EyeLink Eye-Tracking Publications Library

@article{Mueri2009,

title = {Visual exploration pattern in hemineglect},

author = {René M. Müri and D. Cazzoli and Thomas Nyffeler and Tobias Pflugshaupt},

doi = {10.1007/s00426-008-0204-0},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Psychological Research},

volume = {73},

number = {2},

pages = {147–157},

abstract = {The analysis of eye movement parameters in visual neglect such as cumulative fixation duration, saccade amplitude, or the numbers of saccades has been used to probe attention deficits in neglect patients, since the pattern of exploratory eye movements has been taken as a strong index of attention distribution. The current overview of the literature of visual neglect has its emphasis on studies dealing with eye movement and exploration analysis. We present our own results in 15 neglect patients. The free exploration behavior was analyzed in these patients presenting 32 naturalistic color photographs of everyday scenes. Cumulative fixation duration, spatial distribution of fixations in the horizontal and vertical plane, the number and amplitude of exploratory saccades was analyzed and compared with the results of an age-matched control group. A main result of our study was that in neglect patients, fixation distribution of free exploration of natural scenes is not only influenced by the left-right bias in the horizontal direction but also by the vertical direction.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Nishida2009,

title = {Prediction of human eye movements in facial discrimination tasks},

author = {Satoshi Nishida and Tomohiro Shibata and Kazushi Ikeda},

doi = {10.1007/s10015-009-0679-9},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Artificial Life and Robotics},

volume = {14},

number = {3},

pages = {348–351},

abstract = {Under natural viewing conditions, human observers selectively allocate their attention to subsets of the visual input. Since overt allocation of attention appears as eye movements, the mechanism of selective attention can be uncovered through computational studies of eyemovement predictions. Since top-down attentional control in a task is expected to modulate eye movements significantly, the models that take a bottom-up approach based on low-level local properties are not expected to suffice for prediction. In this study, we introduce two representative models, apply them to a facial discrimination task with morphed face images, and evaluate their performance by comparing them with the human eye-movement data. The result shows that they are not good at predicting eye movements in this task.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Noritake2009,

title = {Saccadic compression of rectangle and Kanizsa figures: Now you see it, now you don't},

author = {Atsushi Noritake and Bob Uttl and Masahiko Terao and Masayoshi Nagai and Junji Watanabe and Akihiro Yagi},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0006383},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {4},

number = {7},

pages = {e6383},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Observers misperceive the location of points within a scene as compressed towards the goal of a saccade. However, recent studies suggest that saccadic compression does not occur for discrete elements such as dots when they are perceived as unified objects like a rectangle. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We investigated the magnitude of horizontal vs. vertical compression for Kanizsa figure (a collection of discrete elements unified into single perceptual objects by illusory contours) and control rectangle figures. Participants were presented with Kanizsa and control figures and had to decide whether the horizontal or vertical length of stimulus was longer using the two-alternative force choice method. Our findings show that large but not small Kanizsa figures are perceived as compressed, that such compression is large in the horizontal dimension and small or nil in the vertical dimension. In contrast to recent findings, we found no saccadic compression for control rectangles. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that compression of Kanizsa figure has been overestimated in previous research due to methodological artifacts, and highlight the importance of studying perceptual phenomena by multiple methods.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Nuding2009,

title = {TMS evidence for smooth pursuit gain control by the frontal eye fields},

author = {Ulrich Nuding and Roger Kalla and Neil G. Muggleton and Ulrich Büttner and Vincent Walsh and Stefan Glasauer},

doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhn162},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Cerebral Cortex},

volume = {19},

number = {5},

pages = {1144–1150},

abstract = {Smooth pursuit eye movements are used to continuously track slowly moving visual objects. A peculiar property of the smooth pursuit system is the nonlinear increase in sensitivity to changes in target motion with increasing pursuit velocities. We investigated the role of the frontal eye fields (FEFs) in this dynamic gain control mechanism by application of transcranial magnetic stimulation. Subjects were required to pursue a slowly moving visual target whose motion consisted of 2 components: a constant velocity component at 4 different velocities (0, 8, 16, and 24 deg/s) and a superimposed high-frequency sinusoidal oscillation (4 Hz, +/-8 deg/s). Magnetic stimulation of the FEFs reduced not only the overall gain of the system, but also the efficacy of the dynamic gain control. We thus provide the first direct evidence that the FEF population is significantly involved in the nonlinear computation necessary for continuously adjusting the feedforward gain of the pursuit system. We discuss this with relation to current models of smooth pursuit.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Nummenmaa2009,

title = {Emotional scene content drives the saccade generation system reflexively},

author = {Lauri Nummenmaa and Jukka Hyönä and Manuel G. Calvo},

doi = {10.1037/a0013626},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance},

volume = {35},

number = {2},

pages = {305–323},

abstract = {The authors assessed whether parafoveal perception of emotional content influences saccade programming. In Experiment 1, paired emotional and neutral scenes were presented to parafoveal vision. Participants performed voluntary saccades toward either of the scenes according to an imperative signal (color cue). Saccadic reaction times were faster when the cue pointed toward the emotional picture rather than toward the neutral picture. Experiment 2 replicated these findings with a reflexive saccade task, in which abrupt luminosity changes were used as exogenous saccade cues. In Experiment 3, participants performed vertical reflexive saccades that were orthogonal to the emotional-neutral picture locations. Saccade endpoints and trajectories deviated away from the visual field in which the emotional scenes were presented. Experiment 4 showed that computationally modeled visual saliency does not vary as a function of scene content and that inversion abolishes the rapid orienting toward the emotional scenes. Visual confounds cannot thus explain the results. The authors conclude that early saccade target selection and execution processes are automatically influenced by emotional picture content. This reveals processing of meaningful scene content prior to overt attention to the stimulus.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Nummenmaa2009a,

title = {I'll walk this way: Eyes reveal the direction of locomotion and make passersby look and go the other way},

author = {Lauri Nummenmaa and Jukka Hyönä and Jari K. Hietanen},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Psychological Science},

volume = {20},

number = {12},

pages = {1454–1458},

abstract = {This study shows that humans (a) infer other people's movement trajectories from their gaze direction and (b) use this information to guide their own visual scanning of the environment and plan their own movement. In two eye-tracking experiments, participants viewed an animated character walking directly toward them on a street. The character looked constantly to the left or to the right (Experiment 1) or suddenly shifted his gaze from direct to the left or to the right (Experiment 2). Participants had to decide on which side they would skirt the character. They shifted their gaze toward the direction in which the character was not gazing, that is, away from his gaze, and chose to skirt him on that side. Gaze following is not always an obligatory social reflex; social-cognitive evaluations of gaze direction can lead to reversed gaze-following behavior.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Nuthmann2009,

title = {Mindless reading revisited: An analysis based on the SWIFT model of eye-movement control},

author = {Antje Nuthmann and Ralf Engbert},

doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2008.10.022},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Vision Research},

volume = {49},

number = {3},

pages = {322–336},

abstract = {In this article, we revisit the mindless reading paradigm from the perspective of computational modeling. In the standard version of the paradigm, participants read sentences in both their normal version as well as the transformed (or mindless) version where each letter is replaced with a z. z-String scanning shares the oculomotor requirements with reading but none of the higher-level lexical and semantic processes. Here we use the z-string scanning task to validate the SWIFT model of saccade generation [Engbert, R., Nuthmann, A., Richter, E., & Kliegl, R. (2005). SWIFT: A dynamical model of saccade generation during reading. Psychological Review, 112(4), 777-813] as an example for an advanced theory of eye-movement control in reading. We test the central assumption of spatially distributed processing across an attentional gradient proposed by the SWIFT model. Key experimental results like prolonged average fixation durations in z-string scanning compared to normal reading and the existence of a string-length effect on fixation durations and probabilities were reproduced by the model, which lends support to the model's assumptions on visual processing. Moreover, simulation results for patterns of regressive saccades in z-string scanning confirm SWIFT's concept of activation field dynamics for the selection of saccade targets.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Nuthmann2009a,

title = {An examination of binocular reading fixations based on sentence corpus data},

author = {Antje Nuthmann and Reinhold Kliegl},

doi = {10.1167/9.5.31},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {9},

number = {5},

pages = {31–31},

abstract = {Binocular eye movements of normal adult readers were examined as they read single sentences. Analyses of horizontal and vertical fixation disparities indicated that the most prevalent type of disparate fixation is crossed (i.e., the left eye is located further to the right than the right eye) while the left eye frequently fixates somewhat above the right eye. The Gaussian distribution of the binocular fixation point peaked 2.6 cm in front of the plane of text, reflecting the prevalence of horizontally crossed fixations. Fixation disparity accumulates during the course of successive saccades and fixations within a line of text, but only to an extent that does not compromise single binocular vision. In reading, the version and vergence system interact in a way that is qualitatively similar to what has been observed in simple nonreading tasks. Finally, results presented here render it unlikely that vergence movements in reading aim at realigning the eyes at a given saccade target word.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Mitterer2009,

title = {Processing reduced word-forms in speech perception using probabilistic knowledge about speech production},

author = {Holger Mitterer and James M. McQueen},

doi = {10.1037/a0012730},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance},

volume = {35},

number = {1},

pages = {244–263},

abstract = {Two experiments examined how Dutch listeners deal with the effects of connected-speech processes, specifically those arising from word-final /t/ reduction (e.g., whether Dutch [tas] is tas, bag, or a reduced-/t/ version of tast, touch). Eye movements of Dutch participants were tracked as they looked at arrays containing 4 printed words, each associated with a geometrical shape. Minimal pairs (e.g., tas/tast) were either both above (boven) or both next to (naast) different shapes. Spoken instructions (e.g., “Klik op het woordje tas boven de ster,” [Click on the word bag above the star]) thus became unambiguous only on their final words. Prior to disambiguation, listeners' fixations were drawn to /t/-final words more when boven than when naast followed the ambiguous sequences. This behavior reflects Dutch speech- production data: /t/ is reduced more before /b/ than before /n/. We thus argue that probabilistic knowledge about the effect of following context in speech production is used prelexically in perception to help resolve lexical ambiguities caused by continuous-speech processes.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Moeller2009a,

title = {Sequential or parallel decomposed processing of two-digit numbers? Evidence from eye-tracking},

author = {Korbinian Moeller and Martin H. Fischer and Hans-Christoph Nuerk and Klaus Willmes},

doi = {10.1080/17470210801946740},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology},

volume = {62},

number = {2},

pages = {323–334},

abstract = {While reaction time data have shown that decomposed processing of two-digit numbers occurs, there is little evidence about how decomposed processing functions. Poltrock and Schwartz (1984) argued that multi-digit numbers are compared in a sequential digit-by-digit fashion starting at the leftmost digit pair. In contrast, Nuerk and Willmes (2005) favoured parallel processing of the digits constituting a number. These models (i.e., sequential decomposition, parallel decomposition) make different predictions regarding the fixation pattern in a two-digit number magnitude comparison task and can therefore be differentiated by eye fixation data. We tested these models by evaluating participants' eye fixation behaviour while selecting the larger of two numbers. The stimulus set consisted of within-decade comparisons (e.g., 53_57) and between-decade comparisons (e.g., 42_57). The between-decade comparisons were further divided into compatible and incompatible trials (cf. Nuerk, Weger, & Willmes, 2001) and trials with different decade and unit distances. The observed fixation pattern implies that the comparison of two-digit numbers is not executed by sequentially comparing decade and unit digits as proposed by Poltrock and Schwartz (1984) but rather in a decomposed but parallel fashion. Moreover, the present fixation data provide first evidence that digit processing in multi-digit numbers is not a pure bottom-up effect, but is also influenced by top-down factors. Finally, implications for multi-digit number processing beyond the range of two-digit numbers are discussed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Moeller2009,

title = {Basic number processing deficits in developmental dyscalculia: Evidence from eye tracking},

author = {Korbinian Moeller and S. Neuburger and L. Kaufmann and K. Landerl and Hans-Christoph Nuerk},

doi = {10.1016/j.cogdev.2009.09.007},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Cognitive Development},

volume = {24},

number = {4},

pages = {371–386},

abstract = {Recent research suggests that developmental dyscalculia is associated with a subitizing deficit (i.e., the inability to quickly enumerate small sets of up to 3 objects). However, the nature of this deficit has not previously been investigated. In the present study the eye-tracking methodology was employed to clarify whether (a) the subitizing deficit of two boys with dyscalculia resulted from a general slowing in the access to magnitude representation, or (b) children with dyscalculia resort to a back-up counting strategy even for small object sets. In a dot-counting task, a standard problem size effect for the number of fixations required to encode the presented numerosity within the subitizing range was observed. Together with the finding that problem size had no impact on the average fixation duration, this result suggested that children with dyscalculia may indeed have to count, while typically developing controls are able to enumerate the number of dots in parallel, i.e., subitize. Implications for the understanding of developmental dyscalculia are considered.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Montagnini2009,

title = {Dynamic interaction between "Go" and "Stop" signals in the saccadic eye movement system: New evidence against the functional independence of the underlying neural mechanisms},

author = {Anna Montagnini and Leonardo Chelazzi},

doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2008.07.018},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Vision Research},

volume = {49},

number = {10},

pages = {1316–1328},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {We investigated human oculomotor behaviour in a Go-NoGo saccadic task in which the saccadic response to a peripheral visual target was to be inhibited in a minority of trials (NoGo trials). Different from classical experimental paradigms on the inhibitory control of intended actions, in our task the inhibitory cue was identical to the saccadic target (used in Go trials) in timing, location and shape-the only difference being its colour. By analysing the latency and the metrics of saccades erroneously executed after a NoGo instruction (NoGo-escapes), we observed a characteristic pattern of performance: first, we observed a decrease in the amplitude of NoGo-escapes with increasing latency; second, we revealed a consistent population of long-latency small saccades opposite in direction to the NoGo cue; finally, we found a strong side-specific inhibitory effect in terms of saccadic reaction times, on trials immediately following a NoGo trial. In addition, we manipulated the readiness to initiate a saccade towards the visual target, by introducing a probability bias in the random sequence of target locations. We found that the capacity to inhibit the impending saccade was improved for the most likely target location, i.e. the condition corresponding to the increased readiness for movement execution. Overall, our results challenge the notion of a central inhibitory mechanism independent from movement preparation. More precisely, they indicate that the two mechanisms (action preparation and action inhibition) interact dynamically, possibly sharing spatially-specific mechanisms, and are similarly affected by particular contextual manipulations.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Morgan2009,

title = {Is persistent ketamine use a valid model of the cognitive and oculomotor deficits in schizophrenia?},

author = {Celia J. A. Morgan and Vyv Huddy and Michelle Lipton and H. Valerie Curran and Eileen M. Joyce},

doi = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.10.045},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Biological Psychiatry},

volume = {65},

number = {12},

pages = {1099–1102},

publisher = {Society of Biological Psychiatry},

abstract = {Background: Acute ketamine has been shown to model features of schizophrenia such as psychotic symptoms, cognitive deficits and smooth pursuit eye movement dysfunction. There have been suggestions that chronic ketamine may also produce an analogue of the disorder. In this study, we investigated the effect of persistent recreational ketamine use on tests of episodic and working memory and on oculomotor tasks of smooth pursuit and pro- and antisaccades. Methods: Twenty ketamine users were compared with 1) 20 first-episode schizophrenia patients, 2) 17 polydrug control subjects who did not use ketamine but were matched to the ketamine users for other drug use, and 3) 20 non-drug-using control subjects. All groups were matched for estimated premorbid IQ. Results: Ketamine users made more antisaccade errors than both control groups but did not differ from patients. Ketamine users performed better than schizophrenia patients on smooth pursuit, antisaccade metrics, and both memory tasks but did not differ from control groups. Conclusions: Problems inhibiting reflexive eye movements may be a consequence of repeated ketamine self-administration. The absence of any other oculomotor or cognitive deficit present in schizophrenia suggests that chronic self-administration of ketamine may not be a good model of these aspects of the disorder.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Morvan2009,

title = {The nonlinear structure of motion perception during smooth eye movements},

author = {Camille Morvan and Mark Wexler},

doi = {10.1167/9.7.1},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {9},

number = {7},

pages = {1–13},

abstract = {To perceive object motion when the eyes themselves undergo smooth movement, we can either perceive motion directly-by extracting motion relative to a background presumed to be fixed-or through compensation, by correcting retinal motion by information about eye movement. To isolate compensation, we created stimuli in which, while the eye undergoes smooth movement due to inertia, only one object is visible-and the motion of this stimulus is decoupled from that of the eye. Using a wide variety of stimulus speeds and directions, we rule out a linear model of compensation, in which stimulus velocity is estimated as a linear combination of retinal and eye velocities multiplied by a constant gain. In fact, we find that when the stimulus moves in the same direction as the eyes, there is little compensation, but when movement is in the opposite direction, compensation grows in a nonlinear way with speed. We conclude that eye movement is estimated from a combination of extraretinal and retinal signals, the latter based on an assumption of stimulus stationarity. Two simple models, in which the direction of eye movement is computed from the extraretinal signal and the speed from the retinal signal, account well for our results.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Nijboer2009,

title = {Is attention essential for inducing synesthetic colors? Evidence from oculomotor distractors},

author = {Tanja C. W. Nijboer and Stefan Van der Stigchel},

doi = {10.1167/9.6.21},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {9},

number = {6},

pages = {1–9},

abstract = {In studies investigating visual attention in synesthesia, the targets usually induce a synesthetic color. To measure to what extent attention is necessary to induce synesthetic color experiences, one needs a task in which the synesthetic color is induced by a task-irrelevant distractor. In the current study, an oculomotor distractor task was used in which an eye movement was to be made to a physically colored target while ignoring a single physically colored or synesthetic distractor. Whereas many erroneous eye movements were made to distractors with an identical hue as the target (i.e., capture), much less interference was found with synesthetic distractors. The interference of synesthetic distractors was comparable with achromatic non-digit distractors. These results suggest that attention and hence overt recognition of the inducing stimulus are essential for the synesthetic color experience to occur.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kretzschmar2009,

title = {Parafoveal versus foveal N400s dissociate spreading activation from contextual fit},

author = {Franziska Kretzschmar and Ina Bornkessel-Schlesewsky and Matthias Schlesewsky},

doi = {10.1097/WNR.0b013e328332c4f4},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {NeuroReport},

volume = {20},

number = {18},

pages = {1613–1618},

abstract = {Using concurrent electroencephalogram and eye movement measures to track natural reading, this study shows that N400 effects reflecting predictability are dissociable from those owing to spreading activation. In comparing predicted sentence endings with related and unrelated unpredicted endings in antonym constructions ('the opposite of black is white/yellow/nice'), fixation-related potentials at the critical word revealed a predictability-based N400 effect (unpredicted vs. predicted words). By contrast, event-related potentials time locked to the last fixation before the critical word showed an N400 only for the nonrelated unpredicted condition (nice). This effect is attributed to a parafoveal mismatch between the critical word and preactivated lexical features (i.e. features of the predicted word and its associates). In addition to providing the first demonstration of a parafoveally induced N400 effect, our results support the view that the N400 is best viewed as a component family.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kuhn2009,

title = {Look away! Eyes and arrows engage oculomotor responses automatically},

author = {Gustav Kuhn and Alan Kingstone},

doi = {10.3758/APP.71.2.314},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics},

volume = {71},

number = {2},

pages = {314–327},

abstract = {The present study investigates how people's voluntary saccades are influenced by where another person is looking, even when this is counterpredictive of the intended saccade direction. The color of a fixation point instructed participants to make saccades either to the left or right. These saccade directions were either congru- ent or incongruent with the eye gaze of a centrally presented schematic face. Participants were asked to ignore the eyes, which were congruent only 20% of the time. At short gaze–fixation-cue stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs; 0 and 100 msec), participants made more directional errors on incongruent than on congruent trials. At a longer SOA (900 msec), the pattern tended to reverse. We demonstrate that a perceived eye gaze results in an automatic saccade following the gaze and that the gaze cue cannot be ignored, even when attending to it is detrimental to the task. Similar results were found for centrally presented arrow cues, suggesting that this interference is not unique to gazes.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kuhn2009a,

title = {You look where I look! Effect of gaze cues on overt and covert attention in misdirection},

author = {Gustav Kuhn and Benjamin W. Tatler and Geoff G. Cole},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Visual Cognition},

volume = {17},

number = {6-7},

pages = {925–944},

abstract = {We designed a magic trick in which misdirection was used to orchestrate observers' attention in order to prevent them from detecting the to-be-concealed event. By experimentally manipulating the magician's gaze direction we investigated the role that gaze cues have in attentional orienting, independently of any low level features. Participants were significantly less likely to detect the to-be-concealed event if the misdirection was supported by the magician's gaze, thus demonstrating that the gaze plays an important role in orienting people's attention. Moreover, participants spent less time looking at the critical hand when the magician's gaze was used to misdirect their attention away from the hand. Overall, the magician's face, and in particular the eyes, accounted for a large proportion of the fixations. The eyes were popular when the magician was looking towards the observer; once he looked towards the actions and objects being manipulated, participants typically fixated the gazed-at areas. Using a highly naturalistic paradigm using a dynamic display we demonstrate gaze following that is independent of the low level features of the scene.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kumar2009,

title = {Asperger syndrome associated with idiopathic infantile nystagmus-A report of 2 cases},

author = {Anil Kumar and Nagini Sarvananthan and Frank A. Proudlock and Mervyn G. Thomas and Eryl O. Roberts and Irene Gottlob},

doi = {10.1080/09273970902829154},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Strabismus},

volume = {17},

number = {2},

pages = {63–65},

abstract = {Asperger syndrome is a severe and chronic developmental disorder. It is closely associated with autism and is grouped under autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Various eye movement abnormalities in AS have been reported in literature such as increased errors and latencies on the antisaccadic task implicating dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex, impairment of the pursuit especially for targets presented in the right visual hemisphere, suggesting disturbance in the left extrastraite cortex. There are no reports in the literature of association between idiopathic infantile nystagmus (IIN) and AS. We report 2 cases of Asperger syndrome associated with idiopathic infantile nystagmus.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kumar2009a,

title = {Treatment of acquired periodic alternating nystagmus with memantine: A case report},

author = {Anil Kumar and Shery Thomas and Rebecca J. McLean and Frank A. Proudlock and Eryl O. Roberts and Mike Boggild and Irene Gottlob},

doi = {10.1097/WNF.0b013e3181873697},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Clinical Neuropharmacology},

volume = {32},

number = {2},

pages = {109–110},

abstract = {We report a case of acquired periodic alternating nystagmus associated with common variable immunodeficiency and cutaneous sarcoid. The patient was initially treated with baclofen with minimal subjective improvement. We found a significant improvement in the patient's symptoms and nystagmus intensity after treatment with memantine.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lee2009,

title = {Processing of the Korean Eojoel ambiguity},

author = {Yoonhyoung Lee and Kichun Nam and Peter C. Gordon},

doi = {10.1007/s10936-008-9093-z},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Psycholinguistic Research},

volume = {38},

number = {4},

pages = {345–362},

abstract = {Korean writing is a syllabary where spaces occur between phrases rather than between words. This characteristic of Korean allows different types of information in Korean sentences to be dissociated in ways that are not possible in the languages that have been the focus of most psycholinguistic research, thereby providing new opportunities to investigate mechanisms of ambiguity resolution during sentence comprehension. In experiments using eye-tracking and self-paced reading, we examined how readers resolve the Eojoel ambiguity, where the grouping of syllables is ambiguous with respect to whether a phrase-final syllable is a case marker or a part of a word. This Eojoel ambiguity offers an opportunity to test how relative frequency of the lexical entries and complexity of morphological decomposition affect ambiguity resolution. Overall, the results of the experiments presented here showed that readers noticed and processed the Eojoel ambiguity very rapidly using information about the relative frequency of alternative interpretations, while the complexity of the morphological decomposition had little effect. These results are discussed in terms of constraint-based accounts (MacDonald et al. Psychol Rev 101:676-703, 1994) of ambiguity resolution.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Leonards2009,

title = {Schizotypal personality traits influence idiosyncratic initiation of saccadic face exploration},

author = {Ute Leonards and Christine Mohr},

doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2009.07.013},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Vision Research},

volume = {49},

number = {19},

pages = {2404–2413},

abstract = {Visual face exploration is usually biased to the left half of a presented face. Recent findings now indicate that the first saccade in face exploration has a strong idiosyncratic component with around 30% of healthy individuals showing a consistent rightward bias. We investigated in a random sample of 64 right-handed healthy participants whether this rightward bias might relate to individual differences, i.e. a psychotic-like thinking style (schizotypy). Elevated positive (magical ideation) but not negative (physical anhedonia) schizotypy scores accounted for a pronounced left-face preference for first saccades. Furthermore, when using magical ideation and physical anheonia to group individuals according to their median scale scores into four groups (either both scores elevated or low, or mixed with one score elevated, one low), participants with both scores elevated exhibited the most pronounced left-face preference and participants with both scores low the least. The same participant groups did not differ with respect to their side preference in exploring fractals nor for other exploration parameters such as first fixation duration, number of saccades or scanpath length. These findings indicate pronounced right-hemispheric dominance for face exploration in healthy individuals with elevated positive schizotypal thought. These findings contrast with expectations from studies with schizophrenic patients, and point to the relevance of individual differences in lateralized face processing.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Levy2009,

title = {Eye movement evidence that readers maintain and act on uncertainty about past linguistic input},

author = {Roger P. Levy and Klinton Bicknell and Timothy J. Slattery and Keith Rayner},

doi = {10.1073/pnas.0907664106},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},

volume = {106},

number = {50},

pages = {21086–21090},

abstract = {In prevailing approaches to human sentence comprehension, the outcome of the word recognition process is assumed to be a categorical representation with no residual uncertainty. Yet perception is inevitably uncertain, and a system making optimal use of available information might retain this uncertainty and interactively recruit grammatical analysis and subsequent perceptual input to help resolve it. To test for the possibility of such an interaction, we tracked readers' eye movements as they read sentences constructed to vary in (i) whether an early word had near neighbors of a different grammatical category, and (ii) how strongly another word further downstream cohered grammatically with these potential near neighbors. Eye movements indicated that readers maintain uncertain beliefs about previously read word identities, revise these beliefs on the basis of relative grammatical consistency with subsequent input, and use these changing beliefs to guide saccadic behavior in ways consistent with principles of rational probabilistic inference.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ludwig2009,

title = {Modelling contralesional movement slowing after unilateral brain damage},

author = {Casimir J. H. Ludwig and Stephen H. Butler and Stéphanie Rossit and Monika Harvey and Iain D. Gilchrist},

doi = {10.1016/j.neulet.2009.01.033},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Neuroscience Letters},

volume = {452},

number = {1},

pages = {1–4},

abstract = {Effective interaction with the world requires the brain to signal behaviourally relevant events and organise an appropriate and timely motor response to such events. Unilateral brain lesion typically results in a reduction and slowing of motor behaviour directed to contralesional space. Accumulator models of choice and reaction time can distinguish between two possible functional causes of this deficit: slowed extraction of evidence in favour of a motor response or an increase in the required amount of evidence for response generation. Three patients with unilateral damage to the right hemisphere were tested on a visually guided saccade task. All three patients showed a dramatic increase in the latency of their responses to targets in the contralesional visual field. We fit their saccade latency distributions with a number of competing accumulator models that embody the alternative functional causes of this deficit. The latency difference between the two hemifields was best accounted for as an increase in the amount of evidence required for a contralesional response.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ludwig2009a,

title = {The mechanism underlying inhibition of saccadic return},

author = {Casimir J. H. Ludwig and Simon Farrell and Lucy A. Ellis and Iain D. Gilchrist},

doi = {10.1016/j.cogpsych.2009.04.002},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Cognitive Psychology},

volume = {59},

number = {2},

pages = {180–202},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {Human observers take longer to re-direct gaze to a previously fixated location. Although there has been some exploration of the characteristics of inhibition of saccadic return (ISR), the exact mechanisms by which ISR operates are currently unknown. In the framework of accumulation models of response times, in which evidence is integrated over time to a response threshold, ISR could reflect a reduction in the rate of accumulation for saccades to return locations or an increase in the effective criterion for response. In two experiments, participants generated sequences of three saccades, in response to a peripheral or a central cue. ISR occurred across these manipulations: saccade latency was consistently increased for movements to the immediately previously fixated location. Latency distributions from individual observers were fit with a Linear Ballistic Accumulator model. ISR was best accounted for as a change in the accumulation rate. We suggest this parameter represents the overall desirability of a particular course of action, the evidence for which may be derived from a variety of sensory and non-sensory sources.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kuo2009,

title = {An exploratory study of cognitive effort involved in decision under Framing-an application of the eye-tracking technology},

author = {Feng Yang Kuo and Chiung-Wen Hsu and Rong-Fuh Day},

doi = {10.1016/j.dss.2009.06.011},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Decision Support Systems},

volume = {48},

number = {1},

pages = {81–91},

abstract = {The framing effect, proposed by Tversky and Kahneman [A. Tversky, D. Kahneman, The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice, Science 211 (4481) (1981) 453-458.], refers to the phenomenon that varying the presentations of the same problem can systematically affect the choice one makes. In this research we have reviewed a literature related to the framing effect and neurobiological studies of emotion. This review leads us to conceptualize that framing may induce emotion, which in turn impinges on the level of cognitive effort that subsequently shapes the framing effect. We then employ the eye-tracking technology to explore the differences in cognitive effort under both positive and negative framing conditions. Among the four experimental problems, disease and gambling problems are found to exhibit the framing effect, while the kittens' therapy and the plant problem do not. In analyzing the level of eye movement for the four problems, we find that cognitive effort asymmetry plays a critical role in the production of the framing effect. That is, for the two problems that display the framing effect, subjects expend more effort in the negative framing condition than they do in the positive, yet the framing effect persists, indicating that they cannot change their cognitive inertia despite this increase in cognitive effort. The finding has potential implications for the design of information presentation to facilitate decision making. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kuperman2009,

title = {Reading polymorphemic Dutch compounds: toward a multiple route model of lexical processing.},

author = {Victor Kuperman and Robert Schreuder and Raymond Bertram and R. Harald Baayen},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance},

volume = {35},

number = {3},

pages = {876–895},

abstract = {This article reports an eye-tracking experiment with 2,500 polymorphemic Dutch compounds presented in isolation for visual lexical decision while readers' eye movements were registered. The authors found evidence that both full forms of compounds (dishwasher) and their constituent morphemes (e.g., dish, washer) and morphological families of constituents (sets of compounds with a shared constituent) played a role in compound processing. They observed simultaneous effects of compound frequency, left constituent frequency, and family size early (i.e., before the whole compound has been scanned) and also observed effects of right constituent frequency and family size that emerged after the compound frequency effect. The temporal order of these and other observed effects goes against assumptions of many models of lexical processing. The authors propose specifications for a new multiple-route model of polymorphemic compound processing that is based on time-locked, parallel, and interactive use of all morphological cues as soon as they become even partly available to the visual uptake system.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lamontagne2009,

title = {Gaze and postural reorientation in the control of locomotor steering after stroke},

author = {Anouk Lamontagne and Joyce Fung},

doi = {10.1177/1545968308324549},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair},

volume = {23},

number = {3},

pages = {256–266},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Steering of locomotion is a complex task involving stabilizing and anticipatory orienting behavior essential for the maintenance of balance and for establishing a stable frame of reference for future motor and sensory events. How these mechanisms are affected by stroke remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To compare locomotor steering behavior between stroke and healthy individuals and to determine whether steering abilities are influenced by walking speed, turning direction and walking capacity in stroke individuals. METHODS: Gaze and body kinematics were recorded in 8 stroke and 7 healthy individuals while walking and turning in response to a visual cue. Horizontal orientation of gaze, head, thorax, pelvis, and feet with respect to spatial and heading coordinates were examined. RESULTS: Temporal and spatial coordination of gaze and body movements revealed stabilizing and anticipatory orienting mechanisms in the healthy individuals. Changing walking speed affected the onset time but not the sequencing of segment reorientation. In the individuals with stroke, abnormally large and uncoordinated head and gaze motion were observed. The sequence of gaze, head, thorax and pelvis horizontal reorientation also was also disrupted. Alterations in orienting behaviors were more pronounced at the slowest walking speeds and turning to the nonparetic side in 3 of the most severely disabled individuals. CONCLUSION: The results in this convenience sample of slow and faster walkers suggest that stroke alters the stabilizing and orienting behavior during steering of locomotion. Such alterations are not caused by the inherently slow walking speed, but rather by a combination of biomechanical factors and defective sensorimotor integration, including altered vestibulo-ocular reflexes.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Loeber2009,

title = {Acute alcohol impairs conditioning of a behavioural reward-seeking response and inhibitory control processes -implications for addictive disorders},

author = {Sabine Loeber and Theodora Duka},

doi = {10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02718.x},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Addiction},

volume = {104},

number = {12},

pages = {2013–2022},

abstract = {AIMS: To investigate whether acute alcohol would affect performance of a conditioned behavioural response to obtain a reward outcome and impair performance in a task measuring inhibitory control to provide new knowledge of how the acute effects of alcohol might contribute to the transition from alcohol use to dependence. DESIGN: A randomized controlled between-subjects design was employed. SETTINGS: The laboratory of experimental psychology at the University of Sussex. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-two light to moderate social drinkers recruited from the undergraduate and postgraduate population. MEASUREMENTS: After the administration of alcohol (0.8 g/kg) or placebo participants underwent an instrumental reward-seeking procedure, with abstract stimuli serving as S+ (always predicting a win of 10 pence) and S- (always predicting a loss of 10 pence). In addition, a Stop Signal task was administered before and after the administration of alcohol. FINDINGS: Participants of the alcohol group performed the behavioural response to obtain the reward outcome more often than placebo subjects in trials associated with loss of money. This finding was observed, although alcohol was not affecting explicit knowledge of stimulus-response outcome contingencies and acquisition of conditioned attentional and emotional responses. In addition, alcohol increased Stop Signal reaction time indicating disinhibiting effects of alcohol, and this was associated positively with response probability to the S-. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that alcohol is affecting inhibitory control of behavioural responses to external signals even when associated with punishment, contributing in this way to the transition from alcohol use to dependence.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Loeber2009a,

title = {Extinction learning of stimulus reward contingencies: The acute effects of alcohol},

author = {Sabine Loeber and Theodora Duka},

doi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.01.014},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Drug and Alcohol Dependence},

volume = {102},

number = {1-3},

pages = {56–62},

abstract = {Background: Recent theories suggest that extinction is, at least partly, new learning suppressing original associations between a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response without severing those associations. During extinction alcohol via its effects on inhibitory control may reduce the ability to suppress the original associations between a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response leading to an impairment of extinction learning. Thus, the present study is set out to examine the effects of alcohol on extinction learning to enhance current knowledge on mechanisms of extinction and conditions that might hamper extinction, which is an important aspect for the treatment of alcohol-dependent patients. Methods: Light to moderate social drinkers (N = 32) acquired an instrumental reward seeking response. Extinction training of the reward seeking response was performed after administration of a dose of 0.8 g/kg alcohol resulting in a peak blood alcohol concentration ranging from 112 to 184 mg/dL. In addition, we assessed subjective alcohol effects and administered a Stop-Signal task which measures the ability to inhibit a pre-potent motor response. Results: Alcohol influenced subjective ratings of light-headedness and increased the Stop-Signal reaction time indicating disinhibiting effects. However, our results did not show any impairment of learning of extinction after the administration of alcohol. Behavioural as well as attentional responses indicated extinction of conditioned responses for both experimental groups. Conclusions: These findings suggest that alcohol at a dose that impairs performance in a task of inhibitory control does not impair learning of extinction.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Loeber2009b,

title = {Acute alcohol decreases performance of an instrumental response to avoid aversive consequences in social drinkers},

author = {Sabine Loeber and Theodora Duka},

doi = {10.1007/s00213-009-1565-9},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Psychopharmacology},

volume = {205},

number = {4},

pages = {577–587},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Recent studies demonstrated that alcohol impairs inhibitory control of behavioural responses.$backslash$n$backslash$nAIMS: We questioned whether alcohol via its disinhibiting effects would also impair the inhibition of an instrumental avoidance response in the presence of a safety signal. DESIGN: Thirty-six moderate social drinkers were randomly allocated to receiving either alcohol (0.8 g/kg) or placebo before performing an instrumental avoidance procedure. White noise of 102 db was used as aversive outcome presented at a variable interval schedule in S+ trials, while no noise was presented in S- trials. An instrumental response (repeated space bar presses to avoid the noise presented at a variable interval) abolished the noise. The Stop Signal task and the affective Go/No-Go task were administered as inhibitory control tasks. RESULTS: Alcohol did not change the avoidance response rate in the presence of S- (safety signal). However, participants under alcohol performed the avoidance response to a lower extent than placebo subjects in S+ trials. Alcohol impaired performance in the Stop Signal task and increased the number of commission errors in the affective Go/No-Go task. Conditioned attentional and emotional responses to the S+ as well as knowledge of stimulus-response outcome contingencies were not affected by alcohol. CONCLUSIONS: Acute alcohol may decrease the motivation to avoid negative consequences and thus might contribute to risky behaviour and binge drinking.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Klingenhoefer2009,

title = {Perisaccadic localization of auditory stimuli},

author = {Steffen Klingenhoefer and Frank Bremmer},

doi = {10.1007/s00221-009-1869-3},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Experimental Brain Research},

volume = {198},

number = {2-3},

pages = {411–423},

abstract = {Interaction with the outside world requires the knowledge about where objects are with respect to one's own body. Such spatial information is represented in various topographic maps in different sensory systems. From a computational point of view, however, a single, modality-invariant map of the incoming sensory signals appears to be a more efficient strategy for spatial representations. If such a single supra-modal map existed and were used for perceptual purposes, localization characteristics should be similar across modalities. Previous studies had shown mislocalization of brief visual stimuli presented in the temporal vicinity of saccadic eye-movements. Here, we tested, if such mislocalizations could also be found for auditory stimuli. We presented brief noise bursts before, during, and after visually guided saccades. Indeed, we found localization errors for these auditory stimuli. The spatio-temporal pattern of this mislocalization, however, clearly differed from the one found for visual stimuli. The spatial error also depended on the exact type of eye-movement (visually guided vs. memory guided saccades). Finally, results obtained in fixational control paradigms under different conditions suggest that auditory localization can be strongly influenced by both static and dynamic visual stimuli. Visual localization on the other hand is not influenced by distracting visual stimuli but can be inaccurate in the temporal vicinity of eye-movements. Taken together, our results argue against a single, modality-independent spatial representation of sensory signals.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kloke2009,

title = {Microsaccades under monocular viewing conditions},

author = {Wilhelm Bernhard Kloke and Wolfgang Jaschinski and Stephanie Jainta},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Eye Movement Research},

volume = {3},

number = {1},

pages = {1–7},

abstract = {Among the eye movements during fixation, the function of small saccades occuring quite commonly at fixation is still unclear. It has been reported that a substantial number of these microsaccades seem to occur in only one of the eyes. The aim of the present study is to investigate microsaccades in monocular stimulation conditions. Although this is an artificial test condition which does not occur in natural vision, this monocular presentation paradigm allows for a critical test of a presumptive monoc- ular mechanism of saccade generation. Results in these conditions can be compared with the normal binocular stimulation mode. We checked the statistical properties of microsaccades under monocular stimulation conditions and found no indication for specific interactions for monocularly detected small saccades, which might be present if they were based on a monocular physiological activation mechanism.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Knapen2009,

title = {The spatial scale of perceptual memory in ambiguous figure perception},

author = {Tomas Knapen and Jan Brascamp and Wendy J. Adams and Erich W. Graf},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {9},

number = {13},

pages = {1–12},

abstract = {Ambiguous visual stimuli highlight the constructive nature of vision: perception alternates between two plausible interpretations of unchanging input. However, when a previously viewed ambiguous stimulus reappears, its earlier perception almost entirely determines the new interpretation; memory disambiguates the input. Here, we investigate the spatial properties of this perceptual memory, taking into account strong anisotropies in percept preference across the visual field. Countering previous findings, we show that perceptual memory is not confined to the location in which it was instilled. Rather, it spreads to noncontiguous regions of the visual field, falling off at larger distances. Furthermore, this spread of perceptual memory takes place in a frame of reference that is tied to the surface of the retina. These results place the neural locus of perceptual memory in retinotopically organized sensory cortical areas, with implications for the wider function of perceptual memory in facilitating stable vision in natural, dynamic environments.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Knapen2009a,

title = {The reference frame of the motion aftereffect is retinotopic},

author = {Tomas Knapen and Martin Rolfs and Patrick Cavanagh},

doi = {10.1167/9.5.16},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {9},

number = {5},

pages = {1–6},

abstract = {Although eye-, head- and body-movements can produce large-scale translations of the visual input on the retina, perception is notable for its spatiotemporal continuity. The visual system might achieve this by the creation of a detailed map in world coordinates–a spatiotopic representation. We tested the coordinate system of the motion aftereffect by adapting observers to translational motion and then tested (1) at the same retinal and spatial location (full aftereffect condition), (2) at the same retinal location, but at a different spatial location (retinotopic condition), (3) at the same spatial, but at a different retinal location (spatiotopic condition), or (4) at a different spatial and retinal location (general transfer condition). We used large stimuli moving at high speed to maximize the likelihood of motion integration across space. In a second experiment, we added a contrast-decrement detection task to the motion stimulus to ensure attention was directed at the adapting location. Strong motion aftereffects were found when observers were tested in the full and retinotopic aftereffect conditions. We also found a smaller aftereffect at the spatiotopic location but it did not differ from that at the location that was neither spatiotopic nor retinotopic. This pattern of results did not change when attention was explicitly directed at the adapting stimulus. We conclude that motion adaptation took place at retinotopic levels of visual cortex and that no spatiotopic interaction of motion adaptation and test occurred across saccades.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Knapp2009,

title = {Effect of distance upon horizontal and vertical look and stare OKN},

author = {Christopher M. Knapp and Irene Gottlob and Rebecca J. McLean and Suzzane Rafelt and Frank A. Proudlock},

doi = {10.1167/9.12.23},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {9},

number = {12},

pages = {1–9},

abstract = {Previous reports suggest that distance influences horizontal stare OKN gains; however, the effect of distance on vertical OKN and look OKN is unknown. Horizontal and vertical look and stare OKN gains were recorded in 16 healthy volunteers (velocity 38.4 degrees /s) at three distances (0.3 m, 1 m, and 2.5 m) and two different stimulus sizes. Asymmetry of responses and correlation of gains in different directions were compared. Measurements at near were compared with and without glasses. Distance did not significantly affect horizontal look and stare OKN or vertical look OKN, however, downward stare OKN gains were reduced at greater distances (p = 0.002). Mean downward stare OKN gains recorded in each individual were strongly correlated to leftward and rightward gains but not upward gains. In contrast, upward OKN gains were not correlated to gains in leftward, rightward, or downward directions. Downward stare OKN responses are significantly sensitive to the effects of distance, whereas stare OKN in other directions and look OKN responses in all directions are not. Individual mean downward stare OKN gains are more closely related to horizontal responses rather than upward responses. This suggests that the downward OKN system is more functionally related to the horizontal system rather than the upward OKN system.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Knoeferle2009,

title = {Constituent order and semantic parallelism in online comprehension Eye- tracking evidence from German},

author = {Pia Knoeferle and Matthew W. Crocker},

doi = {10.1080/17470210902790070},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology},

volume = {62},

number = {12},

pages = {2338–2371},

abstract = {Reading times for the second conjunct of and-coordinated clauses are faster when the second conjunct parallels the first conjunct in its syntactic or semantic (animacy) structure than when its structure differs (Frazier, Munn, & Clifton, 2000; Frazier, Taft, Roeper, & Clifton, 1984). What remains unclear, however, is the time course ofparallelism effects, their scope, and the kinds oflinguistic information to which they are sensitive. Findings from the first two eye-tracking experiments revealed incremental constituent order parallelism across the board – both during structural disambiguation (Experiment 1) and in sentences with unambiguously case-marked constituent order (Experiment 2), as well as for both marked and unmarked constituent orders (Experiments 1 and 2). Findings from Experiment 3 revealed effects of both constituent order and subtle semantic (noun phrase similarity) parallelism. Together our findings provide evidence for an across-the-board account of parallelism for processing and coordinated clauses, in which both constituent order and semantic aspects of representations contribute towards incremental parallelism effects. We discuss our findings in the context ofexisting findings on parallelism and priming, as well as mechanisms ofsentence processing.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kohler2009,

title = {The whole moves less than the spin of its parts},

author = {Peter J. Kohler and Gideon P. Caplovitz and Peter Ulric Tse},

doi = {10.3758/APP.71.4.675},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics},

volume = {71},

number = {4},

pages = {675–679},

abstract = {When individually moving elements in the visual scene are perceptually grouped together into a coherently moving object, they can appear to slow down. In the present article, we show that the perceived speed of a particular global-motion percept is not dictated completely by the speed of the local moving elements. We investigated a stimulus that leads to bistable percepts, in which local and global motion may be perceived in an alternating fashion. Four rotating dot pairs, when arranged into a square-like configuration, may be perceived either locally, as independently rotating dot pairs, or globally, as two large squares translating along overlapping circular trajectories. Using a modified version of this stimulus, we found that the perceptually grouped squares appeared to move more slowly than the locally perceived rotating dot pairs, suggesting that perceived motion magnitude is computed following a global analysis of form. Supplemental demos related to this article can be downloaded from app.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Li2009a,

title = {On the segmentation of Chinese words during reading},

author = {Xingshan Li and Keith Rayner and Kyle R. Cave},

url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2009.02.003},

doi = {10.1016/j.cogpsych.2009.02.003},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Cognitive Psychology},

volume = {58},

number = {4},

pages = {525–552},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {Given that there are no spaces between words in Chinese, how words are segmented when reading is something of a mystery. Four Chinese characters, which either constituted one 4-character word or two 2-character words, were shown briefly to subjects. Subjects were quite accurate in reporting the 4-character word, but could usually only report the first 2-character word, demonstrating that word segmentation influences character recognition. The results suggest that even with these simple 4-character strings, there is an element of seriality in reading Chinese words: processing is initially focused at least to some extent on the first word. We also found that the processing of characters that are not consistent with the context is inhibited, suggesting inhibition from word representations to character representations. A simple model of Chinese word segmentation and word recognition is presented to account for the data.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Li2009,

title = {Picture perception in Chinese dyslexic children: An eye-movement study},

author = {Xiu-Hong Li and Jin Jing and Xiao-Bing Zou and Xu Huang and Yu Jin and Qing-Xiong Wang and Xue-Bin Chen and Bin-Rang Yang and Si-Yuan Yang},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Chinese Medical Journal},

volume = {122},

number = {3},

pages = {267–271},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Currently, whether or not there is visuospatial impairments in Chinese dyslexic children is still a matter of discussion. The relatively recent application of an eye-tracking paradigm may offer an opportunity to address this issue. In China, in comparison with reading studies, there have not been nearly as many eye movement studies dealing with nonreading tasks such as picture identification and whether Chinese children with dyslexia have a picture processing deficit is not clear. The purposes of the present study were to determine whether or not there is visuospatial impairments in Chinese dyslexic children. Moreover, we attempted to discuss whether or not the abnormal eye movement pattern that dyslexic subjects show during reading of text appropriate for their age is a consequence of their linguistic difficulties. METHODS: An eye-link II High-Speed Eye Tracker was used to track the series of eye-movement of 19 Chinese dyslexic children and 19 Chinese normal children. All of the subjects were presented with three pictures for this eye-tracking task and 6 relative eye-movement parameters, first fixation duration, average fixation duration, average saccade amplitude, mean saccade distance, fixation frequency and saccade frequency were recorded for analysis. RESULTS: Analyzing the relative parameter among three pictures, except for the fixation frequency and the saccade frequency, other eye-movement parameters were significantly different among the three pictures (P<0.05). Among the three pictures, the first fixation duration was longer, and the average fixation duration, the average saccade amplitude and the mean saccade distance were shorter from picture 2 to picture 3. Comparing all eye-movement parameter between the two groups, the scores of average saccade amplitude (P=0.017) and the mean saccade distance (P=0.02) were less in the dyslexia group than in the normal group (P<0.05), other parameters were the same in the two different groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The characteristics of the pictures can significantly influence the visuospatial cognitive processing capability of the Chinese children. There is a detectable disability for the Chinese dyslexic children in the visuospatial cognitive processing: their saccade amplitude and mean saccade distance are shorter, which may be interpreted as specific for their reading disability.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Libben2009,

title = {Bilingual lexical access in context: Evidence from eye movements during reading},

author = {Maya R. Libben and Debra A. Titone},

doi = {10.1037/a0014875},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition},

volume = {35},

number = {2},

pages = {381–390},

abstract = {Current models of bilingualism (e.g., BIA+) posit that lexical access during reading is not language selective. However, much of this research is based on the comprehension of words in isolation. The authors investigated whether nonselective access occurs for words embedded in biased sentence contexts (e.g., A. I. Schwartz & J. F. Kroll, 2006). Eye movements were recorded as French-English bilinguals read English sentences containing cognates (e.g., piano), interlingual homographs (e.g., coin, meaning corner in French), or matched control words. Sentences provided a low or high semantic constraint for target-language meanings. Both early-stage comprehension measures (e.g., first fixation duration, gaze duration, and skipping) and late-stage comprehension measures (e.g., go-past time and total reading time) showed significant cognate facilitation and interlingual homograph interference for low-constraint sentences. For high-constraint sentences, however, only early-stage comprehension measures were consistent with nonselective access. There was no evidence of cognate facilitation or interlingual homograph interference for late-stage comprehension measures. Thus, nonselective bilingual lexical access at early stages of comprehension is rapidly resolved in semantically biased contexts at later stages of comprehension.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Evans2009,

title = {Scene perception and memory revealed by eye movements and receiver-operating characteristic analyses: Does a cultural difference truly exist?},

author = {Kris Evans and Caren M. Rotello and Xingshan Li and Keith Rayner},

doi = {10.1080/17470210802373720},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology},

volume = {62},

number = {2},

pages = {276–285},

abstract = {Cultural differences have been observed in scene perception and memory: Chinese participants purportedly attend to the background information more than did American participants. We investigated the influence of culture by recording eye movements during scene perception and while participants made recognition memory judgements. Real-world pictures with a focal object on a background were shown to both American and Chinese participants while their eye movements were recorded. Later, memory for the focal object in each scene was tested, and the relationship between the focal object (studied, new) and the background context (studied, new) was manipulated. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves show that both sensitivity and response bias were changed when objects were tested in new contexts. However, neither the decrease in accuracy nor the response bias shift differed with culture. The eye movement patterns were also similar across cultural groups. Both groups made longer and more fixations on the focal objects than on the contexts. The similarity of eye movement patterns and recognition memory behaviour suggests that both Americans and Chinese use the same strategies in scene perception and memory.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Evans2009a,

title = {Letter names and alphabet book reading by senior kindergarteners: An eye movement study},

author = {Mary Ann Evans and Jean Saint-Aubin and Nadine Landry},

doi = {10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01370.x},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Child Development},

volume = {80},

number = {6},

pages = {1824–1841},

abstract = {The study monitored the eye movements of twenty 5-year-old children while reading an alphabet book to examine the manner in which the letters, words, and pictures were fixated and the relation of attention to print to alphabetic knowledge. Children attended little to the print, took longer to first fixate print than illustrations, and labeled fewer letters than when presented with letters in isolation. After controlling for receptive vocabulary, regressions revealed that children knowing more letters were quicker to look at the featured letter on a page and spent more time looking at the featured letter, the word, and its first letter. Thus, alphabet books along with letter knowledge may facilitate entrance into the partial alphabetic stage of word recognition.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Felser2009,

title = {The on-line application of binding principle A in english as a second language},

author = {Claudia Felser and Mikako Sato and Nicholas Bertenshaw},

doi = {10.1017/S1366728909990228},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Bilingualism: Language and Cognition},

volume = {12},

number = {4},

pages = {485–502},

abstract = {We report the results from two experiments investigating proficient Japanese-speaking learners' processing of reflexive object pronouns in English as a second language (L2). Experiment 1 used a timed grammaticality judgement task to assess learners' sensitivity to binding Principle A under processing pressure, and Experiment 2 investigated the time-course of reflexive anaphor resolution during L2 reading using the eye-movement monitoring technique. Taken together, our results show that despite having demonstrated native-like knowledge of reflexive binding in corresponding untimed tasks, the learners processed English reflexives differently from native speakers in that they took into consideration a matching discourse-prominent but binding-theoretically inappropriate antecedent when first encountering a reflexive. This suggests that unlike what has been reported in corresponding monolingual processing research (Sturt, 2003), initial antecedent search in L2 English is not constrained by binding Principle A. © 2009 Cambridge University Press.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Feng2009,

title = {Mixed responses: Why readers spend less time at unfavorable landing positions},

author = {Gary Feng},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Eye Movement Research},

volume = {3},

number = {2},

pages = {1–26},

abstract = {This paper investigates why the average fixation duration tends to decrease from the center to the two ends of a word. Specifically, it examines (a) whether unfavorable landing positions trigger a corrective mechanism, (b) whether the triggering is based on the internal efference copy mechanism, and (c) whether the corrective mechanism is specific to fixations that missed their targeted words. To estimate the mean and proportion of the corrective fixations, a 3-parameter mixture model was fitted to distributions of first fixation duration from two large eye movement databases in studies 1 and 2. Study 3 experimentally created mislocated fixations using a gaze-contingent screen shift paradigm. There is little evidence for the efference copy mechanism and limited support for the mislocated fixations hypothesis. Overall, data suggest a process that terminates fixations sooner than would during normal reading; it is triggered by the visual input during a fixation, and is flexibly engaged at eccentric landing positions and in reading short words. Implications to theories of reading eye movements are discussed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Feng2009a,

title = {Orthography and the development of reading processes: An eye-movement study of Chinese and English},

author = {Gary Feng and Kevin Miller and Hua Shu and Houcan Zhang},

doi = {10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01293.x},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Child Development},

volume = {80},

number = {3},

pages = {720–735},

abstract = {As children become proficient readers, there are substantial changes in the eye movements that subserve reading. Some of these changes reflect universal developmental factors while others may be specific to a particular writing system. This study attempts to disentangle effects of universal and script-dependent factors by comparing the development of eye movements of English and Chinese speakers. Third-grade (English: mean age = 9.1 years},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ford2009,

title = {Neural activity in primate caudate nucleus associated with pro- and antisaccades},

author = {K. A. Ford and Stefan Everling},

doi = {10.1152/jn.00125.2009},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},

volume = {102},

number = {4},

pages = {2334–2341},

abstract = {The basal ganglia (BG) play a central role in movement and it has been demonstrated that the discharge rate of neurons in these structures are modulated by the behavioral context of a given task. Here we used the antisaccade task, in which a saccade toward a flashed visual stimulus must be inhibited in favor of a saccade to the opposite location, to investigate the role of the caudate nucleus, a major input structure of the BG, in flexible behavior. In this study, we recorded extracellular neuronal activity while monkeys performed pro- and antisaccade trials. We identified two populations of neurons: those that preferred contralateral saccades (CSNs) and those that preferred ipsilateral saccades (ISNs). CSNs increased their firing rates for prosaccades, but not for antisaccades, and ISNs increased their firing rates for antisaccades, but not for prosaccades. We propose a model in which CSNs project to the direct BG pathway, facilitating saccades, and ISNs project to the indirect pathway, suppressing saccades. This model suggests one possible mechanism by which these neuronal populations could be modulating activity in the superior colliculus.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Foulsham2009,

title = {Fixation and saliency during search of natural scenes: The case of visual agnosia},

author = {Tom Foulsham and Jason J. S. Barton and Alan Kingstone and Richard Dewhurst and Geoffrey Underwood},

doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.013},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Neuropsychologia},

volume = {47},

number = {8-9},

pages = {1994–2003},

abstract = {Models of eye movement control in natural scenes often distinguish between stimulus-driven processes (which guide the eyes to visually salient regions) and those based on task and object knowledge (which depend on expectations or identification of objects and scene gist). In the present investigation, the eye movements of a patient with visual agnosia were recorded while she searched for objects within photographs of natural scenes and compared to those made by students and age-matched controls. Agnosia is assumed to disrupt the top-down knowledge available in this task, and so may increase the reliance on bottom-up cues. The patient's deficit in object recognition was seen in poor search performance and inefficient scanning. The low-level saliency of target objects had an effect on responses in visual agnosia, and the most salient region in the scene was more likely to be fixated by the patient than by controls. An analysis of model-predicted saliency at fixation locations indicated a closer match between fixations and low-level saliency in agnosia than in controls. These findings are discussed in relation to saliency-map models and the balance between high and low-level factors in eye guidance.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Foulsham2009a,

title = {Does conspicuity enhance distraction? Saliency and eye landing position when searching for objects},

author = {Tom Foulsham and Geoffrey Underwood},

doi = {10.1080/17470210802602433},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology},

volume = {62},

number = {6},

pages = {1088–1098},

abstract = {While visual saliency may sometimes capture attention, the guidance of eye movements in search is often dominated by knowledge of the target. How is the search for an object influenced by the saliency of an adjacent distractor? Participants searched for a target amongst an array of objects, with distractor saliency having an effect on response time and on the speed at which targets were found. Saliency did not predict the order in which objects in target-absent trials were fixated. The within-target landing position was distributed around a modal position close to the centre of the object. Saliency did not affect this position, the latency of the initial saccade, or the likelihood of the distractor being fixated, suggesting that saliency affects the allocation of covert attention and not just eye movements.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Freeman2009,

title = {Do we have direct access to retinal image motion during smooth pursuit eye movements?},

author = {Tom C. A. Freeman and Rebecca A. Champion and Jane H. Sumnall and Robert J. Snowden},

doi = {10.1167/9.1.33},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {9},

number = {1},

pages = {1–11},

abstract = {One way the visual system estimates object motion during pursuit is to combine estimates of eye velocity and retinal motion. This questions whether observers need direct access to retinal motion during pursuit. We tested this idea by varying the correlation between retinal motion and objective motion in a two-interval speed discrimination task. Responses were classified according to three motion cues: retinal speed (based on measured eye movements), objective speed, and the relative motion between pursuit target and stimulus. In the first experiment, feedback was based on relative motion and this cue fit the response curves best. In the second experiment, simultaneous relative motion was removed but observers still used the sequential relative motion between pursuit target and dot pattern to make their judgements. In a final experiment, feedback was given explicitly on the retinal motion, using online measurements of eye movements. Nevertheless, sequential relative motion still provided the best account of the data. The results suggest that observers do not have direct access to retinal motion when making perceptual judgements about movement during pursuit.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Edelman2009,

title = {Inhibition of voluntary saccadic eye movement commands by abrupt visual onsets},

author = {Jay A. Edelman and Kitty Z. Xu},

doi = {10.1016/0022-247X(67)90013-3},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},

volume = {101},

number = {3},

pages = {1222–1234},

abstract = {Saccadic eye movements are made both to explore the visual world and to react to sudden sensory events. We studied the ability for humans to execute a voluntary (i.e., nonstimulus-driven) saccade command in the face of a suddenly appearing visual stimulus. Subjects were required to make a saccade to a memorized location when a central fixation point disappeared. At varying times relative to fixation point disappearance a visual distractor appeared at a random location. When the distractor appeared at locations distant from the target virtually no saccades were initiated in a 30- to 40-ms interval beginning 70-80 ms after appearance of the distractor. If the distractor was presented slightly earlier relative to saccade initiation then saccades tended to have smaller amplitudes, with velocity profiles suggesting that the distractor terminated them prematurely. In contrast, distractors appearing close to the saccade target elicited express saccade-like movements 70-100 ms after their appearance, although the saccade endpoint was generally scarcely affected by the distractor. An additional experiment showed that these effects were weaker when the saccade was made to a visible target in a delayed task and still weaker when the saccade itself was made in response to the abrupt appearance of a visual stimulus. A final experiment revealed that the effect is smaller, but quite evident, for very small stimuli. These results suggest that the transient component of a visual response can briefly but almost completely suppress a voluntary saccade command, but only when the stimulus evoking that response is distant from the saccade goal.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Engmann2009,

title = {Saliency on a natural scene background: Effects of color and luminance contrast add linearly},

author = {Sonja Engmann and Bernard Marius Hart and Thomas Sieren and Selim Onat and Peter König and Wolfgang Einhäuser},

doi = {10.3758/APP.71.6.1337},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics},

volume = {71},

number = {6},

pages = {1337–1352},

abstract = {In natural vision, shifts in spatial attention are associated with shifts of gaze. Computational models of such overt attention typically use the concept of a saliency map: Normalized maps of center–surround differences are computed for individual stimulus features and added linearly to obtain the saliency map. Although the predictions of such models correlate with fixated locations better than chance, their mechanistic assumptions are less well investigated. Here, we tested one key assumption: Do the effects of different features add linearly or according to a max-type of interaction? We measured the eye position of observers viewing natural stimuli whose luminance contrast and/or color contrast (saturation) increased gradually toward one side. We found that these feature gradients biased fixations toward regions of high contrasts. When two contrast gradients (color and luminance) were superimposed, linear summation of their individual effects predicted their combined effect. This demonstrated that the interaction of color and luminance contrast with respect to human overt attention is—irrespective of the precise model—consistent with the assumption of linearity, but not with a max-type interaction of these features.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Dorr2009,

title = {The contribution of low-level features at the centre of gaze to saccade target selection},

author = {Michael Dorr and Karl R. Gegenfurtner and Erhardt Barth},

doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2009.09.007},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Vision Research},

volume = {49},

number = {24},

pages = {2918–2926},

abstract = {Does it matter what observers are looking at right now to determine where they will look next? We recorded eye movements and computed colour, local orientation, motion, and geometrical invariants on dynamic natural scenes. The distributions of differences between features at successive fixations were compared with those from random scanpaths of varying similarity to natural scanpaths. Although distributions show significant differences, these feature correlations are mainly due to spatio-temporal correlations in natural scenes and a target selection bias, e.g. towards moving objects. Our results indicate that low-level features at fixation contribute little to the choice of the next saccade target. ]$backslash$},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Droll2009,

title = {Learning cue validity through performance feedback},

author = {Jason A. Droll and C. K. Abbey and Miguel P. Eckstein},

doi = {10.1167/9.2.18},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {9},

number = {2},

pages = {1–22},

abstract = {Targets of a visual search are often not randomly positioned within a scene, but may be more likely to co-occur adjacent to other objects or background properties. Studies on target-cue co-occurrence (e.g. cue validity) suggest that observers can exploit this knowledge to increase performance in detection and localization tasks. However, little is known regarding how observers learn this co-occurrence. The present experiment sought to determine if observers were capable of learning the probability of cue validity, and determine how this learning is shaped by feedback. Separate groups of subjects performed a search task using one of three different feedback conditions providing varying degrees of information: unsupervised feedback, response reinforcement, or supervised feedback. Results show that saccadic and perceptual decisions reflect larger cueing effects as feedback information increased. This suggests that internal signals generated from response selection are insufficient for exploiting cue validity, but that reinforcement may be sufficient. However, final explicit estimates of cue validity were independent of feedback condition, suggesting that implicit behaviors are subject to unique learning constraints. Comparison to an ideal observer reveals that the rate at which participants learned cue validity was suboptimal, which may have impaired performance during initial familiarization with scene statistics.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Dunabeitia2009a,

title = {Qualitative differences in the representation of abstract versus concrete words: Evidence from the visual-world paradigm},

author = {Jon Andoni Duñabeitia and Alberto Avilés and Olivia Afonso and Christoph Scheepers and Manuel Carreiras},

doi = {10.1016/j.cognition.2008.11.012},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Cognition},

volume = {110},

number = {2},

pages = {284–292},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {In the present visual-world experiment, participants were presented with visual displays that included a target item that was a semantic associate of an abstract or a concrete word. This manipulation allowed us to test a basic prediction derived from the qualitatively different representational framework that supports the view of different organizational principles for concrete and abstract words in semantic memory. Our results confirm the assumption of a primary organizational principle based on association for abstract words, different from the semantic similarity principle proposed for concrete words, and provide the first piece of evidence in support of this view obtained from healthy participants. The results shed light on the representational structure of abstract and concrete concepts.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Dunabeitia2009,

title = {Eye movements when reading words with $YMbOL$ and NUM83R5: There is a cost},

author = {Jon Andoni Duñabeitia and Manuel Perea and Manuel Carreiras},

doi = {10.1080/13506280902764489},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Visual Cognition},

volume = {17},

number = {5},

pages = {617–631},

abstract = {Recent evidence from masked priming experiments has revealed that readers regularize letter-like symbols and letter-like numbers into their corresponding base letters with minimal processing cost. However, one open question is whether the same pattern occurs when these items are presented during normal silent reading. In the present study, we respond to this question in an eye-movement experiment that included sentences with words that had symbols and numbers as letters, as in ‘‘YESTERDAY I SAW THE SECRE74RY WORKING VERY HARD''. Results revealed that there is a greater reading cost associated with letter-by-number replacements than with letter-by-symbol replacements, especially when the replaced letters occur at the beginning of the word. We examine the implications of these findings for models of visual word recognition and reading.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Dessing2009,

title = {Visuomotor transformation for interception: Catching while fixating},

author = {Joost C. Dessing and Leonie Oostwoud Wijdenes and C. E. Peper and Peter J. Beek},

doi = {10.1007/s00221-009-1882-6},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Experimental Brain Research},

volume = {196},

number = {4},

pages = {511–527},

abstract = {Catching a ball involves a dynamic transformation of visual information about ball motion into motor commands for moving the hand to the right place at the right time. We previously formulated a neural model for this transformation to account for the consistent leftward movement biases observed in our catching experiments. According to the model, these biases arise within the representation of target motion as well as within the transformation from a gaze-centered to a body-centered movement command. Here, we examine the validity of the latter aspect of our model in a catching task involving gaze fixation. Gaze fixation should systematically influence biases in catching movements, because in the model movement commands are only generated in the direction perpendicular to the gaze direction. Twelve participants caught balls while gazing at a fixation point positioned either straight ahead or 14 degrees to the right. Four participants were excluded because they could not adequately maintain fixation. We again observed a consistent leftward movement bias, but the catching movements were unaffected by fixation direction. This result refutes our proposal that the leftward bias partly arises within the visuomotor transformation, and suggests instead that the bias predominantly arises within the early representation of target motion, specifically through an imbalance in the represented radial and azimuthal target motion.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Devue2009,

title = {You do not find your own face faster; you just look at it longer},

author = {Christel Devue and Stefan Van der Stigchel and Serge Brédart and Jan Theeuwes},

doi = {10.1016/j.cognition.2009.01.003},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Cognition},

volume = {111},

number = {1},

pages = {114–122},

abstract = {Previous studies investigating the ability of high priority stimuli to grab attention reached contradictory outcomes. The present study used eye tracking to examine the effect of the presence of the self-face among other faces in a visual search task in which the face identity was task-irrelevant. We assessed whether the self-face (1) received prioritized selection (2) caused a difficulty to disengage attention, and (3) whether its status as target or distractor had a differential effect. We included another highly familiar face to control whether possible effects were self-face specific or could be explained by high familiarity. We found that the self-face interfered with the search task. This was not due to a prioritized processing but rather to a difficulty to disengage attention. Crucially, this effect seemed due to the self-face's familiarity, as similar results were obtained with the other familiar face, and was modulated by the status of the face since it was stronger for targets than for distractors.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{DiStasi2009,

title = {Risk behaviour and mental workload: Multimodal assessment techniques applied to motorbike riding simulation},

author = {Leandro Luigi Di Stasi and Vanessa Álvarez-Valbuena and José J. Cañas and Antonio Maldonado and Andrés Catena and Adoración Antolí and Antonio Candido},

doi = {10.1016/j.trf.2009.02.004},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour},

volume = {12},

number = {5},

pages = {361–370},

abstract = {We present data from an ongoing research project on the cognitive, emotional and neuropsychological basis of risk behaviour. The main aim of the project is to build a model of risk behaviour so that if we know certain cognitive, behavioural and emotional variables, we will be able to predict decisions made in the face of uncertainty and risk, with the final goal of designing programs for evaluating, preventing and controlling risk behaviour. The objective of the present study was to look for individual differences in hazard perception during a static riding simulation and their relationship with mental workload. We used a multidimensional methodology, including behavioural, subjective and physiological data. The behavioural measures were obtained in a static riding simulation during eight hazard situations. We evaluated whether eye activity measures correlated with cognitive workload and different types of risky behaviours. Eye movement parameters were measured using a video-based eye tracking system. We found that risk-prone individuals showed specific patterns of risky behaviours and that peak of saccadic velocity and subjective mental workload indexes were both reliable indicators of risk proneness. Mental workload was higher for participants showing attitudes to risk behaviours probably because of a lack of conscious awareness of specific cues indicating dangerous scenarios.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Dickinson2009,

title = {Spatial asymmetries in viewing and remembering scenes: Consequences of an attentional bias?},

author = {Christopher A. Dickinson and Helene Intraub},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics},

volume = {71},

number = {6},

pages = {1251–1262},

abstract = {Given a single fixation, memory for scenes containing salient objects near both the left and right view boundaries exhibited a rightward bias in boundary extension (Experiment 1). On each trial, a 500-msec picture and 2.5-sec mask were followed by a boundary adjustment task. Observers extended boundaries 5% more on the right than on the left. Might this reflect an asymmetric distribution of attention? In Experiments 2A and 2B, free viewing of pictures revealed that first saccades were more often leftward (62%) than rightward (38%). In Experiment 3, 500-msec pictures were interspersed with 2.5-sec masks. A subsequent object recognition memory test revealed better memory for left-side objects. Scenes were always mirror reversed for half the observers, thus ruling out idiosyncratic scene compositions as the cause of these asymmetries. Results suggest an unexpected leftward bias of attention that selectively enhanced the representations, causing a smaller boundary extension error and better object memory on the views' left sides.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Dodd2009,

title = {Novelty is not always the best policy. Inhibition of return and facilitation of return as a function of visual task},

author = {Michael D. Dodd and Stefan Van Stigchel and Andrew Hollingworth},

doi = {: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02294.x},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Psychological Science},

volume = {20},

number = {3},

pages = {333–339},

abstract = {We report a study that examined whether inhi- bition of return (IOR) is specific to visual search or a general characteristic of visual behavior. Participants were shown a series of scenes and were asked to (a) search each scene for a target, (b) memorize each scene, (c) rate how pleasant each scene was, or (d) view each scene freely. An examination of saccadic reaction times to probes provided evidence of IOR during search: Participants were slower to look at probes at previously fixated locations than to look at probes at novel locations. For the other three conditions, however, the opposite pattern of results was observed: Participants were faster to look at probes at previously fixated locations than to look at probes at novel locations, a facilitation-of-return effect that has not been reported previously. These results demonstrate that IOR is a search-specific strategy and not a general characteristic of visual attention.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{EMRICH2008,

title = {Out with the old: Inhibition of old items in a preview search is limited},

author = {S. M. EMRICH and J. D. N. RUPPEL and N. AL-AIDROOS and J. PRATT and S. FERBER},

doi = {10.3758/PP.70.8.1552},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-11-01},

journal = {Perception and Psychophysics},

volume = {70},

number = {8},

pages = {1552–1557},

abstract = {If some of the distractors in a visual search task are previewed prior to the presentation of the remaining distractors and the target, search time is reduced relative to when all of the items are displayed simultaneously. Here, we tested whether the ability to preferentially search new items during such a preview search is limited. We confirmed previous studies: The proportion of fixations on old items was significantly less than chance. However, the probability of fixating old locations was negatively affected by increasing the number of previewed distractors, suggesting that inhibition is limited to a small number of old items. Furthermore, the ability to inhibit old locations was limited to the first four fixations, indicating that by the fifth fixation, the resources required to sustain inhibition had been depleted. Together, these findings suggest that inhibition of old items in a preview search is a top-down mediated process dependent on capacity-limited cognitive resources.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Seya2008,

title = {Visual search of trained and untrained drivers in a driving simulator},

author = {Yasuhiro Seya and Hidetoshi Nakayasu and Patrick Patterson},

doi = {10.1111/j.1468-5884.2008.00380.x},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-11-01},

journal = {Japanese Psychological Research},

volume = {50},

number = {4},

pages = {242–252},

abstract = {To investigate the effects of driving experience on visual search during driving, we measured eye movements during driving tasks using a driving simulator. We evaluated trained and untrained drivers for selected driving road section types (for example, intersections and straight roads). Participants in the trained group had received driving training by the simulator before the experiment, while the others had no driving training by it. In the experiment, the participants were instructed to drive safely in the simulator. The results of scan paths showed that eye positions were less variable in the trained group than in the untrained group. Total eye-movement distances were shorter, and fixation durations were longer in the trained group than in the untrained group. These results suggest that trained drivers may perceive relevant information efficiently with few eye movements by using their anticipation skills and useful field of view, which may have been developed through their driving training in the simulator.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{GODIJN2008,

title = {The effect of attentional demands on the antisaccade cost},

author = {R. GODIJN and A. F. KRAMER},

doi = {10.3758/PP.70.5.795},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-07-01},

journal = {Perception and Psychophysics},

volume = {70},

number = {5},

pages = {795–806},

abstract = {In the present study, we examined the effect of attentional demands on the antisaccade cost (the latency difference between antisaccades and prosaccades). Participants performed a visual search for a target digit and were required to execute a saccade toward (prosaccade) or away from (antisaccade) the target. The results of Experiment 1 revealed that the antisaccade cost was greater when the target was premasked (i.e., presented through the removal of line segments) than when it appeared as an onset. Furthermore, in premasked target conditions, the antisaccade cost was increased by the presentation of onset distractors. The results of Experiment 2 revealed that the antisaccade cost was greater in a difficult search task (a numeral 2 among 5s) than in an easy one (a 2 among 7s). The findings provide evidence that attentional demands increase the antisaccade cost. We propose that the attentional demands of the search task interfere with the attentional control required to select the antisaccade goal.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Pratt2008,

title = {Inhibition of return in single and dual tasks: Examining saccadic, keypress, and pointing responses},

author = {Jay Pratt and Bas Neggers},

doi = {10.3758/PP.70.2.257},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-02-01},

journal = {Perception and Psychophysics},

volume = {70},

number = {2},

pages = {257–265},

abstract = {Two experiments are reported in which inhibition of return (IOR) was examined with single-response tasks (ither manual responses alone or saccadic responses alone) and dual-response tasks (simultaneous manual and saccadic responses). The first experiment—using guided limb movements that require considerable spatial information—showed more IOR for saccades than for pointing responses. In addition, saccadic IOR was reduced with concurrent pointing movements, but manual IOR was not affected by concurrent saccades. Importantly, at the time of saccade initiation, the arm movements did not start yet, indicating that the influence on saccade IOR is due to arm-movement preparation. In the second experiment, using localization keypress responses that required only minimal spatial information, greater IOR was again found for saccadic than for manual responses, but no effect of concurrent movements was found. These findings add further support that there is a dissociation between oculomotor and skeletal-motor IOR. Moreover, the results show that the preparation manual responses tend to mediate saccadic behavior—but only when the manual responses require high levels of spatial accuracy—and that the superior colliculus is the likely neural substrate integrating IOR for eye and arm movements.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Pradeep2008,

title = {Reduction of congenital nystagmus in a patient after smoking cannabis},

author = {Archana Pradeep and Shery Thomas and Eryl O. Roberts and Frank A. Proudlock and Irene Gottlob},

doi = {10.1080/09273970701821063},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Strabismus},

volume = {16},

number = {1},

pages = {29–32},

abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Smoking cannabis has been described to reduce acquired pendular nystagmus in MS, but its effect on congenital nystagmus is not known. PURPOSE: To report the effect of smoking cannabis in a case of congenital nystagmus. METHODS: A 19-year-old male with congenital horizontal nystagmus presented to the clinic after smoking 10 mg of cannabis. He claimed that the main reason for smoking cannabis was to improve his vision. At the next clinic appointment, he had not smoked cannabis for 3weeks. Full ophthalmologic examination and eye movement recordings were performed at each visit. RESULTS: Visual acuity improved by 3 logMar lines in the left eye and by 2 logMar lines in the right eye after smoking cannabis. The nystagmus intensities were reduced by 30% in primary position and 44%, 11%, 10% and 40% at 20-degree eccentricity to the right, left, elevation and depression, respectively, after smoking cannabis. CONCLUSION: Cannabis may be beneficial in the treatment of congenital idiopathic nystagmus (CIN). Further research to clarify the safety and efficacy of cannabis in patients with CIN, administered for example by capsules or spray, would be important.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Priess2008,

title = {Inhibition of return after color singletons},

author = {Heinz-Werner Priess and Sabine Born and Ulrich Ansorge},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Eye Movement Research},

volume = {5},

number = {5},

pages = {1–12},

abstract = {Inhibition of return (IOR) is the faster selection of hitherto unattended than previously attended positions. Some previous studies failed to find evidence for IOR after attention capture by color singletons. Others, however, did report IOR effects after color singletons. The current study examines the role of cue relevance for obtaining IOR effects. By using a potentially more sensitive method - saccadic IOR - we tested and found IOR after relevant color singleton cues that required an attention shift (Experiment 1). In contrast, irrelevant color singletons failed to produce reliable IOR effects in Experiment 2. Also, Experiment 2 rules out an alternative explanation of our IOR findings in terms of masking. We discuss our results in light of pertaining theories of IOR.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Sauleau2008,

title = {Subthalamic stimulation improves orienting gaze movements in Parkinson's disease},

author = {Paul Sauleau and Pierre Pollak and Paul Krack and Jean Hubert Courjon and Alain Vighetto and Alim Louis Benabid and Denis Pélisson and Caroline Tilikete},

doi = {10.1016/j.clinph.2008.04.013},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Clinical Neurophysiology},

volume = {119},

number = {8},

pages = {1857–1863},

abstract = {Objective: To determine the effect of subthalamic stimulation on visually triggered eye and head movements in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods: We compared the gain and latency of visually triggered eye and head movements in 12 patients bilaterally implanted into the subthalamic nucleus (STN) for severe PD and six age-matched control subjects. Visually triggered movements of eye (head restrained), and of eye and head (head unrestrained) were recorded in the absence of dopaminergic medication. Bilateral stimulation was turned OFF and then turned ON with voltage and contact used in chronic setting. The latency was determined from the beginning of initial horizontal eye movements relative to the target onset, and the gain was defined as the ratio of the amplitude of the initial movement to the amplitude of the target movement. Results: Without stimulation, the initiation of the head movement was significantly delayed in patients and the gain of head movement was reduced. Our patients also presented significantly prolonged latencies and hypometry of visually triggered saccades in the head-fixed condition and of gaze in head-free condition. Bilateral STN stimulation with therapeutic parameters improved performance of orienting gaze, eye and head movements towards the controls' level. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that visually triggered saccades and orienting eye-head movements are impaired in the advanced stage of PD. In addition, subthalamic stimulation enhances amplitude and shortens latency of these movements. Significance: These results are likely explained by alteration of the information processed by the superior colliculus (SC), a pivotal visuomotor structure involved in both voluntary and reflexive saccades. Improvement of movements with stimulation of the STN may be related to its positive input either on the STN-Substantia Nigra-SC pathway or on the parietal cortex-SC pathway.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Scheepers2008,

title = {Evidence for serial coercion: A time course analysis using the visual-world paradigm},

author = {Christoph Scheepers and Frank Keller and Mirella Lapata},

doi = {10.1016/j.cogpsych.2006.10.001},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Cognitive Psychology},

volume = {56},

number = {1},

pages = {1–29},

abstract = {Metonymic verbs like start or enjoy often occur with artifact-denoting complements (e.g., The artist started the picture) although semantically they require event-denoting complements (e.g., The artist started painting the picture). In case of artifact-denoting objects, the complement is assumed to be type shifted (or coerced) into an event to conform to the verb's semantic restrictions. Psycholinguistic research has provided evidence for this kind of enriched composition: readers experience processing difficulty when faced with metonymic constructions compared to non-metonymic controls. However, slower reading times for metonymic constructions could also be due to competition between multiple interpretations that are being entertained in parallel whenever a metonymic verb is encountered. Using the visual-world paradigm, we devised an experiment which enabled us to determine the time course of metonymic interpretation in relation to non-metonymic controls. The experiment provided evidence in favor of a non-competitive, serial coercion process.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Scherlen2008,

title = {Page mode reading with simulated scotomas: Oculo-motor patterns},

author = {Anne-Catherine Scherlen and Jean-Baptiste Bernard and Aurélie Calabrèse and Eric Castet},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Vision Research},

volume = {48},

number = {18},

pages = {1870–1878},

abstract = {This study investigated the relationship between reading speed and oculo-motor parameters when normally sighted observers had to read single sentences with an artificial macular scotoma. Using multiple regression analysis, our main result shows that two significant predictors, number of saccades per sentence followed by average fixation duration, account for 94% of reading speed variance: reading speed decreases when number of saccades and fixation duration increase. The number of letters per forward saccade (L/FS), which was measured directly in contrast to previous studies, is not a significant predictor. The results suggest that, independently of the size of saccades, some or all portions of a sentence are temporally integrated across an increasing number of fixations as reading speed is reduced.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Schmalzl2008,

title = {Training of familiar face recognition and visual scan paths for faces in a child with congenital prosopagnosia},

author = {Laura Schmalzl and Romina Palermo and Melissa J. Green and Ruth Brunsdon and Max Coltheart},

doi = {10.1080/02643290802299350},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Cognitive Neuropsychology},

volume = {25},

number = {5},

pages = {704–729},

abstract = {In the current report we describe a successful training study aimed at improving recognition ofa set of familiar face photographs in K., a 4-year-old girl with congenital prosopagnosia (CP). A detailed assessment of K.'s face-processing skills showed a deficit in structural encoding, most pronounced in the processing of facial features within the face. In addition, eye movement recordings revealed that K.'s scan paths for faces were characterized by a large percentage of fixations directed to areas outside the internal core features (i.e., eyes, nose, and mouth), in particular by poor attendance to the eye region. Following multiple baseline assessments, training focused on teaching K. to reliably recognize a set of familiar face photographs by directing visual attention to specific characteristics of the internal features of each face. The training significantly improved K.'s ability to recognize the target faces, with her performance being flawless immediately after training as well as at a follow-up assessment 1 month later. In addition, eye movement recordings following training showed a significant change in K.'s scan paths, with a significant increase in the percentage offixations directed to the internal features, particularly the eye region. Encouragingly, not only was the change in scan paths observed for the set offamiliar trained faces, but it generalized to a set offaces that was not presented during training. In addition to documenting significant training effects, our study raises the intriguing question ofwhether abnormal scan paths for faces may be a common factor underlying face recognition impairments in childhood CP, an issue that has not been explored so far.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Roberts2008,

title = {Online pronoun resolution in L2 discouse: L1 influence and general learner effects},

author = {Leah Roberts and Marianne Gullberg and Peter Indefrey},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Studies in Second Language Acquisition},

volume = {30},

pages = {333–357},

abstract = {This study investigates whether advanced second language (L2) learners of a nonnull subject language (Dutch) are influenced by their null subject first language (L1) (Turkish) in their offline and online resolution of subject pronouns in L2 discourse. To tease apart potential L1 effects from possible general L2 processing effects, we also tested a group of German L2 learners of Dutch who were predicted to perform like the native Dutch speakers. The two L2 groups differed in their offline interpretations of subject pronouns. The Turkish L2 learners exhibited a L1 influence, because approximately half the time they interpreted Dutch subject pronouns as they would overt pronouns in Turkish, whereas the German L2 learners performed like the Dutch controls, interpreting pronouns as coreferential with the current discourse topic. This L1 effect was not in evidence in eye-tracking data, however. Instead, the L2 learners patterned together, showing an online processing disadvantage when two potential antecedents for the pronoun were grammatically available in the discourse. This processing disadvantage was in evidence irrespective of the properties of the learners' L1 or their final interpretation of the pronoun. Therefore, the results of this study indicate both an effect of the L1 on the L2 in offline resolution and a general L2 processing effect in online subject pronoun resolution.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Roefs2008,

title = {Looking good: BMI, attractiveness bias and visual attention.},

author = {Anne Roefs and Anita Jansen and Sofie Moresi and Paul Willems and Sarah Grootel and Anouk Borgh},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Appetite},

volume = {51},

pages = {552–555},

abstract = {The aim of this study was to study attentional bias when viewing one's own and a control body, and to relate this bias to body-weight and attractiveness ratings. Participants were 51 normal-weight female students with an unrestrained eating style. They were successively shown pictures of their own and a control body for 30s each, while their eye movements (overt attention) were being measured. Afterwards, participants were asked to identify the most attractive and most unattractive body part of both their own and a control body. The results show that with increasing BMI and where an individual has given a relatively low rating of attractiveness to their own body, participants attended relatively more to their self-identified most unattractive body part and the control body's most attractive body part. This increasingly negative bias in visual attention for bodies may maintain and/or exacerbate body dissatisfaction.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Roelofs2008,

title = {Attention, gaze shifting, and dual-task interference from phonological encoding in spoken word planning},

author = {Ardi Roelofs},

doi = {10.1037/a0012476},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance},

volume = {34},

number = {6},

pages = {1580–1598},

abstract = {Controversy exists about whether dual-task interference from word planning reflects structural bottleneck or attentional control factors. Here, participants named pictures whose names could or could not be phonologically prepared, and they manually responded to arrows presented away from (Experiment 1), or superimposed onto, the pictures (Experiments 2 and 3); or they responded to tones (Experiment 4). Pictures and arrows/tones were presented at stimulus onset asynchronies of 0, 300, and 1,000 ms. Earlier research showed that vocal responding hampers auditory perception, which predicts earlier shifts of attention to the tones than to the arrows. Word planning yielded dual-task interference. Phonological preparation reduced the latencies of picture naming and gaze shifting. The preparation benefit was propagated into the latencies of the manual responses to the arrows but not to the tones. The malleability of the interference supports the attentional control account. This conclusion was corroborated by computer simulations showing that an extension of WEAVER++ (A. Roelofs, 2003) with assumptions about the attentional control of tasks quantitatively accounts for the latencies of vocal responding, gaze shifting, and manual responding.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Roelofs2008a,

title = {Tracing attention and the activation flow in spoken word planning using eye movements},

author = {Ardi Roelofs},

doi = {10.1037/0278-7393.34.2.353},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition},

volume = {34},

number = {2},

pages = {353–368},

abstract = {The flow of activation from concepts to phonological forms within the word production system was examined in 3 experiments. In Experiment 1, participants named pictures while ignoring superimposed distractor pictures that were semantically related, phonologically related, or unrelated. Eye movements and naming latencies were recorded. The distractor pictures affected the latencies of gaze shifting and vocal naming. The magnitude of the phonological effects increased linearly with latency, excluding lapses of attention as the cause of the effects. In Experiment 2, no distractor effects were obtained when both pictures were named. When pictures with superimposed distractor words were named or the words were read in Experiment 3, the words influenced the latencies of gaze shifting and picture naming, but the pictures yielded no such latency effects in word reading. The picture-word asymmetry was obtained even with equivalent reading and naming latencies. The picture-picture effects suggest that activation spreads continuously from concepts to phonological forms, whereas the picture-word asymmetry indicates that the amount of activation is limited and task dependent.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Rolfs2008a,

title = {Toward a model of microsaccade generation: The case of microsaccadic inhibition},

author = {Martin Rolfs and Reinhold Kliegl and Ralf Engbert},

doi = {10.1167/8.11.5},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {8},

number = {11},

pages = {1–23},

abstract = {Microsaccades are one component of the small eye movements that constitute fixation. Their implementation in the oculomotor system is unknown. To better understand the physiological and mechanistic processes underlying microsaccade generation, we studied microsaccadic inhibition, a transient drop of microsaccade rate, in response to irrelevant visual and auditory stimuli. Quantitative descriptions of the time course and strength of inhibition revealed a strong dependence of microsaccadic inhibition on stimulus characteristics. In Experiment 1, microsaccadic inhibition occurred sooner after auditory than after visual stimuli and after luminance-contrast than after color-contrast visual stimuli. Moreover, microsaccade amplitude strongly decreased during microsaccadic inhibition. In Experiment 2, the latency of microsaccadic inhibition increased with decreasing luminance contrast. We develop a conceptual model of microsaccade generation in which microsaccades result from fixation-related activity in a motor map coding for both fixation and saccades. In this map, fixation is represented at the central site. Saccades are generated by activity in the periphery, their amplitude increasing with eccentricity. The activity at the central, fixation-related site of the map predicts the rate of microsaccades as well as their amplitude and direction distributions. This model represents a framework for understanding the dynamics of microsaccade behavior in a broad range of tasks.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Rolfs2008,

title = {Microsaccade-induced prolongation of saccadic latencies depends on microsaccade amplitude},

author = {Martin Rolfs and Jochen Laubrock and Reinhold Kliegl},

doi = {10.16910/jemr.1.3.1},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Eye Movement Research},

volume = {1},

number = {3},

pages = {1–8},

abstract = {Fixations consist of small movements including microsaccades, i.e., rapid flicks in eye position that replace the retinal image by up to 1 degree of visual angle. Recently, we showed in a delayed-saccade task (1) that the rate of microsaccades decreased in the course of saccade preparation and (2) that microsaccades occurring around the time of a go signal were associated with prolonged saccade latencies (Rolfs et al., 2006). A re-analysis of the same data set revealed a strong dependence of these findings on microsaccade amplitude. First, microsaccade amplitude dropped to a minimum just before the generation of a saccade. Second, the delay of response saccades was a function of microsaccade amplitude: Microsaccades with larger amplitudes were followed by longer response latencies. These finding were predicted by a recently proposed model that attributes microsaccade generation to fixation-related activity in a saccadic motor map that is in competition with the generation of large saccades (Rolfs et al., 2008). We propose, therefore, that microsaccade statistics provide a behavioral correlate of fixation-related activity in the oculomotor system.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Rommelse2008,

title = {Deficits in visuo-spatial working memory, inhibition and oculomotor control in boys with ADHD and their non-affected brothers},

author = {N. N. J. Rommelse and Stefan Van der Stigchel and J. Witlox and C. J. A. Geldof and J. -B. Deijen and Jan Theeuwes and Jaap Oosterlaan and J. A. Sergeant},

doi = {10.1007/s00702-007-0865-7},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Neural Transmission},

volume = {115},

number = {2},

pages = {249–260},

abstract = {Few studies have assessed visuo-spatial working memory and inhibition in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by recording saccades and consequently little additional knowledge has been gathered on oculomotor functioning in ADHD. Moreover, this is the first study to report the performance of non-affected siblings of children with ADHD, which may shed light on the familiality of deficits. A total of 14 boys with ADHD, 18 non-affected brothers, and 15 control boys aged 7-14 years, were administered a memory-guided saccade task with delays of three and seven seconds. Familial deficits were found in accuracy of visuo-spatial working memory, percentage of anticipatory saccades, and tendency to overshoot saccades relative to controls. These findings suggest memory-guided saccade deficits may relate to a familial predisposition for ADHD.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Reeve2008,

title = {Convergent flash localization near saccades without equivalent "compression" of perceived separation},

author = {Paul Reeve and James J. Clark and J. Kevin O'Regan},

doi = {10.1167/8.13.5},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {8},

number = {13},

pages = {1–19},

abstract = {Visual space is sometimes said to be "compressed" before saccadic eye movements. The most central evidence for this hypothesis is a converging pattern of localization errors on single flashes presented close to saccade time under certain conditions. An intuitive version of the compression hypothesis predicts that the reported distance between simultaneous, spatially separated presaccadic flashes should contract in the same way as their individual locations. In our experiment we tested this prediction by having subjects perform one of two tasks on stimuli made up of two bars simultaneously flashed near saccade time: either localizing one of the bars or judging the separation between the two. Localization judgments showed the previously observed converging pattern over the 50-100 ms before saccades. Contractions in perceived separation between the two bars were not accurately predicted by this pattern: they occurred mainly during saccades and were much weaker than convergence in localization. Different forms of spatial information about flashed stimuli can be differentially modulated before, during, and after saccades. Structural alterations in the perceptual field around saccades may explain these different effects, but alternative hypotheses based on decision making under uncertainty and on the influence of other perisaccadic mechanisms are also consistent with this and other evidence.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Reichle2008,

title = {Serial or parallel? Using depth-of-processing to examine attention allocation during reading},

author = {Erik D. Reichle and Polina M. Vanyukov and Patryk A. Laurent and Tessa Warren},

doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2008.05.007},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Vision Research},

volume = {48},

number = {17},

pages = {1831–1836},

abstract = {This paper presents an experiment investigating attention allocation in four tasks requiring varied degrees of lexical processing of 1-4 simultaneously displayed words. Response times and eye movements were only modestly affected by the number of words in an asterisk-detection task but increased markedly with the number of words in letter-detection, rhyme-judgment, and semantic-judgment tasks, suggesting that attention may not be serial for tasks that do not require significant lexical processing (e.g., detecting visual features), but is approximately serial for tasks that do (e.g., retrieving word meanings). The implications of these results for models of readers' eye movements are discussed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Revill2008,

title = {Context and spoken word recognition in a novel lexicon},

author = {Kathleen Pirog Revill and Michael K. Tanenhaus and Richard N. Aslin},

doi = {10.1037/a0012796},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition},

volume = {34},

number = {5},

pages = {1207–1223},

abstract = {Three eye movement studies with novel lexicons investigated the role of semantic context in spoken word recognition, contrasting 3 models: restrictive access, access–selection, and continuous integration. Actions directed at novel shapes caused changes in motion (e.g., looming, spinning) or state (e.g., color, texture). Across the experiments, novel names for the actions and the shapes varied in frequency, cohort density, and whether the cohorts referred to actions (Experiment 1) or shapes with action-congruent or action-incongruent affordances (Experiments 2 and 3). Experiment 1 demonstrated effects of frequency and cohort competition from both displayed and non-displayed competitors. In Experiment 2, a biasing context induced an increase in anticipatory eye movements to congruent referents and reduced the probability of looks to incongruent cohorts, without the delay predicted by access–selection models. In Experiment 3, context did not reduce competition from non-displayed incompatible neighbors as predicted by restrictive access models. The authors conclude that the results are most consistent with continuous integration models.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Rey2008,

title = {Saccades horizontal or vertical at near or at far do not deteriorate postural control},

author = {Frédéric P. Rey and Thanh Thuan Lê and René Bertin and Zoï Kapoula},

doi = {10.1016/j.anl.2007.07.001},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Auris Nasus Larynx},

volume = {35},

number = {2},

pages = {185–191},

abstract = {Objective: There is a discrepancy about the effect of saccades on postural control: some studies reported a stabilization effect, other studies the opposite. Perturbation of posture by saccades could be related to loss of vision during saccades (saccades suppression) due to high velocity retinal slip. On the other hand, efferent and afferent proprioceptive signals related to saccades can be used for obtaining spatial stability over saccades and maintaining good postural control. In natural conditions saccades can be horizontal, vertical and made at different distance. The present study examines all these parameters to provide a more complete view on the role of saccade on postural control in quiet stance. Methods: Horizontal or vertical saccades of 30° were made at 1 Hz and at two distances, 40 and 200 cm. Eye movements were recorded with video-oculograhpy (EyeLink II). Posturography was recorded with the TechnoConcept platform. The results from "saccade" conditions are compared to "fixation control" condition (at far and near). Results: The video oculography results show that subjects performed the fixation or the saccade task correctly. Execution of saccades (horizontal or vertical at near or at far distance) had no significant effect on the surface of center of pressure (CoP), neither on the standard deviation of the lateral body sway, nor on the variance of speed of the CoP. Moreover, whatever the distance, execution of saccades decreased significantly the standard deviation of the antero-posterior sway. Conclusion: We conclude that saccades, of either the direction and at either the distance, do not deteriorate postural control; rather they could reduce sway. Efferent and proprioceptive oculomotor signals as well as attention could contribute to maintain or improve postural stability while making saccades.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Quigley2008,

title = {Audio-visual integration during overt visual attention},

author = {Cliodhna Quigley and Selim Onat and Sue Harding and Martin Cooke and Peter König},

doi = {10.16910/jemr.1.2.4},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Eye Movement Research},

volume = {1},

number = {2},

pages = {4},

abstract = {How do different sources of information arising from different modalities interact to control where we look? To answer this question with respect to real-world operational conditions we presented natural images and spatially localized sounds in (V)isual, Audiovisual (AV) and (A)uditory conditions and measured subjects' eye-movements. Our results demonstrate that eye-movements in AV conditions are spatially biased towards the part of the image corresponding to the sound source. Interestingly, this spatial bias is dependent on the probability of a given image region to be fixated (saliency) in the V condition. This indicates that fixation behaviour during the AV conditions is the result of an integration process. Regression analysis shows that this integration is best accounted for by a linear combination of unimodal saliencies.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Radach2008,

title = {The role of global top-down factors in local eye-movement control in reading},

author = {Ralph Radach and Lynn Huestegge and Ronan G. Reilly},

doi = {10.1007/s00426-008-0173-3},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Psychological Research},

volume = {72},

number = {6},

pages = {675–688},

abstract = {Although the development of the field of reading has been impressive, there are a number of issues that still require much more attention. One of these concerns the variability of skilled reading within the individual. This paper explores the topic in three ways: (1) it quantifies the extent to which, two factors, the specific reading task (comprehension vs. word verification) and the format of reading material (sentence vs. passage) influence the temporal aspects of reading as expressed in word-viewing durations; (2) it examines whether they also affect visuomotor aspects of eye-movement control; and (3) determine whether they can modulate local lexical processing. The results reveal reading as a dynamic, interactive process involving semi-autonomous modules, with top-down influences clearly evident in the eye-movement record.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Rasche2008,

title = {Orienting during gaze guidance in a letter-identification task},

author = {Christoph Rasche and Karl R. Gegenfurtner},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Eye Movement Research},

volume = {3},

number = {4},

pages = {1–10},

abstract = {The idea of gaze guidance is to lead a viewer's gaze through a visual display in order to facilitate the viewer's search for specific information in a least-obtrusive manner. This study investigates saccadic orienting when a viewer is guided in a fast-paced, low-contrast letter identification task. Despite the task's difficulty and although guiding cues were ad-justed to gaze eccentricity, observers preferred attentional over saccadic shifts to obtain a letter identification judgment; and if a saccade was carried out its saccadic constant error was 50%. From those results we derive a number of design recommendations for the process of gaze guidance.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Rayner2008,

title = {Eye movements when looking at print advertisements: The goal of the viewer matters},

author = {Keith Rayner and Brett Miller and Caren M. Rotello},

doi = {10.1002/acp.1389},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Applied Cognitive Psychology},

volume = {22},

number = {5},

pages = {697–707},

abstract = {Viewers looked at print advertisements as their eye movements were recorded. Half of them were asked to rate how much they liked each ad (for convenience, we will generally use the term 'ad' from this point on), while the other half were asked to rate the effectiveness of each ad. Previous research indicated that viewers who were asked to consider purchasing products in the ads looked at the text earlier and more often than the picture part of the ad. In contrast, viewers in the present experiment looked at the picture part of the ad earlier and longer than the text. The results indicate quite clearly that the goal of the viewer very much influences where (and for how long) viewers look at different parts of ads, but also indicate that the nature of the ad per se matters.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Schneider2008,

title = {A validation of eye movements as a measure of elementary school children's developing number sense},

author = {Michael Schneider and Angela Heine and Verena Thaler and Joke Torbeyns and Bert De Smedt and Lieven Verschaffel and Arthur M. Jacobs and Elsbeth Stern},

doi = {10.1016/j.cogdev.2008.07.002},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Cognitive Development},

volume = {23},

number = {3},

pages = {409–422},

publisher = {6},

address = {// Age},

abstract = {The number line estimation task captures central aspects of children's developing number sense, that is, their intuitions for numbers and their interrelations. Previous research used children's answer patterns and verbal reports as evidence of how they solve this task. In the present study we investigated to what extent eye movements recorded during task solution reflect children's use of the number line. By means of a cross-sectional design with 66 children from Grades 1, 2, and 3, we show that eye-tracking data (a) reflect grade-related increase in estimation competence, (b) are correlated with the accuracy of manual answers, (c) relate, in Grade 2, to children's addition competence, (d) are systematically distributed over the number line, and (e) replicate previous findings concerning children's use of counting strategies and orientation-point strategies. These findings demonstrate the validity and utility of eye-tracking data for investigating children's developing number sense and estimation competence.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Schneider2008a,

title = {Transsaccadic scene memory revisited: A 'Theory of Visual Attention (TVA)' based approach to recognition memory and confidence for objects in naturalistic scenes},

author = {Werner X. Schneider and Ellen Matthias and Melissa L. -H. Võ},

url = {www.idunn.no.},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Eye Movement Research},

volume = {2},

number = {2},

pages = {1–13},

abstract = {The study presented here introduces a new approach to the investigation of transsaccadic memory for objects in naturalistic scenes. Participants were tested with a whole-report task from which — based on the theory of visual attention (TVA) — processing efficiency parameters were derived, namely visual short-term memory storage capacity and visual processing speed. By combining these processing efficiency parameters with transsaccadic memory data from a previous study, we were able to take a closer look at the contribution of visual short-term memory capacity and processing speed to the establishment of visual long-term memory representations during scene viewing. Results indicate that especially the VSTM storage capacity plays a major role in the generation of transsaccadic visual representations of naturalistic scenes.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Schuetz2008,

title = {Improved visual sensitivity during smooth pursuit eye movements},

author = {Alexander C. Schütz and Doris I. Braun and Dirk Kerzel and Karl R. Gegenfurtner},

doi = {10.1038/nn.2194},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Nature Neuroscience},

volume = {11},

number = {10},

pages = {1211–1216},

abstract = {When we view the world around us, we constantly move our eyes. This brings objects of interest into the fovea and keeps them there, but visual sensitivity has been shown to deteriorate while the eyes are moving. Here we show that human sensitivity for some visual stimuli is improved during smooth pursuit eye movements. Detection thresholds for briefly flashed, colored stimuli were 16% lower during pursuit than during fixation. Similarly, detection thresholds for luminance-defined stimuli of high spatial frequency were lowered. These findings suggest that the pursuit-induced sensitivity increase may have its neuronal origin in the parvocellular retino-thalamic system. This implies that the visual system not only uses feedback connections to improve processing for locations and objects being attended to, but that a whole processing subsystem can be boosted. During pursuit, facilitation of the parvocellular system may reduce motion blur for stationary objects and increase sensitivity to speed changes of the tracked object.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Russell2008,

title = {Remediation of facial emotion perception in schizophrenia: Concomitant changes in visual attention},

author = {Tamara A. Russell and Melissa J. Green and Ian Simpson and Max Coltheart},

doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2008.04.033},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Schizophrenia Research},

volume = {103},

number = {1-3},

pages = {248–256},

abstract = {The study examined changes in visual attention in schizophrenia following training with a social-cognitive remediation package designed to improve facial emotion recognition (the Micro-Expression Training Tool; METT). Forty out-patients with schizophrenia were randomly allocated to active training (METT; n = 26), or repeated exposure (RE; n = 14); all completed an emotion recognition task with concurrent eye movement recording. Emotion recognition accuracy was significantly improved in the METT group, and this effect was maintained after one week. Immediately following training, the METT group directed more eye movements within feature areas of faces (i.e., eyes, nose, mouth) compared to the RE group. The number of fixations directed to feature areas of faces was positively associated with emotion recognition accuracy prior to training. After one week, the differences between METT and RE groups in viewing feature areas of faces were reduced to trends. However, within group analyses of the METT group revealed significantly increased number of fixations to, and dwell time within, feature areas following training which were maintained after one week. These results provide the first evidence that improvements in emotion recognition following METT training are associated with changes in visual attention to the feature areas of emotional faces. These findings support the contribution of visual attention abnormalities to emotion recognition impairment in schizophrenia, and suggest that one mechanism for improving emotion recognition involves re-directing visual attention to relevant features of emotional faces.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Godijn2008b,

title = {Oculomotor capture by surprising onsets},

author = {Richard Godijn and Arthur F. Kramer},

doi = {10.1080/13506280701437295},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Visual Cognition},

volume = {16},

number = {2-3},

pages = {279–289},

abstract = {The present study examined the effect of surprising onsets on oculomotor behaviour. Participants were required to execute a saccadic eye movement to a colour singleton target. After a series of trials an unexpected onset distractor was abruptly presented on the surprise trial. The presentation of the onset was repeated on subsequent trials. The results showed that the onset captured the eyes for 28% of the participants on the surprise trial, but this percentage decreased after repeated exposure to the onset. Furthermore, saccade latencies to the target were increased when a surprising onset was presented. After repeated exposure to the onset, latencies to the target decreased to the preonset level. The results suggest that when the onset is not part of participants' task set it has a strong effect on oculomotor behaviour. Once the task set has been updated and the onset no longer comes as a surprise its effect on oculomotor behaviour is dramatically reduced.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Hamker2008,

title = {About the influence of post-saccadic mechanisms for visual stability on peri-saccadic compression of object location},

author = {Fred H. Hamker and Marc Zirnsak and Markus Lappe},

doi = {10.1167/8.14.1},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {8},

number = {14},

pages = {1–13},

abstract = {Peri-saccadic perception experiments have revealed a multitude of mislocalization phenomena. For instance, a briefly flashed stimulus is perceived closer to the saccade target, whereas a displacement of the saccade target goes usually unnoticeable. This latter saccadic suppression of displacement has been explained by a built-in characteristic of the perceptual system: the assumption that during a saccade, the environment remains stable. We explored whether the mislocalization of a briefly flashed stimulus toward the saccade target also grounds in the built-in assumption of a stable environment. If the mislocalization of a peri-saccadically flashed stimulus originates from a post-saccadic alignment process, an additional location marker at the position of the upcoming flash should counteract compression. Alternatively, compression might be the result of peri-saccadic attentional phenomena. In this case, mislocalization should occur even if the position of the flashed stimulus is marked. When subjects were asked about their perceived location, they mislocalized the stimulus toward the saccade target, even though they were fully aware of the correct stimulus location. Thus, our results suggest that the uncertainty about the location of a flashed stimulus is not inherently relevant for compression.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Garaas2008a,

title = {A gaze-contingent paradigm for studying continuous saccadic adaptation},

author = {Tyler W. Garaas and Tyson Nieuwenhuis and Marc Pomplun},

doi = {10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.10.022},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Neuroscience Methods},

volume = {168},

number = {2},

pages = {334–340},

abstract = {Saccadic eye movements are used to quickly and accurately orient our fovea within our visual field to obtain detailed information from various locations. The accuracy of these eye movements is maintained throughout life despite constant pressure on oculomotor muscles and neuronal structures by growth and aging; this maintenance appears to be a product of an adaptive mechanism that continuously accounts for consistent post-saccadic visual error, and is referred to as saccadic adaptation. In this paper, we present a new paradigm to test saccadic adaptation under circumstances that more closely resemble natural visual error in everyday vision, whereas previous saccadic adaptation paradigms study adaptation in a largely restricted form. The paradigm achieves this by positioning a stimulus panel atop an identically colored background relative to the gaze position of the participant. We demonstrate the paradigm by successfully decreasing participants' saccadic amplitudes during a common visual search task by shifting the stimulus panel in the opposite direction of the saccade by 50% of the saccadic amplitude. Participants' adaptation reached approximately 60% of the 50% back-shift during the adaptation phase, and was uniformly distributed across saccadic direction. The adaptation time-course found using the new paradigm is consistent with that achieved using previous paradigms. Task-performance results and the manner in which eye movements changed during adaptation were also analyzed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Garaas2008,

title = {Inspection time and visual-perceptual processing},

author = {Tyler W. Garaas and Marc Pomplun},

doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2007.11.011},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Vision Research},

volume = {48},

number = {4},

pages = {523–537},

abstract = {Inspection time (IT) is the most popular simple psychometric measure that is used to account for a large part of the variance in human mental ability, with the estimated corrected correlation between IT and IQ being -0.50. In this study, we investigate the relationship between IT and the performance and oculomotor variables measured during three simple visual tasks. Participants' ITs were first measured using a slight variation of the standard IT task, which was followed by the three simple visual tasks that were designed to test participants' visual-attentional control and visual working memory under varying degrees of difficulty; they included a visual search task, a comparative visual search task, and a visual memorization task. Significant correlations were found between IT and performance variables for each of the visual tasks. The implications of the correlation between IT and performance-related variables are discussed. Oculomotor variables on the other hand only correlated significantly with IT during the retrieval phase of the visual memorization task, which is likely a product of differences in participants' ability to memorize objects during the loading phase of the experiment. This leads us to the conclusion that the oculomotor variables we measured do not correlate with IT in general, but may in the case where a systematic benefit would be realized.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Gaveau2008,

title = {Saccade control and eye-hand coordination in optic ataxia},

author = {Valérie Gaveau and Denis Pélisson and Annabelle Blangero and Christian Urquizar and Claude Prablanc and Alain Vighetto and Laure Pisella},

doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.08.028},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Neuropsychologia},

volume = {46},

number = {2},

pages = {475–486},

abstract = {The aim of this work was to investigate ocular control in patients with optic ataxia (OA). Following a lesion in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC), these patients exhibit a deficit for fast visuo-motor control of reach-to-grasp movements. Here, we assessed the fast visuo-motor control of saccades as well as spontaneous eye-hand coordination in two bilateral OA patients and five neurologically intact controls in an ecological "look and point" paradigm. To test fast saccadic control, trials with unexpected target-jumps synchronised with saccade onset were randomly intermixed with stationary target trials. Results confirmed that control subjects achieved visual capture (foveation) of the displaced targets with the same timing as stationary targets (fast saccadic control) and began their hand movement systematically at the end of the primary saccade. In contrast, the two bilateral OA patients exhibited a delayed visual capture, especially of displaced targets, resulting from an impairment of fast saccadic control. They also exhibited a peculiar eye-hand coordination pattern, spontaneously delaying their hand movement onset until the execution of a final corrective saccade, which allowed target foveation. To test whether this pathological behaviour results from a delay in updating visual target location, we had subjects perform a second experiment in the same control subjects in which the target-jump was synchronised with saccade offset. With less time for target location updating, the control subjects exhibited the same lack of fast saccadic control as the OA patients. We propose that OA corresponds to an impairment of fast updating of target location, therefore affecting both eye and hand movements.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Georg2008,

title = {Influence of adaptation state and stimulus luminance on peri-saccadic localization},

author = {Katharina Georg and Fred H. Hamker and Markus Lappe},

doi = {10.1167/8.1.15},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {8},

number = {1},

pages = {1–11},

abstract = {Spatial localization of flashed stimuli across saccades shows transient distortions of perceived position: Stimuli appear shifted in saccade direction and compressed towards the saccade target. The strength and spatial pattern of this mislocalization is influenced by contrast, duration, and spatial and temporal arrangement of stimuli and background. Because mislocalization of stimuli on a background depends on contrast, we asked whether mislocalization of stimuli in darkness depends on luminance. Since dark adaptation changes luminance thresholds, we compared mislocalization in dark-adapted and light-adapted states. Peri-saccadic mislocalization was measured with near-threshold stimuli and above-threshold stimuli in dark-adapted and light-adapted subjects. In both adaptation states, near-threshold stimuli gave much larger mislocalization than above-threshold stimuli. Furthermore, when the stimulus was presented near-threshold, the perceived positions of the stimuli clustered closer together. Stimulus luminance that produced strong mislocalization in the light-adapted state produced very little mislocalization in the dark-adapted state because it was now well above threshold. We conclude that the strength of peri-saccadic mislocalization depends on the strength of the stimulus: stimuli with near-threshold luminance, and hence low visibility, are more mis-localized than clearly visible stimuli with high luminance.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Geyer2008,

title = {Expectancies modulate attentional capture by salient color singletons},

author = {Thomas Geyer and Hermann J. Müller and Joseph Krummenacher},

doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2008.02.006},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Vision Research},

volume = {48},

number = {11},

pages = {1315–1326},

abstract = {In singleton feature search for a form-defined target, the presentation of a task-irrelevant, but salient singleton color distractor is known to interfere with target detection [Theeuwes, J. (1991). Cross-dimensional perceptual selectivity. Perception & Psychophysics, 50, 184-193; Theeuwes, J. (1992). Perceptual selectivity for color and form. Perception & Psychophysics, 51, 599-606]. The present study was designed to re-examine this effect, by presenting observers with a singleton form target (on each trial) that could be accompanied by a salient) singleton color distractor, with the proportion of distractor to no-distractor trials systematically varying across blocks of trials. In addition to RTs, eye movements were recorded in order to examine the mechanisms underlying the distractor interference effect. The results showed that singleton distractors did interfere with target detection only when they were presented on a relatively small (but not on a large) proportion of trials. Overall, the findings suggest that cross-dimensional interference is a covert attention effect, arising from the competition of the target with the distractor for attentional selection [Kumada, T., & Humphreys, G. W. (2002). Cross-dimensional interference and cross-trial inhibition. Perception & Psychophysics, 64, 493-503], with the strength of the competition being modulated by observers' (top-down) incentive to suppress the distractor dimension.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Hernandez2008,

title = {How does saccade adaptation affect visual perception?},

author = {Teresa D. Hernandez and Carmel A. Levitan and Martin S. Banks and Clifton M. Schor},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {8},

number = {8},

pages = {1–16},

abstract = {Three signals are used to visually localize targets and stimulate saccades: (1) retinal location signals for intended saccade amplitude, (2) sensory-motor transform (SMT) of retinal signals to extra-ocular muscle innervation, and (3) estimates of eye position from extra-retinal signals. We investigated effects of adapting saccade amplitude to a double-step change in target location on perceived direction. In a flashed-pointing task, subjects pointed an unseen hand at a briefly displayed eccentric target without making a saccade. In a sustained-pointing task, subjects made a horizontal saccade to a double-step target. One second after the second step, they pointed an unseen hand at the final target position. After saccade-shortening adaptation, there was little change in hand-pointing azimuth toward the flashed target suggesting that most saccade adaptation was caused by changes in the SMT. After saccade-lengthening adaptation, there were small changes in hand-pointing azimuth to flashed targets, indicating that 1/3 of saccade adaptation was caused by changes in estimated retinal location signals and 2/3 by changes in the SMT. The sustained hand-pointing task indicated that estimates of eye position adapted inversely with changes of the SMT. Changes in perceived direction resulting from saccade adaptation are mainly influenced by extra-retinal factors with a small retinal component in the lengthening condition.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Hogarth2008,

title = {Attention and expectation in human predictive learning: The role of uncertainty},

author = {Lee Hogarth and Anthony Dickinson and Alison Austin and Craig Brown and Theodora Duka},

doi = {10.1080/17470210701643439},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology},

volume = {61},

number = {11},

pages = {1658–1668},

abstract = {Three localized, visual pattern stimuli were trained as predictive signals of auditory outcomes. One signal partially predicted an aversive noise in Experiment 1 and a neutral tone in Experiment 2, whereas the other signals consistently predicted either the occurrence or absence of the noise. The expectation of the noise was measured during each signal presentation, and only participants for whom this expectation demonstrated contingency knowledge showed differential attention to the signals. Importantly, when attention was measured by visual fixations, the contingency-aware group attended more to the partially predictive signal than to the consistent predictors in both experiments. This profile of visual attention supports the Pearce and Hall (1980) theory of the role of attention in associative learning.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Heisz2008,

title = {More efficient scanning for familiar faces},

author = {Jennifer J. Heisz and David I. Shore},

doi = {10.1167/8.1.9},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {8},

number = {1},

pages = {1–10},

abstract = {The present study reveals changes in eye movement patterns as newly learned faces become more familiar. Observers received multiple exposures to newly learned faces over four consecutive days. Recall tasks were performed on all 4 days, and a recognition task was performed on the fourth day. Eye movement behavior was compared across facial exposure and task type. Overall, the eyes were viewed for longer and more often than any other facial region, regardless of face familiarity. As a face became more familiar, observers made fewer fixations during recall and recognition. With increased exposure, observers sampled more from the eyes and sampled less from the nose, mouth, forehead, chin, and cheek regions. Interestingly, this change in scanning behavior was only observed for recall tasks, but not for recognition.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}