Usability and Applied Eye-Tracking Publications

All EyeLink usability and applied research publications are listed below in alphabetical order based on the first author. You can search the publications using key words such as Driving, Sport, Workload, etc. You can also search for individual author names. If we missed any EyeLink usability or applied article, please email us!

256 entries « ‹ 1 of 3 › »

Dimitris Agrafiotis; Nishan Canagarajah; David R Bull; Matthew Dye

Perceptually optimised sign language video coding based on eye tracking analysis Journal Article

Electronics Letters, 39 , pp. 1–2, 2003.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Dimitris Agrafiotis; Nishan Canagarajah; David R Bull; Jim Kyle; Helen Seers; Matthew Dye

A perceptually optimised video coding system for sign language communication at low bit rates Journal Article

Signal Processing: Image Communication, 21 (7), pp. 531–549, 2006.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Avigael M Aizenman; Trafton Drew; Krista A Ehinger; Dianne Georgian-smith; Jeremy M Wolfe

Comparing search patterns in digital breast tomosynthesis and full-field digital mammography: An eye tracking study Journal Article

Journal of Medical Imaging, 4 (4), pp. 1–22, 2017.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Hosam Al-Samarraie; Samer Muthana Sarsam; Hans Guesgen

Predicting user preferences of environment design: A perceptual mechanism of user interface customisation Journal Article

Behaviour & Information Technology, 35 (8), pp. 644–653, 2016.

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Denis Alamargot

Eye and Pen: A new device for studying reading Journal Article

Behavior Research Methods, 38 (2), pp. 287–299, 2006.

Abstract | BibTeX

Hani Alers; Judith A Redi; Ingrid Heynderickx

Quantifying the importance of preserving video quality in visually important regions at the expense of background content Journal Article

Signal Processing: Image Communication, 32 , pp. 69–80, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Alers2015,
title = {Quantifying the importance of preserving video quality in visually important regions at the expense of background content},
author = {Hani Alers and Judith A Redi and Ingrid Heynderickx},
doi = {10.1016/j.image.2015.01.006},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Signal Processing: Image Communication},
volume = {32},
pages = {69--80},
publisher = {Elsevier},
abstract = {Advances in digital technology have allowed us to embed significant processing power in everyday video consumption devices. At the same time, we have placed high demands on the video content itself by continuing to increase spatial resolution while trying to limit the allocated file size and bandwidth as much as possible. The result is typically a trade-off between perceptual quality and fulfillment of technological limitations. To bring this trade-off to its optimum, it is necessary to understand better how people perceive video quality. In this work, we particularly focus on understanding how the spatial location of compression artifacts impacts visual quality perception, and specifically in relation with visual attention. In particular we investigate how changing the quality of the region of interest of a video affects its overall perceived quality, and we quantify the importance of the visual quality of the region of interest to the overall quality judgment. A three stage experiment was conducted where viewers were shown videos with different quality levels in different parts of the scene. By asking them to score the overall quality we found that the quality of the region of interest has 10 times more impact than the quality of the rest of the scene. These results are in line with similar effects observed in still images, yet in videos the relevance of the visual quality of the region of interest is twice as high than in images. The latter finding is directly relevant for the design of more accurate objective quality metrics for videos, that are based on the estimation of local distortion visibility.},
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George J Andersen; Rui Ni; Zheng Bian; Julie Kang

Limits of spatial attention in three-dimensional space and dual-task driving performance Journal Article

Accident Analysis & Prevention, 43 (1), pp. 381–390, 2011.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Andersen2011,
title = {Limits of spatial attention in three-dimensional space and dual-task driving performance},
author = {George J Andersen and Rui Ni and Zheng Bian and Julie Kang},
doi = {10.1016/j.aap.2010.09.007},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Accident Analysis & Prevention},
volume = {43},
number = {1},
pages = {381--390},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
abstract = {The present study examined the limits of spatial attention while performing two driving relevant tasks that varied in depth. The first task was to maintain a fixed headway distance behind a lead vehicle that varied speed. The second task was to detect a light-change target in an array of lights located above the roadway. In Experiment 1 the light detection task required drivers to encode color and location. The results indicated that reaction time to detect a light-change target increased and accuracy decreased as a function of the horizontal location of the light-change target and as a function of the distance from the driver. In a second experiment the light change task was changed to a singleton search (detect the onset of a yellow light) and the workload of the car following task was systematically varied. The results of Experiment 2 indicated that RT increased as a function of task workload, the 2D position of the light-change target and the distance of the light-change target. A multiple regression analysis indicated that the effect of distance on light detection performance was not due to changes in the projected size of the light target. In Experiment 3 we found that the distance effect in detecting a light change could not be explained by the location of eye fixations. The results demonstrate that when drivers attend to a roadway scene attention is limited in three-dimensional space. These results have important implications for developing tests for assessing crash risk among drivers as well as the design of in vehicle technologies such as head-up displays.},
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Nicola C Anderson; Evan F Risko; Alan Kingstone

Exploiting human sensitivity to gaze for tracking the eyes Journal Article

Behavior Research Methods, 43 , pp. 843–852, 2011.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Janice Attard; Markus Bindemann

Establishing the duration of crimes: An individual differences and eye-tracking investigation into time estimation Journal Article

Applied Cognitive Psychology, 28 (2), pp. 215–225, 2014.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Elham Azizi; Larry Allen Abel; Matthew J Stainer

The influence of action video game playing on eye movement behaviour during visual search in abstract, in-game and natural scenes Journal Article

Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 79 (2), pp. 484–497, 2017.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Azizi2017,
title = {The influence of action video game playing on eye movement behaviour during visual search in abstract, in-game and natural scenes},
author = {Elham Azizi and Larry Allen Abel and Matthew J Stainer},
doi = {10.3758/s13414-016-1256-7},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics},
volume = {79},
number = {2},
pages = {484--497},
publisher = {Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics},
abstract = {Action game playing has been associated with several improvements in visual attention tasks. However, it is not clear how such changes might influence the way we overtly select information from our visual world (i.e. eye movements). We examined whether action-video-game training changed eye movement behaviour in a series of visual search tasks including conjunctive search (relatively abstracted from natural behaviour), game-related search, and more naturalistic scene search. Forty nongamers were trained in either an action first-person shooter game or a card game (control) for 10 hours. As a further control, we recorded eye movements of 20 experienced action gamers on the same tasks. The results did not show any change in duration of fixations or saccade amplitude either from before to after the training or between all nongamers (pretraining) and experienced action gamers. However, we observed a change in search strategy, reflected by a reduction in the vertical distribution of fixations for the game-related search task in the action-game-trained group. This might suggest learning the likely distribution of targets. In other words, game training only skilled participants to search game images for targets important to the game, with no indication of transfer to the more natural scene search. Taken together, these results suggest no modification in overt allocation of attention. Either the skills that can be trained with action gaming are not powerful enough to influence information selection through eye movements, or action-game-learned skills are not used when deciding where to move the eyes.},
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D A Baker; N J Schweitzer; Evan F Risko; Jillian M Ware

Visual attention and the neuroimage bias Journal Article

PLoS ONE, 8 (9), pp. 1–8, 2013.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Ana Margarida Barreto

Do users look at banner ads on Facebook? Journal Article

Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 7 (2), pp. 119–139, 2013.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Barreto2013,
title = {Do users look at banner ads on Facebook?},
author = {Ana Margarida Barreto},
doi = {10.1108/JRIM-Mar-2012-0013},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing},
volume = {7},
number = {2},
pages = {119--139},
abstract = {Purpose – The main purpose of this study was to determine whether users of the online social network site, Facebook, actually look at the ads displayed (briefly, to test the existence of the phenomenon known as “banner blindness” in this website), thus ascertaining the effectiveness of paid advertising, and comparing it with the number of friends' recommendations seen. Design/methodology/approach – In order to achieve this goal, an experiment using eye-tracking technology was administered to a total of 20 participants from a major university in the USA, followed by a questionnaire. Findings – Findings show that online ads attract less attention levels than friends' recommendations. A possible explanation for this phenomenon may be related to the fact that ads on Facebook are outside of the F-shaped visual pattern range, causing a state of “banner blindness”. Results also show that statistically there is no difference in ads seen and clicked between women and men. Research limitations/implications – The sample type (undergraduate and graduate students) and the sample size (20 participants) inhibit the generalization of the findings to other populations. Practical implications – The paper includes implications for the development of an effective online advertising campaign, as well as some proposed conceptualizations of the terms social network site and advertising, which can be used as platforms for discussion or as standards for future definitions. Originality/value – This study fulfils some identified needs to study advertising effectiveness based on empirical data and to assess banner blindness in other contexts, representative of current internet users' habits.},
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Joseph E Barton; Anindo Roy; John D Sorkin; Mark W Rogers; Richard Macko

An engineering model of human balance control—Part I: Biomechanical model Journal Article

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 138 (1), pp. 1–11, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Barton2016b,
title = {An engineering model of human balance control—Part I: Biomechanical model},
author = {Joseph E Barton and Anindo Roy and John D Sorkin and Mark W Rogers and Richard Macko},
doi = {10.1115/1.4031486},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Biomechanical Engineering},
volume = {138},
number = {1},
pages = {1--11},
abstract = {We developed a balance measurement tool (the balanced reach test (BRT)) to assess standing balance while reaching and pointing to a target moving in three-dimensional space according to a sum-of-sines function. We also developed a three-dimensional, 13-segment biomechanical model to analyze performance in this task. Using kinematic and ground reaction force (GRF) data from the BRT, we performed an inverse dynamics analysis to compute the forces and torques applied at each of the joints during the course of a 90 s test. We also performed spectral analyses of each joint's force activations. We found that the joints act in a different but highly coordinated manner to accomplish the tracking task-with individual joints responding congruently to different portions of the target disk's frequency spectrum. The test and the model also identified clear differences between a young healthy subject (YHS), an older high fall risk (HFR) subject before participating in a balance training intervention; and in the older subject's performance after training (which improved to the point that his performance approached that of the young subject). This is the first phase of an effort to model the balance control system with sufficient physiological detail and complexity to accurately simulate the multisegmental control of balance during functional reach across the spectra of aging, medical, and neurological conditions that affect performance. Such a model would provide insight into the function and interaction of the biomechanical and neurophysiological elements making up this system; and system adaptations to changes in these elements' performance and capabilities.},
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Y Behnke

Visual qualities of future geography books Journal Article

European Journal of Geography, 5 (4), pp. 56–66, 2014.

Abstract | BibTeX

Palash Bera; Louis Philippe Sirois

Displaying background maps in business intelligence dashboards Journal Article

Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 18 (5), pp. 58–65, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Erin Berenbaum; Amy E Latimer-Cheung

Examining the link between framed physical activity ads and behavior among women Journal Article

Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 36 (3), pp. 271–280, 2014.

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Raymond Bertram; Laura Helle; Johanna K Kaakinen; Erkki Svedström

The effect of expertise on eye movement behaviour in medical image perception Journal Article

PLoS ONE, 8 (6), pp. 1–15, 2013.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Bertram2013,
title = {The effect of expertise on eye movement behaviour in medical image perception},
author = {Raymond Bertram and Laura Helle and Johanna K Kaakinen and Erkki Svedström},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0066169},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
volume = {8},
number = {6},
pages = {1--15},
abstract = {The present eye-movement study assessed the effect of expertise on eye-movement behaviour during image perception in the medical domain. To this end, radiologists, computed-tomography radiographers and psychology students were exposed to nine volumes of multi-slice, stack-view, axial computed-tomography images from the upper to the lower part of the abdomen with or without abnormality. The images were presented in succession at low, medium or high speed, while the participants had to detect enlarged lymph nodes or other visually more salient abnormalities. The radiologists outperformed both other groups in the detection of enlarged lymph nodes and their eye-movement behaviour also differed from the other groups. Their general strategy was to use saccades of shorter amplitude than the two other participant groups. In the presence of enlarged lymph nodes, they increased the number of fixations on the relevant areas and reverted to even shorter saccades. In volumes containing enlarged lymph nodes, radiologists' fixation durations were longer in comparison to their fixation durations in volumes without enlarged lymph nodes. More salient abnormalities were detected equally well by radiologists and radiographers, with both groups outperforming psychology students. However, to accomplish this, radiologists actually needed fewer fixations on the relevant areas than the radiographers. On the basis of these results, we argue that expert behaviour is manifested in distinct eye-movement patterns of proactivity, reactivity and suppression, depending on the nature of the task and the presence of abnormalities at any given moment.},
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Raymond Bertram; Johanna Kaakinen; Frank Bensch; Laura Helle; Eila Lantto; Pekka Niemi; Nina Lundbom

Eye movements of radiologists reflect expertise in CT study interpretation: A potential tool to measure resident development Journal Article

Radiology, 281 (3), pp. 805–815, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Bertram2016,
title = {Eye movements of radiologists reflect expertise in CT study interpretation: A potential tool to measure resident development},
author = {Raymond Bertram and Johanna Kaakinen and Frank Bensch and Laura Helle and Eila Lantto and Pekka Niemi and Nina Lundbom},
doi = {10.1148/radiol.2016151255},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Radiology},
volume = {281},
number = {3},
pages = {805--815},
abstract = {PURPOSE: To establish potential markers of visual expertise in eye movement (EM) patterns of early residents, advanced residents, and specialists who interpret abdominal computed tomography (CT) studies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The institutional review board approved use of anonymized CT studies as research materials and to obtain anonymized eye-tracking data from volunteers. Participants gave written informed consent. RESULTS: Early residents (n = 15), advanced residents (n = 14), and specialists (n = 12) viewed 26 abdominal CT studies as a sequence of images at either 3 or 5 frames per second while EMs were recorded. Data were analyzed by using linear mixed-effects models. Early residents' detection rate decreased with working hours (odds ratio, 0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.73, 0.91; P = .001). They detected less of the low visual contrast (but not of the high visual contrast) lesions (45% [13 of 29]) than did specialists (62% [18 of 29]) (odds ratio, 0.39; 95% CI: 0.25, 0.61; P , .001) or advanced residents (56% [16 of 29]) (odds ratio, 0.55; 95% CI: 0.33, 0.93; P = .024). Specialists and advanced residents had longer fixation durations at 5 than at 3 frames per second (specialists: b = .01; 95% CI: .004, .026; P = .008; advanced residents: b = .04; 95% CI: .03, .05; P , .001). In the presence of lesions, saccade lengths of specialists shortened more than those of advanced (b = .02; 95% CI: .007, .04; P = .003) and of early residents (b = .02; 95% CI: .008, 0.04; P = .003). Irrespective of expertise, high detection rate correlated with greater reduction of saccade length in the presence of lesions (b = 2.10; 95% CI: 2.16, 2.04; P = .002) and greater increase at higher presentation speed (b = .11; 95% CI: .04, .17; P = .001). CONCLUSION: Expertise in CT reading is characterized by greater adaptivity in EM patterns in response to the demands of the task and environment.},
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Federica Bianchi; Sébastien Santurette; Dorothea Wendt; Torsten Dau

Pitch discrimination in musicians and non-musicians: Effects of harmonic resolvability and processing effort Journal Article

Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, 17 (1), pp. 69–79, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Bianchi2016,
title = {Pitch discrimination in musicians and non-musicians: Effects of harmonic resolvability and processing effort},
author = {Federica Bianchi and Sébastien Santurette and Dorothea Wendt and Torsten Dau},
doi = {10.1007/s10162-015-0548-2},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {69--79},
abstract = {Musicians typically show enhanced pitch discrimination abilities compared to non-musicians. The present study investigated this perceptual enhancement behaviorally and objectively for resolved and unresolved complex tones to clarify whether the enhanced performance in musicians can be ascribed to increased peripheral frequency selectivity and/or to a different processing effort in performing the task. In a first experiment, pitch discrimination thresholds were obtained for harmonic complex tones with fundamental frequencies (F0s) between 100 and 500 Hz, filtered in either a low- or a high-frequency region, leading to variations in the resolvability of audible harmonics. The results showed that pitch discrimination performance in musicians was enhanced for resolved and unresolved complexes to a similar extent. Additionally, the harmonics became resolved at a similar F0 in musicians and non-musicians, suggesting similar peripheral frequency selectivity in the two groups of listeners. In a follow-up experiment, listeners' pupil dilations were measured as an indicator of the required effort in performing the same pitch discrimination task for conditions of varying resolvability and task difficulty. Pupillometry responses indicated a lower processing effort in the musicians versus the non-musicians, although the processing demand imposed by the pitch discrimination task was individually adjusted according to the behavioral thresholds. Overall, these findings indicate that the enhanced pitch discrimination abilities in musicians are unlikely to be related to higher peripheral frequency selectivity and may suggest an enhanced pitch representation at more central stages of the auditory system in musically trained listeners.},
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Nicola Binetti; Charlotte Harrison; Isabelle Mareschal; Alan Johnston

Pupil response hazard rates predict perceived gaze durations Journal Article

Scientific Reports, 7 (1), pp. 1–6, 2017.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Daniel Bishop; Gustav Kuhn; Claire Maton

Telling people where to look in a soccer-based decision task: A nomothetic approach Journal Article

Journal of Eye Movement Research, 7 (2), pp. 1–13, 2014.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Indu P Bodala; Junhua Li; Nitish V Thakor; Hasan Al-Nashash

EEG and eye tracking demonstrate vigilance enhancement with challenge integration Journal Article

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10 , pp. 1–12, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Bodala2016,
title = {EEG and eye tracking demonstrate vigilance enhancement with challenge integration},
author = {Indu P Bodala and Junhua Li and Nitish V Thakor and Hasan Al-Nashash},
doi = {10.3389/fnhum.2016.00273},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},
volume = {10},
pages = {1--12},
abstract = {Maintaining vigilance is possibly the first requirement for surveillance tasks where personnel are faced with monotonous yet intensive monitoring tasks. Decrement in vigilance in such situations could result in dangerous consequences such as accidents, loss of life and system failure. In this paper, we investigate the possibility to enhance vigilance or sustained attention using ‘challenge integration', a strategy that integrates a primary task with challenging stimuli. A primary surveillance task (identifying an intruder in a simulated factory environment) and a challenge stimulus (periods of rain obscuring the surveillance scene) were employed to test the changes in vigilance levels. The effect of integrating challenging events (resulting from artificially simulated rain) into the task were compared to the initial monotonous phase. EEG and eye tracking data is collected and analyzed for n = 12 subjects. Frontal midline theta power and frontal theta to parietal alpha power ratio which are used as measures of engagement and attention allocation show an increase due to challenge integration (p textless 0.05 in each case). Relative delta band power of EEG also shows statistically significant suppression on the frontoparietal and occipital cortices due to challenge integration (p textless 0.05). Saccade amplitude, saccade velocity and blink rate obtained from eye tracking data exhibit statistically significant changes during the challenge phase of the experiment (p textless 0.05 in each case). From the correlation analysis between the statistically significant measures of eye tracking and EEG, we infer that saccade amplitude and saccade velocity decrease with vigilance decrement along with frontal midline theta and frontal theta to parietal alpha ratio. Conversely, blink rate and relative delta power increase with vigilance decrement. However, these measures exhibit a reverse trend when challenge stimulus appears in the task suggesting vigilance enhancement. Moreover, the mean reaction time is lower for the challenge integrated phase (RT mean = 3.65 ± 1.4 secs) compared to initial monotonous phase without challenge (RT mean = 4.6 ± 2.7 secs). Our work shows that vigilance level, as assessed by response of these vital signs, is enhanced by challenge integration.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
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Maintaining vigilance is possibly the first requirement for surveillance tasks where personnel are faced with monotonous yet intensive monitoring tasks. Decrement in vigilance in such situations could result in dangerous consequences such as accidents, loss of life and system failure. In this paper, we investigate the possibility to enhance vigilance or sustained attention using ‘challenge integration', a strategy that integrates a primary task with challenging stimuli. A primary surveillance task (identifying an intruder in a simulated factory environment) and a challenge stimulus (periods of rain obscuring the surveillance scene) were employed to test the changes in vigilance levels. The effect of integrating challenging events (resulting from artificially simulated rain) into the task were compared to the initial monotonous phase. EEG and eye tracking data is collected and analyzed for n = 12 subjects. Frontal midline theta power and frontal theta to parietal alpha power ratio which are used as measures of engagement and attention allocation show an increase due to challenge integration (p textless 0.05 in each case). Relative delta band power of EEG also shows statistically significant suppression on the frontoparietal and occipital cortices due to challenge integration (p textless 0.05). Saccade amplitude, saccade velocity and blink rate obtained from eye tracking data exhibit statistically significant changes during the challenge phase of the experiment (p textless 0.05 in each case). From the correlation analysis between the statistically significant measures of eye tracking and EEG, we infer that saccade amplitude and saccade velocity decrease with vigilance decrement along with frontal midline theta and frontal theta to parietal alpha ratio. Conversely, blink rate and relative delta power increase with vigilance decrement. However, these measures exhibit a reverse trend when challenge stimulus appears in the task suggesting vigilance enhancement. Moreover, the mean reaction time is lower for the challenge integrated phase (RT mean = 3.65 ± 1.4 secs) compared to initial monotonous phase without challenge (RT mean = 4.6 ± 2.7 secs). Our work shows that vigilance level, as assessed by response of these vital signs, is enhanced by challenge integration.

Hanneke Bouwsema; Corry K Van Der Sluis; Raoul M Bongers

Changes in performance over time while learning to use a myoelectric prosthesis Journal Article

Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 11 (1), pp. 1–15, 2014.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Bouwsema2014,
title = {Changes in performance over time while learning to use a myoelectric prosthesis},
author = {Hanneke Bouwsema and Corry K {Van Der Sluis} and Raoul M Bongers},
doi = {10.1186/1743-0003-11-16},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {1--15},
publisher = {Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Training increases the functional use of an upper limb prosthesis, but little is known about how people learn to use their prosthesis. The aim of this study was to describe the changes in performance with an upper limb myoelectric prosthesis during practice. The results provide a basis to develop an evidence-based training program. METHODS: Thirty-one able-bodied participants took part in an experiment as well as thirty-one age- and gender-matched controls. Participants in the experimental condition, randomly assigned to one of four groups, practiced with a myoelectric simulator for five sessions in a two-weeks period. Group 1 practiced direct grasping, Group 2 practiced indirect grasping, Group 3 practiced fixating, and Group 4 practiced a combination of all three tasks. The Southampton Hand Assessment Procedure (SHAP) was assessed in a pretest, posttest, and two retention tests. Participants in the control condition performed SHAP two times, two weeks apart with no practice in between. Compressible objects were used in the grasping tasks. Changes in end-point kinematics, joint angles, and grip force control, the latter measured by magnitude of object compression, were examined. RESULTS: The experimental groups improved more on SHAP than the control group. Interestingly, the fixation group improved comparable to the other training groups on the SHAP. Improvement in global position of the prosthesis leveled off after three practice sessions, whereas learning to control grip force required more time. The indirect grasping group had the smallest object compression in the beginning and this did not change over time, whereas the direct grasping and the combination group had a decrease in compression over time. Moreover, the indirect grasping group had the smallest grasping time that did not vary over object rigidity, while for the other two groups the grasping time decreased with an increase in object rigidity. CONCLUSIONS: A training program should spend more time on learning fine control aspects of the prosthetic hand during rehabilitation. Moreover, training should start with the indirect grasping task that has the best performance, which is probably due to the higher amount of useful information available from the sound hand.},
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BACKGROUND: Training increases the functional use of an upper limb prosthesis, but little is known about how people learn to use their prosthesis. The aim of this study was to describe the changes in performance with an upper limb myoelectric prosthesis during practice. The results provide a basis to develop an evidence-based training program. METHODS: Thirty-one able-bodied participants took part in an experiment as well as thirty-one age- and gender-matched controls. Participants in the experimental condition, randomly assigned to one of four groups, practiced with a myoelectric simulator for five sessions in a two-weeks period. Group 1 practiced direct grasping, Group 2 practiced indirect grasping, Group 3 practiced fixating, and Group 4 practiced a combination of all three tasks. The Southampton Hand Assessment Procedure (SHAP) was assessed in a pretest, posttest, and two retention tests. Participants in the control condition performed SHAP two times, two weeks apart with no practice in between. Compressible objects were used in the grasping tasks. Changes in end-point kinematics, joint angles, and grip force control, the latter measured by magnitude of object compression, were examined. RESULTS: The experimental groups improved more on SHAP than the control group. Interestingly, the fixation group improved comparable to the other training groups on the SHAP. Improvement in global position of the prosthesis leveled off after three practice sessions, whereas learning to control grip force required more time. The indirect grasping group had the smallest object compression in the beginning and this did not change over time, whereas the direct grasping and the combination group had a decrease in compression over time. Moreover, the indirect grasping group had the smallest grasping time that did not vary over object rigidity, while for the other two groups the grasping time decreased with an increase in object rigidity. CONCLUSIONS: A training program should spend more time on learning fine control aspects of the prosthetic hand during rehabilitation. Moreover, training should start with the indirect grasping task that has the best performance, which is probably due to the higher amount of useful information available from the sound hand.

Jan W Brascamp; Marnix Naber

Eye tracking under dichoptic viewing conditions: A practical solution Journal Article

Behavior Research Methods, 49 (4), pp. 1303–1309, 2017.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Tom Bullock; James C Elliott; John T Serences; Barry Giesbrecht

Acute exercise modulates feature-selective responses in human cortex Journal Article

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 29 (4), pp. 605–618, 2016.

Abstract | BibTeX

@article{Bullock2016,
title = {Acute exercise modulates feature-selective responses in human cortex},
author = {Tom Bullock and James C Elliott and John T Serences and Barry Giesbrecht},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience},
volume = {29},
number = {4},
pages = {605--618},
abstract = {An organism's current behavioral state influences ongoing brain activity. Nonhuman mammalian and invertebrate brains exhibit large increases in the gain of feature-selective neural responses in sensory cortex during locomotion, suggesting that the visual system becomes more sensitive when actively exploring the environment. This raises the possibility that human vision is also more sensitive during active movement. To investigate this possibility, we used an inverted encoding model technique to estimate feature-selective neural response profiles from EEG data acquired from participants performing an orientation discrimination task. Participants (n = 18) fixated at the center of a flickering (15 Hz) circular grating presented at one of nine different orientations and monitored for a brief shift in orientation that occurred on every trial. Participants completed the task while seated on a stationary exercise bike at rest and during low- and high-intensity cycling. We found evidence for inverted-U effects; such that the peak of the reconstructed feature-selective tuning profiles was highest during low-intensity exercise compared with those estimated during rest and high-intensity exercise. When modeled, these effects were driven by changes in the gain of the tuning curve and in the profile bandwidth during low-intensity exercise relative to rest. Thus, despite profound differences in visual pathways across species, these data show that sensitivity in human visual cortex is also enhanced during locomotive behavior. Our results reveal the nature of exercise-induced gain on feature-selective coding in human sensory cortex and provide valuable evidence linking the neural mechanisms of behavior state across species.},
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Aurélie Calabrèse; Carlos Aguilar; Géraldine Faure; Frédéric Matonti; Louis Hoffart; Eric Castet

A vision enhancement system to improve face recognition with central vision loss Journal Article

Optometry and Vision Science, 95 (9), pp. 738–746, 2018.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Calabrese2018,
title = {A vision enhancement system to improve face recognition with central vision loss},
author = {Aurélie Calabr{è}se and Carlos Aguilar and Géraldine Faure and Frédéric Matonti and Louis Hoffart and Eric Castet},
doi = {10.1097/OPX.0000000000001263},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Optometry and Vision Science},
volume = {95},
number = {9},
pages = {738--746},
abstract = {SIGNIFICANCE: The overall goal of this work is to validate a low vision aid system that uses gaze as a pointing tool and provides smart magnification. We conclude that smart visual enhancement techniques as well as gaze contingency should improve the efficiency of assistive technology for the visually impaired. PURPOSE: A low vision aid, using gaze-contingent visual enhancement and primarily intended to help reading with central vision loss, was recently designed and tested with simulated scotoma. Here, we present a validation of this system for face recognition in age-related macular degeneration patients. METHODS: Twelve individuals with binocular central vision loss were recruited and tested on a face identification-matching task. Gaze position was measured in real time, thanks to an eye tracker. In the visual enhancement condition, at any time during the screen exploration, the fixated face was segregated from background and considered as a region of interest that could be magnified into a region of augmented vision by the participant, if desired. In the natural exploration condition, participants also performed the matching task but without the visual aid. Response time and accuracy were analyzed with mixed-effects models to (1) compare the performance with and without visual aid and (2) estimate the usability of the system. RESULTS: On average, the percentage of correct response for the natural exploration condition was 41%. This value was significantly increased to 63% with visual enhancement (95% confidence interval, 45 to 78%). For the large majority of our participants (83%), this improvement was accompanied by moderate increase in response time, suggesting a real functional benefit for these individuals. CONCLUSIONS Without visual enhancement, participants with age-related macular degeneration performed poorly, confirming their struggle for face recognition and the need to use efficient visual aids. Our system significantly improved face identification accuracy by 55%, proving to be helpful under laboratory conditions.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

SIGNIFICANCE: The overall goal of this work is to validate a low vision aid system that uses gaze as a pointing tool and provides smart magnification. We conclude that smart visual enhancement techniques as well as gaze contingency should improve the efficiency of assistive technology for the visually impaired. PURPOSE: A low vision aid, using gaze-contingent visual enhancement and primarily intended to help reading with central vision loss, was recently designed and tested with simulated scotoma. Here, we present a validation of this system for face recognition in age-related macular degeneration patients. METHODS: Twelve individuals with binocular central vision loss were recruited and tested on a face identification-matching task. Gaze position was measured in real time, thanks to an eye tracker. In the visual enhancement condition, at any time during the screen exploration, the fixated face was segregated from background and considered as a region of interest that could be magnified into a region of augmented vision by the participant, if desired. In the natural exploration condition, participants also performed the matching task but without the visual aid. Response time and accuracy were analyzed with mixed-effects models to (1) compare the performance with and without visual aid and (2) estimate the usability of the system. RESULTS: On average, the percentage of correct response for the natural exploration condition was 41%. This value was significantly increased to 63% with visual enhancement (95% confidence interval, 45 to 78%). For the large majority of our participants (83%), this improvement was accompanied by moderate increase in response time, suggesting a real functional benefit for these individuals. CONCLUSIONS Without visual enhancement, participants with age-related macular degeneration performed poorly, confirming their struggle for face recognition and the need to use efficient visual aids. Our system significantly improved face identification accuracy by 55%, proving to be helpful under laboratory conditions.

Rouwen Cañal-Bruland; Simone Lotz; Norbert Hagemann; Jörg Schorer; Bernd Strauss

Visual span and change detection in soccer: An expertise study Journal Article

Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 23 (3), pp. 302–310, 2011.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Matt Canham; Mary Hegarty

Effects of knowledge and display design on comprehension of complex graphics Journal Article

Learning and Instruction, 20 (2), pp. 155–166, 2010.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Etzel Cardeña; Barbara Nordhjem; David Marcusson-Clavertz; Kenneth Holmqvist

The "hypnotic state" and eye movements: Less there than meets the eye? Journal Article

PLoS ONE, 12 (8), pp. 1–17, 2017.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Cardena2017,
title = {The "hypnotic state" and eye movements: Less there than meets the eye?},
author = {Etzel Carde{ñ}a and Barbara Nordhjem and David Marcusson-Clavertz and Kenneth Holmqvist},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0182546},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
volume = {12},
number = {8},
pages = {1--17},
abstract = {Responsiveness to hypnotic procedures has been related to unusual eye behaviors for centuries. Kallio and collaborators claimed recently that they had found a reliable index for "the hypnotic state" through eye-tracking methods. Whether or not hypnotic responding involves a special state of consciousness has been part of a contentious debate in the field, so the potential validity of their claim would constitute a landmark. However, their conclusion was based on 1 highly hypnotizable individual compared with 14 controls who were not measured on hypnotizability. We sought t o replicate their results with a sample screened for High (n = 16) or Low (n = 13) hypnotizability. We used a factorial 2 (high vs. low hypnotizability) x 2 (hypnosis vs. resting conditions) counterbalanced order design with these eye-tracking tasks: Fixation, Saccade, Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), Smooth pursuit, and Antisaccade (the first three tasks has been used in Kallio et al.'s experiment). Highs reported being more deeply in hypnosis than Lows but only in the hypnotic condition, as expected. There were no significant main or interaction effects for the Fixation, OKN, or Smooth pursuit tasks. For the Saccade task both Highs and Lows had smaller saccades during hypnosis, and in the Antisaccade task both groups had slower Antisaccades during hypnosis. Although a couple of results suggest that a hypnotic condition may produce reduced eye motility, the lack of significant interactions (e.g., showing only Highs expressing a particular eye behavior during hypnosis) does not support the claim that eye behaviors (at least as measured with the techniques used) are an indicator of a "hypnotic state.” Our results do not preclude the possibility that in a more spontaneous or different setting the experience of being hypnotized might relate to specific eye behaviors.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Jean Carletta; Robin L Hill; Craig Nicol; Tim Taylor; Jan Peter de Ruiter; Ellen Gurman Bard

Eyetracking for two-person tasks with manipulation of a virtual world Journal Article

Behavior Research Methods, 42 (1), pp. 254–265, 2010.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Benedetta Cesqui; Maura Mezzetti; Francesco Lacquaniti; Andrea D'Avella

Gaze behavior in one-handed catching and its relation with interceptive performance: What the eyes can't tell Journal Article

PloS one, 10 (3), pp. 1–39, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Cesqui2015,
title = {Gaze behavior in one-handed catching and its relation with interceptive performance: What the eyes can't tell},
author = {Benedetta Cesqui and Maura Mezzetti and Francesco Lacquaniti and Andrea D'Avella},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0119445},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {10},
number = {3},
pages = {1--39},
abstract = {In ball sports, it is usually acknowledged that expert athletes track the ball more accurately than novices. However, there is also evidence that keeping the eyes on the ball is not always necessary for interception. Here we aimed at gaining new insights on the extent to which ocular pursuit performance is related to catching performance. To this end, we analyzed eye and head movements of nine subjects catching a ball projected by an actuated launching apparatus. Four different ball flight durations and two different ball arrival heights were tested and the quality of ocular pursuit was characterized by means of several timing and accuracy parameters. Catching performance differed across subjects and depended on ball flight characteristics. All subjects showed a similar sequence of eye movement events and a similar modulation of the timing of these events in relation to the characteristics of the ball trajectory. On a trial-by-trial basis there was a significant relationship only between pursuit duration and catching performance, confirming that keeping the eyes on the ball longer increases catching success probability. Ocular pursuit parameters values and their dependence on flight conditions as well as the eye and head contributions to gaze shift differed across subjects. However, the observed average individual ocular behavior and the eye-head coordination patterns were not directly related to the individual catching performance. These results suggest that several oculomotor strategies may be used to gather information on ball motion, and that factors unrelated to eye movements may underlie the observed differences in interceptive performance.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Myriam Chanceaux; Anne Guérin-Dugué; Benoît Lemaire; Thierry Baccino

A computational cognitive model of information search in textual materials Journal Article

Cognitive Computation, 6 (1), pp. 1–17, 2014.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Samuel G Charlton; Nicola J Starkey; John A Perrone; Robert B Isler

What's the risk? A comparison of actual and perceived driving risk Journal Article

Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 25 , pp. 50–64, 2014.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Charlton2014,
title = {What's the risk? A comparison of actual and perceived driving risk},
author = {Samuel G Charlton and Nicola J Starkey and John A Perrone and Robert B Isler},
doi = {10.1016/j.trf.2014.05.003},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour},
volume = {25},
pages = {50--64},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
abstract = {It has long been presumed that drivers' perceptions of risk play an important role in guiding on-road behaviour. The answer to how accurately drivers perceive the momentary risk of a driving situation, however, is unknown. This research compared drivers' perceptions of the momentary risk for a range of roads to the objective risk associated with those roads. Videos of rural roads, filmed from the drivers' perspective, were presented to 69 participants seated in a driving simulator while they indicated the momentary levels of risk they were experiencing by moving a risk meter mounted on the steering wheel. Estimates of the objective levels of risk for the roads were calculated using road protection scores from the KiwiRAP database (part of the International Road Assessment Programme). Subsequently, the participants also provided risk estimates for still photos taken from the videos. Another group of 10 participants viewed the videos and photos while their eye movements and fixations were recorded. In a third experiment, 14 participants drove a subset of the roads in a car while providing risk ratings at selected points of interest. Results showed a high degree of consistency across the different methods. Certain road situations were rated as being riskier than the objective risk, and perhaps more importantly, the risk of other situations was significantly under-rated. Horizontal curves and narrow lanes were associated with over-rated risk estimates, while intersections and roadside hazards such as narrow road shoulders, power poles and ditches were significantly under-rated. Analysis of eye movements indicated that drivers did not fixate these features and that the spread of fixations, pupil size and eye blinks were significantly correlated with the risk ratings. An analysis of the road design elements at 77 locations in the video revealed five road characteristics that predicted nearly 80% of the variance in drivers' risk perceptions; horizontal curvature, lane and shoulder width, gradient, and the presence of median barriers.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

It has long been presumed that drivers' perceptions of risk play an important role in guiding on-road behaviour. The answer to how accurately drivers perceive the momentary risk of a driving situation, however, is unknown. This research compared drivers' perceptions of the momentary risk for a range of roads to the objective risk associated with those roads. Videos of rural roads, filmed from the drivers' perspective, were presented to 69 participants seated in a driving simulator while they indicated the momentary levels of risk they were experiencing by moving a risk meter mounted on the steering wheel. Estimates of the objective levels of risk for the roads were calculated using road protection scores from the KiwiRAP database (part of the International Road Assessment Programme). Subsequently, the participants also provided risk estimates for still photos taken from the videos. Another group of 10 participants viewed the videos and photos while their eye movements and fixations were recorded. In a third experiment, 14 participants drove a subset of the roads in a car while providing risk ratings at selected points of interest. Results showed a high degree of consistency across the different methods. Certain road situations were rated as being riskier than the objective risk, and perhaps more importantly, the risk of other situations was significantly under-rated. Horizontal curves and narrow lanes were associated with over-rated risk estimates, while intersections and roadside hazards such as narrow road shoulders, power poles and ditches were significantly under-rated. Analysis of eye movements indicated that drivers did not fixate these features and that the spread of fixations, pupil size and eye blinks were significantly correlated with the risk ratings. An analysis of the road design elements at 77 locations in the video revealed five road characteristics that predicted nearly 80% of the variance in drivers' risk perceptions; horizontal curvature, lane and shoulder width, gradient, and the presence of median barriers.

Mina Choi; Joel Wang; Wei Chung Cheng; Giovanni Ramponi; Luigi Albani; Aldo Badano

Effect of veiling glare on detectability in high-dynamic-range medical images Journal Article

Journal of Display Technology, 10 (5), pp. 420–428, 2014.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Sauman Chu; Nora Paul; Laura Ruel

Using eye tracking technology to examine the effectiveness of design elements on news websites Journal Article

Information Design Journal, 17 (1), pp. 31–43, 2009.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Tanja R M Coeckelbergh

The effect of visual field defects on driving performance Journal Article

Archives of Ophthalmology, 120 (11), pp. 1509–1516, 2002.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Tanja R M Coeckelbergh; Frans W Cornelissen; Wiebo H Brouwer; Aart C Kooijman

The effect of visual field defects on eye movements and practical fitness to drive Journal Article

Vision Research, 42 (5), pp. 669–677, 2002.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Martin C Cölln; Kerstin Kusch; Jens R Helmert; Petra Kohler; Boris M Velichkovsky; Sebastian Pannasch

Comparing two types of engineering visualizations: Task-related manipulations matter Journal Article

Applied Ergonomics, 43 (1), pp. 48–56, 2012.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Antoine Coutrot; Nathalie Guyader; Gelu Ionescu; Alice Caplier

Video viewing: Do auditory salient events capture visual attention? Journal Article

Annals of Telecommunications, 69 (1-2), pp. 89–97, 2014.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

David P Crabb; Nicholas D Smith; Franziska G Rauscher; Catharine M Chisholm; John L Barbur; David F Edgar; David F Garway-Heath

Exploring eye movements in patients with glaucoma when viewing a driving scene Journal Article

PLoS ONE, 5 (3), pp. 1–10, 2010.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Crabb2010,
title = {Exploring eye movements in patients with glaucoma when viewing a driving scene},
author = {David P Crabb and Nicholas D Smith and Franziska G Rauscher and Catharine M Chisholm and John L Barbur and David F Edgar and David F Garway-Heath},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0009710},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
volume = {5},
number = {3},
pages = {1--10},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Glaucoma is a progressive eye disease and a leading cause of visual disability. Automated assessment of the visual field determines the different stages in the disease process: it would be desirable to link these measurements taken in the clinic with patient's actual function, or establish if patients compensate for their restricted field of view when performing everyday tasks. Hence, this study investigated eye movements in glaucomatous patients when viewing driving scenes in a hazard perception test (HPT). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The HPT is a component of the UK driving licence test consisting of a series of short film clips of various traffic scenes viewed from the driver's perspective each containing hazardous situations that require the camera car to change direction or slow down. Data from nine glaucomatous patients with binocular visual field defects and ten age-matched control subjects were considered (all experienced drivers). Each subject viewed 26 different films with eye movements simultaneously monitored by an eye tracker. Computer software was purpose written to pre-process the data, co-register it to the film clips and to quantify eye movements and point-of-regard (using a dynamic bivariate contour ellipse analysis). On average, and across all HPT films, patients exhibited different eye movement characteristics to controls making, for example, significantly more saccades (Ptextless0.001; 95% confidence interval for mean increase: 9.2 to 22.4%). Whilst the average region of 'point-of-regard' of the patients did not differ significantly from the controls, there were revealing cases where patients failed to see a hazard in relation to their binocular visual field defect. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Characteristics of eye movement patterns in patients with bilateral glaucoma can differ significantly from age-matched controls when viewing a traffic scene. Further studies of eye movements made by glaucomatous patients could provide useful information about the definition of the visual field component required for fitness to drive.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

BACKGROUND: Glaucoma is a progressive eye disease and a leading cause of visual disability. Automated assessment of the visual field determines the different stages in the disease process: it would be desirable to link these measurements taken in the clinic with patient's actual function, or establish if patients compensate for their restricted field of view when performing everyday tasks. Hence, this study investigated eye movements in glaucomatous patients when viewing driving scenes in a hazard perception test (HPT). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The HPT is a component of the UK driving licence test consisting of a series of short film clips of various traffic scenes viewed from the driver's perspective each containing hazardous situations that require the camera car to change direction or slow down. Data from nine glaucomatous patients with binocular visual field defects and ten age-matched control subjects were considered (all experienced drivers). Each subject viewed 26 different films with eye movements simultaneously monitored by an eye tracker. Computer software was purpose written to pre-process the data, co-register it to the film clips and to quantify eye movements and point-of-regard (using a dynamic bivariate contour ellipse analysis). On average, and across all HPT films, patients exhibited different eye movement characteristics to controls making, for example, significantly more saccades (Ptextless0.001; 95% confidence interval for mean increase: 9.2 to 22.4%). Whilst the average region of 'point-of-regard' of the patients did not differ significantly from the controls, there were revealing cases where patients failed to see a hazard in relation to their binocular visual field defect. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Characteristics of eye movement patterns in patients with bilateral glaucoma can differ significantly from age-matched controls when viewing a traffic scene. Further studies of eye movements made by glaucomatous patients could provide useful information about the definition of the visual field component required for fitness to drive.

David Crundall; Peter Chapman; Nicola Phelps; Geoffrey Underwood

Eye movements and hazard perception in police pursuit and emergency response driving Journal Article

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 9 (3), pp. 163–174, 2003.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

David Crundall; Claire Shenton; Geoffrey Underwood

Eye movements during intentional car following Journal Article

Perception, 33 (8), pp. 975–986, 2004.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

David Crundall; Peter Chapman; Emma France; Geoffrey Underwood; Nicola Phelps

What attracts attention during police pursuit driving? Journal Article

Applied Cognitive Psychology, 19 (4), pp. 409–420, 2005.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

David Crundall; Editha Van Loon; Geoffrey Underwood

Attraction and distraction of attention with roadside advertisements Journal Article

Accident Analysis & Prevention, 38 (4), pp. 671–677, 2006.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Joke Daems; Sonia Vandepitte; Robert J Hartsuiker; Lieve Macken

Translation methods and experience: A comparative analysis of human translation and post-editing with students and professional translators Journal Article

Meta: Journal des traducteurs, 62 (2), pp. 245–270, 2017.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Joke Daems; Sonia Vandepitte; Robert J Hartsuiker; Lieve Macken

Identifying the machine translation error types with the greatest impact on post-editing effort Journal Article

Frontiers in Psychology, 8 , pp. 1–15, 2017.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Daems2017a,
title = {Identifying the machine translation error types with the greatest impact on post-editing effort},
author = {Joke Daems and Sonia Vandepitte and Robert J Hartsuiker and Lieve Macken},
doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01282},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-08-01},
journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
volume = {8},
pages = {1--15},
publisher = {Frontiers},
abstract = {Translation Environment Tools make translators' work easier by providing them with term lists, translation memories and machine translation output. Ideally, such tools automatically predict whether it is more effortful to post-edit than to translate from scratch, and determine whether or not to provide translators with machine translation output. Current machine translation quality estimation systems heavily rely on automatic metrics, even though they do not accurately capture actual post-editing effort. In addition, these systems do not take translator experience into account, even though novices' translation processes are different from those of professional translators. In this paper, we report on the impact of machine translation errors on various types of post-editing effort indicators, for professional translators as well as student translators. We compare the impact of MT quality on a product effort indicator (HTER) with that on various process effort indicators. The translation and post-editing process of student translators and professional translators was logged with a combination of keystroke logging and eye-tracking, and the MT output was analyzed with a fine-grained translation quality assessment approach. We find that most post-editing effort indicators (product as well as process) are influenced by machine translation quality, but that different error types affect different post-editing effort indicators, confirming that a more fine-grained MT quality analysis is needed to correctly estimate actual post-editing effort. Coherence, meaning shifts, and structural issues are shown to be good indicators of post-editing effort. The additional impact of experience on these interactions between MT quality and post-editing effort is smaller than expected.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Rong-Fuh Day; Gary C -W Shyi; Jyun Cheng Wang

The effect of flash banners on multiattribute decision making: Distractor or source of arousal? Journal Article

Psychology and Marketing, 23 (5), pp. 369–382, 2006.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Rong Fuh Day

Examining the validity of the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm in identifying decision strategy with eye-movement data Journal Article

Decision Support Systems, 49 (4), pp. 396–403, 2010.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Rong Fuh Day; Peng Yeng Yin; Yu Chi Wang; Ching Hui Chao

A new hybrid multi-start tabu search for finding hidden purchase decision strategies in WWW based on eye-movements Journal Article

Applied Soft Computing, 48 , pp. 217–229, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Tao Deng; Kaifu Yang; Yongjie Li; Hongmei Yan

Where does the driver look? Top-down-based saliency detection in a traffic driving environment Journal Article

IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 17 (7), pp. 2051–2062, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Tao Deng; Hongmei Yan; Yong Jie Li

Learning to boost bottom-up fixation prediction in driving environments via random forest Journal Article

IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 19 (9), pp. 3059–3067, 2018.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Carolina Diaz-Piedra; Héctor Rieiro; Juan Suárez; Francisco Rios-Tejada; Andrés Catena; Leandro Luigi Di Stasi

Fatigue in the military: Towards a fatigue detection test based on the saccadic velocity Journal Article

Physiological Measurement, 37 (9), pp. N62–N75, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Ivan Diaz; Sabine Schmidt; Francis R Verdun; François O Bochud

Eye‐tracking of nodule detection in lung CT volumetric data Journal Article

Medical Physics, 42 (6), pp. 2925–2932, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Diaz2015,
title = {Eye‐tracking of nodule detection in lung CT volumetric data},
author = {Ivan Diaz and Sabine Schmidt and Francis R Verdun and Fran{ç}ois O Bochud},
doi = {10.1118/1.4919849},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Medical Physics},
volume = {42},
number = {6},
pages = {2925--2932},
abstract = {PURPOSE: Signal detection on 3D medical images depends on many factors, such as foveal and peripheral vision, the type of signal, and background complexity, and the speed at which the frames are displayed. In this paper, the authors focus on the speed with which radiologists and naïve observers search through medical images. Prior to the study, the authors asked the radiologists to estimate the speed at which they scrolled through CT sets. They gave a subjective estimate of 5 frames per second (fps). The aim of this paper is to measure and analyze the speed with which humans scroll through image stacks, showing a method to visually display the behavior of observers as the search is made as well as measuring the accuracy of the decisions. This information will be useful in the development of model observers, mathematical algorithms that can be used to evaluate diagnostic imaging systems.$backslash$n$backslash$nMETHODS: The authors performed a series of 3D 4-alternative forced-choice lung nodule detection tasks on volumetric stacks of chest CT images iteratively reconstructed in lung algorithm. The strategy used by three radiologists and three naïve observers was assessed using an eye-tracker in order to establish where their gaze was fixed during the experiment and to verify that when a decision was made, a correct answer was not due only to chance. In a first set of experiments, the observers were restricted to read the images at three fixed speeds of image scrolling and were allowed to see each alternative once. In the second set of experiments, the subjects were allowed to scroll through the image stacks at will with no time or gaze limits. In both static-speed and free-scrolling conditions, the four image stacks were displayed simultaneously. All trials were shown at two different image contrasts.$backslash$n$backslash$nRESULTS: The authors were able to determine a histogram of scrolling speeds in frames per second. The scrolling speed of the naïve observers and the radiologists at the moment the signal was detected was measured at 25-30 fps. For the task chosen, the performance of the observers was not affected by the contrast or experience of the observer. However, the naïve observers exhibited a different pattern of scrolling than the radiologists, which included a tendency toward higher number of direction changes and number of slices viewed.$backslash$n$backslash$nCONCLUSIONS: The authors have determined a distribution of speeds for volumetric detection tasks. The speed at detection was higher than that subjectively estimated by the radiologists before the experiment. The speed information that was measured will be useful in the development of 3D model observers, especially anthropomorphic model observers which try to mimic human behavior.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

PURPOSE: Signal detection on 3D medical images depends on many factors, such as foveal and peripheral vision, the type of signal, and background complexity, and the speed at which the frames are displayed. In this paper, the authors focus on the speed with which radiologists and naïve observers search through medical images. Prior to the study, the authors asked the radiologists to estimate the speed at which they scrolled through CT sets. They gave a subjective estimate of 5 frames per second (fps). The aim of this paper is to measure and analyze the speed with which humans scroll through image stacks, showing a method to visually display the behavior of observers as the search is made as well as measuring the accuracy of the decisions. This information will be useful in the development of model observers, mathematical algorithms that can be used to evaluate diagnostic imaging systems.$backslash$n$backslash$nMETHODS: The authors performed a series of 3D 4-alternative forced-choice lung nodule detection tasks on volumetric stacks of chest CT images iteratively reconstructed in lung algorithm. The strategy used by three radiologists and three naïve observers was assessed using an eye-tracker in order to establish where their gaze was fixed during the experiment and to verify that when a decision was made, a correct answer was not due only to chance. In a first set of experiments, the observers were restricted to read the images at three fixed speeds of image scrolling and were allowed to see each alternative once. In the second set of experiments, the subjects were allowed to scroll through the image stacks at will with no time or gaze limits. In both static-speed and free-scrolling conditions, the four image stacks were displayed simultaneously. All trials were shown at two different image contrasts.$backslash$n$backslash$nRESULTS: The authors were able to determine a histogram of scrolling speeds in frames per second. The scrolling speed of the naïve observers and the radiologists at the moment the signal was detected was measured at 25-30 fps. For the task chosen, the performance of the observers was not affected by the contrast or experience of the observer. However, the naïve observers exhibited a different pattern of scrolling than the radiologists, which included a tendency toward higher number of direction changes and number of slices viewed.$backslash$n$backslash$nCONCLUSIONS: The authors have determined a distribution of speeds for volumetric detection tasks. The speed at detection was higher than that subjectively estimated by the radiologists before the experiment. The speed information that was measured will be useful in the development of 3D model observers, especially anthropomorphic model observers which try to mimic human behavior.

Leandro Luigi Di Stasi; Vanessa Álvarez-Valbuena; José J Cañas; Antonio Maldonado; Andrés Catena; Adoración Antolí; Antonio Candido

Risk behaviour and mental workload: Multimodal assessment techniques applied to motorbike riding simulation Journal Article

Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 12 (5), pp. 361–370, 2009.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Leandro Luigi Di Stasi; Mauro Marchitto; Adoracíon Antolí; Thierry Baccino; José J Cañas

Approximation of on-line mental workload index in ATC simulated multitasks Journal Article

Journal of Air Transport Management, 16 (6), pp. 330–333, 2010.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Leandro Luigi Di Stasi; Rebekka Renner; Peggy Staehr; Jens R Helmert; Boris M Velichkovsky; Jose J Canas; Andrés Catena; Sebastian Pannasch

Saccadic Peak Velocity Sensitivity to Variations in Mental Workload Journal Article

Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine, 81 (4), pp. 413–417, 2010.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Leandro Luigi Di Stasi; Adoración Antolí; José Juan Cañas

Main sequence: An index for detecting mental workload variation in complex tasks Journal Article

Applied Ergonomics, 42 (6), pp. 807–813, 2011.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Leandro Luigi Di Stasi; Adoración Antolí; Miguel Gea; José J Cañas

A neuroergonomic approach to evaluating mental workload in hypermedia interactions Journal Article

International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 41 (3), pp. 298–304, 2011.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Leandro Luigi Di Stasi; D Contreras; A Cándido; J J Cañas; A Catena

Behavioral and eye-movement measures to track improvements in driving skills of vulnerable road users: First-time motorcycle riders Journal Article

Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 14 (1), pp. 26–35, 2011.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{DiStasi2011c,
title = {Behavioral and eye-movement measures to track improvements in driving skills of vulnerable road users: First-time motorcycle riders},
author = {Leandro Luigi {Di Stasi} and D Contreras and A Cándido and J J Ca{ñ}as and A Catena},
doi = {10.1016/j.trf.2010.09.003},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour},
volume = {14},
number = {1},
pages = {26--35},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
abstract = {Motorcyclist deaths and injuries follow the trend in sales rather than in growth in the number of motorcycles, suggesting that fatalities are related to the lack of driver experience with recently purchased motorcycles. The aim of the present investigation was to assess the effects of experience and training in hazard perception. We compared first-time riders (people who are not yet riders/drivers) before and after training in six different riding scenarios to expert motorcycle riders. Thirty-three participants took part in the experiment. Volunteers rode a moped in a fixed-base virtual environment and were presented with a number of preset risky events. We used a multidimensional methodology, including behavioral, subjective and eye-movements data. The results revealed differences between experts and first-time riders, as well as the effect of training on the novice group. As expected, training led to an improvement in the riding skills of first-time riders, reducing the number of accidents, improving their capacity to adapt their speed to the situation, reducing trajectory-corrective movements, and changing their pattern of gaze exploration. We identified several behavioral and eye-related measures that are sensitive to both long-term experience and training in motorcycle riders. These findings will be useful for the design of on-line monitoring systems to evaluate changes in risk behavior and of programs for preventing and controlling risk behavior and improving situation awareness for novice riders, with the ultimate aim of reducing road-user mortality.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Leandro Luigi Di Stasi; Rebekka Renner; Andrés Catena; José J Cañas; Boris M Velichkovsky; Sebastian Pannasch

Towards a driver fatigue test based on the saccadic main sequence: A partial validation by subjective report data Journal Article

Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 21 (1), pp. 122–133, 2012.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{DiStasi2012,
title = {Towards a driver fatigue test based on the saccadic main sequence: A partial validation by subjective report data},
author = {Leandro Luigi {Di Stasi} and Rebekka Renner and Andrés Catena and José J Ca{ñ}as and Boris M Velichkovsky and Sebastian Pannasch},
doi = {10.1016/j.trc.2011.07.002},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies},
volume = {21},
number = {1},
pages = {122--133},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
abstract = {Developing a valid measurement of mental fatigue remains a big challenge and would be beneficial for various application areas, such as the improvement of road traffic safety. In the present study we examined influences of mental fatigue on the dynamics of saccadic eye movements. Based on previous findings, we propose that among amplitude and duration of saccades, the peak velocity of saccadic eye movements is particularly sensitive to changes in mental fatigue. Ten participants completed a fixation task before and after 2. h of driving in a virtual simulation environment as well as after a rest break of fifteen minutes. Driving and rest break were assumed to directly influence the level of mental fatigue and were evaluated using subjective ratings and eye movement indices. According to the subjective ratings, mental fatigue was highest after driving but decreased after the rest break. The peak velocity of saccadic eye movements decreased after driving while the duration of saccades increased, but no effects of the rest break were observed in the saccade parameters. We conclude that saccadic eye movement parameters-particularly the peak velocity-are sensitive indicators for mental fatigue. According to these findings, the peak velocity analysis represents a valid on-line measure for the detection of mental fatigue, providing the basis for the development of new vigilance screening tools to prevent accidents in several application domains.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Leandro Luigi Di Stasi; Adoración Antolí; José Juan Cañas

Evaluating mental workload while interacting with computer-generated artificial environments Journal Article

Entertainment Computing, 4 (1), pp. 63–69, 2013.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Leandro Luigi Di Stasi; Andrés Catena; José J Cañas; Stephen L Macknik; Susana Martinez-Conde

Saccadic velocity as an arousal index in naturalistic tasks Journal Article

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 37 (5), pp. 968–975, 2013.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Leandro Luigi Di Stasi; Raúl Cabestrero; Michael B McCamy; Francisco Rios; Andrés Catena; Pilar Quirós; Jose A Lopez; Carolina Saez; Stephen L Macknik; Susana Martinez‐Conde

Intersaccadic drift velocity is sensitive to short‐term hypobaric hypoxia Journal Article

European Journal of Neuroscience, 39 , pp. 1384–1390, 2014.

Abstract | BibTeX

Leandro Luigi Di Stasi; Michael B McCamy; Stephen L Macknik; James A Mankin; Nicole Hooft; Andrés Catena; Susana Martinez-Conde

Saccadic eye movement metrics reflect surgical residents′ fatigue Journal Article

Annals of Surgery, 259 (4), pp. 824–829, 2014.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{DiStasi2014b,
title = {Saccadic eye movement metrics reflect surgical residents′ fatigue},
author = {Leandro Luigi {Di Stasi} and Michael B McCamy and Stephen L Macknik and James A Mankin and Nicole Hooft and Andrés Catena and Susana Martinez-Conde},
doi = {10.1097/SLA.0000000000000260},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Annals of Surgery},
volume = {259},
number = {4},
pages = {824--829},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Little is known about the effects of surgical residentsÊ fatigue on patient safety. We monitored surgical residentsÊ fatigue levels during their call day using (1) eye movement metrics, (2) objective measures of laparoscopic surgical performance, and (3) subjective reports based on standardized questionnaires. BACKGROUND: Prior attempts to investigate the effects of fatigue on surgical performance have suffered from methodological limitations, including inconsistent definitions and lack of objective measures of fatigue, and nonstandardized measures of surgical performance. Recent research has shown that fatigue can affect the characteristics of saccadic (fast ballistic) eye movements in nonsurgical scenarios. Here we asked whether fatigue induced by time-on-duty (∼24 hours) might affect saccadic metrics in surgical residents. Because saccadic velocity is not under voluntary control, a fatigue index based on saccadic velocity has the potential to provide an accurate and unbiased measure of the residentÊs fatigue level. METHODS: We measured the eye movements of members of the general surgery resident team at St. JosephÊs Hospital and Medical Center (Phoenix, AZ) (6 males and 6 females), using a head-mounted video eye tracker (similar configuration to a surgical headlight), during the performance of 3 tasks: 2 simulated laparoscopic surgery tasks (peg transfer and precision cutting) and a guided saccade task, before and after their call day. Residents rated their perceived fatigue level every 3 hours throughout their 24-hour shift, using a standardized scale. RESULTS:: Time-on-duty decreased saccadic velocity and increased subjective fatigue but did not affect laparoscopic performance. These results support the hypothesis that saccadic indices reflect graded changes in fatigue. They also indicate that fatigue due to prolonged time-on-duty does not result necessarily in medical error, highlighting the complicated relationship among continuity of care, patient safety, and fatigued providers. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show, for the first time, that saccadic velocity is a reliable indicator of the subjective fatigue of health care professionals during prolonged time-on-duty. These findings have potential impacts for the development of neuroergonomic tools to detect fatigue among health professionals and in the specifications of future guidelines regarding residentsÊ duty hours.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

OBJECTIVE: Little is known about the effects of surgical residentsÊ fatigue on patient safety. We monitored surgical residentsÊ fatigue levels during their call day using (1) eye movement metrics, (2) objective measures of laparoscopic surgical performance, and (3) subjective reports based on standardized questionnaires. BACKGROUND: Prior attempts to investigate the effects of fatigue on surgical performance have suffered from methodological limitations, including inconsistent definitions and lack of objective measures of fatigue, and nonstandardized measures of surgical performance. Recent research has shown that fatigue can affect the characteristics of saccadic (fast ballistic) eye movements in nonsurgical scenarios. Here we asked whether fatigue induced by time-on-duty (∼24 hours) might affect saccadic metrics in surgical residents. Because saccadic velocity is not under voluntary control, a fatigue index based on saccadic velocity has the potential to provide an accurate and unbiased measure of the residentÊs fatigue level. METHODS: We measured the eye movements of members of the general surgery resident team at St. JosephÊs Hospital and Medical Center (Phoenix, AZ) (6 males and 6 females), using a head-mounted video eye tracker (similar configuration to a surgical headlight), during the performance of 3 tasks: 2 simulated laparoscopic surgery tasks (peg transfer and precision cutting) and a guided saccade task, before and after their call day. Residents rated their perceived fatigue level every 3 hours throughout their 24-hour shift, using a standardized scale. RESULTS:: Time-on-duty decreased saccadic velocity and increased subjective fatigue but did not affect laparoscopic performance. These results support the hypothesis that saccadic indices reflect graded changes in fatigue. They also indicate that fatigue due to prolonged time-on-duty does not result necessarily in medical error, highlighting the complicated relationship among continuity of care, patient safety, and fatigued providers. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show, for the first time, that saccadic velocity is a reliable indicator of the subjective fatigue of health care professionals during prolonged time-on-duty. These findings have potential impacts for the development of neuroergonomic tools to detect fatigue among health professionals and in the specifications of future guidelines regarding residentsÊ duty hours.

Leandro Luigi Di Stasi; Michael B McCamy; Sebastian Pannasch; Rebekka Renner; Andrés Catena; José J Cañas; Boris M Velichkovsky; Susana Martinez-Conde

Effects of driving time on microsaccadic dynamics Journal Article

Experimental Brain Research, 233 (2), pp. 599–605, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Leandro Luigi Di Stasi; Michael B McCamy; Susana Martinez-Conde; Ellis Gayles; Chad Hoare; Michael Foster; Andrés Catena; Stephen L Macknik

Effects of long and short simulated flights on the saccadic eye movement velocity of aviators Journal Article

Physiology & Behavior, 153 , pp. 91–96, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Ewa Domaradzka; Maksymilian Bielecki

Deadly attraction - attentional bias toward preferred cigarette brand in smokers Journal Article

Frontiers in Psychology, 8 , pp. 1–11, 2017.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Domaradzka2017,
title = {Deadly attraction - attentional bias toward preferred cigarette brand in smokers},
author = {Ewa Domaradzka and Maksymilian Bielecki},
doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01365},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
volume = {8},
pages = {1--11},
abstract = {Numerous studies have shown that biases in visual attention might be evoked by affective and personally relevant stimuli, for example addiction-related objects. Despite the fact that addiction is often linked to specific products and systematic purchase behaviors, no studies focused directly on the existence of bias evoked by brands. Smokers are characterized by high levels of brand loyalty and everyday contact with cigarette packaging. Using the incentive-salience mechanism as a theoretical framework, we hypothesized that this group might exhibit a bias toward the preferred cigarette brand. In our study, a group of smokers (N = 40) performed a dot probe task while their eye movements were recorded. In every trial a pair of pictures was presented – each of them showed a single cigarette pack. The visual properties of stimuli were carefully controlled, so branding information was the key factor affecting subjects' reactions. For each participant, we compared gaze behavior related to the preferred vs. other brands. The analyses revealed no attentional bias in the early, orienting phase of the stimulus processing and strong differences in maintenance and disengagement. Participants spent more time looking at the preferred cigarettes and saccades starting at the preferred brand location had longer latencies. In sum, our data shows that attentional bias toward brands might be found in situations not involving choice or decision making. These results provide important insights into the mechanisms of formation and maintenance of attentiona l biases to stimuli of personal relevance and might serve as a first step toward developing new attitude measurement techniques.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Trafton Drew; Melissa Le-Hoa Võ; Alex Olwal; Francine Jacobson; Steven E Seltzer; Jeremy M Wolfe

Scanners and drillers: Characterizing expert visual search through volumetric images Journal Article

Journal of Vision, 13 (10), pp. 1–13, 2013.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Lien Dupont; Marc Antrop; Veerle Van Eetvelde

Eye-tracking analysis in landscape perception research: Influence of photograph properties and landscape characteristics Journal Article

Landscape Research, 39 (4), pp. 417–432, 2014.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Ashleigh J Filtness; Vanessa Beanland

Sleep loss and change detection in driving scenes Journal Article

Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 57 , pp. 10–22, 2018.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Filtness2018,
title = {Sleep loss and change detection in driving scenes},
author = {Ashleigh J Filtness and Vanessa Beanland},
doi = {10.1016/j.trf.2017.10.003},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour},
volume = {57},
pages = {10--22},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
abstract = {Driver sleepiness is a significant road safety problem. Sleep-related crashes occur on both urban and rural roads, yet to date driver-sleepiness research has focused on understanding impairment in rural and motorway driving. The ability to detect changes is an attention and awareness skill vital for everyday safe driving. Previous research has demonstrated that person states, such as age or motivation, influence susceptibility to change blindness (i.e., failure or delay in detecting changes). The current work considers whether sleepiness increases the likelihood of change blindness within urban and rural driving contexts. Twenty fully-licenced drivers completed a change detection ‘flicker' task twice in a counterbalanced design: once following a normal night of sleep (7–8 h) and once following sleep restriction (5 h). Change detection accuracy and response time were recorded while eye movements were continuously tracked. Accuracy was not significantly affected by sleep loss; however, following sleep loss there was some evidence of slowed change detection responses to urban images, but faster responses for rural images. Visual scanning across the images remained consistent between sleep conditions, resulting in no difference in the probability of fixating on the change target. Overall, the results suggest that sleep loss has minimal impact on change detection accuracy and visual scanning for changes in driving scenes. However, a subtle difference in response time to change detection between urban and rural images indicates that change blindness may have implications for sleep-related crashes in more visually complex urban environments. Further research is needed to confirm this finding.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Heather Flowe

An exploration of visual behaviour in eyewitness identification tests Journal Article

Applied Cognitive Psychology, 25 (2), pp. 244–254, 2011.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Heather Flowe; Garrison W Cottrell

An examination of simultaneous lineup identification decision processes using eye tracking Journal Article

Applied Cognitive Psychology, 25 , pp. 443–451, 2011.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Daniel Frings; John Parkin; Anne M Ridley

The effects of cycle lanes, vehicle to kerb distance and vehicle type on cyclists' attention allocation during junction negotiation Journal Article

Accident Analysis & Prevention, 72 , pp. 411–421, 2014.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Frings2014,
title = {The effects of cycle lanes, vehicle to kerb distance and vehicle type on cyclists' attention allocation during junction negotiation},
author = {Daniel Frings and John Parkin and Anne M Ridley},
doi = {10.1016/j.aap.2014.07.034},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Accident Analysis & Prevention},
volume = {72},
pages = {411--421},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
abstract = {Increased frequency of cycle journeys has led to an escalation in collisions between cyclists and vehicles, particularly at shared junctions. Risks associated with passing decisions have been shown to influence cyclists' behavioural intentions. The current study extended this research by linking not only risk perception but also attention allocation (via tracking the eye movements of twenty cyclists viewing junction approaches presented on video) to behavioural intentions. These constructs were measured in a variety of contexts: junctions featuring cycle lanes, large vs. small vehicles and differing kerb to vehicle distances). Overall, cyclists devoted the majority of their attention to the nearside (side closest to kerb) of vehicles, and perceived near and offside (side furthest from kerb) passing as most risky. Waiting behind was the most frequent behavioural intention, followed by nearside and then offside passing. While cycle lane presence did not affect behaviour, it did lead to nearside passing being perceived as less risky, and to less attention being devoted to the offside. Large vehicles led to increased risk perceived with passing, and more attention directed towards the rear of vehicles, with reduced offside passing and increased intentions to remain behind the vehicle. Whether the vehicle was large or small, nearside passing was preferred around 30% of the time. Wide kerb distances increased nearside passing intentions and lower associated perceptions of risk. Additionally, relationships between attention and both risk evaluations and behaviours were observed. These results are discussed in relation to the cyclists' situational awareness and biases that various contextual factors can introduce. From these, recommendations for road safety and training are suggested.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Benjamin Gagl

Blue hypertext is a good design decision: No perceptual disadvantage in reading and successful highlighting of relevant information Journal Article

PeerJ, 4 , pp. 1–11, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Gagl2016,
title = {Blue hypertext is a good design decision: No perceptual disadvantage in reading and successful highlighting of relevant information},
author = {Benjamin Gagl},
doi = {10.7717/peerj.2467},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {PeerJ},
volume = {4},
pages = {1--11},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Highlighted text in the Internet (i.e., hypertext) is predominantly blue and underlined. The perceptibility of these hypertext characteristics was heavily questioned by applied research and empirical tests resulted in inconclusive results. The ability to recognize blue text in foveal and parafoveal vision was identified as potentially constrained by the low number of foveally centered blue light sensitive retinal cells. The present study investigates if foveal and parafoveal perceptibility of blue hypertext is reduced in comparison to normal black text during reading. METHODS: A silent-sentence reading study with simultaneous eye movement recordings and the invisible boundary paradigm, which allows the investigation of foveal and parafoveal perceptibility, separately, was realized (comparing fixation times after degraded vs. un-degraded parafoveal previews). Target words in sentences were presented in either black or blue and either underlined or normal. RESULTS: No effect of color and underlining, but a preview benefit could be detected for first pass reading measures. Fixation time measures that included re-reading, e.g., total viewing times, showed, in addition to a preview effect, a reduced fixation time for not highlighted (black not underlined) in contrast to highlighted target words (either blue or underlined or both). DISCUSSION: The present pattern reflects no detectable perceptual disadvantage of hyperlink stimuli but increased attraction of attention resources, after first pass reading, through highlighting. Blue or underlined text allows readers to easily perceive hypertext and at the same time readers re-visited highlighted words longer. On the basis of the present evidence, blue hypertext can be safely recommended to web designers for future use.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Elizabeth Gilman; Geoffrey Underwood

Restricting the field of view to investigate the perceptual spans of pianists Journal Article

Visual Cognition, 10 (2), pp. 201–232, 2003.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Mackenzie G Glaholt; Grace Sim

Gaze-contingent center-surround fusion of infrared images to facilitate visual search for human targets Journal Article

Journal of Imaging Science and Technology, 61 (1), pp. 230–235, 2017.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Hayward J Godwin; Stuart Hyde; Dominic Taunton; James Calver; James I R Blake; Simon P Liversedge

The influence of expertise on maritime driving behaviour Journal Article

Applied Cognitive Psychology, 27 (4), pp. 483–492, 2013.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Hayward J Godwin; Simon P Liversedge; Julie A Kirkby; Michael Boardman; Katherine Cornes; Nick Donnelly

The influence of experience upon information-sampling and decision-making behaviour during risk assessment in military personnel Journal Article

Visual Cognition, 23 (4), pp. 415–431, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Elise Grison; Valérie Gyselinck; Jean Marie Burkhardt; Jan Malte Wiener

Route planning with transportation network maps: An eye-tracking study Journal Article

Psychological Research, 81 (5), pp. 1020–1034, 2017.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Michael W von Grünau; Kamala Pilgrim; Rong Zhou

Velocity discrimination thresholds for flowfield motions with moving observers Journal Article

Vision Research, 47 (18), pp. 2453–2464, 2007.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Katja I Häuser; Vera Demberg; Jutta Kray

Surprisal modulates dual-task performance in older adults: Pupillometry shows age-related trade-offs in task performance and time-course of language processing Journal Article

Psychology and Aging, 33 (8), pp. 1168–1180, 2018.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Haeuser2018,
title = {Surprisal modulates dual-task performance in older adults: Pupillometry shows age-related trade-offs in task performance and time-course of language processing},
author = {Katja I Häuser and Vera Demberg and Jutta Kray},
doi = {10.1037/pag0000316},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Psychology and Aging},
volume = {33},
number = {8},
pages = {1168--1180},
abstract = {Even though older adults are known to have difficulty at language processing when a secondary task has to be performed simultaneously, few studies have addressed how older adults process language in dual-task demands when linguistic load is systematically varied. Here, we manipulated surprisal, an information theoretic measure that quantifies the amount of new information conveyed by a word, to investigate how linguistic load affects younger and older adults during early and late stages of sentence processing under conditions when attention is split between two tasks. In high-surprisal sentences, target words were implausible and mismatched with semantic expectancies based on context, thereby causing integration difficulty. Participants performed semantic meaningfulness judgments on sentences that were presented in isolation (single task) or while performing a secondary tracking task (dual task). Cognitive load was measured by means of pupillometry. Mixed-effects models were fit to the data, showing the following: (a) During the dual task, younger but not older adults demonstrated early sensitivity to surprisal (higher levels of cognitive load, indexed by pupil size) as sentences were heard online; (b) Older adults showed no immediate reaction to surprisal, but a delayed response, where their meaningfulness judgments to high-surprisal words remained stable in accuracy, while secondary tracking performance declined. Findings are discussed in relation to age-related trade-offs in dual tasking and differences in the allocation of attentional resources during language processing. Collectively, our data show that higher linguistic load leads to task trade-offs in older adults and differently affects the time course of online language processing in aging.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Ziad M Hafed; Katarina Stingl; Karl Ulrich Bartz-Schmidt; Florian Gekeler; Eberhart Zrenner

Oculomotor behavior of blind patients seeing with a subretinal visual implant Journal Article

Vision Research, 118 , pp. 119–131, 2016.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Hafed2016,
title = {Oculomotor behavior of blind patients seeing with a subretinal visual implant},
author = {Ziad M Hafed and Katarina Stingl and Karl Ulrich Bartz-Schmidt and Florian Gekeler and Eberhart Zrenner},
doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2015.04.006},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Vision Research},
volume = {118},
pages = {119--131},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
abstract = {Electronic implants are able to restore some visual function in blind patients with hereditary retinal degenerations. Subretinal visual implants, such as the CE-approved Retina Implant Alpha IMS (Retina Implant AG, Reutlingen, Germany), sense light through the eye's optics and subsequently stimulate retinal bipolar cells via ~1500 independent pixels to project visual signals to the brain. Because these devices are directly implanted beneath the fovea, they potentially harness the full benefit of eye movements to scan scenes and fixate objects. However, so far, the oculomotor behavior of patients using subretinal implants has not been characterized. Here, we tracked eye movements in two blind patients seeing with a subretinal implant, and we compared them to those of three healthy controls. We presented bright geometric shapes on a dark background, and we asked the patients to report seeing them or not. We found that once the patients visually localized the shapes, they fixated well and exhibited classic oculomotor fixational patterns, including the generation of microsaccades and ocular drifts. Further, we found that a reduced frequency of saccades and microsaccades was correlated with loss of visibility. Last, but not least, gaze location corresponded to the location of the stimulus, and shape and size aspects of the viewed stimulus were reflected by the direction and size of saccades. Our results pave the way for future use of eye tracking in subretinal implant patients, not only to understand their oculomotor behavior, but also to design oculomotor training strategies that can help improve their quality of life.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

K C Hamborg; M Bruns; F Ollermann; K Kaspar

The effect of banner animation on fixation behavior and recall performance in search tasks Journal Article

Computers in Human Behavior, 28 (2), pp. 576–582, 2012.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

David J Hancock; Diane M Ste-Marie

Gaze behaviors and decision making accuracy of higher- and lower-level ice hockey referees Journal Article

Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14 (1), pp. 66–71, 2013.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Jessica Hanley; David Warren; Natalie Glass; Daniel Tranel; Matthew Karam; Joseph Buckwalter

Visual interpretation of plain radiographs in orthopaedics using eye-tracking technology Journal Article

The Iowa Orthopaedic Journal, 37 , pp. 225–231, 2017.

Abstract | BibTeX

@article{Hanley2017,
title = {Visual interpretation of plain radiographs in orthopaedics using eye-tracking technology},
author = {Jessica Hanley and David Warren and Natalie Glass and Daniel Tranel and Matthew Karam and Joseph Buckwalter},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {The Iowa Orthopaedic Journal},
volume = {37},
pages = {225--231},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite the importance of radiographic interpretation in orthopaedics, there not a clear understanding of the specific visual strategies used while analyzing a plain film. Eyetracking technology allows for the objective study of eye movements while performing a dynamic task, such as reading X-rays. Our study looks to elucidate objective differences in image interpretation between novice and experienced orthopaedic trainees using this novel technology. METHODS: Novice and experienced orthopaedic trainees (N=23) were asked to interpret AP pelvis films, searching for unilateral acetabular fractures while eye-movements were assessed for pattern of gaze, fixation on regions of interest, and time of fixation at regions of interest. Participants were asked to label radiographs as "fractured" or "not fractured." If "fractured", the participant was asked to determine the fracture pattern. A control condition employed Ekman faces and participants judged gender and facial emotion. Data were analyzed for variation in eye movements between participants, accuracy of responses, and response time. RESULTS: Accuracy: There was no significant difference by level of training for accurately identifing fracture images (p=0.3255). There was a significant association between higher level of training and correctly identifying non-fractured images (p=0.0155); greater training was also associated with more success in identifying the correct Judet-Letournel classification (p=0.0029). Response Time: Greater training was associated with faster response times (p=0.0009 for fracture images and 0.0012 for non-fractured images). Fixation Duration: There was no correlation of average fixation duration with experience (p=0.9632). Regions of Interest (ROIs): More experience was associated with an average of two fewer fixated ROIs (p=0.0047). Number of Fixations: Increased experience was associated with fewer fixations overall (p=0.0007). CONCLUSIONS: Experience has a significant impact on both accuracy and efficiency in interpreting plain films. Greater training is associated with a shift toward a more efficient and thorough assessment of plain radiographs. Eyetracking is a useful descriptive tool in the setting of plain film interpretation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: We propose further assessment of eye movements in larger populations of orthopaedic surgeons, including staff orthopaedists. Describing the differences between novice and expert interpretation may provide insight into ways to accelerate the learning process in young orthopaedists.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

BACKGROUND: Despite the importance of radiographic interpretation in orthopaedics, there not a clear understanding of the specific visual strategies used while analyzing a plain film. Eyetracking technology allows for the objective study of eye movements while performing a dynamic task, such as reading X-rays. Our study looks to elucidate objective differences in image interpretation between novice and experienced orthopaedic trainees using this novel technology. METHODS: Novice and experienced orthopaedic trainees (N=23) were asked to interpret AP pelvis films, searching for unilateral acetabular fractures while eye-movements were assessed for pattern of gaze, fixation on regions of interest, and time of fixation at regions of interest. Participants were asked to label radiographs as "fractured" or "not fractured." If "fractured", the participant was asked to determine the fracture pattern. A control condition employed Ekman faces and participants judged gender and facial emotion. Data were analyzed for variation in eye movements between participants, accuracy of responses, and response time. RESULTS: Accuracy: There was no significant difference by level of training for accurately identifing fracture images (p=0.3255). There was a significant association between higher level of training and correctly identifying non-fractured images (p=0.0155); greater training was also associated with more success in identifying the correct Judet-Letournel classification (p=0.0029). Response Time: Greater training was associated with faster response times (p=0.0009 for fracture images and 0.0012 for non-fractured images). Fixation Duration: There was no correlation of average fixation duration with experience (p=0.9632). Regions of Interest (ROIs): More experience was associated with an average of two fewer fixated ROIs (p=0.0047). Number of Fixations: Increased experience was associated with fewer fixations overall (p=0.0007). CONCLUSIONS: Experience has a significant impact on both accuracy and efficiency in interpreting plain films. Greater training is associated with a shift toward a more efficient and thorough assessment of plain radiographs. Eyetracking is a useful descriptive tool in the setting of plain film interpretation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: We propose further assessment of eye movements in larger populations of orthopaedic surgeons, including staff orthopaedists. Describing the differences between novice and expert interpretation may provide insight into ways to accelerate the learning process in young orthopaedists.

Alistair J Harvey; Wendy Kneller; Alison C Campbell

The effects of alcohol intoxication on attention and memory for visual scenes. Journal Article

Memory, 21 (8), pp. 969–980, 2013.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Lisena Hasanaj; Sujata P Thawani; Nikki Webb; Julia D Drattell; Liliana Serrano; Rachel C Nolan; Jenelle Raynowska; Todd E Hudson; John-Ross Ross Rizzo; Weiwei Dai; Bryan McComb; Judith D Goldberg; Janet C Rucker; Steven L Galetta; Laura J Balcer

Rapid number naming and quantitative eye movements may reflect contact sport exposure in a collegiate ice hockey cohort Journal Article

Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology, 38 (1), pp. 24–29, 2018.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Sogand Hasanzadeh; Behzad Esmaeili; Michael D Dodd

Measuring the impacts of safety knowledge on construction workers' attentional allocation and hazard detection using remote eye-tracking technology Journal Article

Journal of Management in Engineering, 33 (5), pp. 1–17, 2017.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Hasanzadeh2017a,
title = {Measuring the impacts of safety knowledge on construction workers' attentional allocation and hazard detection using remote eye-tracking technology},
author = {Sogand Hasanzadeh and Behzad Esmaeili and Michael D Dodd},
doi = {10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000526},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Management in Engineering},
volume = {33},
number = {5},
pages = {1--17},
abstract = {Although several studies have highlighted the importance of attention in reducing the number of injuries in the construction industry, few have attempted to empirically measure the attention of construction workers. One technique that can be used to measure worker attention is eye tracking, which is widely accepted as the most direct and continuous measure of attention because where one looks is highly correlated with where one is focusing his or her attention. Thus, with the fundamental objective of measuring the impacts of safety knowledge (specifically, training, work experience, and injury exposure) on construction workers' attentional allocation, this study demonstrates the application of eye tracking to the realm of construction safety practices. To achieve this objective, a laboratory experiment was designed in which participants identified safety hazards presented in 35 construction site images ordered randomly, each of which showed multiple hazards varying in safety risk. During the experiment, the eye movements of 27 construction workers were recorded using a head-mounted EyeLink II system. The impact of worker safety knowledge in terms of training, work experience, and injury exposure (independent variables) on eye-tracking metrics (dependent variables) was then assessed by implementing numerous permutation simulations. The results show that tacit safety knowledge acquired from work experience and injury exposure can significantly improve construction workers' hazard detection and visual search strategies. The results also demonstrate that (1) there is minimal difference, with or without the Occupational Safety and Health Administration 10-h certificate, in workers' search strategies and attentional patterns while exposed to or seeing hazardous situations; (2) relative to less experienced workers (textless5 years), more experienced workers (textgreater10 years) need less processing time and deploy more frequent short fixations on hazardous areas to maintain situational awareness of the environment; and (3) injury exposure significantly impacts a worker's visual search strategy and attentional allocation. In sum, practical safety knowledge and judgment on a jobsite requires the interaction of both tacit and explicit knowledge gained through work experience, injury exposure, and interactive safety training. This study significantly contributes to the literature by demonstrating the potential application of eye-tracking technology in studying the attentional allocation of construction workers. Regarding practice, the results of the study show that eye tracking can be used to improve worker training and preparedness, which will yield safer working conditions, detect at-risk workers, and improve the effectiveness of safety-training programs.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Although several studies have highlighted the importance of attention in reducing the number of injuries in the construction industry, few have attempted to empirically measure the attention of construction workers. One technique that can be used to measure worker attention is eye tracking, which is widely accepted as the most direct and continuous measure of attention because where one looks is highly correlated with where one is focusing his or her attention. Thus, with the fundamental objective of measuring the impacts of safety knowledge (specifically, training, work experience, and injury exposure) on construction workers' attentional allocation, this study demonstrates the application of eye tracking to the realm of construction safety practices. To achieve this objective, a laboratory experiment was designed in which participants identified safety hazards presented in 35 construction site images ordered randomly, each of which showed multiple hazards varying in safety risk. During the experiment, the eye movements of 27 construction workers were recorded using a head-mounted EyeLink II system. The impact of worker safety knowledge in terms of training, work experience, and injury exposure (independent variables) on eye-tracking metrics (dependent variables) was then assessed by implementing numerous permutation simulations. The results show that tacit safety knowledge acquired from work experience and injury exposure can significantly improve construction workers' hazard detection and visual search strategies. The results also demonstrate that (1) there is minimal difference, with or without the Occupational Safety and Health Administration 10-h certificate, in workers' search strategies and attentional patterns while exposed to or seeing hazardous situations; (2) relative to less experienced workers (textless5 years), more experienced workers (textgreater10 years) need less processing time and deploy more frequent short fixations on hazardous areas to maintain situational awareness of the environment; and (3) injury exposure significantly impacts a worker's visual search strategy and attentional allocation. In sum, practical safety knowledge and judgment on a jobsite requires the interaction of both tacit and explicit knowledge gained through work experience, injury exposure, and interactive safety training. This study significantly contributes to the literature by demonstrating the potential application of eye-tracking technology in studying the attentional allocation of construction workers. Regarding practice, the results of the study show that eye tracking can be used to improve worker training and preparedness, which will yield safer working conditions, detect at-risk workers, and improve the effectiveness of safety-training programs.

Sogand Hasanzadeh; Behzad Esmaeili; Michael D Dodd

Impact of construction workers' hazard identification skills on their visual attention Journal Article

Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 143 (10), pp. 1–16, 2017.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Hasanzadeh2017b,
title = {Impact of construction workers' hazard identification skills on their visual attention},
author = {Sogand Hasanzadeh and Behzad Esmaeili and Michael D Dodd},
doi = {10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001373},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Construction Engineering and Management},
volume = {143},
number = {10},
pages = {1--16},
abstract = {Eye-movement metrics have been shown to correlate with attention and, therefore, represent a means of identifying and analyzing an individual's cognitive processes. Human errors--such as failure to identify a hazard--are often attributed to a worker's lack of attention. Piecemeal attempts have been made to investigate the potential of harnessing eye movements as predictors of human error (e.g., failure to identify a hazard) in the construction industry, although more attempts have investigated human error via subjective measurements. To address this knowledge gap, the present study harnessed eye-tracking technology to evaluate the impacts of workers' hazard-identification skills on their attentional distributions and visual search strategies. To achieve this objective, an experiment was designed in which the eye movements of 31 construction workers were tracked while they searched for hazards in 35 randomly ordered construction scenario images. Workers were then divided into three groups on the basis of their hazard identification performance. Three fixation-related metrics--fixation count, dwell-time percentage, and run count--were analyzed during the eye-tracking experiment for each group (low, medium, and high hazard-identification skills) across various types of hazards. Then, multivariate ANOVA (MANOVA) was used to evaluate the impact of workers' hazard-identification skills on their visual attention. To further investigate the effect of hazard identification skills on the dependent variables (eye movement metrics), two distinct processes followed: separate ANOVAs on each of the dependent variables, and a discriminant function analysis. The analyses indicated that hazard identification skills significantly impact workers' visual search strategies: workers with higher hazard-identification skills had lower dwell-time percentages on ladder-related hazards; higher fixation counts on fall-to-lower-level hazards; and higher fixation counts and run counts on fall-protection systems, struck-by, housekeeping, and all hazardous areas combined. Among the eye-movement metrics studied, fixation count had the largest standardized coefficient in all canonical discriminant functions, which implies that this eye-movement metric uniquely discriminates workers with high hazard-identification skills and at-risk workers. Because discriminant function analysis is similar to regression, discriminant function (linear combinations of eye-movement metrics) can be used to predict workers' hazard-identification capabilities. In conclusion, this study provides a proof of concept that certain eye- movement metrics are predictive indicators of human error due to attentional failure. These outcomes stemmed from a laboratory setting, and, foreseeably, safety managers in the future will be able to use these findings to identify at-risk construction workers, pinpoint required safety training, measure training effectiveness, and eventually improve future personal protective equipment to measure construction workers' situation awareness in real time.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Eye-movement metrics have been shown to correlate with attention and, therefore, represent a means of identifying and analyzing an individual's cognitive processes. Human errors--such as failure to identify a hazard--are often attributed to a worker's lack of attention. Piecemeal attempts have been made to investigate the potential of harnessing eye movements as predictors of human error (e.g., failure to identify a hazard) in the construction industry, although more attempts have investigated human error via subjective measurements. To address this knowledge gap, the present study harnessed eye-tracking technology to evaluate the impacts of workers' hazard-identification skills on their attentional distributions and visual search strategies. To achieve this objective, an experiment was designed in which the eye movements of 31 construction workers were tracked while they searched for hazards in 35 randomly ordered construction scenario images. Workers were then divided into three groups on the basis of their hazard identification performance. Three fixation-related metrics--fixation count, dwell-time percentage, and run count--were analyzed during the eye-tracking experiment for each group (low, medium, and high hazard-identification skills) across various types of hazards. Then, multivariate ANOVA (MANOVA) was used to evaluate the impact of workers' hazard-identification skills on their visual attention. To further investigate the effect of hazard identification skills on the dependent variables (eye movement metrics), two distinct processes followed: separate ANOVAs on each of the dependent variables, and a discriminant function analysis. The analyses indicated that hazard identification skills significantly impact workers' visual search strategies: workers with higher hazard-identification skills had lower dwell-time percentages on ladder-related hazards; higher fixation counts on fall-to-lower-level hazards; and higher fixation counts and run counts on fall-protection systems, struck-by, housekeeping, and all hazardous areas combined. Among the eye-movement metrics studied, fixation count had the largest standardized coefficient in all canonical discriminant functions, which implies that this eye-movement metric uniquely discriminates workers with high hazard-identification skills and at-risk workers. Because discriminant function analysis is similar to regression, discriminant function (linear combinations of eye-movement metrics) can be used to predict workers' hazard-identification capabilities. In conclusion, this study provides a proof of concept that certain eye- movement metrics are predictive indicators of human error due to attentional failure. These outcomes stemmed from a laboratory setting, and, foreseeably, safety managers in the future will be able to use these findings to identify at-risk construction workers, pinpoint required safety training, measure training effectiveness, and eventually improve future personal protective equipment to measure construction workers' situation awareness in real time.

Claire Louise Heard; Tim Rakow; Tom Foulsham

Understanding the effect of information presentation order and orientation on information search and treatment evaluation Journal Article

Medical Decision Making, 38 (6), pp. 646–657, 2018.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Matthew Heath; Erin Shellington; Sam Titheridge; Dawn P Gill; Robert J Petrella

A 24-week multi-modality exercise program improves executive control in older adults with a self-reported cognitive complaint: Evidence from the antisaccade task Journal Article

Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 56 (1), pp. 167–183, 2017.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Heath2017,
title = {A 24-week multi-modality exercise program improves executive control in older adults with a self-reported cognitive complaint: Evidence from the antisaccade task},
author = {Matthew Heath and Erin Shellington and Sam Titheridge and Dawn P Gill and Robert J Petrella},
doi = {10.3233/JAD-160627},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Alzheimer's Disease},
volume = {56},
number = {1},
pages = {167--183},
abstract = {Exercise programs involving aerobic and resistance training (i.e., multiple-modality) have shown promise in improving cognition and executive control in older adults at risk, or experiencing, cognitive decline. It is, however, unclear whether cognitive training within a multiple-modality program elicits an additive benefit to executive/cognitive processes. This is an important question to resolve in order to identify optimal training programs that delay, or ameliorate, executive deficits in persons at risk for further cognitive decline. In the present study, individuals with a self-reported cognitive complaint (SCC) participated in a 24-week multiple-modality (i.e., the M2 group) exercise intervention program. In addition, a separate group of individuals with a SCC completed the same aerobic and resistance training as the M2 group but also completed a cognitive-based stepping task (i.e., multiple-modality, mind-motor intervention: M4 group). Notably, pre- and post-intervention executive control was examined via the antisaccade task (i.e., eye movement mirror-symmetrical to a target). Antisaccades are an ideal tool for the study of individuals with subtle executive deficits because of its hands- and language-free nature and because the task's neural mechanisms are linked to neuropathology in cognitive decline (i.e., prefrontal cortex). Results showed that M2 and M4 group antisaccade reaction times reliably decreased from pre- to post-intervention and the magnitude of the decrease was consistent across groups. Thus, multi-modality exercise training improved executive performance in persons with a SCC independent of mind-motor training. Accordingly, we propose that multiple-modality training provides a sufficient intervention to improve executive control in persons with a SCC.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Kristin J Heaton; Alexis L Maule; Jun Maruta; Elisabeth M Kryskow; Jamshid Ghajar

Attention and visual tracking degradation during acute sleep deprivation in a military sample Journal Article

Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine, 85 (5), pp. 497–503, 2014.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Heaton2014,
title = {Attention and visual tracking degradation during acute sleep deprivation in a military sample},
author = {Kristin J Heaton and Alexis L Maule and Jun Maruta and Elisabeth M Kryskow and Jamshid Ghajar},
doi = {10.3357/ASEM.3882.2014},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine},
volume = {85},
number = {5},
pages = {497--503},
abstract = {Background: Fatigue due to sleep restriction places individuals at elevated risk for accidents, degraded health, and impaired physical and mental performance. Early detection of fatigue-related performance decrements is an important component of injury prevention and can help to ensure optimal performance and mission readiness. This study used a predictive visual tracking task and a computer-based measure of attention to characterize fatigue-related attention decrements in healthy Army personnel during acute sleep deprivation. Methods: Serving as subjects in this laboratory-based study were 87 male and female service members between the ages of 18 and 50 with no history of brain injury with loss of consciousness, substance abuse, or significant psychiatric or neurologic diagnoses. Subjects underwent 26 h of sleep deprivation, during which eye movement measures from a continuous circular visual tracking task and attention measures (reaction time, accuracy) from the Attention Network Test (ANT) were collected at baseline, 20 h awake, and between 24 to 26 h awake. Results: Increases in the variability of gaze positional errors (46-47%), as well as reaction time-based ANT measures (9-65%), were observed across 26 h of sleep deprivation. Accuracy of ANT responses declined across this same period (11%). Discussion: Performance measures of predictive visual tracking accurately reflect impaired attention due to acute sleep deprivation and provide a promising approach for assessing readiness in personnel serving in diverse occupational areas, including flight and ground support crews.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Mary Hegarty; Matt S Canham; Sara I Fabrikant

Thinking about the weather: How display salience and knowledge affect performance in a graphic inference task Journal Article

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36 (1), pp. 37–53, 2010.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Mary Hegarty; Harvey S Smallman; Andrew T Stull

Choosing and using geospatial displays: Effects of design on performance and metacognition Journal Article

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 18 (1), pp. 1–17, 2012.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Hegarty2012,
title = {Choosing and using geospatial displays: Effects of design on performance and metacognition},
author = {Mary Hegarty and Harvey S Smallman and Andrew T Stull},
doi = {10.1037/a0026625},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied},
volume = {18},
number = {1},
pages = {1--17},
abstract = {Interactive display systems give users flexibility to tailor their visual displays to different tasks and situations. However, in order for such flexibility to be beneficial, users need to understand how to tailor displays to different tasks (to possess “metarepresentational competence”). Recent research suggests that people may desire more complex and realistic displays than are most effective (Smallman & St. John, 2005). In Experiment 1, undergraduate students were tested on a comprehension task with geospatial displays (weather maps) that varied in the number of extraneous variables displayed. Their metacognitive judgments about the relative effectiveness of the displays were also solicited. Extraneous variables slowed response time and increased errors, but participants favored complex maps that looked more realistic about one third of the time. In Experiment 2, the eye fixations of undergraduate students were monitored as they performed the comprehension task. Complex maps that looked more realistic led to more eye fixations on both task-relevant and task-irrelevant regions of the displays. Experiment 3 compared performance of experienced meteorologists and undergraduate students on the comprehension and metacognitive tasks. Meteorologists were as likely as undergraduate students to prefer geographically complex (realistic) displays and more likely than undergraduates to opt for displays that added extraneous weather variables. However, meteorologists were also slower and less accurate with complex than with simple displays. This work highlights the importance of empirically testing principles of visual display design and suggests some limits to metarepresentational competence.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Benedetta Heimler; Francesco Pavani; Mieke Donk; Wieske van Zoest

Stimulus-and goal-driven control of eye movements: Action videogame players are faster but not better Journal Article

Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 76 (8), pp. 2398–2412, 2014.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Heimler2014,
title = {Stimulus-and goal-driven control of eye movements: Action videogame players are faster but not better},
author = {Benedetta Heimler and Francesco Pavani and Mieke Donk and Wieske van Zoest},
doi = {10.3758/s13414-014-0736-x},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics},
volume = {76},
number = {8},
pages = {2398--2412},
abstract = {Action videogame players (AVGPs) have been shown to outperform nongamers (NVGPs) in covert visual attention tasks. These advantages have been attributed to improved top-down control in this population. The time course of visual selection, which permits researchers to highlight when top-down strategies start to control performance, has rarely been investigated in AVGPs. Here, we addressed specifically this issue through an oculomotor additional-singleton paradigm. Participants were instructed to make a saccadic eye movement to a unique orientation singleton. The target was presented among homogeneous nontargets and one additional orientation singleton that was more, equally, or less salient than the target. Saliency was manipulated in the color dimension. Our results showed similar patterns of performance for both AVGPs and NVGPs: Fast-initiated saccades were saliency-driven, whereas later-initiated saccades were more goal-driven. However, although AVGPs were faster than NVGPs, they were also less accurate. Importantly, a multinomial model applied to the data revealed comparable underlying saliency-driven and goal-driven functions for the two groups. Taken together, the observed differences in performance are compatible with the presence of a lower decision bound for releasing saccades in AVGPs than in NVGPs, in the context of comparable temporal interplay between the underlying attentional mechanisms. In sum, the present findings show that in both AVGPs and NVGPs, the implementation of top-down control in visual selection takes time to come about, and they argue against the idea of a general enhancement of top-down control in AVGPs.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Jens R Helmert; Sebastian Pannasch; Boris M Velichkovsky

Influences of dwell time and cursor control on the performance in gaze driven typing Journal Article

Journal of Eye Movement Research, 2 (1), pp. 1–8, 2008.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Constanze Hesse; Tristan T Nakagawa; Heiner Deubel

Bimanual movement control is moderated by fixation strategies Journal Article

Experimental Brain Research, 202 (4), pp. 837–850, 2010.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Corey D Holland; Oleg V Komogortsev

Complex eye movement pattern biometrics: The effects of environment and stimulus Journal Article

IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 8 (12), pp. 2115–2126, 2013.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

Seung Kweon Hong

Comparison of vertical and horizontal eye movement times in the selection of visual targets by an eye input device Journal Article

Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea, 34 (1), pp. 19–27, 2015.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Hong2015,
title = {Comparison of vertical and horizontal eye movement times in the selection of visual targets by an eye input device},
author = {Seung Kweon Hong},
doi = {10.5143/JESK.2015.34.1.19},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea},
volume = {34},
number = {1},
pages = {19--27},
abstract = {Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate how well eye movement times in visual target selection tasks by an eye input device follows the typical Fitts' Law and to compare vertical and horizontal eye movement times. Background: Typically manual pointing provides excellent fit to the Fitts' Law model. However, when an eye input device is used for the visual target selection tasks, there were some debates on whether the eye movement times in can be described by the Fitts' Law. More empirical studies should be added to resolve these debates. This study is an empirical study for resolving this debate. On the other hand, many researchers reported the direction of movement in typical manual pointing has some effects on the movement times. The other question in this study is whether the direction of eye movement also affects the eye movement times. Method: A cursor movement times in visual target selection tasks by both input devices were collected. The layout of visual targets was set up by two types. Cursor starting position for vertical movement times were in the top of the monitor and visual targets were located in the bottom, while cursor starting positions for horizontal movement times were in the right of the monitor and visual targets were located in the left. Results: Although eye movement time was described by the Fitts' Law, the error rate was high and correlation was relatively low (R2 = 0.80 for horizontal movements and R2 = 0.66 for vertical movements), compared to those of manual movement. According to the movement direction, manual movement times were not significantly different, but eye movement times were significantly different. Conclusion: Eye movement times in the selection of visual targets by an eye-gaze input device could be described and predicted by the Fitts' Law. Eye movement times were significantly different according to the direction of eye movement. Application: The results of this study might help to understand eye movement times in visual target selection tasks by the eye input devices.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate how well eye movement times in visual target selection tasks by an eye input device follows the typical Fitts' Law and to compare vertical and horizontal eye movement times. Background: Typically manual pointing provides excellent fit to the Fitts' Law model. However, when an eye input device is used for the visual target selection tasks, there were some debates on whether the eye movement times in can be described by the Fitts' Law. More empirical studies should be added to resolve these debates. This study is an empirical study for resolving this debate. On the other hand, many researchers reported the direction of movement in typical manual pointing has some effects on the movement times. The other question in this study is whether the direction of eye movement also affects the eye movement times. Method: A cursor movement times in visual target selection tasks by both input devices were collected. The layout of visual targets was set up by two types. Cursor starting position for vertical movement times were in the top of the monitor and visual targets were located in the bottom, while cursor starting positions for horizontal movement times were in the right of the monitor and visual targets were located in the left. Results: Although eye movement time was described by the Fitts' Law, the error rate was high and correlation was relatively low (R2 = 0.80 for horizontal movements and R2 = 0.66 for vertical movements), compared to those of manual movement. According to the movement direction, manual movement times were not significantly different, but eye movement times were significantly different. Conclusion: Eye movement times in the selection of visual targets by an eye-gaze input device could be described and predicted by the Fitts' Law. Eye movement times were significantly different according to the direction of eye movement. Application: The results of this study might help to understand eye movement times in visual target selection tasks by the eye input devices.

Yu feng Huang; Feng yang Kuo; Yu feng Huang; Feng yang Kuo

An eye-tracking investigation of internet consumers' decision deliberateness Journal Article

Internet Research, 21 (5), pp. 541–561, 2011.

Abstract | Links | BibTeX

@article{Huang2011,
title = {An eye-tracking investigation of internet consumers' decision deliberateness},
author = {Yu feng Huang and Feng yang Kuo and Yu feng Huang and Feng yang Kuo},
doi = {10.1108/10662241111176362},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Internet Research},
volume = {21},
number = {5},
pages = {541--561},
abstract = {Purpose – Because presentation formats, i.e. table v. graph, in shopping web sites may promote or inhibit deliberate consumer decision making, it is important to understand the effects of information presentation on deliberateness. This paper seeks to empirically test whether the table format enhances deliberate decision making, while the web map weakens the process. In addition, deliberateness can be influenced by the decision orientation, i.e. emotionally charged or accuracy oriented. Thus, the paper further examines the effect of presentations across these two decision orientations. Design/methodology/approach – Objective and detailed description of the decision process is used to examine the effects. A two (decision orientation: positive emotion v. accuracy) by two (presentation: map v. table) eye-tracking experiment is designed. Deliberateness is quantified with the information processing pattern summarized from eye movement data. Participants are required to make preferential choices from simple decision tasks. Findings – The results confirm that the table strengthens while the map weakens deliberateness. In addition, this effect is mostly evident across the two decision orientations. An explorative factor analysis further reveals that there are two major attention distribution functions (global v. local) underlying the decision process. Research limitations/implications – Only simple decision tasks are used in the present study and therefore complex tasks should be introduced to examine the effects in the future. Practical implications – For consumers, they should become aware that the table facilitates while the map diminishes deliberateness. For web businesses, they may try to strengthen the impulsivity in a web map filled with emotional stimuli. Originality/value – This research is one of the first attempts to investigate the joint effects of presentations and decision orientations on decision deliberateness in the internet domain. The eye movement data are also valuable because previous studies seldom provided such detailed description of the decision process.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Purpose – Because presentation formats, i.e. table v. graph, in shopping web sites may promote or inhibit deliberate consumer decision making, it is important to understand the effects of information presentation on deliberateness. This paper seeks to empirically test whether the table format enhances deliberate decision making, while the web map weakens the process. In addition, deliberateness can be influenced by the decision orientation, i.e. emotionally charged or accuracy oriented. Thus, the paper further examines the effect of presentations across these two decision orientations. Design/methodology/approach – Objective and detailed description of the decision process is used to examine the effects. A two (decision orientation: positive emotion v. accuracy) by two (presentation: map v. table) eye-tracking experiment is designed. Deliberateness is quantified with the information processing pattern summarized from eye movement data. Participants are required to make preferential choices from simple decision tasks. Findings – The results confirm that the table strengthens while the map weakens deliberateness. In addition, this effect is mostly evident across the two decision orientations. An explorative factor analysis further reveals that there are two major attention distribution functions (global v. local) underlying the decision process. Research limitations/implications – Only simple decision tasks are used in the present study and therefore complex tasks should be introduced to examine the effects in the future. Practical implications – For consumers, they should become aware that the table facilitates while the map diminishes deliberateness. For web businesses, they may try to strengthen the impulsivity in a web map filled with emotional stimuli. Originality/value – This research is one of the first attempts to investigate the joint effects of presentations and decision orientations on decision deliberateness in the internet domain. The eye movement data are also valuable because previous studies seldom provided such detailed description of the decision process.

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