Reading and Language Eye-Tracking Publications - SR Research

All EyeLink reading and language research publications are listed below in alphabetical order based on the first author. You can search the publications using key words such as Visual World, Comprehension, Speech Production, etc. You can also search for individual author names. If we missed any EyeLink reading or language article, please email us!

1465 entries « ‹ 1 of 15 › »

Matthew J Abbott; Bernhard Angele; Danbi Y Ahn; Keith Rayner

Skipping syntactically illegal the previews: The role of predictability Journal Article

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 41 (6), pp. 1703–1714, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Matthew J Abbott; Adrian Staub

The effect of plausibility on eye movements in reading: Testing E-Z Reader's null predictions Journal Article

Journal of Memory and Language, 85 , pp. 76–87, 2015.

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Irene Ablinger; Walter Huber; Kerstin I Schattka; Ralph Radach

Recovery in a letter-by-letter reader: More efficiency at the expense of normal reading strategy Journal Article

Neurocase, 19 (3), pp. 236–255, 2013.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Irene Ablinger; Walter Huber; Ralph Radach

Eye movement analyses indicate the underlying reading strategy in the recovery of lexical readers Journal Article

Aphasiology, 28 (6), pp. 640–657, 2014.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Ablinger2014,
title = {Eye movement analyses indicate the underlying reading strategy in the recovery of lexical readers},
author = {Irene Ablinger and Walter Huber and Ralph Radach},
doi = {10.1080/02687038.2014.894960},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Aphasiology},
volume = {28},
number = {6},
pages = {640--657},
abstract = {Background: Psycholinguistic error analysis of dyslexic responses in various reading tasks provides the primary basis for clinically discriminating subtypes of pathological reading. Within this framework, phonology-related errors are indicative of a sequential word processing strategy, whereas lexical and semantic errors are associated with a lexical reading strategy. Despite the large number of published intervention studies, relatively little is known about changes in error distributions during recovery in dyslexic patients.Aims: The main purpose of the present work was to extend the scope of research on the time course of recovery in readers with acquired dyslexia, using eye tracking methodology to examine word processing in real time. The guiding hypothesis was that in lexical readers a reduction of lexical errors and an emerging predominant production of phonological errors should be associated with a change to a more segmental moment-to-moment reading behaviour.Methods & Procedures: Five patients participated in an eye movement supported reading intervention, where both lexical and segmental reading was facilitated. Reading performance was assessed before (T1) and after (T2) therapy intervention via recording of eye movements. Analyses included a novel way to examine the spatiotemporal dynamics of processing using distributions of fixation positions as different time intervals. These subdistributions reveal the gradual shifting of fixation positions during word processing, providing an adequate metric for objective classification of online reading strategies.Outcome & Results: Therapy intervention led to improved reading accuracy in all subjects. In three of five participants, analyses revealed a restructuring in the underlying reading mechanisms from predominantly lexical to more segmental word processing. In contrast, two subjects maintained their lexical reading procedures. Importantly, the fundamental assumption that a high number of phonologically based reading errors must be associated with segmental word processing routines, while the production of lexical errors is indicative of a holistic reading strategy could not be verified.Conclusions: Our results indicate that despite general improvements in reading performance, only some patients reorganised their word identification process. Contradictive data raise doubts on the validity of psycholinguistic error analysis as an exclusive indicator of changes in reading strategy. We suggest this traditional approach to combine with innovative eye tracking methodology in the interest of more comprehensive diagnostic strategies.},
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Background: Psycholinguistic error analysis of dyslexic responses in various reading tasks provides the primary basis for clinically discriminating subtypes of pathological reading. Within this framework, phonology-related errors are indicative of a sequential word processing strategy, whereas lexical and semantic errors are associated with a lexical reading strategy. Despite the large number of published intervention studies, relatively little is known about changes in error distributions during recovery in dyslexic patients.Aims: The main purpose of the present work was to extend the scope of research on the time course of recovery in readers with acquired dyslexia, using eye tracking methodology to examine word processing in real time. The guiding hypothesis was that in lexical readers a reduction of lexical errors and an emerging predominant production of phonological errors should be associated with a change to a more segmental moment-to-moment reading behaviour.Methods & Procedures: Five patients participated in an eye movement supported reading intervention, where both lexical and segmental reading was facilitated. Reading performance was assessed before (T1) and after (T2) therapy intervention via recording of eye movements. Analyses included a novel way to examine the spatiotemporal dynamics of processing using distributions of fixation positions as different time intervals. These subdistributions reveal the gradual shifting of fixation positions during word processing, providing an adequate metric for objective classification of online reading strategies.Outcome & Results: Therapy intervention led to improved reading accuracy in all subjects. In three of five participants, analyses revealed a restructuring in the underlying reading mechanisms from predominantly lexical to more segmental word processing. In contrast, two subjects maintained their lexical reading procedures. Importantly, the fundamental assumption that a high number of phonologically based reading errors must be associated with segmental word processing routines, while the production of lexical errors is indicative of a holistic reading strategy could not be verified.Conclusions: Our results indicate that despite general improvements in reading performance, only some patients reorganised their word identification process. Contradictive data raise doubts on the validity of psycholinguistic error analysis as an exclusive indicator of changes in reading strategy. We suggest this traditional approach to combine with innovative eye tracking methodology in the interest of more comprehensive diagnostic strategies.

Irene Ablinger; Kerstin Von Heyden; Christian Vorstius; Katja Halm; Walter Huber; Ralph Radach

An eye movement based reading intervention in lexical and segmental readers with acquired dyslexia Journal Article

Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 24 (6), pp. 833–867, 2014.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Irene Ablinger; Ralph Radach

Diverging receptive and expressive word processing mechanisms in a deep dyslexic reader Journal Article

Neuropsychologia, 81 , pp. 12–21, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Ablinger2016,
title = {Diverging receptive and expressive word processing mechanisms in a deep dyslexic reader},
author = {Irene Ablinger and Ralph Radach},
doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.11.023},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Neuropsychologia},
volume = {81},
pages = {12--21},
publisher = {Elsevier},
abstract = {We report on KJ, a patient with acquired dyslexia due to cerebral artery infarction. He represents an unusually clear case of an "output" deep dyslexic reader, with a distinct pattern of pure semantic reading. According to current neuropsychological models of reading, the severity of this condition is directly related to the degree of impairment in semantic and phonological representations and the resulting imbalance in the interaction between the two word processing pathways. The present work sought to examine whether an innovative eye movement supported intervention combining lexical and segmental therapy would strengthen phonological processing and lead to an attenuation of the extreme semantic over-involvement in KJ's word identification process. Reading performance was assessed before (T1) between (T2) and after (T3) therapy using both analyses of linguistic errors and word viewing patterns. Therapy resulted in improved reading aloud accuracy along with a change in error distribution that suggested a return to more sequential reading. Interestingly, this was in contrast to the dynamics of moment-to-moment word processing, as eye movement analyses still suggested a predominantly holistic strategy, even at T3. So, in addition to documenting the success of the therapeutic intervention, our results call for a theoretically important conclusion: Real-time letter and word recognition routines should be considered separately from properties of the verbal output. Combining both perspectives may provide a promising strategy for future assessment and therapy evaluation.},
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Joana Acha; Manuel Perea

The effect of neighborhood frequency in reading: Evidence with transposed-letter neighbors Journal Article

Cognition, 108 , pp. 290–300, 2008.

Abstract | BibTeX

Zaeinab Afsari; José P Ossandón; Peter Konig

The dynamic effect of reading direction habit on spatial asymmetry of image perception Journal Article

Journal of Vision, 16 (11), pp. 1–21, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Afsari2016,
title = {The dynamic effect of reading direction habit on spatial asymmetry of image perception},
author = {Zaeinab Afsari and José P Ossandón and Peter Konig},
doi = {10.1167/16.11.8.doi},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Vision},
volume = {16},
number = {11},
pages = {1--21},
abstract = {Exploration of images after stimulus onset is initially biased to the left. Here, we studied the causes of such an asymmetry and investigated effects of reading habits, text primes, and priming by systematically biased eye movements on this spatial bias in visual exploration. Bilinguals first read text primes with right- to-left (RTL) or left-to-right (LTR) reading directions and subsequently explored natural images. In Experiment 1, native RTL speakers showed a leftward free-viewing shift after reading LTR primes but a weaker rightward bias after reading RTL primes. This demonstrates that reading direction dynamically influences the spatial bias. However, native LTR speakers wholearnedanRTL languagelateinlife showed a leftward bias after reading either LTR or RTL primes, which suggests the role of habit formation in the production of the spatial bias. In Experiment 2, LTR bilinguals showed a slightly enhanced leftward bias after reading LTR text primes in their second language. This might contribute to the differences of native RTL and LTR speakers observed in Experiment 1. In Experiment 3, LTR bilinguals read normal (LTR, habitual reading) and mirrored left-to-right (mLTR, nonhabitual reading) texts. We observed a strong leftward bias in both cases, indicating that the bias direction is influenced by habitual reading direction and is not secondary to the actual reading direction. This is confirmed in Experiment 4, in which LTR participants were asked to follow RTL and LTR moving dots in prior image presentation and showed no change in the normal spatial bias. In conclusion, the horizontal bias is a dynamic property and is modulated by habitual reading direction. Introduction},
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Zaeinab Afsari; Ashima Keshava; José P Ossandón; Peter König

Interindividual differences among native right-to-left readers and native left-to-right readers during free viewing task Journal Article

Visual Cognition, 26 (6), pp. 430–441, 2018.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Afsari2018,
title = {Interindividual differences among native right-to-left readers and native left-to-right readers during free viewing task},
author = {Zaeinab Afsari and Ashima Keshava and José P Ossandón and Peter König},
doi = {10.1080/13506285.2018.1473542},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Visual Cognition},
volume = {26},
number = {6},
pages = {430--441},
abstract = {Human visual exploration is not homogeneous but displays spatial biases. Specifically, early after the onset of a visual stimulus, the majority of eye movements target the left visual space. This horizontal asymmetry of image exploration is rather robust with respect to multiple image manipulations, yet can be dynamically modulated by preceding text primes. This characteristic points to an involvement of reading habits in the deployment of visual attention. Here, we report data of native right-to-left (RTL) readers with a larger variation and stronger modulation of horizontal spatial bias in comparison to native left-to-right (LTR) readers after preceding text primes. To investigate the influences of biological and cultural factors, we measure the correlation of the modulation of the horizontal spatial bias for native RTL readers and native LTR readers with multiple factors: age, gender, second language proficiency, and age at which the second language was acquired. The results demonstrate only weak or no correlations between the magnitude of the horizontal bias and the previously mentioned factors. We conclude that the spatial bias of viewing behaviour for native RTL readers is more variable than for native LTR readers, and this variance could not be demonstrated to be associated with interindividual differences. We speculate the role of strength of habit and/or the interindividual differences in the structural and functional brain regions as a cause of the RTL spatial bias among RTL native readers.},
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Carlos Aguilar; Eric Castet

Evaluation of a gaze-controlled vision enhancement system for reading in visually impaired people Journal Article

PLoS ONE, 12 (4), pp. 1–24, 2017.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Aguilar2017,
title = {Evaluation of a gaze-controlled vision enhancement system for reading in visually impaired people},
author = {Carlos Aguilar and Eric Castet},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0174910},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
volume = {12},
number = {4},
pages = {1--24},
abstract = {People with low vision, especially those with Central Field Loss (CFL), need magnification to read. The flexibility of Electronic Vision Enhancement Systems (EVES) offers several ways of magnifying text. Due to the restricted field of view of EVES, the need for magnification is conflicting with the need to navigate through text (panning). We have developed and implemented a real-time gaze-controlled system whose goal is to optimize the possibility of magnifying a portion of text while maintaining global viewing of the other portions of the text (condition 1). Two other conditions were implemented that mimicked commercially available advanced systems known as CCTV (closed-circuit television systems)-conditions 2 and 3. In these two conditions, magnification was uniformly applied to the whole text without any possibility to specifically select a region of interest. The three conditions were implemented on the same computer to remove differences that might have been induced by dissimilar equipment. A gaze-contingent artificial 10° scotoma (a mask continuously displayed in real time on the screen at the gaze location) was used in the three conditions in order to simulate macular degeneration. Ten healthy subjects with a gaze-contingent scotoma read aloud sentences from a French newspaper in nine experimental one-hour sessions. Reading speed was measured and constituted the main dependent variable to compare the three conditions. All subjects were able to use condition 1 and they found it slightly more comfortable to use than condition 2 (and similar to condition 3). Importantly, reading speed results did not show any significant difference between the three systems. In addition, learning curves were similar in the three conditions. This proof of concept study suggests that the principles underlying the gaze-controlled enhanced system might be further developed and fruitfully incorporated in different kinds of EVES for low vision reading.},
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Noor Al-Zanoon; Michael Dambacher; Victor Kuperman

Evidence for a global oculomotor program in reading Journal Article

Psychological Research, 81 (4), pp. 863–877, 2017.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Al-Zanoon2017,
title = {Evidence for a global oculomotor program in reading},
author = {Noor Al-Zanoon and Michael Dambacher and Victor Kuperman},
doi = {10.1007/s00426-016-0786-x},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Psychological Research},
volume = {81},
number = {4},
pages = {863--877},
publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
abstract = {Recent corpus studies of eye-movements in reading revealed a substantial increase in saccade amplitudes and fixation durations as the eyes move over the first words of a sentence. This start-up effect suggests a global oculomotor program, which operates on the level of an entire line, in addition to the well-established local programs operating within the visual span. The present study investigates the nature of this global program experimentally and examines whether the start-up effect is predicated on generic visual or specific linguistic characteristics and whether it is mainly reflected in saccade amplitudes, fixation durations or both measures. Eye movements were recorded while 38 participants read (a) normal sentences, (b) sequences of randomly shuffled words and (c) sequences of z-strings. The stimuli were, therefore, similar in their visual features, but varied in the amount of syntactic and lexical information. Further, the stimuli were composed of words or strings that either varied naturally in length (Nonequal condition) or were all restricted to a specific length within a sentence (Equal). The latter condition constrained the variability of saccades and served to dissociate effects of word position in line on saccade amplitudes and fixation durations. A robust start-up effect emerged in saccade amplitudes in all Nonequal stimuli, and-in an attenuated form-in Equal sentences. A start-up effect in single fixation durations was observed in Nonequal and Equal normal sentences, but not in z-strings. These findings support the notion of a global oculomotor program in reading particularly for the spatial characteristics of motor planning, which rely on visual rather than linguistic information.},
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Denis Alamargot; Sylvie Plane; Eric Lambert; David Chesnet

Using eye and pen movements to trace the development of writing expertise: Case studies of a 7th, 9th and 12th grader, graduate student, and professional writer Journal Article

Reading and Writing, 23 (7), pp. 853–888, 2010.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Denis Alamargot; Lisa Flouret; Denis Larocque; Gilles Caporossi; Virginie Pontart; Carmen Paduraru; Pauline Morisset; Michel Fayol

Successful written subject–verb agreement: An online analysis of the procedure used by students in Grades 3, 5 and 12 Journal Article

Reading and Writing, 28 (3), pp. 291–312, 2015.

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Noor Z Al Dahhan; George K Georgiou; Rickie Hung; Douglas Munoz; Rauno Parrila; John R Kirby

Eye movements of university students with and without reading difficulties during naming speed tasks Journal Article

Annals of Dyslexia, 64 (2), pp. 137–150, 2014.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Noor Z Al Dahhan; John R Kirby; Donald C Brien; Douglas P Munoz

Eye movements and articulations during a letter naming speed task: Children with and without Dyslexia Journal Article

Journal of Learning Disabilities, 50 (3), pp. 275–285, 2017.

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Agnès Alsius; Rachel V Wayne; Martin Paré; Kevin G Munhall

High visual resolution matters in audiovisual speech perception, but only for some Journal Article

Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 78 (5), pp. 1472–1487, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Alsius2016,
title = {High visual resolution matters in audiovisual speech perception, but only for some},
author = {Agn{è}s Alsius and Rachel V Wayne and Martin Paré and Kevin G Munhall},
doi = {10.3758/s13414-016-1109-4},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics},
volume = {78},
number = {5},
pages = {1472--1487},
publisher = {Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics},
abstract = {The basis for individual differences in the degree to which visual speech input enhances comprehension of acoustically degraded speech is largely unknown. Previous research indicates that fine facial detail is not critical for visual enhancement when auditory information is available; however, these studies did not examine individual differences in ability to make use of fine facial detail in relation to audiovisual speech perception ability. Here, we compare participants based on their ability to benefit from visual speech information in the presence of an auditory signal degraded with noise, modulating the resolution of the visual signal through low-pass spatial frequency filtering and monitoring gaze behavior. Participants who benefited most from the addition of visual information (high visual gain) were more adversely affected by the removal of high spatial frequency information, compared to participants with low visual gain, for materials with both poor and rich contextual cues (i.e., words and sentences, respectively). Differences as a function of gaze behavior between participants with the highest and lowest visual gains were observed only for words, with participants with the highest visual gain fixating longer on the mouth region. Our results indicate that the individual variance in audiovisual speech in noise performance can be accounted for, in part, by better use of fine facial detail information extracted from the visual signal and increased fixation on mouth regions for short stimuli. Thus, for some, audiovisual speech perception may suffer when the visual input (in addition to the auditory signal) is less than perfect.},
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Gerry T M Altmann; Yuki Kamide

Incremental interpretation at verbs: Restricting the domain of subsequent reference Journal Article

Cognition, 73 (3), pp. 247–264, 1999.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Gerry T M Altmann

Language-mediated eye movements in the absence of a visual world: The 'blank screen paradigm' Journal Article

Cognition, 93 (2), pp. B79–87, 2004.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Gerry T M Altmann; Yuki Kamide

The real-time mediation of visual attention by language and world knowledge: Linking anticipatory (and other) eye movements to linguistic processing Journal Article

Journal of Memory and Language, 57 (4), pp. 502–518, 2007.

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Gerry T M Altmann; Yuki Kamide

Discourse-mediation of the mapping between language and the visual world: Eye movements and mental representation Journal Article

Cognition, 111 (1), pp. 55–71, 2009.

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Gerry T M Altmann

Language can mediate eye movement control within 100milliseconds, regardless of whether there is anything to move the eyes to Journal Article

Acta Psychologica, 137 (2), pp. 190–200, 2011.

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Simona Amenta; Marco Marelli; Davide Crepaldi

The fruitless effort of growing a fruitless tree: Early morpho-orthographic and morpho-semantic effects in sentence reading Journal Article

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 41 (5), pp. 1587–1596, 2015.

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Richard Andersson; Fernanda Ferreira; John M Henderson

I see what you're saying: The integration of complex speech and scenes during language comprehension Journal Article

Acta Psychologica, 137 (2), pp. 208–216, 2011.

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Sally Andrews; Brett Miller; Keith Rayner

Eye movements and morphological segmentation of compound words: There is a mouse in mousetrap Journal Article

European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 16 (1-2), pp. 285–311, 2004.

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Bernhard Angele; Timothy J Slattery; Jinmian Yang; Reinhold Kliegl; Keith Rayner

Parafoveal processing in reading: Manipulating n+1 and n+2 previews simultaneously Journal Article

Visual Cognition, 16 (6), pp. 697–707, 2008.

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Bernhard Angele; Keith Rayner

Parafoveal processing of word n + 2 during reading: Do the preceding words matter? Journal Article

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 37 (4), pp. 1210–1220, 2011.

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Bernhard Angele; Keith Rayner

Processing the in the parafovea: Are articles skipped automatically? Journal Article

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 39 (2), pp. 649–662, 2013.

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Bernhard Angele; Keith Rayner

Eye movements and parafoveal preview of compound words: Does morpheme order matter? Journal Article

The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 66 (3), pp. 505–526, 2013.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Angele2013a,
title = {Eye movements and parafoveal preview of compound words: Does morpheme order matter?},
author = {Bernhard Angele and Keith Rayner},
doi = {10.1080/17470218.2011.644572},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology},
volume = {66},
number = {3},
pages = {505--526},
abstract = {Recently, there has been considerable debate about whether readers can identify multiple words in parallel or whether they are limited to a serial mode of word identification, processing one word at a time (see, e.g., Reichle, Liversedge, Pollatsek, & Rayner, 2009). Similar questions can be applied to bimorphemic compound words: Do readers identify all the constituents of a compound word in parallel, and does it matter which of the morphemes is identified first? We asked subjects to read compound words embedded in sentences while monitoring their eye movements. Using the boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975), we manipulated the preview that subjects received of the compound word before they fixated it. In particular, the morpheme order of the preview was either normal (cowboy) or reversed (boycow). Additionally, we manipulated the preview availability for each of the morphemes separately. Preview was thus available for the first morpheme only (cowtxg), for the second morpheme only (enzboy), or for neither of the morphemes (enztxg). We report three major findings: First, there was an effect of morpheme order on gaze durations measured on the compound word, indicating that, as expected, readers obtained a greater preview benefit when the preview presented the morphemes in the correct order than when their order was reversed. Second, gaze durations on the compound word were influenced not only by preview availability for the first, but also by that for the second morpheme. Finally, and most importantly, the results show that readers are able to extract some morpheme information even from a reverse order preview. In summary, readers obtain preview benefit from both constituents of a short compound word, even when the preview does not reflect the correct morpheme order.},
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Bernhard Angele; Abby E Laishley; Keith Rayner; Simon P Liversedge

The effect of high- and low-frequency previews and sentential fit on word skipping during reading Journal Article

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 40 (4), pp. 1181–1203, 2014.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Bernhard Angele; Elizabeth R Schotter; Timothy J Slattery; Tara L Tenenbaum; Klinton Bicknell; Keith Rayner

Do successor effects in reading reflect lexical parafoveal processing? Evidence from corpus-based and experimental eye movement data Journal Article

Journal of Memory and Language, 79-80 , pp. 76–96, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Angele2015,
title = {Do successor effects in reading reflect lexical parafoveal processing? Evidence from corpus-based and experimental eye movement data},
author = {Bernhard Angele and Elizabeth R Schotter and Timothy J Slattery and Tara L Tenenbaum and Klinton Bicknell and Keith Rayner},
doi = {10.1016/j.jml.2014.11.003},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},
volume = {79-80},
pages = {76--96},
publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},
abstract = {In the past, most research on eye movements during reading involved a limited number of subjects reading sentences with specific experimental manipulations on target words. Such experiments usually only analyzed eye-movements measures on and around the target word. Recently, some researchers have started collecting larger data sets involving large and diverse groups of subjects reading large numbers of sentences, enabling them to consider a larger number of influences and study larger and more representative subject groups. In such corpus studies, most of the words in a sentence are analyzed. The complexity of the design of corpus studies and the many potentially uncontrolled influences in such studies pose new issues concerning the analysis methods and interpretability of the data. In particular, several corpus studies of reading have found an effect of successor word (n+. 1) frequency on current word (n) fixation times, while studies employing experimental manipulations tend not to. The general interpretation of corpus studies suggests that readers obtain parafoveal lexical information from the upcoming word before they have finished identifying the current word, while the experimental manipulations shed doubt on this claim. In the present study, we combined a corpus analysis approach with an experimental manipulation (i.e., a parafoveal modification of the moving mask technique, Rayner & Bertera, 1979), so that, either (a) word n+. 1, (b) word n+. 2, (c) both words, or (d) neither word was masked. We found that denying preview for either or both parafoveal words increased average fixation times. Furthermore, we found successor effects similar to those reported in the corpus studies. Importantly, these successor effects were found even when the parafoveal word was masked, suggesting that apparent successor frequency effects may be due to causes that are unrelated to lexical parafoveal preprocessing. We discuss the implications of this finding both for parallel and serial accounts of word identification and for the interpretability of large correlational studies of word identification in reading in general.},
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In the past, most research on eye movements during reading involved a limited number of subjects reading sentences with specific experimental manipulations on target words. Such experiments usually only analyzed eye-movements measures on and around the target word. Recently, some researchers have started collecting larger data sets involving large and diverse groups of subjects reading large numbers of sentences, enabling them to consider a larger number of influences and study larger and more representative subject groups. In such corpus studies, most of the words in a sentence are analyzed. The complexity of the design of corpus studies and the many potentially uncontrolled influences in such studies pose new issues concerning the analysis methods and interpretability of the data. In particular, several corpus studies of reading have found an effect of successor word (n+. 1) frequency on current word (n) fixation times, while studies employing experimental manipulations tend not to. The general interpretation of corpus studies suggests that readers obtain parafoveal lexical information from the upcoming word before they have finished identifying the current word, while the experimental manipulations shed doubt on this claim. In the present study, we combined a corpus analysis approach with an experimental manipulation (i.e., a parafoveal modification of the moving mask technique, Rayner & Bertera, 1979), so that, either (a) word n+. 1, (b) word n+. 2, (c) both words, or (d) neither word was masked. We found that denying preview for either or both parafoveal words increased average fixation times. Furthermore, we found successor effects similar to those reported in the corpus studies. Importantly, these successor effects were found even when the parafoveal word was masked, suggesting that apparent successor frequency effects may be due to causes that are unrelated to lexical parafoveal preprocessing. We discuss the implications of this finding both for parallel and serial accounts of word identification and for the interpretability of large correlational studies of word identification in reading in general.

Bernhard Angele; Timothy J Slattery; Keith Rayner

Two stages of parafoveal processing during reading: Evidence from a display change detection task Journal Article

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23 (4), pp. 1241–1249, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Benjamin Anible; Paul Twitchell; Gabriel S Waters; Paola E Dussias; Pilar Piñar; Jill P Morford

Sensitivity to verb bias in American Sign Language-English bilinguals Journal Article

Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 20 (3), pp. 215–228, 2015.

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Jens K Apel; John M Henderson; Fernanda Ferreira

Targeting regressions: Do readers pay attention to the left? Journal Article

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 19 (6), pp. 1108–1113, 2012.

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Keith S Apfelbaum; Sheila E Blumstein; Bob Mcmurray

Semantic priming is affected by real-time phonological competition: Evidence for continuous cascading systems Journal Article

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 18 (1), pp. 141–149, 2011.

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Manabu Arai; Roger P G van Gompel; Christoph Scheepers

Priming ditransitive structures in comprehension Journal Article

Cognitive Psychology, 54 (3), pp. 218–250, 2007.

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Manabu Arai; Frank Keller

The use of verb-specific information for prediction in sentence processing Journal Article

Language and Cognitive Processes, 28 (4), pp. 525–560, 2013.

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Manabu Arai; Reiko Mazuka

The development of Japanese passive syntax as indexed by structural priming in comprehension Journal Article

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 67 (1), pp. 60–78, 2014.

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Manabu Arai; Chie Nakamura; Reiko Mazuka

Predicting the unbeaten path through syntactic priming Journal Article

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 41 (2), pp. 482–500, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Manabu Arai; Chie Nakamura

It's harder to break a relationship when you commit long Journal Article

PLoS ONE, 11 (6), pp. 1–13, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

John Archibald

Second language phonology as redeployment of L1 phonological knowledge Journal Article

Canadian Journal of Linguistics / La revue canadienne de linguistique, 50 (1), pp. 285–314, 2005.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Scott P Ardoin; Katherine S Binder; Andrea M Zawoyski; Tori E Foster; Leslie A Blevins; Amanda M VanDerHeyden

Using eye-tracking procedures to evaluate generalization effects: Practicing target words during repeated readings within versus across texts Journal Article

School Psychology Review, 42 (4), pp. 477–495, 2013.

Abstract | BibTeX

Scott P Ardoin; Katherine S Binder; Tori E Foster; Andrea M Zawoyski

Repeated versus wide reading: A randomized control design study examining the impact of fluency interventions on underlying reading behavior Journal Article

Journal of School Psychology, 59 , pp. 13–38, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Ardoin2016,
title = {Repeated versus wide reading: A randomized control design study examining the impact of fluency interventions on underlying reading behavior},
author = {Scott P Ardoin and Katherine S Binder and Tori E Foster and Andrea M Zawoyski},
doi = {10.1016/j.jsp.2016.09.002},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Journal of School Psychology},
volume = {59},
pages = {13--38},
publisher = {Society for the Study of School Psychology},
abstract = {Repeated readings (RR) has garnered much attention as an evidence based intervention designed to improve all components of reading fluency (rate, accuracy, prosody, and comprehension). Despite this attention, there is not an abundance of research comparing its effectiveness to other potential interventions. The current study presents the findings from a randomized control trial study involving the assignment of 168 second grade students to a RR, wide reading (WR), or business as usual condition. Intervention students were provided with 9–10 weeks of intervention with sessions occurring four times per week. Pre- and post-testing were conducted using Woodcock-Johnson III reading achievement measures (Woodcock, McGrew, & Mather, 2001, curriculum-based measurement (CBM) probes, measures of prosody, and measures of students' eye movements when reading. Changes in fluency were also monitored using weekly CBM progress monitoring procedures. Data were collected on the amount of time students spent reading and the number of words read by students during each intervention session. Results indicate substantial gains made by students across conditions, with some measures indicating greater gains by students in the two intervention conditions. Analyses do not indicate that RR was superior to WR. In addition to expanding the RR literature, this study greatly expands research evaluating changes in reading behaviors that occur with improvements in reading fluency. Implications regarding whether schools should provide more opportunities to repeatedly practice the same text (i.e., RR) or practice a wide range of text (i.e., WR) are provided.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Scott P Ardoin; Katherine S Binder; Andrea M Zawoyski; Tori E Foster

Examining the maintenance and generalization effects of repeated practice: A comparison of three interventions Journal Article

Journal of School Psychology, 68 , pp. 1–18, 2018.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Ardoin2018,
title = {Examining the maintenance and generalization effects of repeated practice: A comparison of three interventions},
author = {Scott P Ardoin and Katherine S Binder and Andrea M Zawoyski and Tori E Foster},
doi = {10.1016/j.jsp.2017.12.002},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Journal of School Psychology},
volume = {68},
pages = {1--18},
abstract = {Repeated reading (RR) procedures are consistent with the procedures recommended by Haring and Eaton's (1978) Instructional Hierarchy (IH) for promoting students' fluent responding to newly learned stimuli. It is therefore not surprising that an extensive body of literature exists, which supports RR as an effective practice for promoting students' reading fluency of practiced passages. Less clear, however, is the extent to which RR helps students read the words practiced in an intervention passage when those same words are presented in a new passage. The current study employed randomized control design procedures to examine the maintenance and generalization effects of three interventions that were designed based upon Haring and Eaton's (1978) IH. Across four days, students either practiced reading (a) the same passage seven times (RR+RR), (b) one passage four times and three passages each once (RR+Guided Wide Reading [GWR]), or (c) seven passages each once (GWR+GWR). Students participated in the study across 2 weeks, with intervention being provided on a different passage set each week. All passages practiced within a week, regardless of condition, contained four target low frequency and four high frequency words. Across the 130 students for whom data were analyzed, results indicated that increased opportunities to practice words led to greater maintenance effects when passages were read seven days later but revealed minimal differences across conditions in students' reading of target words presented within a generalization passage.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Nathan Arnett; Matthew Wagers

Subject encodings and retrieval interference Journal Article

Journal of Memory and Language, 93 , pp. 22–54, 2017.

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Jennifer E Arnold; Carla L.Hudson Kam; Michael K Tanenhaus

If You Say Thee uh You Are Describing Something Hard: The On-Line Attribution of Disfluency During Reference Comprehension Journal Article

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 33 (5), pp. 914–930, 2007.

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Jennifer E Arnold

THE BACON not the bacon: How children and adults understand accented and unaccented noun phrases Journal Article

Cognition, 108 (1), pp. 69–99, 2008.

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Jennifer E Arnold; Shin Yi C Lao

Put in last position something previously unmentioned: Word order effects on referential expectancy and reference comprehension Journal Article

Language and Cognitive Processes, 23 (2), pp. 282–295, 2008.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Jennifer E Arnold

Women and men have different discourse biases for pronoun interpretation Journal Article

Discourse Processes, 52 (2), pp. 77–110, 2015.

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Jane Ashby; Jinmian Yang; Kris H C Evans; Keith Rayner

Eye movements and the perceptual span in silent and oral reading Journal Article

Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 74 (4), pp. 634–640, 2012.

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Jane Ashby; Heather Dix; Morgan Bontrager

Phonemic awareness contributes to text reading fluency: Evidence from eye movements. Journal Article

School Psychology Review, 42 (2), pp. 157–170, 2013.

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Emily Atkinson; Matthew W Wagers; Jeffrey Lidz; Colin Phillips; Akira Omaki

Developing incrementality in filler-gap dependency processing Journal Article

Cognition, 179 , pp. 132–149, 2018.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Atkinson2018,
title = {Developing incrementality in filler-gap dependency processing},
author = {Emily Atkinson and Matthew W Wagers and Jeffrey Lidz and Colin Phillips and Akira Omaki},
doi = {10.1016/j.cognition.2018.05.022},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Cognition},
volume = {179},
pages = {132--149},
abstract = {Much work has demonstrated that children are able to use bottom-up linguistic cues to incrementally interpret sentences, but there is little understanding of the extent to which children's comprehension mechanisms are guided by top-down linguistic information that can be learned from distributional regularities in the input. Using a visual world eye tracking experiment and a corpus analysis, the current study investigates whether 5- and 6-year-old children incrementally assign interpretations to temporarily ambiguous wh-questions like What was Emily eating the cake with __? In the visual world eye-tracking experiment, adults demonstrated evidence for active dependency formation at the earliest region (i.e., the verb region), while 6-year-old children demonstrated a spill-over effect of this bias in the subsequent NP region. No evidence for this bias was found in 5-year-olds, although the speed of arrival at the ultimately correct instrument interpretation appears to be modulated by the vocabulary size. These results suggest that adult-like active formation of filler-gap dependencies begins to emerge around age 6. The corpus analysis of filler-gap dependency structures in adult corpora and child corpora demonstrate that the distributional regularities in either corpora are equally in favor of early, incremental completion of filler-gap dependencies, suggesting that the distributional information in the input is either not relevant to this incremental bias, or that 5-year-old children are somehow unable to recruit this information in real-time comprehension. Taken together, these findings shed light on the origin of the incremental processing bias in filler-gap dependency processing, as well as on the role of language experience and cognitive constraints in the development of incremental sentence processing mechanisms.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Sheena K Au-Yeung; Johanna K Kaakinen; Simon P Liversedge; Valerie Benson

Processing of written irony in autism spectrum disorder: An eye-movement study Journal Article

Autism Research, 8 (6), pp. 749–760, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Emma L Axelsson; Rachelle L Dawson; Sharon Y Yim; Tashfia Quddus

Mine, mine, mine: Self-reference and children's retention of novel words Journal Article

Frontiers in Psychology, 9 , pp. 1–9, 2018.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Axelsson2018,
title = {Mine, mine, mine: Self-reference and children's retention of novel words},
author = {Emma L Axelsson and Rachelle L Dawson and Sharon Y Yim and Tashfia Quddus},
doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00958},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
volume = {9},
pages = {1--9},
abstract = {Adults demonstrate enhanced memory for words encoded as belonging to themselves compared to those belonging to another. Known as the self-reference effect, there is evidence for the effect in children as young as three. Toddlers are efficient in linking novel words to novel objects, but have difficulties retaining multiple word-object associations. The aim here was to investigate the self-reference ownership paradigm on 3-year-old children's retention of novel words. Following exposure to each of four novel word-object pairings, children were told that objects either belonged to them or another character. Children demonstrated significantly higher immediate retention of self-referenced compared to other-referenced items. Retention was also tested 4 h later and the following morning. Retention for self- and other-referenced words was significantly higher than chance at both delayed time points, but the difference between the self- and other-referenced words was no longer significant. The findings suggest that when it comes to toddlers' retention of multiple novel words there is an initial memory enhancing effect for self- compared to other-referenced items, but the difference diminishes over time. Children's looking times during the self-reference presentations were positively associated with retention of self-referenced words 4 h later. Looking times during the other-reference presentations were positively associated with proportional looking at other-referenced items during immediate retention testing. The findings have implications for children's memory for novel words and future studies could test children's explicit memories for the ownership manipulation itself and whether the effect is superior to other forms of memory supports such as ostensive naming.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Nicole D Ayasse; Arthur Wingfield

A tipping point in listening effort: Effects of linguistic complexity and age-related hearing loss on sentence comprehension Journal Article

Trends in Hearing, 22 , pp. 1–14, 2018.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Julia Bahnmueller; Stefan Huber; Hans-Christoph Nuerk; Silke M Göbel; Korbinian Moeller

Processing multi-digit numbers: a translingual eye-tracking study Journal Article

Psychological Research, 80 (3), pp. 422–433, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Bahnmueller2016,
title = {Processing multi-digit numbers: a translingual eye-tracking study},
author = {Julia Bahnmueller and Stefan Huber and Hans-Christoph Nuerk and Silke M Göbel and Korbinian Moeller},
doi = {10.1007/s00426-015-0729-y},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Psychological Research},
volume = {80},
number = {3},
pages = {422--433},
abstract = {The present study aimed at investigating the underlying cognitive processes and language specificities of three-digit number processing. More specifically, it was intended to clarify whether the single digits of three-digit numbers are processed in parallel and/or sequentially and whether processing strategies are influenced by the inversion of number words with respect to the Arabic digits [e.g., 43: dreiundvierzig (“three and forty”)] and/or by differences in reading behavior of the respective first language. Therefore, English- and German-speaking adults had to complete a three-digit number comparison task while their eye-fixation behavior was recorded. Replicating previous results, reliable hundred-decade-compatibility effects (e.g., 742_896: hundred-decade compatible because 7 textless 8 and 4 textless 9; 362_517: hundred-decade incompatible because 3 textless 5 but 6 textgreater 1) for English- as well as hundred-unit-compatibility effects for English- and German-speaking participants were observed, indicating parallel processing strategies. While no indices of partial sequential processing were found for the English-speaking group, about half of the German-speaking participants showed an inverse hundred-decade-compatibility effect accompanied by longer inspection time on the hundred digit indicating additional sequential processes. Thereby, the present data revealed that in transition from two- to higher multi-digit numbers, the homogeneity of underlying processing strategies varies between language groups. The regular German orthography (allowing for letter-by-letter reading) and its associated more sequential reading behavior may have promoted sequential processing strategies in multi-digit number processing. Furthermore, these results indicated that the inversion of number words alone is not sufficient to explain all observed language differences in three-digit number processing.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Xuejun Bai; Guoli Yan; Simon P Liversedge; Chuanli Zang; Keith Rayner

Reading spaced and unspaced Chinese text: Evidence from eye movements Journal Article

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 34 (5), pp. 1277–1287, 2008.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Xuejun Bai; Feifei Liang; Hazel I Blythe; Chuanli Zang; Guoli Yan; Simon P Liversedge

Interword spacing effects on the acquisition of new vocabulary for readers of Chinese as a second language Journal Article

Journal of Research in Reading, 36 , pp. S4–S17, 2013.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Iske Bakker-Marshall; Atsuko Takashima; Jan-Mathijs Schoffelen; Janet G van Hell; Gabriele Janzen; James M McQueen

Theta-band oscillations in the middle temporal gyrus reflect novel word consolidation Journal Article

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 30 (5), pp. 621–633, 2018.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Bakker-Marshall2018,
title = {Theta-band oscillations in the middle temporal gyrus reflect novel word consolidation},
author = {Iske Bakker-Marshall and Atsuko Takashima and Jan-Mathijs Schoffelen and Janet G van Hell and Gabriele Janzen and James M McQueen},
doi = {10.1162/jocn},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience},
volume = {30},
number = {5},
pages = {621--633},
abstract = {Like many other types of memory formation, novel word learning benefits from an offline consolidation period after the initial encoding phase. A previous EEG study has shown that retrieval of novel words elicited more word-like-induced electrophysiological brain activity in the theta band after consolidation [Bakker, I., Takashima, A., van Hell, J. G., Janzen, G., & McQueen, J. M. Changes in theta and beta oscillations as signatures of novel word consolidation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 27, 1286–1297, 2015]. This suggests that theta-band oscillations play a role in lexicalization, but it has not been demonstrated that this effect is directly caused by the formation of lexical representations. This study used magnetoencephalography to localize the theta consolidation effect to the left posterior middle temporal gyrus (pMTG), a region known to be involved in lexical storage. Both untrained novel words and words learned immediately before test elicited lower theta power during retrieval than existing words in this region. After a 24-hr consolidation period, the difference between novel and existing words decreased significantly, most strongly in the left pMTG. The magnitude of the decrease after consolidation correlated with an increase in behavioral competition effects between novel words and existing words with similar spelling, reflecting functional integration into the mental lexicon. These results thus provide new evidence that consolidation aids the development of lexical representations mediated by the left pMTG. Theta synchronizationmay enable lexical access by facilitating the simultaneous activation of distributed semantic, phonological, and orthographic representations that are bound together in the pMTG.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Laura Winther Balling; Johannes Kizach

Effects of surprisal and locality on Danish sentence processing: An eye-tracking investigation Journal Article

Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 46 (5), pp. 1119–1136, 2017.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Chiara Banfi; Ferenc Kemény; Melanie Gangl; Gerd Schulte-Körne; Kristina Moll; Karin Landerl

Visuo-spatial cueing in children with differential reading and spelling profiles Journal Article

PLoS ONE, 12 (7), pp. 1–20, 2017.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Banfi2017,
title = {Visuo-spatial cueing in children with differential reading and spelling profiles},
author = {Chiara Banfi and Ferenc Kemény and Melanie Gangl and Gerd Schulte-Körne and Kristina Moll and Karin Landerl},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0180358},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
volume = {12},
number = {7},
pages = {1--20},
abstract = {Dyslexia has been claimed to be causally related to deficits in visuo-spatial attention. In particular, inefficient shifting of visual attention during spatial cueing paradigms is assumed to be associated with problems in graphemic parsing during sublexical reading. The current study investigated visuo-spatial attention performance in an exogenous cueing paradigm in a large sample (N = 191) of third and fourth graders with different reading and spelling profiles (controls, isolated reading deficit, isolated spelling deficit, combined deficit in reading and spelling). Once individual variability in reaction times was taken into account by means of z-transformation, a cueing deficit (i.e. no significant difference between valid and invalid trials) was found for children with combined deficits in reading and spelling. However, poor readers without spelling problems showed a cueing effect comparable to controls, but exhibited a particularly strong right-over-left advantage (position effect). Isolated poor spellers showed a significant cueing effect, but no position effect. While we replicated earlier findings of a reduced cueing effect among poor nonword readers (indicating deficits in sublexical processing), we also found a reduced cueing effect among children with particularly poor orthographic spelling (indicating deficits in lexical processing). Thus, earlier claims of a specific association with nonword reading could not be confirmed. Controlling for ADHD-symptoms reported in a parental questionnaire did not impact on the statistical analysis, indicating that cueing deficits are not caused by more general attentional limitations. Between 31 and 48% of participants in the three reading and/or spelling deficit groups as well as 32% of the control group showed reduced spatial cueing. These findings indicate a significant, but moderate association between certain aspects of visuo-spatial attention and subcomponents of written language processing, the causal status of which is yet unclear.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Dyslexia has been claimed to be causally related to deficits in visuo-spatial attention. In particular, inefficient shifting of visual attention during spatial cueing paradigms is assumed to be associated with problems in graphemic parsing during sublexical reading. The current study investigated visuo-spatial attention performance in an exogenous cueing paradigm in a large sample (N = 191) of third and fourth graders with different reading and spelling profiles (controls, isolated reading deficit, isolated spelling deficit, combined deficit in reading and spelling). Once individual variability in reaction times was taken into account by means of z-transformation, a cueing deficit (i.e. no significant difference between valid and invalid trials) was found for children with combined deficits in reading and spelling. However, poor readers without spelling problems showed a cueing effect comparable to controls, but exhibited a particularly strong right-over-left advantage (position effect). Isolated poor spellers showed a significant cueing effect, but no position effect. While we replicated earlier findings of a reduced cueing effect among poor nonword readers (indicating deficits in sublexical processing), we also found a reduced cueing effect among children with particularly poor orthographic spelling (indicating deficits in lexical processing). Thus, earlier claims of a specific association with nonword reading could not be confirmed. Controlling for ADHD-symptoms reported in a parental questionnaire did not impact on the statistical analysis, indicating that cueing deficits are not caused by more general attentional limitations. Between 31 and 48% of participants in the three reading and/or spelling deficit groups as well as 32% of the control group showed reduced spatial cueing. These findings indicate a significant, but moderate association between certain aspects of visuo-spatial attention and subcomponents of written language processing, the causal status of which is yet unclear.

Chiara Banfi; Ferenc Kemény; Melanie Gangl; Gerd Schulte-Körne; Kristina Moll; Karin Landerl

Visual attention span performance in German-speaking children with differential reading and spelling profiles: No evidence of group differences Journal Article

Plos One, 13 (6), pp. 1–17, 2018.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Briony Banks; Emma Gowen; Kevin J Munro; Patti Adank

Audiovisual cues benefit recognition of accented speech in noise but not perceptual adaptation Journal Article

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9 , pp. 1–13, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Carol J Y Bao; Cristina Rubino; Alisdair Taylor; Jason J S Barton

The effects of homonymous hemianopia in experimental studies of alexia Journal Article

Neuropsychologia, 70 , pp. 156–164, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Bao2015a,
title = {The effects of homonymous hemianopia in experimental studies of alexia},
author = {Carol J Y Bao and Cristina Rubino and Alisdair Taylor and Jason J S Barton},
doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.02.026},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Neuropsychologia},
volume = {70},
pages = {156--164},
publisher = {Elsevier},
abstract = {Pure alexia is characterized by an increased word-length effect in reading. However, this disorder is usually accompanied by right homonymous hemianopia, which itself can cause a mildly increased word-length effect. Some alexic studies have used hemianopic patients with modest word-length effects: it is not clear (a) whether they had pure alexia and (b) if not, whether their results could be explained by the field defect. Our goal was to determine if impairments in visual processing claimed to be related to alexia could be replicated in homonymous hemianopia alone. Twelve healthy subjects performed five experiments used in two prior studies of alexia, under both normal and simulated hemianopic conditions, using a gaze-contingent display generated by an eye-tracker. We replicated the increased word-length effect for reading time with right homonymous hemianopia, and showed a similar effect for a lexical decision task. Simulated hemianopia impaired scanning accuracy for letter or number strings, and slowed object part processing, though the effect of configuration was not greater under hemianopic viewing. Hemianopia impaired the identification of words whose letters appeared and disappeared sequentially on the screen, with better performance on a cumulative presentation in which the letters remained on the screen. The reporting of trigrams was less accurate with hemianopia, though syllabic structure did not influence the results. We conclude that some impairments that have been attributed to the processing defects underlying alexia may actually be due to right homonymous hemianopia. Our results underline the importance of considering the contribution of accompanying low-level visual impairments when studying high-level processes.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

M S Baptista; C Bohn; R Kliegl; R Engbert; J Kurths

Reconstruction of eye movements during blinks Journal Article

Chaos, 18 (1), pp. 1–15, 2008.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Ellen Gurman Bard; Robin L Hill; Mary Ellen Foster; Manabu Arai

Tuning accessibility of referring expressions in situated dialogue Journal Article

Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 29 (8), pp. 928–949, 2014.

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Adrienne E Barnes; Young Suk Kim

Low-skilled adult readers look like typically developing child readers: A comparison of reading skills and eye movement behavior Journal Article

Reading and Writing, 29 (9), pp. 1889–1914, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Barnes2016,
title = {Low-skilled adult readers look like typically developing child readers: A comparison of reading skills and eye movement behavior},
author = {Adrienne E Barnes and Young Suk Kim},
doi = {10.1007/s11145-016-9657-5},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Reading and Writing},
volume = {29},
number = {9},
pages = {1889--1914},
publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
abstract = {The paper documents 41 European case histories that describe the seismogenic response of crystalline and sedimentary rocks to fluid injection. It is part of an on-going study to identify factors that have a bearing on the seismic hazard associated with fluid injection. The data generally support the view that injection in sedimentary rocks tends to be less seismogenic than in crystalline rocks. In both cases, the presence of faults near the wells that allow pressures to penetrate significant distances vertically and laterally can be expected to increase the risk of producing felt events. All cases of injection into crystalline rocks produce seismic events, albeit usually of non-damaging magnitudes, and all crystalline rock masses were found to be critically stressed, regardless of the strength of their seismogenic responses to injection. Thus, these data suggest that criticality of stress, whilst a necessary condition for producing earthquakes that would disturb (or be felt by) the local population, is not a sufficient condition. The data considered here are not fully consistent with the concept that injection into deeper crystalline formations tends to produce larger magnitude events. The data are too few to evaluate the combined effect of depth and injected fluid volume on the size of the largest events. Injection at sites with low natural seismicity, defined by the expectation that the local peak ground acceleration has less than a 10% chance of exceeding 0.07 g in 50 years, has not produced felt events. Although the database is limited, this suggests that low natural seismicity, corresponding to hazard levels at or below 0.07 g, may be a useful indicator of a low propensity for fluid injection to produce felt or damaging events. However, higher values do not necessarily imply a high propensity.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Adrienne E Barnes; Young Suk Kim; Elizabeth L Tighe; Christian Vorstius

Readers in adult basic education: Component skills, eye movements, and fluency Journal Article

Journal of Learning Disabilities, 50 (2), pp. 180–194, 2017.

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Wesley R Barnhart; Samuel Rivera; Christopher W Robinson

Effects of linguistic labels on visual attention in children and young adults Journal Article

Frontiers in Psychology, 9 , pp. 1–11, 2018.

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Wesley R Barnhart; Samuel Rivera; Christopher W Robinson

Different patterns of modality dominance across development Journal Article

Acta Psychologica, 182 , pp. 154–165, 2018.

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Dale J Barr; Boaz Keysar

Anchoring comprehension in linguistic precedents Journal Article

Journal of Memory and Language, 46 (2), pp. 391–418, 2002.

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Dale J Barr

Pragmatic expectations and linguistic evidence: Listeners anticipate but do not integrate common ground Journal Article

Cognition, 109 (1), pp. 18–40, 2008.

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Dale J Barr; Laura Jackson; Isobel Phillips

Using a voice to put a name to a face: The psycholinguistics of proper name comprehension Journal Article

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143 (1), pp. 404–413, 2014.

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Brian Bartek; Richard L Lewis; Shravan Vasishth; Mason R Smith

In search of on-line locality effects in sentence comprehension Journal Article

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 37 (5), pp. 1178–1198, 2011.

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James Bartolotti; Viorica Marian

Learning and processing of orthography-to-phonology mappings in a third language Journal Article

International Journal of Multilingualism, pp. 1–21, 2018.

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Vanessa Baudiffier; David Caplan; Daniel Gaonac'h; David Chesnet

The effect of noun animacy on the processing of unambiguous sentences: Evidence from French relative clauses Journal Article

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 64 (10), pp. 1896–1905, 2011.

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Mareike Bayer; Katja Ruthmann; Annekathrin Schacht

The impact of personal relevance on emotion processing: Evidence from event-related potentials and pupillary responses Journal Article

Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12 (9), pp. 1470–1479, 2017.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Patrice Speeter Beddor; Kevin B McGowan; Julie E Boland; Andries W Coetzee; Anthony Brasher

The time course of perception of coarticulation Journal Article

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 133 (4), pp. 2350–2366, 2013.

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Patrice Speeter Beddor; Kevin B McGowan; Andries W Coetzee; Will Styler; Julie E Boland

The time course of individuals' perception of coarticulatory information is linked to their production: Implications for sound change Journal Article

Language, 94 (4), pp. 931–968, 2018.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Nathalie N Bélanger; Timothy J Slattery; Rachel I Mayberry; Keith Rayner

Skilled deaf readers have an enhanced perceptual span in reading Journal Article

Psychological Science, 23 (7), pp. 816–823, 2012.

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Nathalie N Bélanger; Rachel I Mayberry; Keith Rayner

Orthographic and phonological preview benefits: Parafoveal processing in skilled and less-skilled deaf readers Journal Article

The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 66 (11), pp. 2237–2252, 2013.

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Nathalie N Bélanger; Keith Rayner

Frequency and predictability effects in eye fixations for skilled and less-skilled deaf readers Journal Article

Visual Cognition, 21 (4), pp. 477–497, 2013.

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Nathalie N Bélanger; Michelle Lee; Elizabeth R Schotter

Young skilled deaf readers have an enhanced perceptual span in reading Journal Article

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 71 (1), pp. 291–301, 2018.

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Eva Belke; Antje S Meyer; Markus F Damian

Refractory effects in picture naming as assessed in a semantic blocking paradigm Journal Article

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58 (4), pp. 667–692, 2005.

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Eva Belke

Visual determinants of preferred adjective order Journal Article

Visual Cognition, 14 (3), pp. 261–294, 2006.

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Boaz M Ben-David; Craig G Chambers; Meredyth Daneman; Kathleen M Pichora-Fuller; Eyal M Reingold; Bruce A Schneider

Effects of aging and noise on real-time spoken word recognition: Evidence from eye movements Journal Article

Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 54 , pp. 243–262, 2011.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Ben-David2011,
title = {Effects of aging and noise on real-time spoken word recognition: Evidence from eye movements},
author = {Boaz M Ben-David and Craig G Chambers and Meredyth Daneman and Kathleen M Pichora-Fuller and Eyal M Reingold and Bruce A Schneider},
doi = {10.1044/1092-4388(2010/09-0233)},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research},
volume = {54},
pages = {243--262},
abstract = {PURPOSE: To use eye tracking to investigate age differences in real-time lexical processing in quiet and in noise in light of the fact that older adults find it more difficult than younger adults to understand conversations in noisy situations. METHOD: Twenty-four younger and 24 older adults followed spoken instructions referring to depicted objects, for example, "Look at the candle." Eye movements captured listeners' ability to differentiate the target noun (candle) from a similar-sounding phonological competitor (e.g., candy or sandal). Manipulations included the presence/absence of noise, the type of phonological overlap in target-competitor pairs, and the number of syllables. RESULTS: Having controlled for age-related differences in word recognition accuracy (by tailoring noise levels), similar online processing profiles were found for younger and older adults when targets were discriminated from competitors that shared onset sounds. Age-related differences were found when target words were differentiated from rhyming competitors and were more extensive in noise. CONCLUSIONS: Real-time spoken word recognition processes appear similar for younger and older adults in most conditions; however, age-related differences may be found in the discrimination of rhyming words (especially in noise), even when there are no age differences in word recognition accuracy. These results highlight the utility of eye movement methodologies for studying speech processing across the life span.},
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pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Ashley Benatar; Charles Clifton

Newness, givenness and discourse updating: Evidence from eye movements Journal Article

Journal of Memory and Language, 71 (1), pp. 1–16, 2014.

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Valerie Benson; Magdalena Ietswaart; David Milner

Eye movements and verbal report in a single case of visual neglect Journal Article

PLoS ONE, 7 (8), pp. 1–11, 2012.

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Elika Bergelson; Richard N Aslin

Nature and origins of the lexicon in 6-mo-olds Journal Article

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114 (49), pp. 12916–12921, 2017.

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Geertje van Bergen; Hans Rutger Bosker

Linguistic expectation management in online discourse processing: An investigation of Dutch inderdaad ‘indeed' and eigenlijk ‘actually' Journal Article

Journal of Memory and Language, 103 , pp. 191–209, 2018.

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Jean-Baptiste Bernard; Anne-Catherine Scherlen; Eric Castet

Page mode reading with simulated scotomas: A modest effect of interline spacing on reading speed Journal Article

Vision Research, 47 (28), pp. 3447–3459, 2007.

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Jean-Baptiste Bernard; Girish Kumar; Jasmine Junge; Susana T L Chung

The effect of letter-stroke boldness on reading speed in central and peripheral vision Journal Article

Vision Research, 84 , pp. 33–42, 2013.

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@article{Bernard2013,
title = {The effect of letter-stroke boldness on reading speed in central and peripheral vision},
author = {Jean-Baptiste Bernard and Girish Kumar and Jasmine Junge and Susana T L Chung},
doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2013.03.005},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Vision Research},
volume = {84},
pages = {33--42},
abstract = {People with central vision loss often prefer boldface print over normal print for reading. However, little is known about how reading speed is influenced by the letter-stroke boldness of font. In this study, we examined the reliance of reading speed on stroke boldness, and determined whether this reliance differs between the normal central and peripheral vision. Reading speed was measured using the rapid serial visual presentation paradigm, where observers with normal vision read aloud short single sentences presented on a computer monitor, one word at a time. Text was rendered in Courier at six levels of boldness, defined as the stroke-width normalized to that of the standard Courier font: 0.27, 0.72, 1, 1.48, 1.89 and 3.04× the standard. Testings were conducted at the fovea and 10° in the inferior visual field. Print sizes used were 0.8× and 1.4× the critical print size (smallest print size that can be read at the maximum reading speed). At the fovea, reading speed was invariant for the middle four levels of boldness, but dropped by 23.3% for the least and the most bold text. At 10° eccentricity, reading speed was virtually the same for all boldness textless1, but showed a poorer tolerance to bolder text, dropping by 21.5% for 1.89× boldness and 51% for the most bold (3.04×) text. These results could not be accounted for by the changes in print size or the RMS contrast of text associated with changes in stroke boldness. Our results suggest that contrary to the popular belief, reading speed does not benefit from bold text in the normal fovea and periphery. Excessive increase in stroke boldness may even impair reading speed, especially in the periphery.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Jean-Baptiste Bernard; Aurélie Calabrèse; Eric Castet

Role of syllable segmentation processes in peripheral word recognition Journal Article

Vision Research, 105 , pp. 226–232, 2014.

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Jean-Baptiste Bernard; Carlos Aguilar; Eric Castet

A new font, specifically designed for peripheral vision, improves peripheral letter and word recognition, but not eye-mediated reading performance Journal Article

PLoS ONE, 11 (4), pp. 1–25, 2016.

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Raymond Bertram; Jukka Hyönä; Matti Laine

The role of context in morphological processing: Evidence from Finnish Journal Article

Language and Cognitive Processes, 15 (4/5), pp. 367–388, 2000.

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Raymond Bertram; Jukka Hyönä

The length of a complex word modifies the role of morphological structure: Evidence from eye movements when reading short and long Finnish compounds Journal Article

Journal of Memory and Language, 48 , pp. 615–634, 2003.

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Raymond Bertram; Alexander Pollatsek; Jukka Hyönä

Morphological parsing and the use of segmentation cues in reading Finnish compounds Journal Article

Journal of Memory and Language, 51 (3), pp. 325–345, 2004.

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Raymond Bertram; Victor Kuperman; Harald R Baayen; Jukka Hyönä

The hyphen as a segmentation cue in triconstituent compound processing: It's getting better all the time Journal Article

Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 52 (6), pp. 530–544, 2011.

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@article{Bertram2011,
title = {The hyphen as a segmentation cue in triconstituent compound processing: It's getting better all the time},
author = {Raymond Bertram and Victor Kuperman and Harald R Baayen and Jukka Hyönä},
doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9450.2011.00914.x},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Scandinavian Journal of Psychology},
volume = {52},
number = {6},
pages = {530--544},
abstract = {Inserting a hyphen in Dutch and Finnish compounds is most often illegal given spelling conventions. However, the current two eye movement experiments on triconstituent Dutch compounds like voetbalbond "footballassociation" (Experiment 1) and triconstituent Finnish compounds like lentokenttätaksi "airporttaxi" (Experiment 2) show that inserting a hyphen at constituent boundaries does not have to be detrimental to compound processing. In fact, when hyphens were inserted at the major constituent boundary (voetbal-bond "football-association"; lentokenttä-taksi "airport-taxi"), processing of the first part (voetbal "football"; lentokenttä "airport") turns out to be faster when it is followed by a hyphen than when it is legally concatenated. Inserting a hyphen caused a delay in later eye movement measures, which is probably due to the illegality of inserting hyphens in normally concatenated compounds. However, in both Dutch and Finnish we found a learning effect in the course of the experiment, such that by the end of the experiments hyphenated compounds are read faster than in the beginning of the experiment. By the end of the experiment, compounds with a hyphen at the major constituent boundary were actually processed equally fast as (Dutch) or even faster than (Finnish) their concatenated counterparts. In contrast, hyphenation at the minor constituent boundary (voet-balbond "foot-ballassociation"; lento-kenttätaksi "air-porttaxi") was detrimental to compound processing speed throughout the experiment. The results imply that the hyphen may be an efficient segmentation cue and that spelling illegalities can be overcome easily, as long as they make sense.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Raymond Bertram; Jukka Hyönä

The role of hyphens at the constituent boundary in compound word identification: Facilitative for long, detrimental for short compound words Journal Article

Experimental Psychology, 60 (3), pp. 157–163, 2013.

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Nicoletta Biondo; Francesco Vespignani; Luigi Rizzi; Simona Mancini

Widening agreement processing: A matter of time, features and distance Journal Article

Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 33 (7), pp. 890–911, 2018.

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Marie-Josée Bisson; Walter J B van Heuven; Kathy Conklin; Richard J Tunney

The role of verbal and pictorial information in multimodal incidental acquisition of foreign language vocabulary Journal Article

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 68 (7), pp. 1306–1326, 2015.

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