and show that relational language can enhance relational representation in children through an embodied attention mechanism. Four-year-old children were given a color-location conjunction task, in which they were asked to encode a two-color square, split either vertically or horizontally (e.g., red on the left, blue on the right), and later recall the same configuration from its mirror reflection. During the encoding phase, children in the experimental condition heard relational language (e.g., "Red is on the left of blue"), while those in the control condition heard generic non-relational language (e.g., "Look at this one, look at it closely"). At recall, children in the experimental condition were more successful at choosing the correct relational representation between the two colors compared to the control group. Moreover, they exhibited different attention patterns as predicted by the attention shift account of relational representation (Franconeri et al., 2012). To test the sustained effect of language and the role of attention, during the second half of the study, the experimental condition was given generic non-relational language. There was a sustained advantage in the experimental condition for both behavioral accuracies and signature attention patterns. Overall, our findings suggest that relational language enhances relational representation by guiding learners' attention, and this facilitative effect persists over time even in the absence of language. Implications for the mechanism of how relational language can enhance the learning of relational systems (e.g., mathematics, spatial cognition) by guiding attention will be discussed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Yue2024,

title = {Assessing inter-ocular fixational eye movements throughout the lifespan},

author = {Sophie C. Yue and Gokce B. Cakir and Aasef Shaikh and Fatema F. Ghasia},

doi = {10.1007/s00221-024-06936-2},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Experimental Brain Research},

volume = {24},

pages = {2749–2763},

abstract = {This study aims to assess fixational eye movements (FEMs) obtained under binocular and monocular viewing in normal individuals across different age groups. We recruited 68 healthy participants divided into Group 1 (children, 3–9 years},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Zhang2024c,

title = {Re-examining our evolutionary propensities toward snakes: Insights from children's inattentional blindness},

author = {Hui Zhang and Feng Liang and Fen Wang and Na Feng and Congcong Yan and Cathrine N. Hewwett and Hui Chen},

doi = {10.1177/03010066241297360},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Perception},

pages = {1–13},

abstract = {The purpose of this study was to investigate the divergent viewpoints regarding fearful stimuli in young children by analyzing variations in eye movement tracking and detection rates when confronted with the sudden appearance of either snakes or lizards. A total of 137 five to six-year-old Chinese children (43.8% male) participated in the study, which utilized the inattentional blindness paradigm. The results indicated that young children did not display any attentional bias toward snakes when compared with lizards, as evidenced by their detection rates and eye movement tracking. Interestingly, the children fixated on lizards earlier than snakes. These findings suggest that the notion of an evolution bias toward ancestral threats may not be as credible as previously believed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Zhou2024a,

title = {The impact of circumscribed interest distractors on attentional orienting in young children with autism: Eye-tracking evidence from the remote distractor paradigm},

author = {Li Zhou and Fuyi Yang and Valerie Benson},

doi = {10.1080/20445911.2024.2331823},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Cognitive Psychology},

volume = {36},

number = {5},

pages = {635–644},

abstract = {Studies from free-viewing tasks report that children with autism spectrum condition (ASC) exhibit an attentional bias for circumscribed interest (CI) objects (e.g., vehicles) over non-CI objects (e.g., furniture). This atypical preference has led researchers to hypothesise that ASC children would be more distracted by CI-related objects than non-CI-related objects. The current study aimed to explore this issue using a remote distractor paradigm. We found longer saccade latencies for centrally presented distractors in ASC, suggesting delayed endogenous disengagement. Additionally, higher error rates and fewer corrective saccades in ASC indicated poorer attentional control. Neither latencies nor errors were modulated by stimulus types but increased dwell time for CI-related objects over non-CI-related objects in ASC, demonstrated some support for the CI attentional bias reported in previous free-viewing studies. The findings are discussed in relation to how task demands in basic orienting paradigms might mask any CI-related preference bias in children with ASC.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ziv2024,

title = {Oculomotor randomness is higher in autistic children and increases with the severity of symptoms},

author = {Inbal Ziv and Inbar Avni and Ilan Dinstein and Gal Meiri and Yoram S. Bonneh},

doi = {10.1002/aur.3083},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Autism Research},

volume = {17},

number = {2},

pages = {249–265},

abstract = {A variety of studies have suggested that at least some children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) view the world differently. Differences in gaze patterns as measured by eye tracking have been demonstrated during visual exploration of images and natural viewing of movies with social content. Here we analyzed the temporal randomness of saccades and blinks during natural viewing of movies, inspired by a recent measure of “randomness” applied to micro-movements of the hand and head in ASD (Torres et al., 2013; Torres & Denisova, 2016). We analyzed a large eye-tracking dataset of 189 ASD and 41 typically developing (TD) children (1–11 years old) who watched three movie clips with social content, each repeated twice. We found that oculomotor measures of randomness, obtained from gamma parameters of inter-saccade intervals (ISI) and blink duration distributions, were significantly higher in the ASD group compared with the TD group and were correlated with the ADOS comparison score, reflecting increased “randomness” in more severe cases. Moreover, these measures of randomness decreased with age, as well as with higher cognitive scores in both groups and were consistent across repeated viewing of each movie clip. Highly “random” eye movements in ASD children could be associated with high “neural variability” or noise, poor sensory-motor control, or weak engagement with the movies. These findings could contribute to the future development of oculomotor biomarkers as part of an integrative diagnostic tool for ASD.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Zsigo2024a,

title = {Emotion regulation training for adolescents with major depression: Results from a randomized controlled trial},

author = {Carolin Zsigo and Lisa Feldmann and Frans Oort and Charlotte Piechaczek and Jürgen Bartling and Martin Schulte-Rüther and Christian Wachinger and Gerd Schulte-Körne and Ellen Greimel},

doi = {10.1037/emo0001328},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Emotion},

volume = {24},

number = {4},

pages = {975–991},

abstract = {Difficulties in emotion regulation (ER) are thought to contribute to the development and maintenance of major depression (MD) in adolescents. In healthy adults, a task-based training of ER has previously proven effective to reduce stress, but no such studies are available for MD. It is also unclear whether findings can be generalized onto adolescent populations. The final sample consisted of n = 70 adolescents with MD, who were randomized to a task-based ER training (n = 36) or a control training (n = 34). Across four sessions, the ER group was trained to downregulate negative affect to negative images via reappraisal, while the control group was instructed to attend the images. Rumination, stress-, and affect-related measures were assessed as primary outcomes, behavioral and neurophysiological responses (late positive potential, LPP), as secondary outcomes. The trial was preregistered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03957850). While there was no significant differential effect of the ER training on primary outcomes, we found small to moderate effects on rumination in the ER group, but not the control group. During reappraisal (compared to attend), the ER group showed an unexpected increase of the LPP during the first, but not during later training sessions. Although replication in large, multicenter trials is needed, our findings on effect sizes suggest that ER training might be promising to decrease rumination in adolescent MD. The LPP increase at the first session may represent cognitive effort, which was successfully reduced over the sessions. Future studies should research whether training effects transfer to daily life and are durable over a longer time period.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kocak2024,

title = {Older and younger job seekers' attention towards metastereotypes in job ads},

author = {Aylin Koçak and Nicolas Dirix and Wouter Duyck and Maaike Schellaert and Eva Derous},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0312323},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {19},

number = {10},

pages = {1–23},

abstract = {Building on social identity theory and cognitive models on information processing, the present paper considered whether and how stereotyped information in job ads impairs older/ younger job seekers' job attraction. Two eye-tracking experiments with older (Study 1) and younger job seekers (Study 2) investigated effects of negatively metastereotyped personality requirements (i.e., traits) on job attraction and whether attention to and memory for negative information mediated these effects. Within-participants analyses showed for both older and younger job seekers that job attraction was lower when ads included negative metastereotypes and that more attention was allocated towards these negative metastereotypes. Older, but not younger job seekers, also better recalled these negative metastereotypes compared to not negative metastereotypes. The effect of metastereotypes on job attraction was not mediated by attention or recall of information. Organizations should therefore avoid negative metastereotypes in job ads that may capture older/younger job seekers' attention and lower job attraction.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kochhar2024,

title = {A comparison of visual attention to pictures in the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule in children and adolescents with ADHD and/or autism},

author = {Puja Kochhar and Iti Arora and Alessio Bellato and Danielle Ropar and Chris Hollis and Madeleine (Maddie) J. Groom},

doi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1378593},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},

volume = {15},

pages = {1–12},

abstract = {Background: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are neurodevelopmental conditions which frequently co-occur. The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) is commonly used to aid with diagnostic assessment of ASD but was not originally designed for use in those with comorbid ADHD. Visual attention to social stimuli has been often studied in ASD using eye-tracking, to obtain quantitative indices of how attention is deployed to different parts of a social image/scene. As the ADOS includes tasks that rely on attending to and processing images of social scenes, these measures of visual attention could provide useful additional objective measurement alongside ADOS scores to enhance the characterisation of autistic symptoms in those with ADHD. Methods: Children with ASD, comorbid ASD and ADHD, ADHD and Neurotypical (NT) controls were recruited (n=84). Visual attention was measured using eye-tracking during free viewing of social scenes selected from the ADOS. The full ADOS was then administered. Stimulant medication was temporarily withdrawn during this assessment. Research diagnoses were based on the Development and Wellbeing Assessment (DAWBA), ADOS, Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ, a measure of ASD severity) and Conners' Rating Scales (CRS-3, a measure of ADHD severity) following clinical consensus. Results: Using factorial ANOVAs to model ADHD, Autism and their interaction, we found that fixation duration to faces was reduced in those with ASD (ASD and ASD+ADHD) compared to those without ASD (ADHD and NT). Reduced visual attention to faces in the whole sample was associated with Autism symptom severity (SCQ subscale scores) but not ADHD symptom severity (CRS-3 scores). Discussion: Our findings provide preliminary evidence in support of implementing visual attention measurement during assessment of ASD in the context of comorbidity with ADHD. For example, if a child with ADHD was found to reduce attention to faces in ADOS pictures this may suggest additive difficulties on the autism spectrum. Replication across a larger sample would be informative. This work has future potential in the clinic to help with complex cases, including those with co-occurring ADHD and ASD.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kueser2024,

title = {Verb vocabulary supports event probability use in developmental language disorder},

author = {Justin B. Kueser and Arielle Borovsky and Patricia Deevy and Mine Muezzinoglu and Claney Outzen and Laurence B. Leonard},

doi = {10.1044/2024_JSLHR-23-00600},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research},

volume = {67},

number = {5},

pages = {1490–1513},

abstract = {Purpose: Children with developmental language disorder (DLD) tend to interpret noncanonical sentences like passives using event probability (EP) information regardless of structure (e.g., by interpreting "The dog was chased by the squirrel" as "The dog chased the squirrel"). Verbs are a major source of EP information in adults and children with typical development (TD), who know that "chase" implies an unequal relationship among participants. Individuals with DLD have poor verb knowledge and verb-based sentence processing. Yet, they also appear to rely more on EP information than their peers. This paradox raises two questions: (a) How do children with DLD use verb-based EP information alongside other information in online passive sentence interpretation? (b) How does verb vocabulary knowledge support EP information use? Method: We created novel EP biases by showing animations of agents with consistent action tendencies (e.g., clumsy vs. helpful actions). We then used eye tracking to examine how this EP information was used during online passive sentence processing. Participants were 4- to 5-year-old children with DLD (n = 20) and same-age peers with TD (n = 20). Results: In Experiment 1, children with DLD quickly integrated verb-based EP information with morphosyntax close to the verb but failed to do so with distant morphosyntax. In Experiment 2, the quality of children's sentence-specific verb vocabulary knowledge was positively associated with the use of EP information in both groups. Conclusion: Depending on the morphosyntactic context, children with DLD and TD used EP information differently, but verb vocabulary knowledge aided its use.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kutlu2024,

title = {The development of real-time spoken and word recognition derives from changes in ability, not maturation},

author = {Ethan Kutlu and Jamie Klein-Packard and Charlotte Jeppsen and J. Bruce Tomblin and Bob McMurray},

doi = {10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105899},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Cognition},

volume = {251},

pages = {1–28},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {In typical adults, recognizing both spoken and written words is thought to be served by a process of competition between candidates in the lexicon. In recent years, work has used eye-tracking in the visual world paradigm to characterize this competition process over development. It has shown that both spoken and written word recognition continue to develop through adolescence (Rigler et al., 2015). It is still unclear what drives these changes in real-time word recognition over the school years, as there are dramatic changes in language, the onset of reading instruction, and gains in domain general function during this time. This study began to address these issues by asking whether changes in real-time word recognition derive from changes in overall language and reading ability or reflect more general age-related development. This cross-sectional study examined 278 school-age children (Grades 1–3) using the Visual World Paradigm to assess both spoken and written word recognition, along with multiple measures of language, reading and phonology. A structural equation model applied to these ability measures found three factors representing language, reading, and phonology. Multiple regression analyses were used to understand how these three factors relate to real-time spoken and written word recognition as well as a non-linguistic variant of the VWP intended to capture decision speed, eye-movement factors, and other non-language/reading differences. We found that for both spoken and written word recognition, the speed of activating target words in both domains was more closely tied to the relevant ability (e.g., reading for written word recognition) than was age. We also examined competition resolution (how fully competitors were suppressed late in processing). Here, spoken word recognition showed only small, developmental effects that were only related to phonological processing, suggesting links to developmental language disorder. However, in written word recognition, competitor resolution showed large impacts of development which were strongly linked to reading. This suggests the dimensionality of real-time lexical processing may differ across domains. Importantly, neither spoken nor written word recognition is fully described by changes in non-linguistic skills assessed with non-linguistic VWP, and the non-linguistic VWP was linked to differences in language and reading. These findings suggest that spoken and written word recognition continue past the first year of life and are mostly driven by ability and not only by overall maturation.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Laurin2024,

title = {Reduced spatial attentional distribution in older adults},

author = {Anne Sophie Laurin and Julie Ouerfelli-Ethier and Laure Pisella and Aarlenne Zein Khan},

doi = {10.1167/JOV.24.4.8},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {24},

number = {4},

pages = {1–20},

abstract = {Older adults show decline in visual search performance, but the underlying cause remains unclear. It has been suggested that older adults' altered performance may be related to reduced spatial attention to peripheral visual information compared with younger adults. In this study, 18 younger (M = 21.6 years) and 16 older (M = 69.1 years) participants performed pop-out and serial visual search tasks with variously sized gaze-contingent artificial central scotomas (3°, 5°, or 7° diameter). By occluding central vision, we measured how attention to the periphery was contributing to the search performance.We also tested the effect of target eccentricity on search times and eye movements.We hypothesized that, if attention is reduced primarily in the periphery in older adults, we would observe longer search times for more eccentric targets and with central occlusion. During the pop-out search, older adults showed a steeper decline in search performance with increasing eccentricity and central scotoma size compared with younger adults. In contrast, during the serial search, older adults had longer search times than younger adults overall, independent of target eccentricity and scotoma size. Longer search times were attributed to higher cost-per-item slopes, indicating increased difficulty in simultaneously processing complex symbols made up of separable features in aging, possibly stemming from challenges in spatially binding individual features. Altogether, our findings point to fewer attentional resources of simultaneous visual processing to distribute over space or separable features of objects, consistent with decreased dorsal visual stream functioning in aging.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lee2024d,

title = {Age-related changes in connected speech production: Evidence from eye-tracking in the culturally adapted picture description task},

author = {Hyeri Lee and Yoomi Choi and Jee Eun Sung},

doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1334788},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},

volume = {15},

pages = {1–14},

abstract = {Purpose: Age-related changes in connected speech production remain a subject of debate, yielding inconsistent findings across various tasks and measures. This study aimed to investigate the effects of aging on picture description tasks using two types of pictures: a standardized picture (the Beach picture) and a culturally and linguistically modified picture tailored for Korean speakers (the Han River picture). Method: Twenty-four young adults and 22 older adults participated in two picture description tasks while their eye movements were recorded. Word-level linguistic variables were used to assess informativeness (Correct Information Units per minute) and productivity (noun and verb counts per utterance) of connected speech production. Eye-movement measures were employed to evaluate real-time cognitive processing associated with planning connected speech (pre-speech fixation counts and durations; eye fixations before the speech onset of each utterance). Results and conclusions: The findings revealed age-related declines in linguistic measures, with older adults exhibiting decreased CIUs per minute and smaller counts of nouns and verbs per utterance. Age-related changes in eye movement measures were evident in that older adults displayed longer pre-speech fixation durations. Unlike younger adults, older adults exhibited higher pre-speech fixation counts on the Han River picture compared to the Beach picture, suggesting cognitive challenges in performing the task that requires producing more words and detailed descriptions. These results suggest that aging is associated with reduced informativeness and productivity of connected speech, as well as a decline in cognitive processing efficiency.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lee2024e,

title = {Altered pupil light and darkness reflex and eye-blink responses in late-life depression},

author = {Yao Tung Lee and Yi Hsuan Chang and Hsu Jung Tsai and Shu Ping Chao and David Yen Ting Chen and Jui Tai Chen and Yih‐Giun Cherng and Chin An Wang},

doi = {10.1186/s12877-024-05034-w},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {BMC Geriatrics},

volume = {24},

number = {1},

pages = {1–14},

publisher = {BioMed Central},

abstract = {Background: Late-life depression (LLD) is a prevalent neuropsychiatric disorder in the older population. While LLD exhibits high mortality rates, depressive symptoms in older adults are often masked by physical health conditions. In younger adults, depression is associated with deficits in pupil light reflex and eye blink rate, suggesting the potential use of these responses as biomarkers for LLD. Methods: We conducted a study using video-based eye-tracking to investigate pupil and blink responses in LLD patients (n = 25), older (OLD) healthy controls (n = 29), and younger (YOUNG) healthy controls (n = 25). The aim was to determine whether there were alterations in pupil and blink responses in LLD compared to both OLD and YOUNG groups. Results: LLD patients displayed significantly higher blink rates and dampened pupil constriction responses compared to OLD and YOUNG controls. While tonic pupil size in YOUNG differed from that of OLD, LLD patients did not exhibit a significant difference compared to OLD and YOUNG controls. GDS-15 scores in older adults correlated with light and darkness reflex response variability and blink rates. PHQ-15 scores showed a correlation with blink rates, while MoCA scores correlated with tonic pupil sizes. Conclusions: The findings demonstrate that LLD patients display altered pupil and blink behavior compared to OLD and YOUNG controls. These altered responses correlated differently with the severity of depressive, somatic, and cognitive symptoms, indicating their potential as objective biomarkers for LLD.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Li2024b,

title = {Efficient word segmentation is preserved in older adult readers: Evidence from eye movements during Chinese reading},

author = {Lin Li and Lingshan Bao and Zhuoer Li and Sha Li and Jingyi Liu and Pin Wang and Kayleigh L. Warrington and Sarah Gunn and Kevin B. Paterson},

doi = {10.1037/pag0000813},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Psychology and Aging},

volume = {39},

number = {3},

pages = {215–230},

abstract = {College-aged readers use efficient strategies to segment and recognize words in naturally unspaced Chinese text. Whether this capability changes across the adult lifespan is unknown, although segmenting words in unspaced text may be challenging for older readers due to visual and cognitive declines in older age, including poorer parafoveal processing of upcoming characters. Accordingly, we conducted two eye movement experiments to test for age differences in word segmentation, each with 48 young (18–30 years) and 36 older (65+ years) native Chinese readers. Following Zhou and Li (2021), we focused on the processing of “incremental” three-character words, like 幼儿园 (meaning “kindergartens”), which contain an embedded two-character word (e.g., 幼儿, meaning “children”). In Experiment 1, either the threecharacter word or its embedded word was presented as the target word in sentence contexts where the three-character word always was plausible, and the embedded word was either plausible or implausible. Both age groups produced similar plausibility effects, suggesting age constancy in accessing the embedded word early during ambiguity processing before ultimately assigning an incremental word analysis. Experiment 2 provided further evidence that both younger and older readers access the embedded word early during ambiguity processing, but rapidly select the appropriate (incremental) word. Crucially, the findings suggest that word segmentation strategies do not differ with age.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lu2024a,

title = {The association between eye movement characteristics and cognitive function in adolescents with major depressive disorder},

author = {Yuanyuan Lu and Lintong Song and Chunxiang Huang and Tianqing Fan and Jinqiao Huang and Leyin Zhang and Xuerong Luo and Yanhua Li and Yanmei Shen},

doi = {10.1016/j.pscychresns.2024.111914},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging},

volume = {345},

pages = {1–9},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Objective: This study aims to explore the relationship between eye movement characteristics and cognitive function in adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD). Method: EyeLink 1000 eye tracker was used to obtain eye movement data in free-viewing and smooth pursuit tasks. Chi-square test and Mann-Whitney test were used for inter-group comparison of demographic and clinical data. Spearman correlation was used to analyze the correlation between eye movement characteristics and cognitive function. Results: Adolescents with MDD showed lower saccade amplitude in the free-viewing task and more fixations and saccades in the smooth pursuit task. In the free-viewing task, fixation count, saccade duration and saccade speed were found to be positively correlated with immediate memory and attention; fixation duration was negatively correlated with immediate memory. In the smooth pursuit task, saccade count was positively correlated with the faux pas test; fixation duration and saccade duration were significantly correlated with memory and attention. Conclusion: Adolescents with MDD showed abnormalities in several indices of eye movement, and altered eye movement variables were also correlated with cognitive deficits. Eye-tracking technology helps illustrate the diverse cognitive strategies employed by individuals during cognitive tasks, allowing researchers to explore subtle differences in cognitive processes.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Luotola2024,

title = {Reciprocal relationships between a child's engagement with faces and mother–child interaction at 8, 30, and 60 months},

author = {Aino Luotola and Riikka Korja and Jukka Leppänen and Akie Yada and Eeva Eskola and Tuomo Häikiö and Hetti Lahtela and Eeva Holmberg and Elisabeth Nordenswan and Saara Nolvi and Hasse Karlsson and Linnea Karlsson and Eeva-leena Kataja},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Developmental Psychology},

pages = {1–14},

abstract = {Prioritized attention to faces can be viewed as an early-developing marker of social engagement. This behavior is closely linked with early interactions, but there has been little research examining the longitudinal associations between social engagement and parent–child interaction. We examined the reciprocal relations between mother–child interaction and child engagement with faces from infancy to preschool age. Participants of this study were 738 mother–child dyads from the FinnBrain Birth Cohort. We used Emotional Availability Scales to examine mothers' emotional availability in interaction and eye tracking to examine attention dwell time for pictured faces and nonface patterns under distraction at 8, 30, and 60 months. Using a random intercept cross-lagged panel model, which differentiates between-dyad variance from within-dyad variance (deviations from the individual's latent average), we found that higher maternal emotional availability was associated with shorter dwell time for faces at the between-dyad level. At the within-dyad level, stability (smaller deviations from the individual's latent average) in a mother's emotional availability at 30 months was associated with stability in the child's face engagement in the subsequent assessment at 60 months. Similar associations were not found in analyses of dwell times for nonfaces. Together, our findings show an interconnection between mother–child interaction and the child's engagement with faces and raise the possibility that shifts in the quality of these interactions within specific developmental stage may lead to changes in how children engage with social cues.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ma2024b,

title = {A comparative study recognizing the expression of information between elderly individuals and young individuals},

author = {Jialin Ma and Xiaojing Liu and Yongxin Li},

doi = {10.2147/prbm.s471196},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Psychology Research and Behavior Management},

volume = {17},

pages = {3111–3120},

abstract = {Background: Studies have shown that elderly individuals have significantly worse facial expression recognition scores than young adults. Some have suggested that this difference is due to perceptual degradation, while others suggest it is due to decreased attention of elderly individuals to the most informative regions of the face. Methods: To resolve this controversy, this study recruited 85 participants and used a behavioral task and eye-tracking techniques (EyeLink 1000 Plus eye tracker). It adopted the “study-recognition” paradigm, and a mixed experimental design of 3 (facial expressions: positive, neutral, negative) × 2 (subjects' age: young, old) × 3 (facial areas of interest: eyes, nose, and mouth) was used to explore whether there was perceptual degradation in older people's attention to facial expressions and investigate the differences in diagnostic areas between young and older people. Results: The behavioral results revealed that young participants had significantly higher facial expression recognition scores than older participants did; moreover, the eye-tracking results revealed that younger people generally fixated on faces significantly more than elderly people, demonstrating the perceptual degradation in elderly people. Young people primarily look at the eyes, followed by the nose and, finally, the mouth when examining facial expressions. The elderly participants primarily focus on the eyes, followed by the mouth and then the nose. Conclusion: The findings confirmed that young participants have better facial expression recognition performance than elderly participants, which may be related more to perceptual degradation than to decreased attention to informative areas of the face. For elderly people, the duration of gaze toward the facial diagnosis area (such as the eyes) should be increased when recognizing faces to compensate for the disadvantage of decreased facial recognition performance caused by perceptual aging.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Man2024a,

title = {An exploratory study using innovative graphical network analysis to model eye movements in spatial reasoning problem solving},

author = {Kaiwen Man and Joni M. Lakin},

doi = {10.1111/jedm.12421},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Educational Measurement},

volume = {61},

number = {4},

pages = {710–739},

abstract = {Eye-tracking procedures generate copious process data that could be valuable in establishing the response processes component of modern validity theory. However, there is a lack of tools for assessing and visualizing response processes using process data such as eye-tracking fixation sequences, especially those suitable for young children. This study, which explored student responses to a spatial reasoning task, employed eye tracking and social network analysis to model, examine, and visualize students' visual transition patterns while solving spatial problems to begin to elucidate these processes. Fifty students in Grades 2–8 completed a spatial reasoning task as eye movements were recorded. Areas of interest (AoIs) were defined within the task for each spatial reasoning question. Transition networks between AoIs were constructed and analyzed using selected network measures. Results revealed shared transition sequences across students as well as strategic differences between high and low performers. High performers demonstrated more integrated transitions between AoIs, while low performers considered information more in isolation. Additionally, age and the interaction of age and performance did not significantly impact these measures. The study demonstrates a novel modeling approach for investigating visual processing and provides initial evidence that high-performing students more deeply engage with visual information in solving these types of questions.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Manoli2024,

title = {Distinct patterns of emotional processing in ADHD and anxiety. Evidence from an eye-movement Go/No-Go task},

author = {Athina Manoli and Simon P. Liversedge and Edmund Sonuga-Barke and Julie A. Hadwin},

doi = {10.1080/20445911.2024.2390706},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Cognitive Psychology},

pages = {1–16},

abstract = {Young people with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) demonstrate cognitive control difficulties, particularly when emotional processing is involved. In contrast, individuals with anxiety show disruptions primarily in threat-related contexts. ADHD and anxiety frequently co-occur and the impact of emotional stimuli on cognitive processes in these groups remains unclear. This study used an eye-tracking Go/No-Go task with emotional (happy, angry) and neutral stimuli to explore attentional processing in children/adolescents with ADHD, anxiety and typically developing (TD) controls. The results showed that children with ADHD had slower disengagement from angry compared to happy faces, while those with anxiety exhibited no such differences. Inhibitory control challenges were evident in the ADHD group for both emotional faces, whereas the anxiety group demonstrated improved control with angry faces. Exploratory analyses suggested that children with comorbid ADHD and anxiety might have distinct cognitive-affective profile, characterized by heightened difficulties in processing emotional stimuli.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Maquate2024,

title = {Age differences in spoken language comprehension: Verb-argument and formality-register congruence influence real-time sentence processing},

author = {K. Maquate and Angela Patarroyo and Angelina Ioannidou-Tsiomou and Pia Knoeferle},

doi = {10.1080/0163853X.2024.2424693},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Discourse Processes},

pages = {1–23},

publisher = {Routledge},

abstract = {Using the Visual World Paradigm, we investigated participants' processing of formality register and verb-argument (in)congruent sentences. Crucially, we tested whether individual differences influence sentence processing by taking participants' age (18–45 years) and their social status (high vs. low) into account. Participants listened to German context sentences that set up formal (e.g. Elegantly dressed says Peter:) or informal (e.g. Sloppily dressed rambles Peter:) situations while they looked at images that were associated either with a formal (e.g. a pair of fancy shoes and chic clothes) or informal (e.g. a pair of old shoes and casual clothes) context. Following the context sentence, they listened to a German target sentence (e.g. I'm soon tying my shoescolloquial). The verb in the target sentence imposed semantic constraints on its arguments (e.g. tie has a good semantic fit with shoes but fits less well with clothes). The on-screen images represented candidate post-verbal referents (e.g. shoes or clothes), creating semantic congruence between the verb constraints and two out of four candidate referents. This verb-argument congruence factor was crossed with congruence between the formality of the context sentence and the (informal vs. more formal) register of the post-verbal argument (e.g. shoesstandard vs. shoescolloquial). Our results show that participants take the formality of the context into account to inform anticipation of matching images on the screen. Moreover, the older the participants were, the more they took the formality of the context into account. All participants made use of the verb's restrictions: They anticipated and integrated the named object noun argument. Crucially, only younger but not middle-aged participants made use of the context sentence formality to further inform expectations of verb-argument congruence. Participants' social status did not influence register and verb-argument sentence processing.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Masson2024,

title = {Eye movements reveal that young school children shift attention when solving additions and subtractions},

author = {Nicolas Masson and Valérie Dormal and Martine Stephany and Christine Schiltz},

doi = {10.1111/desc.13452},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Developmental Science},

volume = {27},

number = {2},

pages = {1–12},

abstract = {Abstract: Adults shift their attention to the right or to the left along a spatial continuum when solving additions and subtractions, respectively. Studies suggest that these shifts not only support the exact computation of the results but also anticipatively narrow down the range of plausible answers when processing the operands. However, little is known on when and how these attentional shifts arise in childhood during the acquisition of arithmetic. Here, an eye-tracker with high spatio-temporal resolution was used to measure spontaneous eye movements, used as a proxy for attentional shifts, while children of 2nd (8 y-o; N = 50) and 4th (10 y-o; N = 48) Grade solved simple additions (e.g., 4+3) and subtractions (e.g., 3-2). Gaze patterns revealed horizontal and vertical attentional shifts in both groups. Critically, horizontal eye movements were observed in 4th Graders as soon as the first operand and the operator were presented and thus before the beginning of the exact computation. In 2nd Graders, attentional shifts were only observed after the presentation of the second operand just before the response was made. This demonstrates that spatial attention is recruited when children solve arithmetic problems, even in the early stages of learning mathematics. The time course of these attentional shifts suggests that with practice in arithmetic children start to use spatial attention to anticipatively guide the search for the answer and facilitate the implementation of solving procedures. Research Highlights: Additions and subtractions are associated to right and left attentional shifts in adults, but it is unknown when these mechanisms arise in childhood. Children of 8–10 years old solved single-digit additions and subtractions while looking at a blank screen. Eye movements showed that children of 8 years old already show spatial biases possibly to represent the response when knowing both operands. Children of 10 years old shift attention before knowing the second operand to anticipatively guide the search for plausible answers.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Meir2024,

title = {Prediction in bilingual sentence processing},

author = {Natalia Meir and Olga Parshina and Irina A. Sekerina},

doi = {10.1075/lab.22102.mei},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism},

volume = {14},

number = {4},

pages = {544–576},

abstract = {The Unified Competition Model (MacWhinney, 2012) accounts for cross-linguistic differences in thematic role mapping. We investigated production and predictive use of accusative case morphology in Russian-Hebrew bilingual children. We also investigated the role of production in predictive processing testing the Prediction-by-Production Account (Pickering & Garrod, 2018) vs. the Missing Surface Inflection Hypothesis (Prévost & White, 2000). Three groups of children aged 4–8 participated: Russian-Hebrew-speaking bilinguals, Russian-speaking and Hebrew-speaking monolingual controls. All children participated in the accusative case production and Visual-World eye-tracking comprehension experiments. Bilinguals were tested in both of their languages. The results of the study confirmed the predictions of the Unified Competition Model showing typological differences in the strength of the case-marking cue and its predictive use in sentence processing in Russian- and Hebrew-speaking controls. While Russian-speaking monolinguals relied on case marking to predict the upcoming agent/patient, the performance of Hebrew-speaking monolingual children varied. The findings for bilinguals showed that despite their lower production accuracy in both languages, they were either indistinguishable from monolinguals or showed an advantage in the predictive use of case morphology. The findings support the Missing Surface Inflection Hypothesis , which predicts a dissociation between production and comprehension.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Meixner2024,

title = {Executive functioning predicts development of reading skill and perceptual span seven years later},

author = {Johannes M. Meixner and Jochen Laubrock},

doi = {10.1016/j.jml.2024.104511},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},

volume = {136},

pages = {1–15},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {What is the role of executive functions in longitudinally predicting reading success in general and perceptual-span size in particular? We present two new waves of our sequential-cohort longitudinal study of perceptual-span development, including five waves totally spanning grades 1 to 10. Using nonlinear mixed effects growth-curve modeling we here show that executive functioning measured in the early primary-school years predicts reading performance seven years later, even if controlled for initial reading performance. Moreover, the two variables exerted an interactive influence, suggesting mutual benefit. Effects of initial executive functioning on the final perceptual span were even more pronounced than on reading rate, suggesting a substantial contribution of executive processes to perceptual-span development. Perceptual-span development is critical for successful reading: The initial reading-rate difference between slower and faster readers diverged at the point when perceptual-span development was fastest, and stabilized at inflated differences thereafter. In an educational setting, early tests of executive functioning may be useful for identifying children who are likely to need intervention to become proficient readers.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Monaghan2024,

title = {Statistical learning ability at 17 months relates to early reading skills via oral language},

author = {Padraic Monaghan and Lana S. Jago and Lydia Speyer and Heather Turnbull and Katie J. Alcock and Caroline F. Rowland and Kate Cain},

doi = {10.1016/j.jecp.2024.106002},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Child Psychology},

volume = {246},

pages = {1–16},

publisher = {The Author(s)},

abstract = {Statistical learning ability has been found to relate to children's reading skills. Yet, statistical learning is also known to be vital for developing oral language skills, and oral language and reading skills relate strongly. These connections raise the question of whether statistical learning ability affects reading via oral language or directly. Statistical learning is multifaceted, and so different aspects of statistical learning might influence oral language and reading skills distinctly. In a longitudinal study, we determined how two aspects of statistical learning from an artificial language tested on 70 17-month-old infants—segmenting sequences from speech and generalizing the sequence structure—related to oral language skills measured at 54 months and reading skills measured at approximately 75 months. Statistical learning segmentation did not relate significantly to oral language or reading, whereas statistical learning generalization related to oral language, but only indirectly related to reading. Our results showed that children's early statistical learning ability was associated with learning to read via the children's oral language skills.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Monov2024,

title = {Linking cognitive integrity to working memory dynamics in the aging human brain},

author = {Gina Monov and Henrik Stein and Leonie Klock and Juergen Gallinat and Simone Kühn and Tania Lincoln and Katarina Krkovic and Peter R. Murphy and Tobias H. Donner},

doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1883-23.2024},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},

volume = {44},

number = {26},

pages = {1–20},

abstract = {Aging is accompanied by a decline of working memory, an important cognitive capacity that involves stimulus-selective neural activity that persists after stimulus presentation. Here, we unraveled working memory dynamics in older human adults (male and female) including those diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) using a combination of behavioral modeling, neuropsychological assessment, and MEG recordings of brain activity. Younger adults (male and female) were studied with behavioral modeling only. Participants performed a visuospatial delayed match-to-sample task under systematic manipulation of the delay and distance between sample and test stimuli. Their behavior (match/nonmatch decisions) was fit with a computational model permitting the dissociation of noise in the internal operations underlying the working memory performance from a strategic decision threshold. Task accuracy decreased with delay duration and sample/test proximity.When sample/test distances were small, older adults committed more false alarms than younger adults. The computational model explained the participants' behavior well. The model parameters reflecting internal noise (not decision threshold) correlated with the precision of stimulus-selective cortical activity measured with MEG during the delay interval. The model uncovered an increase specifically in working memory noise in older compared with younger participants. Furthermore, in the MCI group, but not in the older healthy controls, internal noise correlated with the participants' clinically assessed cognitive integrity. Our results are consistent with the idea that the stability of working memory contents deteriorates in aging, in a manner that is specifically linked to the overall cognitive integrity of individuals diagnosed with MCI.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Cirelli2024,

title = {Infant attention to rhythmic audiovisual synchrony is modulated by stimulus properties},

author = {Laura K. Cirelli and Labeeb S. Talukder and Haley E. Kragness},

doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1393295},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},

volume = {15},

pages = {1–8},

abstract = {Musical interactions are a common and multimodal part of an infant's daily experiences. Infants hear their parents sing while watching their lips move and see their older siblings dance along to music playing over the radio. Here, we explore whether 8- to 12-month-old infants associate musical rhythms they hear with synchronous visual displays by tracking their dynamic visual attention to matched and mismatched displays. Visual attention was measured using eye-tracking while they attended to a screen displaying two videos of a finger tapping at different speeds. These videos were presented side by side while infants listened to an auditory rhythm (high or low pitch) synchronized with one of the two videos. Infants attended more to the low-pitch trials than to the high-pitch trials but did not display a preference for attending to the synchronous hand over the asynchronous hand within trials. Exploratory evidence, however, suggests that tempo, pitch, and rhythmic complexity interactively engage infants' visual attention to a tapping hand, especially when that hand is aligned with the auditory stimulus. For example, when the rhythm was complex and the auditory stimulus was low in pitch, infants attended to the fast hand more when it aligned with the auditory stream than to misaligned trials. These results suggest that the audiovisual integration in rhythmic non-speech contexts is influenced by stimulus properties.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Coe2024,

title = {Automated analysis pipeline for extracting saccade, pupil, and blink parameters using video-based eye tracking},

author = {Brian C. Coe and Jeff Huang and Donald C. Brien and Brian J. White and Rachel Yep and Douglas P. Munoz},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Vision},

volume = {8},

number = {1},

pages = {1–20},

abstract = {The tremendous increase in the use of video-based eye tracking has made it possible to collect eye tracking data from thousands of participants. The traditional procedures for the manual detection and classification of saccades and for trial categorization (e.g., correct vs. incorrect) are not viable for the large datasets being collected. Additionally, video-based eye trackers allow for the analysis of pupil responses and blink behaviors. Here, we present a detailed description of our pipeline for collecting, storing, and cleaning data, as well as for organizing participant codes, which are fairly lab-specific but nonetheless, are important precursory steps in establishing standardized pipelines. More importantly, we also include descriptions of the automated detection and classification of saccades, blinks, “blincades” (blinks occurring during saccades), and boomerang saccades (two nearly simultaneous saccades in opposite directions where speed-based algorithms fail to split them), This is almost entirely task-agnostic and can be used on a wide variety of data. We additionally describe novel findings regarding post-saccadic oscillations and provide a method to achieve more accurate estimates for saccade end points. Lastly, we describe the automated behavior classification for the interleaved pro/anti-saccade task (IPAST), a task that probes voluntary and inhibitory control. This pipeline was evaluated using data collected from 592 human participants between 5 and 93 years of age, making it robust enough to handle large clinical patient datasets. In summary, this pipeline has been optimized to consistently handle large datasets obtained from diverse study cohorts (i.e., developmental, aging, clinical) and collected across multiple laboratory sites.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Coloma2024,

title = {Article comprehension in monolingual Spanish-speaking children with developmental language disorder: A longitudinal eye tracking study},

author = {Carmen Julia Coloma and Ernesto Guerra and Zulema De Barbieri and Andrea Helo and Zulema De Barbieri and Andrea Helo and Carmen Julia and Ernesto Guerra and Zulema De Barbieri and Andrea Helo},

doi = {10.1080/17549507.2023.2167235},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology},

volume = {26},

number = {1},

pages = {105–117},

publisher = {Taylor & Francis},

abstract = {Purpose: Article-noun disagreement in spoken language is a marker of children with developmental language disorder (DLD). However, the evidence is less clear regarding article comprehension. This study investigates article comprehension in monolingual Spanish-speaking children with and without DLD. Method: Eye tracking methodology used in a longitudinal experimental design enabled the examination of real time article comprehension. The children at the time 1 were 40 monolingual Spanish-speaking preschoolers (20 with DLD and 20 with typical language development [TLD]). A year later (time 2), 27 of these children (15 with DLD and 12 with TLD) were evaluated. Children listened to simple phrases while inspecting a four object visual context. The article in the phrase agreed in number and gender with only one of the objects. Result: At the time 1, children with DLD did not use articles to identify the correct image, while children with TLD anticipated the correct picture. At the time 2, both groups used the articles' morphological markers, but children with DLD showed a slower and weaker preference for the correct referent compared to their age-matched peers. Conclusion: These findings suggest a later emergence, but a similar developmental trajectory, of article comprehension in children with DLD compared to their peers with TLD.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Conti2024,

title = {Scene construction in healthy aging – Exploring the interplay between task complexity and oculomotor behaviour},

author = {Federica Conti and Sarah Carnemolla and Olivier Piguet and Muireann Irish},

doi = {10.1016/j.bandc.2024.106163},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Brain and Cognition},

volume = {177},

pages = {1–10},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {Mounting evidence indicates a close correspondence between episodic memory, mental imagery, and oculomotor behaviour. It remains unclear, however, how oculomotor variables support endogenously driven forms of mental imagery and how this relationship changes across the adult lifespan. In this study we investigated age-related changes in oculomotor signatures during scene construction and explored how task complexity impacts these processes. Younger and cognitively healthy older participants completed a guided scene construction paradigm where scene complexity was manipulated according to the number of elements to be sequentially integrated. We recorded participants' eye movements and collected subjective ratings regarding their phenomenological experience. Overall, older adults rated their constructions as more vivid and more spatially integrated, while also generating more fixations and saccades relative to the younger group, specifically on control trials. Analyses of participants' total scan paths revealed that, in the early stages of scene construction, oculomotor behaviour changed as a function of task complexity within each group. Following the introduction of a second stimulus, older but not younger adults showed a significant decrease in the production of eye movements. Whether this shift in oculomotor behaviour serves a compensatory function to bolster task performance represents an important question for future research.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Coolen2024,

title = {Protocol and preregistration for the CODEC project: Measuring, modelling and mechanistically understanding the nature of cognitive variability in early childhood},

author = {Ilse E. J. I. Coolen and Jordy Langen and Sophie Hofman and Fréderique E. Aagten and Jessica V. Schaaf and Lea Michel and Michael Aristodemou and Nicholas Judd and Aran T. B. Hout and Emma Meeussen and Rogier A. Kievit},

doi = {10.1186/s40359-024-01904-5},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {BMC Psychology},

volume = {12},

number = {407},

pages = {1–26},

publisher = {BioMed Central},

abstract = {Background: Children's cognitive performance fluctuates across multiple timescales. However, fluctuations have often been neglected in favour of research into average cognitive performance, limiting the unique insights into cognitive abilities and development that cognitive variability may afford. Preliminary evidence suggests that greater variability is associated with increased symptoms of neurodevelopmental disorders, and differences in behavioural and neural functioning. The relative dearth of empirical work on variability, historically limited due to a lack of suitable data and quantitative methodology, has left crucial questions unanswered, which the CODEC (COgnitive Dynamics in Early Childhood) study aims to address. Method: The CODEC cohort is an accelerated 3-year longitudinal study which encompasses 600 7-to-10-year-old children. Each year includes a ‘burst' week (3 times per day, 5 days per week) of cognitive measurements on five cognitive domains (reasoning, working memory, processing speed, vocabulary, exploration), conducted both in classrooms and at home through experience sampling assessments. We also measure academic outcomes and external factors hypothesised to predict cognitive variability, including sleep, mood, motivation and background noise. A subset of 200 children (CODEC-MRI) are invited for two deep phenotyping sessions (in year 1 and year 3 of the study), including structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging, eye-tracking, parental measurements and questionnaire-based demographic and psychosocial measures. We will quantify developmental differences and changes in variability using Dynamic Structural Equation Modelling, allowing us to simultaneously capture variability and the multilevel structure of trials nested in sessions, days, children and classrooms. Discussion: CODEC's unique design allows us to measure variability across a range of different cognitive domains, ages, and temporal resolutions. The deep-phenotyping arm allows us to test hypotheses concerning variability, including the role of mind wandering, strategy exploration, mood, sleep, and brain structure. Due to CODEC's longitudinal nature, we are able to quantify which measures of variability at baseline predict long-term outcomes. In summary, the CODEC study is a unique longitudinal study combining experience sampling, an accelerated longitudinal ‘burst' design, deep phenotyping, and cutting-edge statistical methodologies to better understand the nature, causes, and consequences of cognitive variability in children.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Cragoe2024,

title = {Associations of prenatal maternal urinary concentrations of triclosan and benzophenone-3 with cognition in 7.5-month-old infants},

author = {Nicholas Cragoe and Jenna Sprowles and Megan L. Woodbury and Salma Musaad and Elizabeth Enright and Andréa Aguiar and Susan L. Schantz},

doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2024.119975},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Environmental Research},

volume = {263},

pages = {1–9},

abstract = {Background: Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have been linked to adverse health outcomes and prenatal exposure is known to impact infant and child development. However, few studies have assessed early devel- opmental consequences of prenatal exposure to two common phenolic compounds, benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and triclosan (TCS). Objective: We evaluated the relationship of prenatal exposure to BP-3 and TCS with infant cognition at 7.5 months via performance on a visual recognition memory (VRM) task. Methods: Drawing from the Illinois Kids Development Study (IKIDS) cohort, prenatal exposure to BP-3 and TCS was assessed in pools of five urine samples collected from each woman across pregnancy. Cognition was measured in 310 infants using a VRM task assessing information processing speed, attention, and recognition memory through infrared eye-tracking. Generalized linear regression estimated exposure-outcome associations, followed by stratification to investigate modification of associations by infant sex and stimulus set. Results: Sampled mothers were more likely to be white, college educated, and middle or high income relative to the US population. Mean chemical exposures were significantly higher than those of adult women in the NHANES cohort. In models adjusted for income, gestational age at birth, and testing age, prenatal BP-3 exposure was associated with an increase in run duration (average time spent looking at the stimuli before looking away) (β = 0.0011, CI -0.0001:0.0022), indicating slower information processing speed, while TCS was associated with significantly longer time to familiarization (time to accrue a total of 20 s of looking time to the stimuli) (β = 0.0686, CI 0.0203:0.1168, p < 0.01), indicating poorer attention. Stratum-specific analyses isolated both effects to male infants who viewed the second of two stimulus sets. Conclusion: Higher prenatal exposure to triclosan was associated with poorer attention in infancy, while benzophenone-3 may be associated with slower information processing speed, particularly among males.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Creel2024,

title = {Minimal gains for minimal pairs: Difficulty in learning similar-sounding words continues into preschool},

author = {Sarah C. Creel and Conor I. Frye},

doi = {10.1016/j.jecp.2023.105831},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Child Psychology},

volume = {240},

pages = {1–27},

publisher = {The Author(s)},

abstract = {A critical indicator of spoken language knowledge is the ability to discern the finest possible distinctions that exist between words in a language—minimal pairs, for example, the distinction between the novel words beesh and peesh. Infants differentiate similar-sounding novel labels like “bih” and “dih” by 17 months of age or earlier in the context of word learning. Adult word learners readily distinguish similar-sounding words. What is unclear is the shape of learning between infancy and adulthood: Is there a nonlinear increase early in development, or is there protracted improvement as experience with spoken language amasses? Three experiments tested monolingual English-speaking children aged 3 to 6 years and young adults. Children underperformed when learning minimal-pair words compared with adults (Experiment 1), compared with learning dissimilar words even when speech materials were optimized for young children (Experiment 2), and when the number of word instances during learning was quadrupled (Experiment 3). Nonetheless, the youngest group readily recognized familiar minimal pairs (Experiment 3). Results are consistent with a lengthy trajectory for detailed sound pattern learning in one's native language(s), although other interpretations are possible. Suggestions for research on developmental trajectories across various age ranges are made.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Cui2024,

title = {The role of executive functions in 9- to 12-year-old children's sentence processing: An eye-movement study},

author = {Nannan Cui and Yang Wang and Jiefei Luo and Yan Wu},

doi = {10.1111/1467-9817.12449},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Research in Reading},

volume = {47},

number = {2},

pages = {201–219},

abstract = {Background: Executive function (EF) plays a crucial role in children's reading. However, previous studies were based on offline products of reading comprehension. Online research is needed to reveal the core mechanisms underlying children's reading processing. By measuring children's working memory (WM) and cognitive flexibility (CF), we investigated whether individual differences in EF could modulate sentence processing and, if so, how they exert their roles. Methods: The present study manipulated semantic congruency and the association between crucial words in a sentence. We recruited 89 Chinese children aged 9–12 years and monitored their eye movement. Results: The study revealed distinct associations between reader- and text-related characteristics, as evidenced by eye-movement patterns during reading. A significant incongruency effect was observed in reading, underscoring the children's capacity to discern incongruent information. Children's WM and CF were found to modulate this process. Specifically, high-WM children showed more effective integration of incongruent information when the textual context was closely related during the later-stage processing. In contrast, low-WM children faced more challenges with incongruent words. Additionally, CF was influential during the early processing period. High-CF children exhibited longer early-stage reading times for incongruent words in associated contexts. Conclusions: Individual differences in EF can modulate children's online sentence processing. However, different EF components may play different roles.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Eick2024,

title = {Associations between oxidative stress biomarkers during pregnancy and infant cognition at 7.5 months},

author = {Stephanie M. Eick and Kaegan Ortlund and Andréa Aguiar and Francheska M. Merced-Nieves and Megan L. Woodbury and Ginger L. Milne and Susan L. Schantz},

doi = {10.1002/dev.22457},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Developmental Psychobiology},

volume = {66},

number = {2},

pages = {1–9},

abstract = {Oxidative stress has been identified as an important biological pathway leading to neurodevelopmental delay. However, studies assessing the effects of oxidative stress on cognitive outcomes during infancy, a critical period of neurodevelopment, are limited. Our analysis included a subset of those enrolled in the Illinois Kids Development Study (N = 144). Four oxidative stress biomarkers (8-isoprostane-PGF2α, 2,3-dinor-5,6-dihydro-8-iso-PGF2α, 2,3-dinor-8-iso-PGF2α, and prostaglandin-F2α) were measured in second and third trimesters urine and were averaged. Infant cognition was measured using a visual recognition memory task consisting of five blocks, each with one familiarization trial (two identical stimuli) and two test trials (one familiar and one novel stimulus). Outcomes measured included average run duration (a measure of information processing speed), novelty preference (a measure of recognition memory), time to reach familiarization, and shift rate (measures of attention). Linear regression was used to estimate associations between individual oxidative stress biomarkers and each outcome. Increasing 8-isoprostane-PGF2α, 2,3-dinor-8-iso-PGF2α, and prostaglandin-F2α were associated with a decrease in novelty preference (β = −0.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.03, 0.00; β = −0.02, 95% CI = −0.04, 0.00; β = −0.01, 95% CI = −0.02, 0.00, respectively), as well as a modest increase in shift rate. These findings suggest that oxidative stress may be associated with poorer recognition memory in early infancy.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Eskola2024,

title = {Lower maternal emotional availability is related to increased attention toward fearful faces during infancy},

author = {Eeva Eskola and Eeva-Leena Kataja and Jukka Hyönä and Hetti Hakanen and Saara Nolvi and Tuomo Häikiö and Juho Pelto and Hasse Karlsson and Linnea Karlsson and Riikka Korja},

doi = {10.1016/j.infbeh.2023.101900},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Infant Behavior and Development},

volume = {74},

pages = {1–12},

abstract = {It has been suggested that infants' age-typical attention biases for faces and facial expressions have an inherent connection with the parent–infant interaction. However, only a few previous studies have addressed this topic. To investigate the association between maternal caregiving behaviors and an infant's attention for emotional faces, 149 mother–infant dyads were assessed when the infants were 8 months. Caregiving behaviors were observed during free-play interactions and coded using the Emotional Availability Scales. The composite score of four parental dimensions, that are sensitivity, structuring, non-intrusiveness, and non-hostility, was used in the analyses. Attention disengagement from faces was measured using eye tracking and face-distractor paradigm with neutral, happy, and fearful faces and scrambled-face control pictures as stimuli. The main finding was that lower maternal emotional availability was related to an infant's higher attention to fearful faces (p = .042), when infant sex and maternal age, education, and concurrent depressive and anxiety symptoms were controlled. This finding indicates that low maternal emotional availability may sensitize infants' emotion processing system for the signals of fear at least during this specific age around 8 months. The significance of the increased attention toward fearful faces during infancy is an important topic for future research.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Fan2024a,

title = {Analyses of eye movement parameters in children with anisometropic amblyopia},

author = {Yunwei Fan and Huaxin Zuo and Ping Chu and Qian Wu and Li Li and Yuan Wang and Wenhong Cao and Yunyu Zhou and Lijuan Huang and Ningdong Li},

doi = {10.1186/s12886-024-03539-x},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {BMC Ophthalmology},

volume = {24},

number = {1},

pages = {1–9},

abstract = {Objective: To investigate the characteristics of eye movement in children with anisometropic amblyopia, and to compare those characteristics with eye movement in a control group. Methods: 31 children in the anisometropic amblyopia group (31 amblyopic eyes in group A, 31 contralateral eyes in group B) and 24 children in the control group (48 eyes in group C). Group A was subdivided into groups Aa (severe amblyopia) and Ab (mild-moderate amblyopia). The overall age range was 6–12 years (mean, 7.83 ± 1.79 years). All children underwent ophthalmic examinations; eye movement parameters including saccade latency and amplitude were evaluated using an Eyelink1000 eye tracker. Data Viewer and MATLAB software were used for data analysis. Results: Mean and maximum saccade latencies, as well as mean and maximum saccade amplitudes, were significantly greater in group A than in groups B and C before and after treatment (P < 0.05). Mean and maximum saccade latencies were significantly different among groups Aa, Ab, and C (P < 0.05). Pupil trajectories in two detection modes suggested that binocular fixation was better than monocular fixation. Conclusions: Eye movement parameters significantly differed between contralateral normal eyes and control eyes. Clinical evaluation of children with anisometropic amblyopia should not focus only on static visual acuity, but also on the assessment of eye movement.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Fernandes2024,

title = {Age differences in gaze following: Older adults follow gaze more than younger adults when free-viewing scenes},

author = {Eunice G. Fernandes and Benjamin W. Tatler and Gillian Slessor and Louise H. Phillips},

doi = {10.1080/0361073X.2022.2156760},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Experimental Aging Research},

volume = {50},

number = {1},

pages = {84–101},

publisher = {Routledge},

abstract = {Previous research investigated age differences in gaze following with an attentional cueing paradigm where participants view a face with averted gaze, and then respond to a target appearing in a location congruent or incongruent with the gaze cue. However, this paradigm is far removed from the way we use gaze cues in everyday settings. Here we recorded the eye movements of younger and older adults while they freely viewed naturalistic scenes where a person looked at an object or location. Older adults were more likely to fixate and made more fixations to the gazed-at location, compared to younger adults. Our findings suggest that, contrary to what was observed in the traditional gaze-cueing paradigm, in a non-constrained task that uses contextualized stimuli older adults follow gaze as much as or even more than younger adults.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{FernandezFuertes2024,

title = {Activation and local inhibition in the bilingual child's processing of codeswitching},

author = {Raquel Fernández Fuertes and Tamara Gómez Carrero and Juana M. Liceras},

doi = {10.1177/02676583241232221},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Second Language Research},

volume = {4},

number = {1},

pages = {163 –190},

abstract = {Codeswitching has been used as a tool to investigate how the properties of the two language systems interact in the bilingual mind with relatively few studies investigating bilingual children. We target two groups of L1-Spanish–L2-English children in Spain to address language activation and language inhibition in the processing of codeswitching between a determiner (DET) and a noun (N). We investigate how the mental representation of the formal features involved is responsible for the sensitivity to grammatical gender, which in turn affects how bilinguals' language activation and inhibition processes are at play and shape processing. We target both the directionality of the switch (English-DET–Spanish-N vs. Spanish-DET–English-N) and the type of implicit gender agreement mechanism (in the case of Spanish-DET–English-N switches) by using offline acceptability judgment data and eyetracking during reading data. Results suggest lower processing costs of English DET switches and higher ones of non-congruent Spanish DET switches. We interpret the preference for classifying the non-gendered Ns along the lines of the gendered Ns in the gendered language as evidence for the integrated representation hypothesis which states that both Ns depicting the same concept are connected in the mind of the bilingual.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Fu2024,

title = {Infant social attention associated with elevated likelihood for autism spectrum disorder: A multi-method comparison},

author = {Xiaoxue Fu and Emma Platt and Frederick Shic and Jessica Bradshaw},

doi = {10.1007/s10803-024-06360-z},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders},

pages = {1–13},

abstract = {Purpose: The study aimed to compare eye tracking (ET) and manual coding (MC) measures of attention to social and nonsocial information in infants with elevated familial likelihood (EL) of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and low likelihood of ASD (LL). ET provides a temporally and spatially sensitive tool for measuring gaze allocation. Existing evidence suggests that ET is a promising tool for detecting distinct social attention patterns that may serve as a biomarker for ASD. However, ET is prone to data loss, especially in young EL infants. Methods: To increase evidence for ET as a viable tool for capturing atypical social attention in EL infants, the current prospective, longitudinal study obtained ET and MC measures of social and nonsocial attention in 25 EL and 47 LL infants at several time points between 3 and 24 months of age. Results: ET data was obtained with a satisfactory success rate of 95.83%, albeit with a higher degree of data loss compared to MC. Infant age and ASD likelihood status did not impact the extent of ET or MC data loss. There was a significant positive association between the ET and MC measures of attention, and separate analyses of attention using ET and AC measures yielded comparable findings. These analyses indicated group differences (EL vs. LL) in age-related change in attention to social vs. nonsocial information. Conclusion: Together, the findings support infant ET as a promising approach for identifying very early markers associated with ASD likelihood.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Fu2024b,

title = {Children exhibit superior memory for attended but outdated information compared to adults},

author = {Yingtao Fu and Tingyu Guo and Jiewei Zheng and Jie He and Mowei Shen and Hui Chen},

doi = {10.1038/s41467-024-48457-0},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Nature Communications},

volume = {15},

number = {1},

pages = {1–9},

publisher = {Springer US},

abstract = {Research on the development of cognitive selectivity predominantly focuses on attentional selection. The present study explores another facet of cognitive selectivity—memory selection—by examining the ability to filter attended yet outdated information in young children and adults. Across five experiments involving 130 children and 130 adults, participants are instructed to use specific information to complete a task, and then unexpectedly asked to report this information in a surprise test. The results consistently demonstrate a developmental reversal-like phenomenon, with children outperforming adults in reporting this kind of attended yet outdated information. Furthermore, we provide evidence against the idea that the results are due to different processing strategies or attentional deployments between adults and children. These results suggest that the ability of memory selection is not fully developed in young children, resulting in their inefficient filtering of attended yet outdated information that is not required for memory retention.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{GarciaCarrion2024,

title = {The effect of online message congruence, destination-positioning, and emojis on users' cognitive effort and affective evaluation},

author = {Beatriz García-Carrión and Francisco Muñoz-Leiva and Salvador Del Barrio-García and Lucia Porcu},

doi = {10.1016/j.jdmm.2023.100842},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Destination Marketing and Management},

volume = {31},

pages = {1–13},

abstract = {In today's digital world, it is crucial that Destination Management Organizations (DMOs) understand how tourists process and assimilate the information they receive through social media, whether this is posted online by the destination itself or by other users. When it comes to understanding the effectiveness of DMOs' integrated marketing communication (IMC) strategies, it is important to examine the extent to which the congruence between those online messages posted by the destination and those posted by other users (electronic word-of-mouth) influences the effectiveness of the communication. Similarly, it is also of value to understand the degree to which the use of emojis in social media messages may enhance the effect of congruence on IMC effectiveness. The scientific literature has found that tourists' responses to the information published online by the destination will depend on the type of positioning it adopts on its social media. The novelty of the present study work lies in addressing these issues from a neuroscientific perspective, using eye-tracking technology, to study (i) the user's cognitive effort (based on ocular indicators) when processing social media content and (ii) their affective evaluation of that content. A factorial experiment is conducted on a sample of 58 Facebook users. The results point to the important role played by the level of message congruence in users' information-processing and demonstrate the contextualizing effect exerted by emojis. Additionally, this study highlights the need for further research into the cognitive processing of tourism messages relative to different positioning strategies.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ger2024,

title = {What's the point? Infants' and adults' perception of different pointing gestures},

author = {Ebru Ger and Stephanie Wermelinger and Maxine Ven and Moritz M. Daum},

doi = {10.1111/infa.12579},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Infancy},

volume = {29},

number = {2},

pages = {251–270},

abstract = {Adults and infants as young as 4 months old orient to pointing gestures. Although adults are shown to orient faster to index-finger pointing than other hand shapes, it is unknown whether hand shapes influence infants' perception of pointing. In this study, we used a spatial cueing paradigm on an eye tracker to investigate whether and to what extent adults and 12-month-old infants orient their attention in the direction of pointing gestures with different hand shapes: index finger, whole hand, and pinky finger. Furthermore, we assessed infants' and their parents' pointing production. Results revealed that adults showed a reliable cueing effect: shorter saccadic reaction times (SRTs) to congruent than incongruent targets, for all hand shapes. However, they did not show a larger cueing effect triggered by the index or any other finger. This contradicts previous findings and is discussed with respect to the differences in methodology. Infants showed a cueing effect only for the whole hand but not for the index or pinky fingers. The current results suggest that infants' orienting to pointing may be more robust for the whole hand shape in the first year, and tuning in to the social-communicative relevance of the canonical index finger shape may develop later or require additional social-communicative cues.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}