EyeLink Eye-Tracking Publications Library

@article{CanalBruland2011,

title = {Visual span and change detection in soccer: An expertise study},

author = {Rouwen Cañal-Bruland and Simone Lotz and Norbert Hagemann and Jörg Schorer and Bernd Strauss},

doi = {10.1080/20445911.2011.496723},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Cognitive Psychology},

volume = {23},

number = {3},

pages = {302–310},

abstract = {There is evidence to suggest that sports experts are able to extract more perceptual information from a single fixation than novices when exposed to meaningful tasks that are specific to their field of expertise. In particular, Reingold et al. (2001) showed that chess experts use a larger visual span including fewer fixations when compared to their less skilled counterparts. The aim of the present study was to examine whether also in a more complex environment, namely soccer, skilled players use a larger visual span and fewer fixations than less skilled players when attempting to recognise players' positions. To this end, we combined the gaze-contingent window technique with the change detection paradigm. Results seem to suggest that skilled soccer players do not use a larger visual span than less skilled players. However, skilled soccer players showed significantly fewer fixations of longer duration than their less skilled counterparts, supporting the notion that experts may extract more information from a single glance.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Castelhano2011,

title = {Scene context influences without scene gist: Eye movements guided by spatial associations in visual search},

author = {Monica S. Castelhano and Chelsea Heaven},

doi = {10.3758/s13423-011-0107-8},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Psychonomic Bulletin & Review},

volume = {18},

number = {5},

pages = {890–896},

abstract = {Although the use of semantic information about the world seems ubiquitous in every task we perform, it is not clear whether we rely on a scene's semantic information to guide attention when searching for something in a specific scene context (e.g., keys in one's living room). To address this question, we compared contribution of a scene's semantic information (i.e., scene gist) versus learned spatial associations between objects and context. Using the flash-preview-moving-window paradigm Castelhano and Henderson (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 33:753-763, 2007), participants searched for target objects that were placed in either consistent or inconsistent locations and were semantically consistent or inconsistent with the scene gist. The results showed that learned spatial associations were used to guide search even in inconsistent contexts, providing evidence that scene context can affect search performance without consistent scene gist information. We discuss the results in terms of hierarchical organization of top-down influences of scene context.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Boehler2011,

title = {Task-load-dependent activation of dopaminergic midbrain areas in the absence of reward},

author = {Carsten N. Boehler and Jens-Max Hopf and Ruth M. Krebs and Christian M. Stoppel and Mircea A. Schoenfeld and Hans-Jochen Heinze and Toemme Noesselt},

doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4845-10.2011},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Neuroscience},

volume = {31},

number = {13},

pages = {4955–4961},

abstract = {Dopamine release in cortical and subcortical structures plays a central role in reward-related neural processes. Within this context, dopaminergic inputs are commonly assumed to play an activating role, facilitating behavioral and cognitive operations necessary to obtain a prospective reward. Here, we provide evidence from human fMRI that this activating role can also be mediated by task-demand-related processes and thus extends beyond situations that only entail extrinsic motivating factors. Using a visual discrimination task in which varying levels of task demands were precued, we found enhanced hemodynamic activity in the substantia nigra (SN) for high task demands in the absence of reward or similar extrinsic motivating factors. This observation thus indicates that the SN can also be activated in an endogenous fashion. In parallel to its role in reward-related processes, reward-independent activation likely serves to recruit the processing resources needed to meet enhanced task demands. Simultaneously, activity in a wide network of cortical and subcortical control regions was enhanced in response to high task demands, whereas areas of the default-mode network were deactivated more strongly. The present observations suggest that the SN represents a core node within a broader neural network that adjusts the amount of available neural and behavioral resources to changing situational opportunities and task requirements, which is often driven by extrinsic factors but can also be controlled endogenously.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Bolger2011,

title = {Semantic categories and context in L2 vocabulary learning},

author = {Patrick A. Bolger and Gabriela Zapata},

doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9922.2010.00624.x},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Language Learning},

volume = {61},

number = {2},

pages = {614–646},

abstract = {This article extends recent findings that presenting semantically related vocabulary simultaneously inhibits learning. It does so by adding story contexts. Participants learned 32 new labels for known concepts from four different semantic categories in stories that were either semantically related (one category per story) or semantically unrelated (four categories per story). They then completed a semantic-categorization task, followed by a stimulus-match verification task in an eye-tracker. Results suggest that there may be a slight learning advantage in the semantically unrelated condition. However, our findings are better interpreted in terms of how learning occurred and how vocabulary was processed afterward. Additionally, our results suggest that contextual support from the stories may have surmounted much of the disadvantage attributed to semantic relatedness.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Born2011,

title = {Evidence for a dissociation between the control of oculomotor capture and disengagement},

author = {Sabine Born and Dirk Kerzel and Jan Theeuwes},

doi = {10.1007/s00221-010-2510-1},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Experimental Brain Research},

volume = {208},

number = {4},

pages = {621–631},

abstract = {The current study investigated whether capture of the eyes by a salient onset distractor and the disengagement of the eyes from that distractor are driven by the same or by different underlying control modes. A variant of the classic oculomotor capture task was used. Observers had to make a saccade to the only gray circle among red background circles. On some trials, a green (novel color), red (placeholder color) or gray (target color) distractor square was presented with sudden onset. Results showed that when participants reacted fast, oculomotor capture was primarily driven by bottom-up pop-out: both types of distractors (green and gray) that popped out among the red background elements showed more capture than a red distractor that did not pop-out. In contrast to initial capture, disengagement of the eyes from the distractor was driven by top-down target-distractor similarity effects. We also examined the time-course of this effect. The distractor could change from green to either the target or placeholder color. When the color change was early in time (30-40 ms after its onset), dwell times were strongly affected by the change, whereas the effect on oculomotor capture was weak. Importantly, a change occurring as early as 60-80 ms after distractor onset did neither affect capture nor dwell times, corroborating the assumption of parallel programming of saccades.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kita2011,

title = {Self-face recognition in children with autism spectrum disorders: A near-infrared spectroscopy study},

author = {Yosuke Kita and Atsuko Gunji and Yuki Inoue and Takaaki Goto and Kotoe Sakihara and Makiko Kaga and Masumi Inagaki and Toru Hosokawa},

doi = {10.1016/j.braindev.2010.11.007},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Brain and Development},

volume = {33},

number = {6},

pages = {494–503},

publisher = {10},

address = {// Average Age},

abstract = {It is assumed that children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have specificities for self-face recognition, which is known to be a basic cognitive ability for social development. In the present study, we investigated neurological substrates and potentially influential factors for self-face recognition of ASD patients using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The subjects were 11 healthy adult men, 13 normally developing boys, and 10 boys with ASD. Their hemodynamic activities in the frontal area and their scanning strategies (eye-movement) were examined during self-face recognition. Other factors such as ASD severities and self-consciousness were also evaluated by parents and patients, respectively. Oxygenated hemoglobin levels were higher in the regions corresponding to the right inferior frontal gyrus than in those corresponding to the left inferior frontal gyrus. In two groups of children these activities reflected ASD severities, such that the more serious ASD characteristics corresponded with lower activity levels. Moreover, higher levels of public self-consciousness intensified the activities, which were not influenced by the scanning strategies. These findings suggest that dysfunction in the right inferior frontal gyrus areas responsible for self-face recognition is one of the crucial neural substrates underlying ASD characteristics, which could potentially be used to evaluate psychological aspects such as public self-consciousness.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Klingenhoefer2011,

title = {Saccadic suppression of displacement in face of saccade adaptation},

author = {Steffen Klingenhoefer and F. Bremmer},

doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2010.12.006},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Vision Research},

volume = {51},

pages = {881–889},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Saccades challenge visual perception since they induce large shifts of the image on the retina. Nevertheless, we perceive the outer world as being stable. The saccadic system also can rapidly adapt to changes in the environment (saccadic adaptation). In such case, a dissociation is introduced between a driving visual signal (the original saccade target) and a motor output (the adapted saccade vector). The question arises, how saccadic adaptation interferes with perceptual visual stability. In order to answer this question, we engaged human subjects in a saccade adaptation paradigm and interspersed trials in which the saccade target was displaced perisaccadically to a random position. In these trials subjects had to report on their perception of displacements of the saccade target. Subjects were tested in two conditions. In the 'blank' condition, the saccade target was briefly blanked after the end of the saccade. In the 'no-blank' condition the target was permanently visible. Confirming previous findings, the visual system was rather insensitive to displacements of the saccade target in an unadapted state, an effect termed saccadic suppression of displacement (SSD). In all adaptation conditions, we found spatial perception to correlate with the adaptive changes in saccade landing site. In contrast, small changes in saccade amplitude that occurred on a trial by trial basis did not correlate with perception. In the 'no-blank' condition we observed a prominent increase in suppression strength during backward adaptation. We discuss our findings in the context of existing theories on transsaccadic perceptual stability and its neural basis.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kloft2011,

title = {Evidence for a deficit in volitional action generation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder},

author = {Lisa Kloft and Eva Kischkel and Norbert Kathmann and Benedikt Reuter},

doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01138.x},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Psychophysiology},

volume = {48},

number = {6},

pages = {755–761},

abstract = {Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients show deficits in tasks of executive functioning like the antisaccade (AS) task. These deficits suggest problems in response inhibition or volitional saccade generation. Thirty patients (15 nonmedicated) and 30 healthy subjects performed antisaccades and simple volitional saccades (SVS), that is, centrally cued saccades. In SVS, two aspects of volitional saccade generation were disentangled: response selection and initiation. Latencies of OCD patients were increased in volitional saccades independent of response selection demands. AS performance did not differ. Across groups, latencies in AS were faster than in SVS. Medicated patients did not differ from nonmedicated patients. In sum, response initiation is deficient in OCD patients, which may reflect a general problem in volitional action generation. This deficit did not affect antisaccade performance, possibly due to a lower volitional demand in that task.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kluge2011,

title = {Plasticity of human auditory-evoked fields induced by shock conditioning and contingency reversal},

author = {Christian Kluge and Markus Bauer and Alexander P. Leff and Hans-Jochen Heinze and Raymond J. Dolan and Jon Driver and Alexander Paul},

doi = {10.1073/pnas.1016124108},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},

volume = {108},

number = {30},

pages = {12545–12550},

abstract = {We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to assess plasticity of human auditory cortex induced by classical conditioning and contingency reversal. Participants listened to random sequences of high or low tones. A first baseline phase presented these without further associations. In phase 2, one of the frequencies (CS(+)) was paired with shock on half its occurrences, whereas the other frequency (CS(-)) was not. In phase 3, the contingency assigning CS(+) and CS(-) was reversed. Conditioned pupil dilation was observed in phase 2 but extinguished in phase 3. MEG revealed that, during phase-2 initial conditioning, the P1m, N1m, and P2m auditory components, measured from sensors over auditory temporal cortex, came to distinguish between CS(+) and CS(-). After contingency reversal in phase 3, the later P2m component rapidly reversed its selectivity (unlike the pupil response) but the earlier P1m did not, whereas N1m showed some new learning but not reversal. These results confirm plasticity of human auditory responses due to classical conditioning, but go further in revealing distinct constraints on different levels of the auditory hierarchy. The later P2m component can reverse affiliation immediately in accord with an updated expectancy after contingency reversal, whereas the earlier auditory components cannot. These findings indicate distinct cognitive and emotional influences on auditory processing.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Knoell2011,

title = {Spatiotemporal profile of peri-saccadic contrast sensitivity},

author = {Jonas Knöll and Paola Binda and M. Concetta Morrone and Frank Bremmer},

doi = {10.1167/11.14.15},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {11},

number = {14},

pages = {1–12},

abstract = {Sensitivity to luminance contrast is reduced just before and during saccades (saccadic suppression), whereas sensitivity to color contrast is unimpaired peri-saccadically and enhanced post-saccadically. The exact spatiotemporal map of these perceptual effects is as yet unknown. Here, we measured detection thresholds for briefly flashed Gaussian blobs modulated in either luminance or chromatic contrast, displayed at a range of eccentricities. Sensitivity to luminance contrast was reduced peri-saccadically by a scaling factor, which was almost constant across retinal space. Saccadic suppression followed a similar time course across all tested eccentricities and was maximal shortly after the saccade onset. Sensitivity to chromatic contrast was enhanced post-saccadically at all tested locations. The enhancement was not specifically linked to the execution of saccades, as it was also observed following a displacement of retinal images comparable to that caused by a saccade. We conclude that luminance and chromatic contrast sensitivities are subject to distinct modulations at the time of saccades, resulting from independent neural processes.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Koenig2011,

title = {Curved saccade trajectories reveal conflicting predictions in associative learning},

author = {Stephan Koenig and Harald Lachnit},

doi = {10.1037/a0023718},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition},

volume = {37},

number = {5},

pages = {1164–1177},

abstract = {We report how the trajectories of saccadic eye movements are affected by memory interference acquired during associative learning. Human participants learned to perform saccadic choice responses based on the presentation of arbitrary central cues A, B, AC, BC, AX, BY, X, and Y that were trained to predict the appearance of a peripheral target stimulus at 1 of 3 possible locations, right (R), mid (M), or left (L), in the upper hemifield. We analyzed as measures of associative learning the frequency, latency, and curvature of saccades elicited by the cues and directed at the trained locations in anticipation of the targets. Participants were trained on two concurrent discrimination problems A+R, AC+R, AX+M, X+M and B+L, BC+L, BY+M, Y+M. From a connectionist perspective, cues were predicted to acquire associative links connecting the cues to the trained outcomes in memory. Model simulations based on the learning rule of the Rescorla and Wagner (1972) model revealed that for some cues, the prediction of the correct target location was challenged by the interfering prediction of an incorrect location. We observed that saccades directed at the correct location in anticipation of the target curved away from the location that was predicted by the interfering association. Furthermore, changes in curvature during training corresponded to predicted changes in associative memory. We propose that this curvature was caused by the inhibition of the incorrect prediction, as previously has been suggested with the concept of distractor inhibition (Sheliga, Riggio, & Rizzolatti, 1994; Tipper, Howard, & Houghton, 2000). The paradigm provides a new method to examine memory interference during associative learning.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Jonikaitis2011,

title = {Independent allocation of attention to eye and hand targets in coordinated eye-hand movements},

author = {Donatas Jonikaitis and Heiner Deubel},

doi = {10.1177/0956797610397666},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Psychological Science},

volume = {22},

number = {3},

pages = {339–347},

abstract = {When reaching for objects, people frequently look where they reach. This raises the question of whether the targets for the eye and hand in concurrent eye and hand movements are selected by a unitary attentional system or by independent mechanisms. We used the deployment of visual attention as an index of the selection of movement targets and asked observers to reach and look to either the same location or separate locations. Results show that during the preparation of coordinated movements, attention is allocated in parallel to the targets of a saccade and a reaching movement. Attentional allocations for the two movements interact synergistically when both are directed to a common goal. Delaying the eye movement delays the attentional shift to the saccade target while leaving attentional deployment to the reach target unaffected. Our findings demonstrate that attentional resources are allocated independently to the targets of eye and hand movements and suggest that the goals for these effectors are selected by separate attentional mechanisms.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Juhasz2011,

title = {Effects of morphological families on English compound word recognition: A multitask investigation},

author = {Barbara J. Juhasz and Rachel N. Berkowitz},

doi = {10.1080/01690965.2010.498668},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Language and Cognitive Processes},

volume = {26},

number = {4-6},

pages = {653–682},

abstract = {Three experiments examined the influence of first lexeme morphological family size on English compound word recognition. Concatenated compound words whose first lexemes were from large morphological families were responded to faster in word naming and lexical decision than compounds from small morphological families. In addition, an eye movement experiment showed that gaze durations were shorter on compounds from large morphological families during sentence reading. This was mainly due to more refixations on compounds from small morphological families. Posthoc analyses and re-analysis of past studies suggested that compounds with a larger number of higher frequency family members (HFFM) are read more slowly than compounds with fewer HFFM. Thus, while morphological family size is generally facilitative, the presence of HFFM has an inhibitory effect on eye movement behaviour. The time-course of these effects is discussed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Juhasz2011a,

title = {The effects of age-of-Aacquisition on ambiguity resolution: Evidence from eye movements},

author = {Barbara J. Juhasz and Margaret M. Gullick and Leah W. Shesler},

doi = {10.16910/jemr.4.1.4},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Eye Movement Research},

volume = {4},

number = {1},

pages = {1–14},

abstract = {Words that are rated as acquired earlier in life receive shorter fixation durations than later acquired words, even when word frequency is adequately controlled (Juhasz & Rayner, 2003; 2006). Some theories posit that age-of-acquisition (AoA) affects the semantic representation of words (e.g., Steyvers & Tenenbaum, 2005), while others suggest that AoA should have an influence at multiple levels in the mental lexicon (e.g. Ellis & Lambon Ralph, 2000). In past studies, early and late AoA words have differed from each other in orthography, phonology, and meaning, making it difficult to localize the influence of AoA. Two experiments are reported which examined the locus of AoA effects in reading. Both experiments used balanced ambiguous words which have two equally-frequent meanings acquired at different times (e.g. pot, tick). In Experiment 1, sentence context supporting either the early- or late-acquired meaning was presented prior to the ambiguous word; in Experiment 2, disambiguating context was presented after the ambiguous word. When prior context disambiguated the ambiguous word, meaning AoA influenced the processing of the target word. However, when disambiguating sentence context followed the ambiguous word, meaning frequency was the more important variable and no effect of meaning AoA was observed. These results, when combined with the past results of Juhasz and Rayner (2003; 2006) suggest that AoA influences access to multiple levels of representation in the mental lexicon. The results also have implications for theories of lexical ambiguity resolution, as they suggest that variables other than meaning frequency and context can influence resolution of noun-noun ambiguities.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kaakinen2011,

title = {Influence of a psychological perspective on scene viewing and memory for scenes},

author = {Johanna K. Kaakinen and Jukka Hyönä and Minna Viljanen},

doi = {10.1080/17470218.2010.548872},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology},

volume = {64},

number = {7},

pages = {1372–1387},

abstract = {In the study, 33 participants viewed photographs from either a potential homebuyer's or a burglar's perspective, or in preparation for a memory test, while their eye movements were recorded. A free recall and a picture recognition task were performed after viewing. The results showed that perspective had rapid effects, in that the second fixation after the scene onset was more likely to land on perspective-relevant than on perspective-irrelevant areas within the scene. Perspective-relevant areas also attracted longer total fixation time, more visits, and longer first-pass dwell times than did perspective-irrelevant areas. As for the effects of visual saliency, the first fixation was more likely to land on a salient than on a nonsalient area; salient areas also attracted more visits and longer total fixation time than did nonsalient areas. Recall and recognition performance reflected the eye fixation results: Both were overall higher for perspective-relevant than for perspective-irrelevant scene objects. The relatively low error rates in the recognition task suggest that participants had gained an accurate memory for scene objects. The findings suggest that the role of bottom-up versus top-down factors varies as a function of viewing task and the time-course of scene processing.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kaiser2011,

title = {Focusing on pronouns: Consequences of subjecthood, pronominalisation, and contrastive focus},

author = {Elsi Kaiser},

doi = {10.1080/01690965.2010.523082},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Language and Cognitive Processes},

volume = {26},

number = {10},

pages = {1625–1666},

abstract = {We report two visual-world eye-tracking experiments that investigated the effects of subjecthood, pronominalisation, and contrastive focus on the interpretation of pronouns in subsequent discourse. By probing the effects of these factors on real-time pronoun interpretation, we aim to contribute to our understanding of how topicality-related factors (subjecthood, givenness) interact with contrastive focus effects, and to investigate whether the seemingly mixed results obtained in prior work on topicality and focusing could be related to effects of subjecthood. Our results indicate that structural and semantic prominence (specifically, agentive subjects) influence pronoun interpretation even when separated from information-structural notions, and thus need to be taken into account when investigating topicality and focusing. We discuss how our results allow us to reconcile the distinct findings of prior studies. More generally, this research contributes to our understanding of how the language comprehension system integrates different kinds of information during real-time reference resolution.$backslash$nWe report two visual-world eye-tracking experiments that investigated the effects of subjecthood, pronominalisation, and contrastive focus on the interpretation of pronouns in subsequent discourse. By probing the effects of these factors on real-time pronoun interpretation, we aim to contribute to our understanding of how topicality-related factors (subjecthood, givenness) interact with contrastive focus effects, and to investigate whether the seemingly mixed results obtained in prior work on topicality and focusing could be related to effects of subjecthood. Our results indicate that structural and semantic prominence (specifically, agentive subjects) influence pronoun interpretation even when separated from information-structural notions, and thus need to be taken into account when investigating topicality and focusing. We discuss how our results allow us to reconcile the distinct findings of prior studies. More generally, this research contributes to our understanding of how the language comprehension system integrates different kinds of information during real-time reference resolution.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kalisvaart2011,

title = {Binocular onset rivalry at the time of saccades and stimulus jumps},

author = {Joke P. Kalisvaart and Sumientra M. Rampersad and Jeroen Goossens},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0020017},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {6},

number = {6},

pages = {e20017},

abstract = {Recent studies suggest that binocular rivalry at stimulus onset, so called onset rivalry, differs from rivalry during sustained viewing. These observations raise the interesting question whether there is a relation between onset rivalry and rivalry in the presence of eye movements. We therefore studied binocular rivalry when stimuli jumped from one visual hemifield to the other, either through a saccade or through a passive stimulus displacement, and we compared rivalry after such displacements with onset and sustained rivalry. We presented opponent motion, orthogonal gratings and face/house stimuli through a stereoscope. For all three stimulus types we found that subjects showed a strong preference for stimuli in one eye or one hemifield (Experiment 1), and that these subject-specific biases did not persist during sustained viewing (Experiment 2). These results confirm and extend previous findings obtained with gratings. The results from the main experiment (Experiment 3) showed that after a passive stimulus jump, switching probability was low when the preferred eye was dominant before a stimulus jump, but when the non-preferred eye was dominant beforehand, switching probability was comparatively high. The results thus showed that dominance after a stimulus jump was tightly related to eye dominance at stimulus onset. In the saccade condition, however, these subject-specific biases were systematically reduced, indicating that the influence of saccades can be understood from a systematic attenuation of the subjects' onset rivalry biases. Taken together, our findings demonstrate a relation between onset rivalry and rivalry after retinal shifts and involvement of extra-retinal signals in binocular rivalry.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kallio2011,

title = {The existence of a hypnotic state revealed by eye movements},

author = {Sakari Kallio and Jukka Hyönä and Antti Revonsuo and Pilleriin Sikka and Lauri Nummenmaa},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0026374},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {6},

number = {10},

pages = {e26374},

abstract = {Hypnosis has had a long and controversial history in psychology, psychiatry and neurology, but the basic nature of hypnotic phenomena still remains unclear. Different theoretical approaches disagree as to whether or not hypnosis may involve an altered mental state. So far, a hypnotic state has never been convincingly demonstrated, if the criteria for the state are that it involves some objectively measurable and replicable behavioural or physiological phenomena that cannot be faked or simulated by non-hypnotized control subjects. We present a detailed case study of a highly hypnotizable subject who reliably shows a range of changes in both automatic and volitional eye movements when given a hypnotic induction. These changes correspond well with the phenomenon referred to as the "trance stare" in the hypnosis literature. Our results show that this 'trance stare' is associated with large and objective changes in the optokinetic reflex, the pupillary reflex and programming a saccade to a single target. Control subjects could not imitate these changes voluntarily. For the majority of people, hypnotic induction brings about states resembling normal focused attention or mental imagery. Our data nevertheless highlight that in some cases hypnosis may involve a special state, which qualitatively differs from the normal state of consciousness.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kamboj2011,

title = {Changes in cue reactivity and attentional bias following experimental cue exposure and response prevention: A laboratory study of the effects of D-cycloserine in heavy drinkers},

author = {Sunjeev K. Kamboj and Rachel Massey-Chase and Lydia Rodney and Ravi K. Das and Basil Almahdi and H. Valerie Curran and Celia J. A. Morgan},

doi = {10.1007/s00213-011-2254-z},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Psychopharmacology},

volume = {217},

number = {1},

pages = {25–37},

abstract = {Rationale: The effects of D-cycloserine (DCS) in animal models of anxiety disorders and addiction indicate a role for N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in extinction learning. Exposure/response prevention treatments for anxiety disorders in humans are enhanced by DCS, suggesting a promising co-therapy regime, mediated by NMDA receptors. Exposure/response prevention may also be effective in problematic drinkers, and DCS might enhance habituation to cues in these individuals. Since heavy drinkers show ostensible conditioned responses to alcohol cues, habituation following exposure/response prevention should be evident in these drinkers, with DCS enhancing this effect. Objectives: The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of DCS on exposure/response prevention in heavy drinkers. Methods: In a randomised, double-blind, placebo- controlled study, heavy social drinkers recruited from the community received either DCS (125 mg; n=19) or placebo (n=17) 1 h prior to each of two sessions of exposure/response prevention. Cue reactivity and attentional bias were assessed during these two sessions and at a third follow-up session. Between-session drinking behaviour was recorded. Results: Robust cue reactivity and attentional bias to alcohol cues was evident, as expected of heavy drinkers. Within- and between-session habituation of cue reactivity, as well as a reduction in attentional bias to alcohol cues over time was found. However, there was no evidence ofgreater habituation in the DCS group. Subtle stimulant effects (increased subjective contentedness and euphoria) which were unrelated to exposure/response prevention were found following DCS. Conclusions: DCS does not appear to enhance habituation of alcohol cue reactivity in heavy non-dependent drinkers. Its utility in enhancing treatments based on exposure/ response prevention in dependent drinkers or drug users remains open.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kootstra2011,

title = {Predicting eye fixations on complex visual stimuli using local symmetry},

author = {Gert Kootstra and Bart Boer and Lambert R. B. Schomaker},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Cognitive Computation},

volume = {3},

pages = {223–240},

abstract = {Most bottom-up models that predict human eye fixations are based on contrast features. The saliency model of Itti, Koch and Niebur is an example of such contrast-saliency models. Although the model has been successfully compared to human eye fixations, we show that it lacks preciseness in the prediction of fixations on mirror-symmetrical forms. The contrast model gives high response at the borders, whereas human observers consistently look at the symmetrical center of these forms. We propose a saliency model that predicts eye fixations using local mirror symmetry. To test the model, we performed an eye-tracking experiment with participants viewing complex photographic images and compared the data with our symmetry model and the contrast model. The results show that our symmetry model predicts human eye fixations significantly better on a wide variety of images including many that are not selected for their symmetrical content. Moreover, our results show that especially early fixations are on highly symmetrical areas of the images. We conclude that symmetry is a strong predictor of human eye fixations and that it can be used as a predictor of the order of fixation.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Koerner2011,

title = {Eye movements reveal distinct search and reasoning processes in comprehension of complex graphs},

author = {Christof Körner},

doi = {10.1002/acp.1766},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Applied Cognitive Psychology},

volume = {25},

number = {6},

pages = {893–905},

abstract = {Hierarchical graphs (e.g. file system browsers, family trees) represent objects (e.g. files, folders) as graph nodes, and relations (subfolder relations) between them as lines. In three experiments, participants viewed such graphs and carried out tasks that either required search for two target nodes (Experiment 1A), reasoning about their relation (Experiment 1B), or both (Experiment 2). We recorded eye movements and used the number of fixations in different phases to identify distinct stages of comprehension. Search in graphs proceeded like search in standard visual search tasks and was mostly unaffected by graph properties. Reasoning occurred typically in a separate stage at the end ofcomprehension and was affected by intersecting graph lines. The alignment ofnodes, together with linguistic factors, may also affect comprehension. Overall, there was good evidence to suggest that participants read graphs in a sequential manner, and that this is an economical approach of comprehension.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kouider2011,

title = {Preference is biased by crowded facial expressions},

author = {Sid Kouider and Vincent Berthet and Nathan Faivre and Sid Kouider and Vincent Berthet and Nathan Faivre},

doi = {10.1177/0956797610396226},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Psychological Science},

volume = {22},

number = {2},

pages = {184–189},

abstract = {Crowding occurs when nearby flankers impede the identification of a peripheral stimulus. Here, we studied whether crowded features containing inaccessible emotional information can nevertheless affect preference judgments. We relied on gaze-contingent crowding, a novel method allowing for constant perceptual unawareness through eye-tracking control, and we found that crowded facial expressions can bias evaluative judgments of neutral pictographs. Furthermore, this emotional bias was effective not only for static images of faces, but also for videos displaying dynamic facial expressions. In addition to showing an alternative approach for probing nonconscious cognition, this study reveals that crowded information, instead of being fully suppressed, can have important influences on decisions.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Koval2011,

title = {Prefrontal cortex deactivation in macaques alters activity in the superior colliculus and impairs voluntary control of saccades},

author = {Michael J. Koval and Stephen G. Lomber and Stefan Everling},

doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1258-11.2011},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Neuroscience},

volume = {31},

number = {23},

pages = {8659–8668},

abstract = {The cognitive control of action requires both the suppression of automatic responses to sudden stimuli and the generation of behavior specified by abstract instructions. Though patient, functional imaging and neurophysiological studies have implicated the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) in these abilities, the mechanism by which the dlPFC exerts this control remains unknown. Here we examined the functional interaction of the dlPFC with the saccade circuitry by deactivating area 46 of the dlPFC and measuring its effects on the activity of single superior colliculus neurons in monkeys performing a cognitive saccade task. Deactivation of the dlPFC reduced preparatory activity and increased stimulus-related activity in these neurons. These changes in neural activity were accompanied by marked decreases in task performance as evidenced by longer reaction times and more task errors. The results suggest that the dlPFC participates in the cognitive control of gaze by suppressing stimulus-evoked automatic saccade programs.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Krab2011,

title = {Motor learning in children with Neurofibromatosis Type I},

author = {Lianne C. Krab and Arja Goede-Bolder and Femke K. Aarsen and Henriëtte A. Moll and Chris I. De Zeeuw and Ype Elgersma and Josef N. Geest},

doi = {10.1007/s12311-010-0217-2},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Cerebellum},

volume = {10},

number = {1},

pages = {14–21},

abstract = {The aim of this study was to quantify the frequently observed problems in motor control in Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) using three tasks on motor performance and motor learning. A group of 70 children with NF1 was compared to age-matched controls. As expected, NF1 children showed substantial problems in visuo-motor integration (Beery VMI). Prism-induced hand movement adaptation seemed to be mildly affected. However, no significant impairments in the accuracy of simple eye or hand movements were observed. Also, saccadic eye movement adaptation, a cerebellum dependent task, appeared normal. These results suggest that the motor problems of children with NF1 in daily life are unlikely to originate solely from impairments in motor learning. Our findings, therefore, do not support a general dysfunction of the cerebellum in children with NF1.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kapoula2011,

title = {Different effects of double-pulse TMS of the posterior parietal cortex on reflexive and voluntary saccades},

author = {Zoï Kapoula and Qing Yang and Norman Sabbah and Marine Vernet},

doi = {10.3389/fnhum.2011.00114},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},

volume = {5},

pages = {114},

abstract = {Gap and overlap tasks are widely used to promote automatic versus controlled saccades. This study examines the hypothesis that the right posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is differently involved in the two tasks. Twelve healthy students participated in the experiment. We used double-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS) on the right PPC, the first pulse delivered at the target onset and the second 65 or 80 ms later. Each subject performed several blocks of gap or overlap task with or without dTMS. Eye movements were recorded with an Eyelink device. The results show an increase of latency of saccades after dTMS of the right PPC for both tasks but for different time windows (0-80 ms for the gap task, 0-65 ms for the overlap task). Moreover, for rightward saccades the coefficient of variation of latency increased in the gap task but decreased in the overlap task. Finally, in the gap task and for leftward saccades only, dTMS at 0-80 ms decreased the amplitude and the speed of saccades. Although the study is preliminary and needs further investigation in detail, the results support the hypothesis that the right PPC is involved differently in the initiation of the saccades for the two tasks: in the gap task the PPC controls saccade triggering while in the overlap task it could be a relay to the Frontal Eye Fields which is known to control voluntary saccades, e.g., memory-guided and perhaps the controlled saccades in the overlap task The results have theoretical and clinical significance as gap-overlap tasks are easy to perform even in advanced age and in patients with neurodegenerative diseases.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kaspar2011,

title = {Viewing behavior and the impact of low-level image properties across repeated presentations of complex scenes},

author = {Kai Kaspar and Peter Konig},

doi = {10.1167/11.13.26},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {11},

number = {13},

pages = {1–29},

abstract = {Studies on bottom-up mechanisms in human overt attention support the significance of basic image features for fixation behavior on visual scenes. In this context, a decisive question has been neglected so far: How stable is the impact of basic image features on overt attention across repeated image observation? To answer this question, two eye-tracking studies were conducted in which 79 subjects were repeatedly exposed to several types of visual scenes differing in gist and complexity. Upon repeated presentations, viewing behavior changed significantly. Subjects neither performed independent scanning eye movements nor scrutinized complementary image regions but tended to view largely overlapping image regions, but this overlap significantly decreased over time. Importantly, subjects did not uncouple their scanning pathways substantially from basic image features. In contrast, the effect of image type on feature–fixation correlations was much bigger than the effect of memory-mediated scene familiarity. Moreover, feature–fixation correlations were moderated by actual saccade length, and this phenomenon remained constant across repeated viewings. We also demonstrated that this saccade length effect was not an exclusive within-subject phenomenon. We conclude that the present results bridge a substantial gap in attention research and are important for future research and modeling processes of human overt attention. Additionally, we advise considering interindividual differences in viewing behavior.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kaspar2011a,

title = {Overt attention and context factors: The impact of repeated presentations, image type, and individual motivation},

author = {Kai Kaspar and Peter König},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0021719},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {6},

number = {7},

pages = {e21719},

abstract = {The present study investigated the dynamic of the attention focus during observation of different categories of complex scenes and simultaneous consideration of individuals' memory and motivational state. We repeatedly presented four types of complex visual scenes in a pseudo-randomized order and recorded eye movements. Subjects were divided into groups according to their motivational disposition in terms of action orientation and individual rating of scene interest.Statistical analysis of eye-tracking data revealed that the attention focus successively became locally expressed by increasing fixation duration; decreasing saccade length, saccade frequency, and single subject's fixation distribution over images; and increasing inter-subject variance of fixation distributions. The validity of these results was supported by verbal reports. This general tendency was weaker for the group of subjects who rated the image set as interesting as compared to the other group. Additionally, effects were partly mediated by subjects' motivational disposition. Finally, we found a generally strong impact of image type on eye movement parameters. We conclude that motivational tendencies linked to personality as well as individual preferences significantly affected viewing behaviour. Hence, it is important and fruitful to consider inter-individual differences on the level of motivation and personality traits within investigations of attention processes. We demonstrate that future studies on memory's impact on overt attention have to deal appropriately with several aspects that had been out of the research focus until now.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kelly2011,

title = {Social experience does not abolish cultural diversity in eye movements},

author = {David J. Kelly and Rachael R. Jack and Sébastien Miellet and Emanuele Luca De and Kay Foreman and Roberto Caldara},

doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00095},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},

volume = {2},

pages = {95},

abstract = {Adults from Eastern (e.g., China) and Western (e.g., USA) cultural groups display pronounced differences in a range of visual processing tasks. For example, the eye movement strategies used for information extraction during a variety of face processing tasks (e.g., identification and facial expressions of emotion categorization) differs across cultural groups. Currently, many of the differences reported in previous studies have asserted that culture itself is responsible for shaping the way we process visual information, yet this has never been directly investigated. In the current study, we assessed the relative contribution of genetic and cultural factors by testing face processing in a population of British Born Chinese adults using face recognition and expression classification tasks. Contrary to predictions made by the cultural differences framework, the majority of British Born Chinese adults deployed "Eastern" eye movement strategies, while approximately 25% of participants displayed "Western" strategies. Furthermore, the cultural eye movement strategies used by individuals were consistent across recognition and expression tasks. These findings suggest that "culture" alone cannot straightforwardly account for diversity in eye movement patterns. Instead a more complex understanding of how the environment and individual experiences can influence the mechanisms that govern visual processing is required.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kelly2011a,

title = {Developing cultural differences in face processing},

author = {David J. Kelly and Shaoying Liu and Helen Rodger and Sébastien Miellet and Liezhong Ge and Roberto Caldara},

doi = {10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01067.x},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Developmental Science},

volume = {14},

number = {5},

pages = {1176–1184},

abstract = {Perception and eye movements are affected by culture. Adults from Eastern societies (e.g. China) display a disposition to process information holistically, whereas individuals from Western societies (e.g. Britain) process information analytically. Recently, this pattern of cultural differences has been extended to face processing. Adults from Eastern cultures fixate centrally towards the nose when learning and recognizing faces, whereas adults from Western societies spread fixations across the eye and mouth regions. Although light has been shed on how adults can fixate different areas yet achieve comparable recognition accuracy, the reason why such divergent strategies exist is less certain. Although some argue that culture shapes strategies across development, little direct evidence exists to support this claim. Additionally, it has long been claimed that face recognition in early childhood is largely reliant upon external rather than internal face features, yet recent studies have challenged this theory. To address these issues, we tested children aged 7-12 years of age from the UK and China with an old/new face recognition paradigm while simultaneously recording their eye movements. Both populations displayed patterns of fixations that were consistent with adults from their respective cultural groups, which 'strengthened' across development as qualified by a pattern classifier analysis. Altogether, these observations suggest that cultural forces may indeed be responsible for shaping eye movements from early childhood. Furthermore, fixations made by both cultural groups almost exclusively landed on internal face regions, suggesting that these features, and not external features, are universally used to achieve face recognition in childhood.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kuchinsky2011,

title = {Reversing the hands of time: Changing the mapping from seeing to saying},

author = {Stefanie E. Kuchinsky and Kathryn Bock and David E. Irwin},

doi = {10.1037/a0022637},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition},

volume = {37},

number = {3},

pages = {748–756},

abstract = {To describe a scene, speakers must map visual information to a linguistic plan. Eye movements capture features of this linkage in a tendency for speakers to fixate referents just before they are mentioned. The current experiment examined whether and how this pattern changes when speakers create atypical mappings. Eye movements were monitored as participants told the time from analog clocks. Half of the participants did this in the usual manner. For the other participants, the denotations of the clock hands were reversed, making the big hand the hour and the little hand the minute. Eye movements revealed that it was not the visual features or configuration of the hands that determined gaze patterns, but rather top-down control from upcoming referring expressions. Differences in eye-voice spans further suggested a process in which scene elements are relationally structured before a linguistic plan is executed. This provides evidence for structural rather than lexical incrementality in planning and supports a "seeing-for-saying" hypothesis in which the visual system is harnessed to the linguistic demands of an upcoming utterance.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kuhn2011a,

title = {Developmental changes in the control of saccadic eye movements in response to directional eye gaze and arrows},

author = {Gustav Kuhn and Lauren Tewson and Lea Morpurgo and Susannah F. Freebody and Anna S. Musil and Susan R. Leekam},

doi = {10.1080/17470218.2011.592592},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology},

volume = {64},

number = {10},

pages = {1919–1929},

abstract = {We investigated developmental differences in oculomotor control between 10-year-old children and adults using a central interference task. In this task, the colour of a fixation point instructed participants to saccade either to the left or to the right. These saccade directions were either congruent or incongruent with two types of distractor cue: either the direction of eye gaze of a centrally presented schematic face, or the direction of arrows. Children had greater difficulties inhibiting the distractor cues than did adults, which revealed itself in longer saccade latencies for saccades that were incongruent with the distractor cues as well as more errors on these incongruent trials than on congruent trials. Counter to our prediction, in terms of saccade latencies, both children and adults had greater difficulties inhibiting the arrow than the eye gaze distractors.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kuhn2011,

title = {Increased gaze following for fearful faces. It depends on what you're looking for!},

author = {Gustav Kuhn and Jason Tipples},

doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13423-010-0033-1},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Psychonomic Bulletin & Review},

volume = {18},

number = {1},

pages = {89–95},

abstract = {An oculomotor visual search task was used to investigate how participants follow the gaze of a nonpredictive and task irrelevant distractor gaze, and the way in which this gaze following is influenced by the emotional expression (fearful vs. happy) as well as participants' goal. Previous research has suggested that fearful emotions should result in stronger cueing effects than happy faces. Our results demonstrated that the degree to which the emotional expression influenced this gaze following varied as a function of the search target. When searching for a threatening target, participants were more likely to look in the direction of eye gaze on a fearful compared to a happy face. However, when searching for a pleasant target, this stronger cueing effect for fearful faces disappeared. Therefore, gaze following is influenced by contextual factors such as the emotional expression, as well as the participant's goal.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kumar2011,

title = {Clinical and oculomotor characteristics of albinism compared to FRMD7 associated infantile nystagmus},

author = {Anil Kumar and Irene Gottlob and Rebecca J. Mclean and Shery Thomas and Mervyn G. Thomas and Frank A. Proudlock},

doi = {10.1167/iovs.10-5685},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},

volume = {52},

number = {5},

pages = {2306–2313},

abstract = {PURPOSE. Previous studies have found no difference between nystagmus characteristics associated with idiopathic infantile nystagmus (IIN) and that associated with albinism. The present aim is to compare the oculomotor characteristics and other associated clinical features of albinism and a genetically homogenous group of IIN volunteers where the nystagmus is associated with FRMD7 mutations. METHODS. Oculomotor characteristics and related clinical features between albinism (n ⫽ 52) and idiopathic nystag- mus associated with FRMD7 mutations (FRMD7-IIN},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kuperman2011,

title = {Effects of individual differences in verbal skills on eye-movement patterns during sentence reading},

author = {Victor Kuperman and Julie A. Van Dyke},

doi = {10.1016/j.jml.2011.03.002},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},

volume = {65},

number = {1},

pages = {42–73},

abstract = {This study is a large-scale exploration of the influence that individual reading skills exert on eye-movement behavior in sentence reading. Seventy-one non-college-bound 16-24. year-old speakers of English completed a battery of 18 verbal and cognitive skill assessments, and read a series of sentences as their eye-movements were monitored. Statistical analyses were performed to establish what tests of reading abilities were predictive of eye-movement patterns across this population and how strong the effects were. We found that individual scores in rapid automatized naming and word identification tests (i) were the only participant variables with reliable predictivity throughout the time-course of reading; (ii) elicited effects that superceded in magnitude the effects of established predictors like word length or frequency; and (iii) strongly modulated the influence of word length and frequency on fixation times. We discuss implications of our findings for testing reading ability, as well as for research of eye-movements in reading.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Johnson2011,

title = {The sentence-composition effect : Processing of complex noun phrases versus unusual noun phrases},

author = {Marcus L. Johnson and Matthew W. Lowder and Peter C. Gordon},

doi = {10.1037/a0024333},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: General},

volume = {140},

number = {4},

pages = {707–724},

abstract = {In 2 experiments, the authors used an eye tracking while reading methodology to examine how different configurations of common noun phrases versus unusual noun phrases (NPs) influenced the difference in processing difficulty between sentences containing object- and subject-extracted relative clauses. Results showed that processing difficulty was reduced when the head NP was unusual relative to the embedded NP, as manipulated by lexical frequency. When both NPs were common or both were unusual, results showed strong effects of both commonness and sentence structure, but no interaction. In contrast, when 1 NP was common and the other was unusual, results showed the critical interaction. These results provide evidence for a sentence-composition effect analogous to the list-composition effect that has been well documented in memory research, in which the pattern of recall for common versus unusual items is different, depending on whether items are studied in a pure or mixed list context. This work represents an important step in integrating the list-memory and sentence-processing literatures and provides additional support for the usefulness of studying complex sentence processing from the perspective of memory-based models.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Jolij2011,

title = {Act quickly, decide later: Long-latency visual processing underlies perceptual decisions but not reflexive behavior},

author = {Jacob Jolij and H. Steven Scholte and Simon Gaal and Timothy L. Hodgson and Victor A. F. Lamme},

doi = {10.1162/jocn_a_00034},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience},

volume = {23},

number = {12},

pages = {3734–3745},

abstract = {Humans largely guide their behavior by their visual representation of the world. Recent studies have shown that visual information can trigger behavior within 150 msec, suggesting that visually guided responses to external events, in fact, precede conscious awareness of those events. However, is such a view correct? By using a texture discrimination task, we show that the brain relies on long-latency visual processing in order to guide perceptual decisions. Decreasing stimulus saliency leads to selective changes in long-latency visually evoked potential components reflecting scene segmentation. These latency changes are accompanied by almost equal changes in simple RTs and points of subjective simultaneity. Furthermore, we find a strong correlation between individual RTs and the latencies of scene segmentation related components in the visually evoked potentials, showing that the processes underlying these late brain potentials are critical in triggering a response. However, using the same texture stimuli in an antisaccade task, we found that reflexive, but erroneous, prosaccades, but not antisaccades, can be triggered by earlier visual processes. In other words: The brain can act quickly, but decides late. Differences between our study and earlier findings suggesting that action precedes conscious awareness can be explained by assuming that task demands determine whether a fast and unconscious, or a slower and conscious, representation is used to initiate a visually guided response.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Jonas2011,

title = {Visuo-spatial representations of the alphabet in synaesthetes and non-synaesthetes},

author = {Clare N. Jonas and Alisdair J. G. Taylor and Samuel B. Hutton and Peter H. Weiss and Jamie Ward},

doi = {10.1111/j.1748-6653.2011.02010.x},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Neuropsychology},

volume = {5},

number = {2},

pages = {302–322},

abstract = {Visuo-spatial representations of the alphabet (so-called 'alphabet forms') may be as common as other types of sequence–space synaesthesia, but little is known about them or the way they relate to implicit spatial associations in the general population. In the first study, we describe the characteristics of a large sample of alphabet forms visualized by synaesthetes. They most often run from left to right and have salient features (e.g., bends, breaks) at particular points in the sequence that correspond to chunks in the 'Alphabet Song' and at the alphabet mid-point. The Alphabet Song chunking suggests that the visuo-spatial characteristics are derived, at least in part, from those of the verbal sequence learned earlier in life. However, these synaesthetes are no faster at locating points in the sequence (e.g., what comes before/after letter X?) than controls. They tend to be more spatially consistent (measured by eye tracking) and letters can act as attentional cues to left/right space in synaesthetes with alphabet forms (measured by saccades), but not in non-synaesthetes. This attentional cueing suggests dissociation between numbers (which reliably act as attentional cues in synaesthetes and non-synaesthetes) and letters (which act as attentional cues in synaesthetes only).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kennedy2011,

title = {Impaired fixation to eyes following amygdala damage arises from abnormal bottom-up attention},

author = {Daniel P. Kennedy and Ralph Adolphs},

doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.02.026},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Neuropsychologia},

volume = {49},

number = {4},

pages = {589–595},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {SM is a patient with complete bilateral amygdala lesions who fails to fixate the eyes in faces and is consequently impaired in recognizing fear (Adolphs et al., 2005). Here we first replicated earlier findings in SM of reduced gaze to the eyes when seen in whole faces. Examination of the time course of fixations revealed that SM's reduced eye contact is particular pronounced in the first fixation to the face, and less abnormal in subsequent fixations. In a second set of experiments, we used a gaze-contingent presentation of faces with real time eye tracking, wherein only a small region of the face is made visible at the center of gaze. In essence, viewers explore the face by moving a small searchlight over the face with their gaze. Under such viewing conditions, SM's fixations to eye region of faces became entirely normalized. We suggest that this effect arises from the absence of bottom-up effects due to the facial features, allowing gaze location to be driven entirely by top-down control. Together with SM's failure to fixate the eyes in whole faces primarily at the very first saccade, the findings suggest that the saliency of the eyes normally attract our gaze in an amygdala-dependent manner. Impaired eye gaze is also a prominent feature of several psychiatric illnesses in which the amygdala has been hypothesized to be dysfunctional, and our findings and experimental manipulation may hold promise for interventions in such populations, including autism and fragile X syndrome.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Khan2011a,

title = {The eye dominates in guiding attention during simultaneous eye and hand movements.},

author = {Aarlenne Zein Khan and Joo-Hyun Song and Robert M. McPeek},

doi = {10.1167/11.1.9},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {11},

number = {1},

pages = {1–14},

abstract = {Prior to the onset of a saccade or a reach, attention is directed to the goal of the upcoming movement. However, it remains unknown whether attentional resources are shared across effectors for simultaneous eye and hand movements. Using a 4-AFC shape discrimination task, we investigated attentional allocation during the planning of a saccade alone, reach alone, or combined saccade and reach to one of five peripheral locations. Target discrimination was better when the probe appeared at the goal of the impending movement than when it appeared elsewhere. However, discrimination performance at the movement goal was not better for combined eye-hand movements compared to either effector alone, suggesting a shared limited attentional resource rather than separate pools of effector-specific attention. To test which effector dominates in guiding attention, we then separated eye and hand movement goals in two conditions: (1) cued reach/fixed saccade–subjects made saccades to the same peripheral location throughout the block, while the reach goal was cued and (2) cued saccade/fixed reach–subjects made reaches to the same location, while the saccade goal was cued. For both conditions, discrimination performance was consistently better at the eye goal than the hand goal. This indicates that shared attentional resources are guided predominantly by the eye during the planning of eye and hand movements.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Khan2011,

title = {How readers spontaneously interpret man-suffix words: Evidence from eye movements},

author = {Manizeh Khan and Meredyth Daneman},

doi = {10.1007/s10936-011-9173-3},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Psycholinguistic Research},

volume = {40},

number = {5},

pages = {351–366},

abstract = {This study investigated whether readers are more likely to assign a male referent to man-suffix terms (e.g. chairman) than to gender-neutral alternatives (e.g., chairperson) during reading, and whether this bias differs as a function of age. Younger and older adults' eye movements were monitored while reading passages containing phrases such as "The chairman/chairperson familiarized herself with…" On-line eye fixation data provided strong evidence that man-suffix words were more likely to evoke the expectation of a male referent in both age groups. Younger readers demonstrated inflated processing times when first encountering herself after chairman relative to chairperson, and they tended to make more regressive fixations to chairman. Older readers did not show the effect when initially encountering herself, but they spent disproportionately longer looking back to chairman and herself. The study provides empirical support for copy-editing policies that mandate the use of explicitly gender-neutral suffix terms in place of man-suffix terms.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kibbe2011,

title = {Visual search for category sets: Tradeoffs between exploration and memory},

author = {M. M. Kibbe and Eileen Kowler},

doi = {10.1167/11.3.14},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {11},

number = {3},

pages = {1–21},

abstract = {Limitations of working memory force a reliance on motor exploration to retrieve forgotten features of the visual array. A category search task was devised to study tradeoffs between exploration and memory in the face of significant cognitive and motor demands. The task required search through arrays of hidden, multi-featured objects to find three belonging to the same category. Location contents were revealed briefly by either a: (1) mouseclick, or (2) saccadic eye movement with or without delays between saccade offset and object appearance. As the complexity of the category rule increased, search favored exploration, with more visits and revisits needed to find the set. As motor costs increased (mouseclick search or oculomotor search with delays) search favored reliance on memory. Application of the model of J. Epelboim and P. Suppes (2001) to the revisits produced an estimate of immediate memory span (M) of about 4-6 objects. Variation in estimates of M across category rules suggested that search was also driven by strategies of transforming the category rule into concrete perceptual hypotheses. The results show that tradeoffs between memory and exploration in a cognitively demanding task are determined by continual and effective monitoring of perceptual load, cognitive demand, decision strategies and motor effort.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kietzmann2011,

title = {Overt visual attention as a causal factor of perceptual awareness},

author = {Tim C. Kietzmann and Stephan Geuter and Peter König},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0022614},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {6},

number = {7},

pages = {e22614},

abstract = {Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies provide a revolutionary tool with numerous applications in transcriptome studies. The power of NGS technologies to address diverse biological questions has already been proved in many studies. One of the most important applications of NGS is the sequencing and characterization of transcriptome of a non-model species using RNA-seq. This application of NGS technologies can be used to dissect the complete expressed gene content of an organism. In this article, I illustrate the use of NGS technologies in transcriptome characterization of a non-model species taking example of chickpea from our recent studies.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Tremblay2011,

title = {Learning to parse liaison-initial words: An eye-tracking study},

author = {Annie Tremblay},

doi = {10.1017/S1366728910000271},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Bilingualism: Language and Cognition},

volume = {14},

number = {3},

pages = {257–279},

abstract = {This study investigates the processing of resyllabified words by native English speakers at three proficiency levels in French and by native French speakers. In particular, it examines non-native listeners' development of a parsing procedure for recognizing vowel-initial words in the context of liaison, a process that creates a misalignment of the syllable and word boundaries in French. The participants completed an eye-tracking experiment in which they identified liaison- and consonant-initial real and nonce words in auditory stimuli. The results show that the non-native listeners had little difficulty recognizing liaison-initial real words, and they recognized liaison-initial nonce words more rapidly than consonant-initial ones. By contrast, native listeners recognized consonant-initial real and nonce words more rapidly than liaison-initial ones. These results suggest that native and non-native listeners used different parsing procedures for recognizing liaison-initial words in the task, with the non-native listeners' ability to segment liaison-initial words being phonologically abstract rather than lexical. © Copyright Cambridge University Press 2011.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Trick2011,

title = {Prediction and uncertainty in human Pavlovian to instrumental transfer},

author = {Leanne Trick and Lee Hogarth and Theodora Duka},

doi = {10.1037/a0022310},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition},

volume = {37},

number = {3},

pages = {757–765},

abstract = {Attentional capture and behavioral control by conditioned stimuli have been dissociated in animals. The current study assessed this dissociation in humans. Participants were trained on a Pavlovian schedule in which 3 visual stimuli, A, B, and C, predicted the occurrence of an aversive noise with 90%, 50%, or 10% probability, respectively. Participants then went on to separate instrumental training in which a key-press response canceled the aversive noise with a .5 probability on a variable interval schedule. Finally, in the transfer phase, the 3 Pavlovian stimuli were presented in this instrumental schedule and were no longer differentially predictive of the outcome. Observing times and gaze dwell time indexed attention to these stimuli in both training and transfer. Aware participants acquired veridical outcome expectancies in training–that is, A > B > C, and these expectancies persisted into transfer. Most important, the transfer effect accorded with these expectancies, A > B > C. By contrast, observing times accorded with uncertainty–that is, they showed B > A = C during training, and B < A = C in the transfer phase. Dwell time bias supported this association between attention and uncertainty, although these data showed a slightly more complicated pattern. Overall, the study suggests that transfer is linked to outcome prediction and is dissociated from attention to conditioned stimuli, which is linked to outcome uncertainty.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Tsang2011,

title = {Appearances aren't everything: Shape classifiers and referential processing in cantonese},

author = {Cara Tsang and Craig G. Chambers},

doi = {10.1037/a0023601},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition},

volume = {37},

number = {5},

pages = {1065–1080},

abstract = {Cantonese shape classifiers encode perceptual information that is characteristic of their associated nouns, although certain nouns are exceptional. For example, the classifier tiu occurs primarily with nouns for long-narrow-flexible objects (e.g., scarves, snakes, and ropes) and also occurs with the noun for a (short, rigid) key. In 3 experiments, we explored how the semantic information encoded in shape classifiers influences language comprehension. When judging the fit between classifiers and depicted objects in an explicit ranking task, Cantonese speakers evaluated classifier-noun pairings solely in terms of grammatical well-formedness and showed no separate sensitivity to the shape features of objects. In an eye-tracking task (Experiment 2), we also found little sensitivity to shape classifier semantics during real-time comprehension. However, in a subsequent experiment in which referent objects lacked the prototypical features for their accompanying classifiers (Experiment 3), an influence of shape semantics was found in participants' incidental fixations to nontarget objects. We conclude that shape classifiers influence referential interpretation primarily through their grammatical constraints, consistent with the agreementlike nature of classifiers in general. The role of shape classifiers' semantics on processing is apparent only in specific circumstances.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Tsui2011,

title = {Contrast sensitivity of MT receptive field centers and surrounds},

author = {James M. G. Tsui and Christopher C. Pack},

doi = {10.1152/jn.00165.2011},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},

volume = {106},

number = {4},

pages = {1888–1900},

abstract = {Neurons throughout the visual system have receptive fields with both excitatory and suppressive components. The latter are responsible for a phenomenon known as surround suppression, in which responses decrease as a stimulus is extended beyond a certain size. Previous work has shown that surround suppression in the primary visual cortex depends strongly on stimulus contrast. Such complex center-surround interactions are thought to relate to a variety of functions, although little is known about how they affect responses in the extrastriate visual cortex. We have therefore examined the interaction of center and surround in the middle temporal (MT) area of the macaque (Macaca mulatta) extrastriate cortex by recording neuronal responses to stimuli of different sizes and contrasts. Our findings indicate that surround suppression in MT is highly contrast dependent, with the strongest suppression emerging unexpectedly at intermediate stimulus contrasts. These results can be explained by a simple model that takes into account the nonlinear contrast sensitivity of the neurons that provide input to MT. The model also provides a qualitative link to previous reports of a topographic organization of area MT based on clusters of neurons with differing surround suppression strength. We show that this organization can be detected in the gamma-band local field potentials (LFPs) and that the model parameters can predict the contrast sensitivity of these LFP responses. Overall our results show that surround suppression in area MT is far more common than previously suspected, highlighting the potential functional importance of the accumulation of nonlinearities along the dorsal visual pathway.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Underwood2011,

title = {Decisions about objects in real-world scenes are influenced by visual saliency before and during their inspection},

author = {Geoffrey Underwood and Katherine Humphrey and Editha M. Loon},

doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2011.07.020},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Vision Research},

volume = {51},

number = {18},

pages = {2031–2038},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Evidence from eye-tracking experiments has provided mixed support for saliency map models of inspection, with the task set for the viewer accounting for some of the discrepancies between predictions and observations. In the present experiment viewers inspected pictures of road scenes with the task being to decide whether or not they would enter a highway from a junction. Road safety observations have concluded that highly visible road users are less likely to be involved in crashes, suggesting that saliency is important in real-world tasks. The saliency of a critical vehicle was varied in the present task, as was the type of vehicle and the preferred vehicle of the viewer. Decisions were influenced by saliency, with more risky decisions when low saliency motorcycles were present. Given that the vehicles were invariably inspected, this may relate to the high incidence of "looked-but-failed-to-see" crashes involving motorcycles and to prevalence effects in visual search. Eye-tracking measures indicated effects of saliency on the fixation preceding inspection of the critical vehicle (as well as effects on inspection of the vehicle itself), suggesting that high saliency can attract an early fixation. These results have implications for recommendations about the conspicuity of vulnerable road users.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Uppal2011,

title = {Assessment of reading behavior with an infrared eye tracker after 360° macular translocation for age-related macular degeneration},

author = {Gurmit Uppal and Mary P. Feely and Michael D. Crossland and Luke Membrey and John Lee and Lyndon Cruz and Gary S. Rubin},

doi = {10.1167/iovs.10-5879},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},

volume = {52},

number = {9},

pages = {6486–6496},

abstract = {Purpose. Macular translocation (MT360) is complex surgery used to restore reading in exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD). MT360 involves retinal rotation and subsequent oculomotor globe counterrotation and is not without significant surgical risk. This study attempts to gauge the optimal potential of MT360 in restoring reading ability and describe the quality and extent of recovery. Methods. The six best outcomes were examined from a consecutive series of 23 MT360 cases. Reading behavior and fixation characteristics were examined with an infrared eye tracker. Results were compared to age-matched normal subjects and patients with untreated exudative and nonexudative AMD. Retinal sensitivity was examined with microperimetry to establish threshold visual function. Results. MT360 produced significant improvements in visual function over untreated disease and approximated normal function for reading speed and fixation quality. Relative to the comparative groups, eye tracking revealed the MT360 cohort generated a greater number of horizontal and vertical saccades, of longer latency and reduced velocity. In contrast, saccadic behavior when reading (forward and regressive saccades) closely matched normal function. Microperimetry revealed a reduction in the central scotoma with three patients recovering normal foveal sensitivity. Conclusions. Near normal reading function is recovered despite profound surgical disruption to the anatomy (retinal/oculomotor). MT360 restores foveal function sufficient to produce a single stable locus of fixation, with marked reduction of the central scotoma. Despite the limitations on saccadic function, the quality of reading saccadic behavior is maintained with good reading ability. Oculomotor surgery appears not to limit reading ability, and the results of retinal surgery approximate normal macular function.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Solman2011,

title = {Memory load affects visual search processes without influencing search efficiency},

author = {Grayden J. F. Solman and J. A. Cheyne and Daniel Smilek and J. Allan Cheyne and Daniel Smilek},

doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2011.03.009},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Vision Research},

volume = {51},

number = {10},

pages = {1185–1191},

abstract = {Participants' eye-movements were monitored while they searched for a target among a varying number of distractors either with or without a concurrent memory load. Consistent with previous findings, adding a memory load slowed response times without affecting search slopes; a finding normally taken to imply that memory load affects pre- and/or post-search processes but not the search process itself. However, when overall response times were decomposed using eye-movement data into pre-search (e.g., initial encoding), search, and post-search (e.g., response selection) phases, analysis revealed that adding a memory load affected all phases, including the search phase. In addition, we report that fixations selected under load were more likely to be distant from search items, and more likely to be close to previously inspected locations. Thus, memory load affects the search process without affecting search slopes. These results challenge standard interpretations of search slopes and main effects in visual search.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Song2011,

title = {Deficits in reach target selection during inactivation of the midbrain superior colliculus},

author = {Joo-Hyun Song and Robert D. Rafal and Robert M. McPeek},

doi = {10.1073/pnas.1109656108},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},

volume = {108},

number = {51},

pages = {E1433–E1440},

abstract = {Purposive action requires the selection of a single movement goal from multiple possibilities. Neural structures involved in movement planning and execution often exhibit activity related to target selection. A key question is whether this activity is specific to the type of movement produced by the structure, perhaps consisting of a competition among effector-specific movement plans, or whether it constitutes a more abstract, effector-independent selection signal. Here, we show that temporary focal inactivation of the primate superior colliculus (SC), an area involved in eye-movement target selection and execution, causes striking target selection deficits for reaching movements, which cannot be readily explained as a simple impairment in visual perception or motor execution. This indicates that target selection activity in the SC does not simply represent a competition among eye-movement goals and, instead, suggests that the SC contributes to a more general purpose priority map that influences target selection for other actions, such as reaches.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Spering2011,

title = {Tracking without perceiving: A dissociation between eye movements and motion perception},

author = {Miriam Spering and Marc Pomplun and Marisa Carrasco},

doi = {10.1177/0956797610394659},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Psychological Science},

volume = {22},

number = {2},

pages = {216–225},

abstract = {Can people react to objects in their visual field that they do not consciously perceive? We investigated how visual perception and motor action respond to moving objects whose visibility is reduced, and we found a dissociation between motion processing for perception and for action. We compared motion perception and eye movements evoked by two orthogonally drifting gratings, each presented separately to a different eye. The strength of each monocular grating was manipulated by inducing adaptation to one grating prior to the presentation of both gratings. Reflexive eye movements tracked the vector average of both gratings (pattern motion) even though perceptual responses followed one motion direction exclusively (component motion). Observers almost never perceived pattern motion. This dissociation implies the existence of visual-motion signals that guide eye movements in the absence of a corresponding conscious percept.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Spering2011a,

title = {Keep your eyes on the ball: Smooth pursuit eye movements enhance prediction of visual motion},

author = {Miriam Spering and Alexander C. Schütz and Doris I. Braun and Karl R. Gegenfurtner},

doi = {10.1152/jn.00344.2010},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},

volume = {105},

number = {4},

pages = {1756–1767},

abstract = {Success of motor behavior often depends on the ability to predict the path of moving objects. Here we asked whether tracking a visual object with smooth pursuit eye movements helps to predict its motion direction. We developed a paradigm, "eye soccer," in which observers had to either track or fixate a visual target (ball) and judge whether it would have hit or missed a stationary vertical line segment (goal). Ball and goal were presented briefly for 100-500 ms and disappeared from the screen together before the perceptual judgment was prompted. In pursuit conditions, the ball moved towards the goal; in fixation conditions, the goal moved towards the stationary ball, resulting in similar retinal stimulation during pursuit and fixation. We also tested the condition in which the goal was fixated and the ball moved. Motion direction prediction was significantly better in pursuit than in fixation trials, regardless of whether ball or goal served as fixation target. In both fixation and pursuit trials, prediction performance was better when eye movements were accurate. Performance also increased with shorter ball-goal distance and longer presentation duration. A longer trajectory did not affect performance. During pursuit, an efference copy signal might provide additional motion information, leading to the advantage in motion prediction.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Sprenger2011,

title = {The role of prediction and anticipation on age-related effects on smooth pursuit eye movements},

author = {Andreas Sprenger and Peter Trillenberg and Jonas Pohlmann and Kirsten Herold and Rebekka Lencer and Christoph Helmchen},

doi = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06114.x},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},

volume = {1233},

pages = {168–176},

abstract = {Externally guided sensory-motor processes deteriorate with increasing age. Internally guided, for example, predictive, behavior usually helps to overcome sensory-motor delays. We studied whether predictive components of visuomotor transformation decline with age. We investigated smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEM) of 45 healthy subjects with paradigms of different degrees of predictability with respect to target motion onset, type (smoothed triangular, ramp stimulation), and direction by blanking the target at various intervals of the ramp stimulation. Using repetitive trials of SPEM stimulation, we could dissociate anticipatory and predictive components of extraretinal smooth pursuit behavior. The main results suggest that basic motor parameters decline with increasing age, whereas both anticipation and prediction of target motion did not change with age. We suggest that the elderly maintain their capability of using prediction in the immediate control of motor behavior, which might be a way to compensate for age-related delays in sensory-motor transformation, even in the absence of sensory signals.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Sullivan2011,

title = {Adults' number-line estimation strategies: Evidence from eye movements},

author = {Jessica L. Sullivan and Barbara J. Juhasz and Timothy J. Slattery and Hilary C. Barth},

doi = {10.3758/s13423-011-0081-1},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Psychonomic Bulletin & Review},

volume = {18},

number = {3},

pages = {557–563},

abstract = {Although the development of number-line estimation ability is well documented, little is known of the processes underlying successful estimators' mappings of numerical information onto spatial representations during these tasks. We tracked adults' eye movements during a number-line estimation task to investigate the processes underlying number-to-space translation, with three main results. First, eye movements were strongly related to the target number's location, and early processing measures directly predicted later estimation performance. Second, fixations and estimates were influenced by the size of the first number presented, indicating that adults calibrate their estimates online. Third, adults' number-line estimates demonstrated patterns of error consistent with the predictions of psychophysical models of proportion estimation, and eye movement data predicted the specific error patterns we observed. These results support proportion-based accounts of number-line estimation and suggest that adults' translation of numerical information into spatial representations is a rapid, online process.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Svede2011,

title = {Subjective fixation disparity affected by dynamic asymmetry, resting vergence, and nonius bias},

author = {Aiga Švede and Jörg Hoormann and Stephanie Jainta and Wolfgang Jaschinski},

doi = {10.1167/iovs.10-6499},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},

volume = {52},

number = {7},

pages = {4356–4361},

abstract = {PURPOSE. This study was undertaken to investigate how sub- jectively measured fixation disparity can be explained by (1) the convergent–divergent asymmetry of vergence dynamics (called dynamic asymmetry) for a disparity vergence step stimulus of 1° (60 arc min), (2) the dark vergence, and (3) the nonius bias. METHODS. Fixation disparity, dark vergence, and nonius bias were measured subjectively using nonius lines. Dynamic vergence step responses (both convergent and divergent) were measured objectively. RESULTS. In 20 subjects (mean age, 24.5 ⫾ 4.3 years, visual acuity, ≥1.0; all emmetropic except for one with myopia, wearing contact lenses), multiple regression analyses showed that 39% of the variance in subjective fixation disparity was due to the characteristic factors of physiological vergence: dynamic asymmetry (calculated from convergent and divergent veloci- ties), and dark vergence. An additional 23% of variance was due to the subjective nonius bias (i.e., the physical nonius offset required for perceived alignment of binocularly [nondichopti- cally] presented nonius lines). Together, these factors ex- plained 62% of the interindividual differences in subjectively measured fixation disparity, demonstrating the influence of oculomotor and perceptual factors. CONCLUSIONS. Clinically relevant subjective fixation disparity originates from distinct physiological sources. Dynamic asym- metry in vergence dynamics, resting vergence, and nonius bias were found to affect fixation disparity directly, not only via changes in vergence dynamics.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Szarkowska2011,

title = {Verbatim, standard, or edited? Reading patterns of different captioning styles among deaf, hard of hearing, and hearing viewers},

author = {Agnieszka Szarkowska and Izabela Krejtz and Zuzanna Klyszejko and Anna Wieczorek},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {American Annals of the Deaf},

volume = {156},

number = {4},

pages = {363–378},

abstract = {One of the most frequently recurring themes in captioning is whether captions should be edited or verbatim. The authors report on the results of an eye-tracking study of captioning for deaf and hard of hearing viewers reading different types of captions. By examining eye movement patterns when these viewers were watching clips with verbatim, standard, and edited captions, the authors tested whether the three different caption styles were read differently by the study participants (N = 40): 9 deaf, 21 hard of hearing, and 10 hearing individuals. Interesting interaction effects for the proportion of dwell time and fixation count were observed. In terms of group differences, deaf participants differed from the other two groups only in the case of verbatim captions. The results are discussed with reference to classical reading studies, audiovisual translation, and a new concept of viewing speed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Szinte2011,

title = {Spatiotopic apparent motion reveals local variations in space constancy},

author = {Martin Szinte and Patrick Cavanagh},

doi = {10.1167/11.2.4},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {11},

number = {2},

pages = {1–20},

abstract = {While participants made 10° horizontal saccades, two dots were presented, one before and one after the saccade. Each dot was presented for 400 ms, the first turned off about 100 ms before, while the second turned on about 100 ms after the saccade. The two dots were separated vertically by 3°, but because of the intervening eye movement, they were also separated horizontally on the retina by an additional 10°. Participants nevertheless reported that the perceived motion was much more vertical than horizontal, suggesting that the trans-saccadic displacement was corrected, at least to some extent, for the retinal displacement caused by the eye movement. The corrections were not exact, however, showing significant biases that corresponded to about 5% of the saccade amplitude. The perceived motion between the probes was tested at 9 different locations and the biases, the deviations from accurate correction, varied significantly across locations. Two control experiments for judgments of position and of verticality of motion without eye movement confirmed that these biases are specific to the correction for the saccade. The local variations in the correction for saccades are consistent with physiological "remapping" proposals for space constancy that individually correct only a few attended targets but are not consistent with global mechanisms that predict the same correction at all locations.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{tHart2011,

title = {Faces in places: Humans and machines make similar face detection errors},

author = {Bernard Marius Hart and Tilman Gerrit Jakob Abresch and Wolfgang Einhäuser},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0025373},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {6},

number = {10},

pages = {e25373},

abstract = {The human visual system seems to be particularly efficient at detecting faces. This efficiency sometimes comes at the cost of wrongfully seeing faces in arbitrary patterns, including famous examples such as a rock configuration on Mars or a toast's roast patterns. In machine vision, face detection has made considerable progress and has become a standard feature of many digital cameras. The arguably most wide-spread algorithm for such applications ("Viola-Jones" algorithm) achieves high detection rates at high computational efficiency. To what extent do the patterns that the algorithm mistakenly classifies as faces also fool humans? We selected three kinds of stimuli from real-life, first-person perspective movies based on the algorithm's output: correct detections ("real faces"), false positives ("illusory faces") and correctly rejected locations ("non faces"). Observers were shown pairs of these for 20 ms and had to direct their gaze to the location of the face. We found that illusory faces were mistaken for faces more frequently than non faces. In addition, rotation of the real face yielded more errors, while rotation of the illusory face yielded fewer errors. Using colored stimuli increases overall performance, but does not change the pattern of results. When replacing the eye movement by a manual response, however, the preference for illusory faces over non faces disappeared. Taken together, our data show that humans make similar face-detection errors as the Viola-Jones algorithm, when directing their gaze to briefly presented stimuli. In particular, the relative spatial arrangement of oriented filters seems of relevance. This suggests that efficient face detection in humans is likely to be pre-attentive and based on rather simple features as those encoded in the early visual system.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Tai2011,

title = {A new algorithm for automated nystagmus acuity function analysis},

author = {Zheng Tai and Richard W. Hertle and Richard A. Bilonick and Dongsheng Yang},

doi = {10.1136/bjo.2010.184432},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {British Journal of Ophthalmology},

volume = {95},

number = {6},

pages = {832–836},

abstract = {Aims: We developed a new data analysis algorithm called the automated nystagmus acuity function (ANAF) to automatically assess nystagmus acuity function. We compared results from the ANAF with those of the well-known expanded nystagmus acuity function (NAFX). Methods: Using the ANAF and NAFX, we analysed 60 segments of nystagmus data collected with a video-based eye tracking system (EyeLink 1000) from 30 patients with infantile or mal-development fusional nystagmus. The ANAF algorithm used the best-foveation positions (not true foveation positions) and all data points in each nystagmus cycle to calculate a nystagmus acuity function. Results: The ANAF automatically produced a nystagmus acuity function in a few seconds because manual identification of foveation eye positions is not required. A structural equation model was used to compare the ANAF and NAFX. Both ANAF and NAFX have similar measurement imprecision and relatively little bias. The estimated bias was not statistically significant for either methods or replicates. Conclusions: We conclude that the ANAF is a valid and efficient algorithm for determining a nystagmus acuity function.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Takahashi2011,

title = {Roles of the upper and lower bodies in direction discrimination of point-light walkers},

author = {Kohske Takahashi and Haruaki Fukuda and Hanako Ikeda and Hirokazu Doi and Katsumi Watanabe and Kazuhiro Ueda and Kazuyuki Shinohara},

doi = {10.1167/11.14.8},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {11},

number = {14},

pages = {1–13},

abstract = {We can easily recognize human movements from very limited visual information (biological motion perception). The present study investigated how upper and lower body areas contribute to direction discrimination of a point-light (PL) walker. Observers judged the direction that the PL walker was facing. The walker performed either normal walking or hakobi, a walking style used in traditional Japanese performing arts, in which the amount of the local motion of extremities is much smaller than that in normal walking. Either the upper, lower, or full body of the PL walker was presented. Discrimination performance was found to be better for the lower body than for the upper body. We also found that discrimination performance for the lower body was affected by walking style and/or the amount of local motion signals. Additional eye movement analyses indicated that the observers initially inspected the region corresponding to the upper body, and then the gaze shifted toward the lower body. This held true even when the upper body was absent. We conjectured that the upper body subserved to localize the PL walker and the lower body to discriminate walking direction. We concluded that the upper and lower bodies play different roles in direction discrimination of a PL walker.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Thomas2011,

title = {The clinical and molecular genetic features of idiopathic infantile periodic alternating nystagmus},

author = {Mervyn G. Thomas and Moira Crosier and Susan Lindsay and Anil Kumar and Shery Thomas and Masasuke Araki and Chris J. Talbot and Rebecca J. McLean and Mylvaganam Surendran and Katie Taylor and Bart P. Leroy and Anthony T. Moore and David G. Hunter and Richard W. Hertle and Patrick Tarpey and Andrea Langmann and Susanne Lindner and Martina Brandner and Irene Gottlob},

doi = {10.1093/brain/awq373},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Brain},

volume = {134},

number = {3},

pages = {892–902},

abstract = {Periodic alternating nystagmus consists of involuntary oscillations of the eyes with cyclical changes of nystagmus direction. It can occur during infancy (e.g. idiopathic infantile periodic alternating nystagmus) or later in life. Acquired forms are often associated with cerebellar dysfunction arising due to instability of the optokinetic-vestibular systems. Idiopathic infantile periodic alternating nystagmus can be familial or occur in isolation; however, very little is known about the clinical characteristics, genetic aetiology and neural substrates involved. Five loci (NYS1-5) have been identified for idiopathic infantile nystagmus; three are autosomal (NYS2, NYS3 and NYS4) and two are X-chromosomal (NYS1 and NYS5). We previously identified the FRMD7 gene on chromosome Xq26 (NYS1 locus); mutations of FRMD7 are causative of idiopathic infantile nystagmus influencing neuronal outgrowth and development. It is unclear whether the periodic alternating nystagmus phenotype is linked to NYS1, NYS5 (Xp11.4-p11.3) or a separate locus. From a cohort of 31 X-linked families and 14 singletons (70 patients) with idiopathic infantile nystagmus we identified 10 families and one singleton (21 patients) with periodic alternating nystagmus of which we describe clinical phenotype, genetic aetiology and neural substrates involved. Periodic alternating nystagmus was not detected clinically but only on eye movement recordings. The cycle duration varied from 90 to 280 s. Optokinetic reflex was not detectable horizontally. Mutations of the FRMD7 gene were found in all 10 families and the singleton (including three novel mutations). Periodic alternating nystagmus was predominantly associated with missense mutations within the FERM domain. There was significant sibship clustering of the phenotype although in some families not all affected members had periodic alternating nystagmus. In situ hybridization studies during mid-late human embryonic stages in normal tissue showed restricted FRMD7 expression in neuronal tissue with strong hybridization signals within the afferent arms of the vestibulo-ocular reflex consisting of the otic vesicle, cranial nerve VIII and vestibular ganglia. Similarly within the afferent arm of the optokinetic reflex we showed expression in the developing neural retina and ventricular zone of the optic stalk. Strong FRMD7 expression was seen in rhombomeres 1 to 4, which give rise to the cerebellum and the common integrator site for both these reflexes (vestibular nuclei). Based on the expression and phenotypic data, we hypothesize that periodic alternating nystagmus arises from instability of the optokinetic-vestibular systems. This study shows for the first time that mutations in FRMD7 can cause idiopathic infantile periodic alternating nystagmus and may affect neuronal circuits that have been implicated in acquired forms.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Thomas2011a,

title = {Reading strategies in infantile nystagmus syndrome},

author = {Mervyn G. Thomas and Irene Gottlob and Rebecca J. McLean and Gail Maconachie and Anil Kumar and Frank A. Proudlock},

doi = {10.1167/iovs.10-6645},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},

volume = {52},

number = {11},

pages = {8156–8165},

abstract = {PURPOSE: The adaptive strategies adopted by individuals with infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS) during reading are not clearly understood. Eye movement recordings were used to identify ocular motor strategies used by patients with INS during reading. METHODS: Eye movements were recorded at 500 Hz in 25 volunteers with INS and 7 controls when reading paragraphs of text centered at horizontal gaze angles of -20°, -10°, 0°, 10°, and 20°. At each location, reading speeds were measured, along with logMAR visual acuity and nystagmus during gaze-holding. Adaptive strategies were identified from slow and quick-phase patterns in the nystagmus waveform. RESULTS: Median reading speeds were 204.3 words per minute in individuals with INS and 273.6 words per minute in controls. Adaptive strategies included (1) suppression of corrective quick phases allowing involuntary slow phases to achieve the desired goal, (2) voluntarily changing the character of the involuntary slow phases using quick phases, and (3) correction of involuntary slow phases using quick phases. Several individuals with INS read more rapidly than healthy control volunteers. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that volunteers with INS learn to manipulate their nystagmus using a range of strategies to acquire visual information from the text. These strategies include taking advantage of the stereotypical and periodic nature of involuntary eye movements to allow the involuntary eye movements to achieve the desired goal. The versatility of these adaptations yields reading speeds in those with nystagmus that are often much better than might be expected, given the degree of foveal and ocular motor deficits.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Titone2011,

title = {Bilingual lexical access during L1 sentence reading: The effects of L2 knowledge, semantic constraint, and L1-L2 intermixing},

author = {Debra Titone and Maya R. Libben and Julie Mercier and Veronica Whitford and Irina Pivneva},

doi = {10.1037/a0024492},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition},

volume = {37},

number = {6},

pages = {1412–1431},

abstract = {Libben and Titone (2009) recently observed that cognate facilitation and interlingual homograph interference were attenuated by increased semantic constraint during bilingual second language (L2) reading, using eye movement measures. We now investigate whether cross-language activation also occurs during first language (L1) reading as a function of age of L2 acquisition and task demands (i.e., inclusion of L2 sentences). In Experiment 1, participants read high and low constraint English (L1) sentences containing interlingual homographs, cognates, or control words. In Experiment 2, we included French (L2) filler sentences to increase salience of the L2 during L1 reading. The results suggest that bilinguals reading in their L1 show nonselective activation to the extent that they acquired their L2 early in life. Similar to our previous work on L2 reading, high contextual constraint attenuated cross-language activation for cognates. The inclusion of French filler items promoted greater cross-language activation, especially for late stage reading measures. Thus, L1 bilingual reading is modulated by L2 knowledge, semantic constraint, and task demands.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Torab2011,

title = {Multiple factors may influence the performance of a visual prosthesis based on intracortical microstimulation: Nonhuman primate behavioural experimentation},

author = {K. Torab and T. S. Davis and D. J. Warren and Paul A. House and R. A. Normann and Bradley Greger},

doi = {10.1088/1741-2560/8/3/035001},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Neural Engineering},

volume = {8},

number = {3},

pages = {1–13},

publisher = {10},

address = {doi},

abstract = {We hypothesize that a visual prosthesis capable of evoking high-resolution visual perceptions can be produced using high-electrode-count arrays of penetrating microelectrodes implanted into the primary visual cortex of a blind human subject. To explore this hypothesis, and as a prelude to human psychophysical experiments, we have conducted a set of experiments in primary visual cortex (V1) of non-human primates using chronically implanted Utah Electrode Arrays (UEAs). The electrical and recording properties of implanted electrodes, the high-resolution visuotopic organization of V1, and the stimulation levels required to evoke behavioural responses were measured. The impedances of stimulated electrodes were found to drop significantly immediately following stimulation sessions, but these post-stimulation impedances returned to pre-stimulation values by the next experimental session. Two months of periodic microstimulation at currents of up to 96 µA did not impair the mapping of receptive fields from local field potentials or multi-unit activity, or impact behavioural visual thresholds of light stimuli that excited regions of V1 that were implanted with UEAs. These results demonstrate that microstimulation at the levels used did not cause functional impairment of the electrode array or the neural tissue. However, microstimulation with current levels ranging from 18 to 76 µA (46 ± 19 µA, mean ± std) was able to elicit behavioural responses on eight out of 82 systematically stimulated electrodes. We suggest that the ability of microstimulation to evoke phosphenes and elicit a subsequent behavioural response may depend on several factors: the location of the electrode tips within the cortical layers of V1, distance of the electrode tips to neuronal somata, and the inability of nonhuman primates to recognize and respond to a generalized set of evoked percepts.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Siebold2011,

title = {Oculomotor evidence for top-down control following the initial saccade},

author = {Alisha Siebold and Wieske Zoest and Mieke Donk},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0023552},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {6},

number = {9},

pages = {e23552},

abstract = {The goal of the current study was to investigate how salience-driven and goal-driven processes unfold during visual search over multiple eye movements. Eye movements were recorded while observers searched for a target, which was located on (Experiment 1) or defined as (Experiment 2) a specific orientation singleton. This singleton could either be the most, medium, or least salient element in the display. Results were analyzed as a function of response time separately for initial and second eye movements. Irrespective of the search task, initial saccades elicited shortly after the onset of the search display were primarily salience-driven whereas initial saccades elicited after approximately 250 ms were completely unaffected by salience. Initial saccades were increasingly guided in line with task requirements with increasing response times. Second saccades were completely unaffected by salience and were consistently goal-driven, irrespective of response time. These results suggest that stimulus-salience affects the visual system only briefly after a visual image enters the brain and has no effect thereafter.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Simpson2011,

title = {Rapid adaptation of visual search in simulated hemianopia},

author = {Sara Ann Simpson and Mathias Abegg and Jason J. S. Barton},

doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhq221},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Cerebral Cortex},

volume = {21},

number = {7},

pages = {1593–1601},

abstract = {Patients with homonymous hemianopia have altered visual search patterns, but it is unclear how rapidly this develops and whether it reflects a strategic adaptation to altered perception or plastic changes to tissue damage. To study the temporal dynamics of adaptation alone, we used a gaze-contingent display to simulate left or right hemianopia in 10 healthy individuals as they performed 25 visual search trials. Visual search was slower and less accurate in hemianopic than in full-field viewing. With full-field viewing, there were improvements in search speed, fixation density, and number of fixations over the first 9 trials, then stable performance. With hemianopic viewing, there was a rapid shift of fixation into the blind field over the first 5-7 trials, followed by continuing gradual improvements in completion time, number of fixations, and fixation density over all 25 trials. We conclude that in the first minutes after onset of hemianopia, there is a biphasic pattern of adaptation to altered perception: an early rapid qualitative change that shifts visual search into the blind side, followed by more gradual gains in the efficiency of using this new strategy, a pattern that has parallels in other studies of motor learning.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Sims2011,

title = {Adaptive allocation of vision under competing task temands},

author = {Chris R. Sims and Robert A. Jacobs and David C. Knill},

doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4240-10.2011},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Neuroscience},

volume = {31},

number = {3},

pages = {928–943},

abstract = {Human behavior in natural tasks consists of an intricately coordinated dance of cognitive, perceptual, and motor activities. Although much research has progressed in understanding the nature of cognitive, perceptual, or motor processing in isolation or in highly constrained settings, few studies have sought to examine how these systems are coordinated in the context of executing complex behavior. Previous research has suggested that, in the course of visually guided reaching movements, the eye and hand are yoked, or linked in a nonadaptive manner. In this work, we report an experiment that manipulated the demands that a task placed on the motor and visual systems, and then examined in detail the resulting changes in visuomotor coordination. We develop an ideal actor model that predicts the optimal coordination of vision and motor control in our task. On the basis of the predictions of our model, we demonstrate that human performance in our experiment reflects an adaptive response to the varying costs imposed by our experimental manipulations. Our results stand in contrast to previous theories that have assumed a fixed control mechanism for coordinating vision and motor control in reaching behavior.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Sinn2011,

title = {Saccadic facilitation by modulation of microsaccades in natural backgrounds},

author = {Petra Sinn and Ralf Engbert},

doi = {10.3758/s13414-011-0107-9},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics},

volume = {73},

number = {4},

pages = {1029–1033},

abstract = {Saccades move objects of interest into the center of the visual field for high-acuity visual analysis. White, Stritzke, and Gegenfurtner (Current Biology, 18, 124-128, 2008) have shown that saccadic latencies in the context of a structured background are much shorter than those with an unstructured background at equal levels of visibility. This effect has been explained by possible preactivation of the saccadic circuitry whenever a structured background acts as a mask for potential saccade targets. Here, we show that background textures modulate rates of microsaccades during visual fixation. First, after a display change, structured backgrounds induce a stronger decrease of microsaccade rates than do uniform backgrounds. Second, we demonstrate that the occurrence of a microsaccade in a critical time window can delay a subsequent saccadic response. Taken together, our findings suggest that microsaccades contribute to the saccadic facilitation effect, due to a modulation of microsaccade rates by properties of the background.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{SiyanovaChanturia2011,

title = {Adding more fuel to the fire: An eye-tracking study of idiom processing by native and non-native speakers},

author = {Anna Siyanova-Chanturia and Kathy Conklin and Norbert Schmitt},

doi = {10.1177/0267658310382068},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Second Language Research},

volume = {27},

number = {2},

pages = {251–272},

abstract = {Using eye-tracking, we investigate on-line processing of idioms in a biasing story context by native and non-native speakers of English. The stimuli are idioms used figuratively ("at the end of the day"–"eventually"), literally ("at the end of the day"–"in the evening"), and novel phrases ("at the end of the war"). Native speaker results indicate a processing advantage for idioms over novel phrases, as evidenced by fewer and shorter fixations. Further, no processing advantage is found for figurative idiom uses over literal ones in a full idiom analysis or in a recognition point analysis. Contrary to native speaker results, non-native findings suggest that L2 speakers process idioms at a similar speed to novel phrases. Further, figurative uses are processed more slowly than literal ones. Importantly, the recognition point analysis allows us to establish where non-natives slow down when processing the figurative meaning.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{SiyanovaChanturia2011a,

title = {Seeing a phrase "time and again" matters: The role of phrasal frequency in the processing of multiword sequences},

author = {Anna Siyanova-Chanturia and Kathy Conklin and Walter J. B. Heuven},

doi = {10.1037/a0022531},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition},

volume = {37},

number = {3},

pages = {776–784},

abstract = {Are speakers sensitive to the frequency with which phrases occur in language? The authors report an eye-tracking study that investigates this by examining the processing of multiword sequences that differ in phrasal frequency by native and proficient nonnative English speakers. Participants read sentences containing 3-word binomial phrases (bride and groom) and their reversed forms (groom and bride), which are identical in syntax and meaning but that differ in phrasal frequency. Mixed-effects modeling revealed that native speakers and nonnative speakers, across a range of proficiencies, are sensitive to the frequency with which phrases occur in English. Results also indicate that native speakers and higher proficiency nonnatives are sensitive to whether a phrase occurs in a particular configuration (binomial vs. reversed) in English, highlighting the contribution of entrenchment of a particular phrase in memory.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Slattery2011,

title = {Eye movements and display change detection during reading},

author = {Timothy J. Slattery and Bernhard Angele and Keith Rayner},

doi = {10.1037/a0024322},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance},

volume = {37},

number = {6},

pages = {1924–1938},

abstract = {In the boundary change paradigm (Rayner, 1975), when a reader's eyes cross an invisible boundary location, a preview word is replaced by a target word. Readers are generally unaware of such changes due to saccadic suppression. However, some readers detect changes on a few trials and a small percentage of them detect many changes. Two experiments are reported in which we combined eye movement data with signal detection analyses to investigate display change detection. On each trial, readers had to indicate if they saw a display change in addition to reading for meaning. On half the trials the display change occurred during the saccade (immediate condition); on the other half, it was slowed by 15-25 ms (delay condition) to increase the likelihood that a change would be detected. Sentences were presented in an alternating case fashion allowing us to investigate the influence of both letter identity and case. In the immediate condition, change detection was higher when letters changed than when case changed corroborating findings that word processing utilizes abstract (case independent) letter identities. However, in the delay condition (where d' was much higher than the immediate condition), detection was equal for letter and case changes. The results of both experiments indicate that sensitivity to display changes was related to how close the eyes were to the invalid preview on the fixation prior to the display change, as well as the timing of the completion of this change relative to the start of the post-change fixation.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Slattery2011a,

title = {Parafoveal and foveal processing of abbreviations during eye fixations in reading: Making a case for case},

author = {Timothy J. Slattery and Elizabeth R. Schotter and Raymond W. Berry and Keith Rayner},

doi = {10.1037/a0023215},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition},

volume = {37},

number = {4},

pages = {1022–1031},

abstract = {The processing of abbreviations in reading was examined with an eye movement experiment. Abbreviations were of 2 distinct types: acronyms (abbreviations that can be read with the normal grapheme-phoneme correspondence [GPC] rules, such as NASA) and initialisms (abbreviations in which the GPCs are letter names, such as NCAA). Parafoveal and foveal processing of these abbreviations was assessed with the use of the boundary change paradigm (K. Rayner, 1975). Using this paradigm, previews of the abbreviations were either identical to the abbreviation (NASA or NCAA), orthographically legal (NUSO or NOBA), or illegal (NRSB or NRBA). The abbreviations were presented as capital letter strings within normal, predominantly lowercase sentences and also sentences in all capital letters such that the abbreviations would not be visually distinct. The results indicate that acronyms and initialisms undergo different processing during reading and that readers can modulate their processing based on low-level visual cues (distinct capitalization) in parafoveal vision. In particular, readers may be biased to process capitalized letter strings as initialisms in parafoveal vision when the rest of the sentence is normal, lowercase letters.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Smeets2011,

title = {Bias for the (un)attractive self: On the role of attention in causing body (dis)satisfaction},

author = {Elke Smeets and Anita Jansen and Anne Roefs},

doi = {10.1037/a0022095},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Health Psychology},

volume = {30},

number = {3},

pages = {360–367},

abstract = {Objective: Body dissatisfaction plays a key role in the maintenance of eating disorders, and selective attention might be crucial for the origin of body dissatisfaction. A. Jansen, C. Nederkoorn, and S. Mulkens (2005) showed that eating disorder patients attend relatively more to their own unattractive body parts, whereas healthy controls attend relatively more to their own attractive body parts. In 2 studies, we investigated whether this bias in selective attention is causal to body dissatisfaction and whether an experimentally induced bias for attractive body parts might lead to increased body satisfaction in women who are highly dissatisfied with their bodies. Design: We used a between-subjects design in which participants were trained to attend to either their self-defined unattractive body parts or their self-defined attractive body parts by use of an eye tracker. Main Outcome Measures: State body and weight satisfaction. Results: Inducing a temporary attentional bias for self-defined unattractive body parts led to a significant decrease in body satisfaction and teaching body-dissatisfied women to attend to their own attractive body parts led to a significant increase in body satisfaction. Conclusion: Selective attention for unattractive body parts can play a role in the development of body dissatisfaction, and changing the way one looks may be a new way for improving body dissatisfaction in women.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Smith2011,

title = {An exploratory study of visual search performance in glaucoma},

author = {Nicholas D. Smith and David P. Crabb and David F. Garway-Heath},

doi = {10.1111/j.1475-1313.2011.00836.x},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics},

volume = {31},

number = {3},

pages = {225–232},

abstract = {PURPOSE: Visual search plays an integral role in many daily activities. This study aimed to determine whether patients with glaucoma are slower than visually healthy age-matched individuals when searching for items in computer displayed images. METHODS: Forty participants were recruited for the study: 20 patients with a clinical diagnosis of glaucoma and 20 age-similar visually healthy control subjects. All participants had visual acuity of 6/12 or better. Participants were presented with 20 images with Landolt C symbols and 15 photographic images of everyday scenes on a computer. The time taken by each participant to locate a specified item in each image was recorded. Average search times were calculated across participants and compared between groups. RESULTS: All the patients had visual field defects in both eyes. On average, the patients also differed from control subjects by binocular contrast sensitivity measurements (p = 0.01) and visual acuity (p = 0.003). The patients (mean age = 67 years, S.D.: 10 years) and controls (mean age: 67 years, S.D.: 11 years) were age similar (p = 0.40). The median search time for patients finding target items in photographs of everyday scenes was 15.2 s (interquartile range 9.4-20.6 s) and this was significantly slower than the median time (10.0 s; interquartile range 7.2-10.3 s) taken by the controls (p = 0.007). There was no statistical evidence for a difference in median search times between groups in the Landolt C search task (p = 0.24). CONCLUSION: Some individuals with glaucomatous visual field defects in both eyes find it especially difficult to locate objects in photographs of everyday scenes when compared to visually healthy individuals of a similar age.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Smith2011a,

title = {Looking back at Waldo: Oculomotor inhibition of return does not prevent return fixations},

author = {Tim J. Smith and John M. Henderson},

doi = {10.1167/11.1.3},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {11},

number = {1},

pages = {1–11},

abstract = {Inhibition of Return (IOR) is a difficulty in processing stimuli presented at recently attended locations. IOR is widely believed to facilitate foraging of a visual scene by decreasing the probability that gaze will return to previously fixated locations. However, there is a lack of clear evidence in support of the foraging facilitator hypothesis during scene search. The original R. M. Klein andW. J. MacInnes' (1999) Where'sWaldo study reported a forward bias in the distribution of fixations that was taken as evidence for the foraging facilitator hypothesis. The present study was designed to replicate R. M. Klein and W. J. R. M. Klein andW. J. MacInnes' (1999) Where'sWaldo study reported a forward bias in the distribution of fixations that was taken as evidence for the foraging facilitator hypothesis. The present study was designed to replicate R. M. Klein and W. J. MacInnes' (1999) but include detailed analysis of fixation distributions in order to test the precise predictions of the foraging facilitator hypothesis. The results indicate that latencies of saccades returning to 1-back (and possibly 2-back) locations MacInnes' (1999) but include detailed analysis of fixation distributions in order to test the precise predictions of the foraging facilitator hypothesis. The results indicate that latencies of saccades returning to 1-back (and possibly 2-back) locations during visual search are elevated. However, there is no evidence that the probability of returning to these locations is significantly less than control locations. Eye movement behavior during search of visual scenes does not support the view that IOR facilitates foraging.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Smith2011b,

title = {Does oculomotor inhibition of return influence fixation probability during scene search?},

author = {Tim J. Smith and John M. Henderson},

doi = {10.3758/s13414-011-0191-x},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics},

volume = {73},

number = {8},

pages = {2384–2398},

abstract = {Oculomotor inhibition of return (IOR) is believed to facilitate scene scanning by decreasing the probability that gaze will return to a previously fixated location. This "foraging" hypothesis was tested during scene search and in response to sudden-onset probes at the immediately previous (one-back) fixation location. The latencies of saccades landing within 1º of the previous fixation location were elevated, consistent with oculomotor IOR. However, there was no decrease in the likelihood that the previous location would be fixated relative to distance-matched controls or an a priori baseline. Saccades exhibit an overall forward bias, but this is due to a general bias to move in the same direction and for the same distance as the last saccade (saccadic momentum) rather than to a spatially specific tendency to avoid previously fixated locations. We find no evidence that oculomotor IOR has a significant impact on return probability during scene search.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Staub2011,

title = {The effect of lexical predictability on distributions of eye fixation durations},

author = {Adrian Staub},

doi = {10.3758/s13423-010-0046-9},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Psychonomic Bulletin & Review},

volume = {18},

number = {2},

pages = {371–376},

abstract = {A word's predictability in context has a well-established effect on fixation durations in reading. To investigate how this effect is manifested in distributional terms, an experiment was carried out in which subjects read each of 50 target words twice, once in a high-predictability context and once in a low-predictability context. The ex-Gaussian distribution was fit to each subject's first-fixation durations and single-fixation durations. For both measures, the μ parameter increased when a word was unpredictable, while the τ parameter was not significantly affected, indicating that a predictability manipulation shifts the distribution of fixation durations but does not affect the degree of skew. Vincentile plots showed that the mean ex-Gaussian parameters described the typical distribution shapes extremely well. These results suggest that the predictability and frequency effects are functionally distinct, since a frequency manipulation has been shown to influence both μ and τ. The results may also be seen as consistent with the finding from single-word recognition paradigms that semantic priming affects only μ.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Staub2011a,

title = {Word recognition and syntactic attachment in reading: Evidence for a staged architecture},

author = {Adrian Staub},

doi = {10.1037/a0023517},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: General},

volume = {140},

number = {3},

pages = {407–433},

abstract = {In 3 experiments, the author examined how readers' eye movements are influenced by joint manipulations of a word's frequency and the syntactic fit of the word in its context. In the critical conditions of the first 2 experiments, a high- or low-frequency verb was used to disambiguate a garden-path sentence, while in the last experiment, a high- or low-frequency verb constituted a phrase structure violation. The frequency manipulation always influenced the early eye movement measures of first-fixation duration and gaze duration. The context manipulation had a delayed effect in Experiment 1, influencing only the probability of a regressive eye movement from later in the sentence. However, the context manipulation influenced the same early eye movement measures as the frequency effect in Experiments 2 and 3, though there was no statistical interaction between the effects of these variables. The context manipulation also influenced the probability of a regressive eye movement from the verb, though the frequency manipulation did not. These results are shown to confirm predictions emerging from the serial, staged architecture for lexical and integrative processing of the E-Z Reader 10 model of eye movement control in reading (Reichle, Warren, & McConnell, 2009). It is argued, more generally, that the results provide an important constraint on how the relationship between visual word recognition and syntactic attachment is treated in processing models.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Staudte2011,

title = {Investigating joint attention mechanisms through spoken human-robot interaction},

author = {Maria Staudte and Matthew W. Crocker},

doi = {10.1016/j.cognition.2011.05.005},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Cognition},

volume = {120},

number = {2},

pages = {268–291},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Referential gaze during situated language production and comprehension is tightly coupled with the unfolding speech stream (Griffin, 2001; Meyer, Sleiderink, & Levelt, 1998; Tanenhaus, Spivey-Knowlton, Eberhard, & Sedivy, 1995). In a shared environment, utterance comprehension may further be facilitated when the listener can exploit the speaker's focus of (visual) attention to anticipate, ground, and disambiguate spoken references. To investigate the dynamics of such gaze-following and its influence on utterance comprehension in a controlled manner, we use a human-robot interaction setting. Specifically, we hypothesize that referential gaze is interpreted as a cue to the speaker's referential intentions which facilitates or disrupts reference resolution. Moreover, the use of a dynamic and yet extremely controlled gaze cue enables us to shed light on the simultaneous and incremental integration of the unfolding speech and gaze movement.We report evidence from two eye-tracking experiments in which participants saw videos of a robot looking at and describing objects in a scene. The results reveal a quantified benefit-disruption spectrum of gaze on utterance comprehension and, further, show that gaze is used, even during the initial movement phase, to restrict the spatial domain of potential referents. These findings more broadly suggest that people treat artificial agents similar to human agents and, thus, validate such a setting for further explorations of joint attention mechanisms.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Steiner2011,

title = {Pupillary responses and event-related potentials as indices of the orienting reflex},

author = {Genevieve Z. Steiner and Robert J. Barry},

doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01271.x},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Psychophysiology},

volume = {48},

number = {12},

pages = {1648–1655},

abstract = {This study examined skin conductance responses, the late positive complex of the event-related potential, and pupillary dilation responses as autonomic and central correlates of the orienting reflex (OR) in the context of indifferent and significant stimuli. In particular, we aimed to clarify the inconsistencies surrounding the pupillary dilation response as an OR index. An auditory dishabituation paradigm was employed, and physiological measures were recorded from 24 participants. Response decrement to a repeated stimulus, response recovery to a change stimulus, and subsequent dishabituation were assessed. Findings confirmed expectations that the skin conductance response and the late positive complex are indices of the OR. The pupillary dilation response, however, demonstrated an unexpected sensitivity to stimulus novelty only, while the prestimulus measure of tonic pupil diameter showed the significance effect that was expected of the phasic measure. Together, these findings argue against the suggestion that the pupillary dilation response is an OR index. The diverse results obtained from this experiment contribute to our understanding of the OR, and provide impetus for further research with a variety of paradigm manipulations.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Stieff2011,

title = {Identifying representational competence with multi-representational displays},

author = {Mike Stieff and Mary Hegarty and Ghislain Deslongchamps},

doi = {10.1080/07370008.2010.507318},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Cognition and Instruction},

volume = {29},

number = {1},

pages = {123–145},

abstract = {Increasingly, multi-representational educational technologies are being deployed in science classrooms to support science learning and the development of representational competence. Several studies have indicated that students experience significant challenges working with these multi-representational displays and prefer to use only one representation while problem solving. Here, we examine the use of one such display, a multi-representational molecular mechanics animation, by organic chemistry undergraduates in a problem-solving interview. Using both protocol analysis and eye fixation data, our analysis indicates that students rely mainly on two visual-spatial representations in the display and do not make use of two accompanying mathematical representations. Moreover, we explore how eye fixation data complement verbal protocols by providing information about how students allocate their attention to different locations of a multi-representational display with and without concurrent verbal utterances. Our analysis indicates that verbal protocols and eye movement data are highly correlated, suggesting that eye fixations and verbalizations reflect similar cognitive processes in such studies.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Stormer2011,

title = {Feature-based interference from unattended visual field during attentional tracking in younger and older adults},

author = {Viola S. Stormer and Shu-Chen Li and Hauke R. Heekeren and Ulman Lindenberger},

doi = {10.1167/11.2.1},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {11},

number = {2},

pages = {1–12},

publisher = {10. 1167/11.2.1},

address = {doi},

abstract = {The ability to attend to multiple objects that move in the visual field is important for many aspects of daily functioning. The attentional capacity for such dynamic tracking, however, is highly limited and undergoes age-related decline. Several aspects of the tracking process can influence performance. Here, we investigated effects of feature-based interference from distractor objects that appear in unattended regions of the visual field with a hemifield-tracking task. Younger and older participants performed an attentional tracking task in one hemifield while distractor objects were concurrently presented in the unattended hemifield. Feature similarity between objects in the attended and unattended hemifields as well as motion speed and the number of to-be-tracked objects were parametrically manipulated. The results show that increasing feature overlap leads to greater interference from the unattended visual field. This effect of feature-based interference was only present in the slow speed condition, indicating that the interference is mainly modulated by perceptual demands. High-performing older adults showed a similar interference effect as younger adults, whereas low-performing adults showed poor tracking performance overall.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Stroud2011,

title = {Search for multiple targets of different colours: Misguided eye movements reveal a reduction of colour selectivity},

author = {Michael J. Stroud and Tamaryn Menneer and Kyle R. Cave and Nick Donnelly and Keith Rayner},

doi = {10.1002/acp.1790},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Applied Cognitive Psychology},

volume = {25},

number = {6},

pages = {971–982},

abstract = {Searching for two targets simultaneously is often less efficient than conducting two separate searches. Eye movements were tracked to understand the source of this dual-target cost. Findings are discussed in the context of security screening. In both single-target and dual-target search, displays contained one target at most. Stimuli were abstract shapes modeled after guns and other threat items. With these targets and distractors, color information was more helpful in guiding search than shape information. When the two targets had different colors, distractors with colors different from either target were fixated more often in dual-target search than in single-target searches. Thus a dual-target cost arose from a reduction in color selectivity, reflecting limitations in the ability to represent two target features simultaneously and use them to guide search. Because of these limitations, performance in security searches may improve if each image was searched by two screeners, each specializing in a different category of threat item.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{TaritaNistor2011,

title = {Fixation stability during binocular viewing in patients with age-related macular degeneration},

author = {Luminita Tarita-Nistor and Michael H. Brent and Martin J. Steinbach and Esther G. González},

doi = {10.1167/iovs.10-6059},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},

volume = {52},

number = {3},

pages = {1887–1893},

abstract = {PURPOSE: The authors examined the fixation stability of patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and large interocular acuity differences, testing them in monocular and binocular viewing conditions. The relationship between fixation stability and visual performance during monocular and binocular viewing was also studied. METHODS: Twenty patients with AMD participated. Their monocular and binocular distance acuities were measured with the ETDRS charts. Fixation stability of the better and worse eye were recorded monocularly with the MP-1 microperimeter (Nidek Technologies Srl., Vigonza, PD, Italy) and binocularly with an EyeLink eye tracker (SR Research Ltd., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada). Additional recordings of monocular fixations were obtained with the EyeLink in viewing conditions when one eye viewed the target while the fellow eye was covered by an infrared filter so it could not see the target. RESULTS: Fixation stability of the better eye did not change across viewing conditions. Fixation stability of the worse eye was 84% to 100% better in the binocular condition than in monocular conditions. Fixation stability of the worse eye was significantly larger (P < 0.05) than that of the better eye when recorded monocularly with the MP-1 microperimeter. This difference was dramatically reduced in the binocular condition but remained marginally significant (95% confidence interval, -0.351 to -0.006). For the better eye, there was a moderate relationship between fixation stability and visual acuity, both monocular and binocular, in all conditions in which this eye viewed the target. CONCLUSIONS: Fixational ocular motor control and visual acuity are driven by the better-seeing eye when patients with AMD and large interocular acuity differences perform the tasks binocularly.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Taylor2011,

title = {Error awareness and antisaccade performance},

author = {Alisdair J. G. Taylor and Samuel B. Hutton},

doi = {10.1007/s00221-011-2770-4},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Experimental Brain Research},

volume = {213},

number = {1},

pages = {27–34},

abstract = {In the antisaccade task, healthy participants often make errors by saccading towards the sudden onset target, despite instructions to saccade to the mirror image location. One interesting and relatively unexplored feature of antisaccade performance is that participants are typically unaware of a large proportion of the errors they make. Across two experiments, we explored the extent to which error awareness is altered by manipulations known to affect antisaccade error rate. In experiment 1, participants performed the antisaccade task under standard instructions, instructions to respond as quickly as possible or instructions to delay responding. Delay instructions significantly reduced antisaccade error rate compared to the other instructions, but this reduction was driven by a decrease only in the number of errors that participants were aware of-the number of errors of which participants were unaware remained constant across instruction condition. In experiment 2, participants performed antisaccades alone, or concurrently with two different distractor tasks-spatial tapping and random number generation task. Both the dual task conditions increased the number of errors of which participants were aware, but again, unaware error rates remained unchanged. These results are discussed in the light of recent models of antisaccade performance and the role of conscious awareness in error correction.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Terao2011,

title = {Compensation for equiluminant color motion during smooth pursuit eye movement},

author = {Masahiko Terao and Ikuya Murakami},

doi = {10.1167/11.6.12},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {11},

number = {6},

pages = {1–12},

abstract = {Motion perception is compromised at equiluminance. Because previous investigations have been primarily carried out under fixation conditions, it remains unknown whether and how equiluminant color motion comes into play in the velocity compensation for retinal image motion due to smooth pursuit eye movement. We measured the retinal image velocity required to reach subjective stationarity for a horizontally drifting sinusoidal grating in the presence of horizontal smooth pursuit. The grating was defined by luminance or chromatic modulation. When the subjective stationarity of the color motion was shifted toward environmental stationarity, compared with the subjective stationarity of luminance motion, that of color motion was farther from retinal stationarity, indicating that a slowing of color motion occurred before this factor contributed to the process by which retinal motion was integrated with a biological estimate of eye velocity during pursuit. The gain in the estimate of eye velocity per se was unchanged irrespective of whether the stimulus was defined by luminance or by color. Indeed, the subjective reduction in the speed of color motion during fixation was accounted for by the same amount of deterioration in speed. From these results, we conclude that the motion deterioration at equiluminance takes place prior to the velocity comparison.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Thakkar2011,

title = {Response inhibition and response monitoring in a saccadic countermanding task in schizophrenia},

author = {Katharine N. Thakkar and Jeffrey D. Schall and Leanne Boucher and Gordon D. Logan and Sohee Park},

doi = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.08.016},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Biological Psychiatry},

volume = {69},

number = {1},

pages = {55–62},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {Background: Cognitive control deficits are pervasive in individuals with schizophrenia (SZ) and are reliable predictors of functional outcome, but the specificity of these deficits and their underlying neural mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. The objective of the present study was to determine the nature of response inhibition and response monitoring deficits in SZ and their relationship to symptoms and social and occupational functioning with a behavioral paradigm that provides a translational approach to investigating cognitive control. Methods: Seventeen patients with SZ and 16 demographically matched healthy control subjects participated in a saccadic countermanding task. Performance on this task is approximated as a race between movement generation and inhibition processes; this race model provides an estimate of the time needed to cancel a planned movement. Response monitoring can be assessed by reaction time adjustments on the basis of trial history. Results: Saccadic reaction time was normal, but patients required more time to inhibit a planned saccade. The latency of the inhibitory process was associated with the severity of negative symptoms and poorer occupational functioning. Both groups slowed down significantly after correctly cancelled and erroneously noncancelled stop signal trials, but patients slowed down more than control subjects after correctly inhibited saccades. Conclusions: These results suggest that SZ is associated with a difficulty in inhibiting planned movements and an inflated response adjustment effect after inhibiting a saccade. Furthermore, behavioral results are consistent with potential abnormalities in frontal and supplementary eye fields in patients with SZ.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Thaler2011,

title = {Reaction times for allocentric movements are 35 ms slower than reaction times for target-directed movements},

author = {Lore Thaler and Melvyn A. Goodale},

doi = {10.1007/s00221-011-2691-2},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Experimental Brain Research},

volume = {211},

number = {2},

pages = {313–328},

abstract = {Many movements that people perform every day are directed at visual targets, e.g., when we press an elevator button. However, many other movements are not target-directed, but are based on allocentric (object-centered) visual information. Examples of allocentric movements are gesture imitation, drawing or copying. Here, show a reaction time difference between these two types of movements in four separate experiments. In Exp. 1, subjects moved their eyes freely and used direct hand movements. In Exp. 2, subjects moved their eyes freely and their movements were tool-mediated (computer mouse). In Exp. 3, subjects fixated a central target and the visual field in which visual information was presented was manipulated. Experiment 4 was identical to Exp. 3 except for the fact that visual information about targets disappeared before movement onset. In all four experiments, reaction times in the allocentric task were approximately 35 ms slower than they were in the target-directed task. We suggest that this difference in reaction time between the two tasks reflects the fact that allocentric, but not target-directed, movements recruit the ventral stream, in particular lateral occipital cortex, which increases processing time. We also observed an advantage for movements made in the lower visual field as measured by movement variability, whether or not those movements were allocentric or target-directed. This latter result, we argue, reflects the role of the dorsal visual stream in the online control of movements in both kinds of tasks.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Rayner2011,

title = {Eye movements and word skipping during reading: Effects of word length and predictability},

author = {Keith Rayner and Timothy J. Slattery and Denis Drieghe and Simon P. Liversedge},

doi = {10.1037/a0020990},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance},

volume = {37},

number = {2},

pages = {514–528},

abstract = {Eye movements were monitored as subjects read sentences containing high- or low-predictable target words. The extent to which target words were predictable from prior context was varied: Half of the target words were predictable, and the other half were unpredictable. In addition, the length of the target word varied: The target words were short (4–6 letters), medium (7–9 letters), or long (10–12 letters). Length and predictability both yielded strong effects on the probability of skipping the target words and on the amount of time readers fixated the target words (when they were not skipped). However, there was no interaction in any of the measures examined for either skipping or fixation time. The results demonstrate that word predictability (due to contextual constraint) and word length have strong and independent influences on word skipping and fixation durations. Furthermore, because the long words extended beyond the word identification span, the data indicate that skipping can occur on the basis of partial information in relation to word identity.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Reinisch2011,

title = {Speaking rate from proximal and distal contexts is used during word segmentation},

author = {Eva Reinisch and Alexandra Jesse and James M. McQueen},

doi = {10.1037/a0021923},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance},

volume = {37},

number = {3},

pages = {978–996},

abstract = {A series of eye-tracking and categorization experiments investigated the use of speaking-rate information in the segmentation of Dutch ambiguous-word sequences. Juncture phonemes with ambiguous durations (e.g., [s] in 'eens (s)peer,' "once (s)pear," [t] in 'nooit (t)rap,' "never staircase/quick") were perceived as longer and hence more often as word-initial when following a fast than a slow context sentence. Listeners used speaking-rate information as soon as it became available. Rate information from a context proximal to the juncture phoneme and from a more distal context was used during on-line word recognition, as reflected in listeners' eye movements. Stronger effects of distal context, however, were observed in the categorization task, which measures the off-line results of the word-recognition process. In categorization, the amount of rate context had the greatest influence on the use of rate information, but in eye tracking, the rate information's proximal location was the most important. These findings constrain accounts of how speaking rate modulates the interpretation of durational cues during word recognition by suggesting that rate estimates are used to evaluate upcoming phonetic information continuously during prelexical speech processing.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Reuter2011,

title = {Volitional saccades and attentional mechanisms in schizophrenia patients and healthy control subjects},

author = {Benedikt Reuter and David Möllers and Julia Bender and Asysa Schwehn and Juliane Ziemek and Jürgen Gallinat and Norbert Kathmann},

doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01213.x},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Psychophysiology},

volume = {48},

number = {10},

pages = {1333–1339},

abstract = {Schizophrenia (SZ) patients showed increased volitional saccade latencies, suggesting deficient volitional initiation of action. Yet increased volitional saccade latencies may also result from deficits in attention shifts. To dissociate attention shifting and saccade initiation, we asked 25 SZ patients and 25 healthy subjects to make saccades toward newly appearing (onset) targets and toward the loci of disappearing (offset) targets. Similar onsets and offsets were also used as attention cues in a Posner-type manual task. As expected, onsets and offsets had similar effects on attention. In contrast, saccade latencies were considerably longer with offset compared to onset targets, reflecting additional time for volitional saccade initiation. Unexpectedly, SZ patients had normal saccade latencies. Presumably, the expected deficit was compensated by decreased fixation-related neural activity, which was induced by the disappearance of fixation stimuli.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Richards2011,

title = {The influence of anxiety on processing capacity for threat detection},

author = {Helen J. Richards and Julie A. Hadwin and Valerie Benson and Michael J. Wenger and Nick Donnelly},

doi = {10.3758/s13423-011-0124-7},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Psychonomic Bulletin & Review},

volume = {18},

number = {5},

pages = {883–889},

abstract = {In the present study, we explored the proposition that an individual's capacity for threat detection is related to his or her trait anxiety. Using a redundant signals paradigm with concurrent measurements of reaction times and eye movements, participants indicated the presence or absence of an emotional target face (angry or happy) in displays containing no targets, one target, or two targets. We used estimates of the orderings on the hazard functions of the RT distributions as measures of processing capacity (Townsend & Ashby, 1978; Wenger & Gibson, Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 30, 708–719, 2004) to assess whether self-reported anxiety and the affective state of the face interacted with the level of perceptual load (i.e., the number of targets). Results indicated that anxiety was associated with fewer eye movements and increased processing capacity to detect multiple (vs. single) threatening faces. The data are consistent with anxiety influencing threat detection via a broadly tuned attentional mechanism (Eysenck, Derakshan, Santos, & Calvo, Emotion, 7, 336–353, 2007).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Richardson2011,

title = {The time course of online trajectory corrections in memory-guided saccades},

author = {Brian A. Richardson and Anusha Ratneswaran and James Lyons and Ramesh Balasubramaniam},

doi = {10.1007/s00221-011-2752-6},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Experimental Brain Research},

volume = {212},

number = {3},

pages = {457–469},

abstract = {Recent investigations have revealed the kinematics of horizontal saccades are less variable near the end of the trajectory than during the course of execution. Converging evidence indicates that oculomotor networks use online sensorimotor feedback to correct for initial trajectory errors. It is also known that oculomotor networks express saccadic corrections with decreased efficiency when responses are made toward memorized locations. The present research investigated whether repetitive motor timekeeping influences online feedback-based corrections in predictive saccades. Predictive saccades are a subclass of memory-guided saccades and are observed when one makes series of timed saccades. We hypothesized that cueing predictive saccades in a sequence would facilitate the expression of trajectory corrections. Seven participants produced a number of single unpaced, visually guided saccades, and also sequences of timed predictive saccades. Kinematic and trajectory variability were used to measure the expression of online saccadic corrections at a number of time indices in saccade trajectories. In particular, we estimated the minimum time required to implement feedback-based corrections, which was consistently 37 ms. Our observations demonstrate that motor commands in predictive memory-guided saccades can be parameterized by spatial working memory and retain the accuracy of online trajectory corrections typically associated with visually guided behavior. In contrast, untimed memory-guided saccades exhibited diminished kinematic evidence for online corrections. We conclude that motor timekeeping and sequencing contributed to efficient saccadic corrections. These results contribute to an evolving view of the interactions between motor planning and spatial working memory, as they relate to oculomotor control.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Schuetz2011,

title = {Motion transparency: Depth ordering and smooth pursuit eye movements},

author = {Alexander C. Schütz},

doi = {10.1167/11.14.21},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {11},

number = {14},

pages = {1–19},

abstract = {When two overlapping, transparent surfaces move in different directions, there is ambiguity with respect to the depth ordering of the surfaces. Little is known about the surface features that are used to resolve this ambiguity. Here, we investigated the influence of different surface features on the perceived depth order and the direction of smooth pursuit eye movements. Surfaces containing more dots, moving opposite to an adapted direction, moving at a slower speed, or moving in the same direction as the eyes were more likely to be seen in the back. Smooth pursuit eye movements showed an initial preference for surfaces containing more dots, moving in a non-adapted direction, moving at a faster speed, and being composed of larger dots. After 300 to 500 ms, smooth pursuit eye movements adjusted to perception and followed the surface whose direction had to be indicated. The differences between perceived depth order and initial pursuit preferences and the slow adjustment of pursuit indicate that perceived depth order is not determined solely by the eye movements. The common effect of dot number and motion adaptation suggests that global motion strength can induce a bias to perceive the stronger motion in the back.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Schuetz2011a,

title = {Adaptation of catch-up saccades during the initiation of smooth pursuit eye movements},

author = {Alexander C. Schütz and David Souto},

doi = {10.1007/s00221-011-2581-7},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Experimental Brain Research},

volume = {209},

number = {4},

pages = {537–549},

abstract = {Reduction of retinal speed and alignment of the line of sight are believed to be the respective primary functions of smooth pursuit and saccadic eye movements. As the eye muscles strength can change in the short-term, continuous adjustments of motor signals are required to achieve constant accuracy. While adaptation of saccade amplitude to systematic position errors has been extensively studied, we know less about the adaptive response to position errors during smooth pursuit initiation, when target motion has to be taken into account to program saccades, and when position errors at the saccade endpoint could also be corrected by increasing pursuit velocity. To study short-term adaptation (250 adaptation trials) of tracking eye movements, we introduced a position error during the first catch-up saccade made during the initiation of smooth pursuit-in a ramp-step-ramp paradigm. The target position was either shifted in the direction of the horizontally moving target (forward step), against it (backward step) or orthogonally to it (vertical step). Results indicate adaptation of catch-up saccade amplitude to back and forward steps. With vertical steps, saccades became oblique, by an inflexion of the early or late saccade trajectory. With a similar time course, post-saccadic pursuit velocity was increased in the step direction, adding further evidence that under some conditions pursuit and saccades can act synergistically to reduce position errors.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Schwarzbach2011,

title = {A simple framework (ASF) for behavioral and neuroimaging experiments based on the psychophysics toolbox for MATLAB},

author = {Jens Schwarzbach},

doi = {10.3758/s13428-011-0106-8},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Behavior Research Methods},

volume = {43},

number = {4},

pages = {1194–1201},

abstract = {The cognitive neurosciences combine behavioral experiments with acquiring physiological data from different modalities, such as electroencephalography, magnetoencephalography, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and functional magnetic resonance imaging, all of which require excellent timing. A simple framework is proposed in which uni- and multimodal experiments can be conducted with minimal adjustments when one switches between modalities. The framework allows the beginner to quickly become productive and the expert to be flexible and not constrained by the tool by building on existing software such as MATLAB and the Psychophysics Toolbox, which already are serving a large community. The framework allows running standard experiments but also supports and facilitates exciting new possibilities for real-time neuroimaging and state-dependent stimulation.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Sears2011,

title = {Attention to emotional images in previously depressed individuals: An eye-tracking study},

author = {Christopher R. Sears and Kristin R. Newman and Jennifer D. Ference and Charmaine L. Thomas},

doi = {10.1007/s10608-011-9396-5},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Cognitive Therapy and Research},

volume = {35},

number = {6},

pages = {517–528},

abstract = {Depression and dysphoria are associated with attention and memory biases for emotional information (Williams et al. 1997; Yiend in Cogn Emot 24:3-47, 2010), which are postulated to reflect stable vulnerability factors for the development and recurrence of depression (Gotlib and Joormann in Annu Rev Clin Psychol 6:285-312, 2010). The present study looked for evidence of attention and memory biases in individuals with a self-reported history of depression, compared to individuals with dysphoria and individuals with no history of depression. Participants viewed sets of depression-related, anxiety-related, positive, and neutral images while their eye fixations were tracked and recorded. Incidental recognition of the images was assessed 7 days later. Consistent with previous studies (Kellough et al. in Behav Res Therapy 46:1238-1243, 2008; Sears et al. in Cogn Emot 24:1349-1368, 2010), dysphoric individuals spent significantly less time attending to positive images than never depressed individuals, and it was also found that previously depressed individuals exhibited the same attentional bias. Previously depressed individuals also attended to anxiety-related images more than never depressed individuals. A bias in the initial orienting of attention was observed, with previously depressed and dysphoric individuals orienting to depression-images more frequently than never depressed participants. The recognition memory data showed that previously depressed and dysphoric individuals had poorer memory than never depressed individuals, but there was no evidence of a memory bias for either group. Implications for cognitive models of depression and depression vulnerability are discussed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Selen2011,

title = {Saccadic updating of object orientation for grasping movements},

author = {Luc P. J. Selen and W. Pieter Medendorp},

doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2011.01.004},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Vision Research},

volume = {51},

number = {8},

pages = {898–907},

abstract = {Reach and grasp movements are a fundamental part of our daily interactions with the environment. This spatially-guided behavior is often directed to memorized objects because of intervening eye movements that caused them to disappear from sight. How does the brain store and maintain the spatial representations of objects for future reach and grasp movements? We had subjects (n= 8) make reach and two-digit grasp movements to memorized objects, briefly presented before an intervening saccade. Grasp errors, characterizing the spatial representation of object orientation, depended on current gaze position, with and without intervening saccade. This suggests that the orientation information of the object is coded and updated relative to gaze during intervening saccades, and that the grasp errors arose after the updating stage, during the later transformations involved in grasping. The pattern of reach errors also revealed a gaze-centered updating of object location, consistent with previous literature on updating of single-point targets. Furthermore, grasp and reach errors correlated strongly, but their relationship had a non-unity slope, which may suggest that the gaze-centered spatial updates were made in separate channels. Finally, the errors of the two digits were strongly correlated, supporting the notion that these were not controlled independently to form the grip in these experimental conditions. Taken together, our results suggest that the visuomotor system dynamically represents the short-term memory of location and orientation information for reach-and-grasp movements.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Shake2011,

title = {Age differences in resolving anaphoric expressions during reading},

author = {Matthew C. Shake and Elizabeth A. L. Stine-Morrow},

doi = {10.1080/13825585.2011.607228},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition},

volume = {18},

number = {6},

pages = {678–707},

abstract = {One crucial component of reading comprehension is the ability to bind current information to earlier text, which is often accomplished via anaphoric expressions (e.g., pronouns referring to previous nouns). Processing time for anaphors that violate expectations (e.g., 'The firefighter burned herself while rescuing victims from the building') provide a window into how the semantic representation of the referent is instantiated and retained up to the anaphor. We present data from three eye-tracking experiments examining older and younger adults' reading patterns for passages containing such local expectancy violations. Younger adults quickly registered and resolved the expectancy violation at the point at which it first occurred (as measured by increased gaze duration on the anaphor), regardless of whether sentences were read in isolation or embedded in a discourse context. Older adults, however, immediately noticed the violation only when sentences were embedded in discourse context, suggesting that they relied more on situational grounding to instantiate the referent. For neither young nor old did prior disambiguation within the context (e.g., stating the firefighter was a woman) reduce the effect of the local violation on early processing. For older readers, however, prior disambiguation facilitated anaphor resolution by reducing reprocessing. These results suggest that (a) anaphor resolution unfolds serially, such that prior disambiguating context does not 'inoculate' against local activation of salient (but contextually inappropriate) features, and that (b) older readers use the situational grounding of discourse context to support earlier access to the antecedent, and are more likely to reprocess the context for anaphor resolution.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Schleifer2011,

title = {Subitizing and counting in typical and atypical development},

author = {Patrick Schleifer and Karin Landerl},

doi = {10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010.00976.x},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Developmental Science},

volume = {14},

number = {2},

pages = {280–291},

abstract = {Enumeration performance in standard dot counting paradigms was investigated for different age groups with typical and atypically poor development of arithmetic skills. Experiment 1 showed a high correspondence between response times and saccadic frequencies for four age groups with typical development. Age differences were more marked for the counting than the subitizing range. In Experiment 2 we found a discontinuity between subitizing and counting for dyscalculic children; however, their subitizing slopes were steeper than those of typically developing control groups, indicating a dysfunctional subitizing mechanism. Across both experiments a number of factors could be identified that affect enumeration in the subitizing and the counting range differentially. These differential patterns further support the assumption of two qualitatively different enumeration processes.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}